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<span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charcoal_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charcoal_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Charcoal production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charcoal_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cerrado</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سيرادو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرادو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecorrex%C3%B3n_del_Cerrado" title="Ecorrexón del Cerrado – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ecorrexón del Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Серадо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Серадо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecorregi%C3%B3n_del_Cerrado" title="Ecorregión del Cerrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecorregión del Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerado" title="Cerado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado_ekoeskualde" title="Cerrado ekoeskualde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cerrado ekoeskualde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سرادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecorrexi%C3%B3n_do_Cerrado" title="Ecorrexión do Cerrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecorrexión do Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%95%98%EB%91%90" title="세하두 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세하두" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95" title="סראדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סראדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seradas" title="Seradas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Seradas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="केर्रादो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="केर्रादो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8B" title="സെറാധോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെറാധോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="केर्रादो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केर्रादो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="カンポ・セラード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カンポ・セラード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Серраду – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Серраду" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seradu" title="Seradu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Seradu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerradon" title="Cerradon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cerradon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cerrado" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Серрадо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серрадо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%A6" title="索拉度 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="索拉度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Cerrado</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg/272px-Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg/408px-Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg/544px-Morro_cabeludo_-_Parque_dos_Pireneus_-_Piren%C3%B3polis_-_Goi%C3%A1s_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Vegetation in <a href="/wiki/Pirineus_State_Park" title="Pirineus State Park">Pirineus State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregion_NT0704.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ecoregion_NT0704.svg/272px-Ecoregion_NT0704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ecoregion_NT0704.svg/408px-Ecoregion_NT0704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ecoregion_NT0704.svg/544px-Ecoregion_NT0704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Cerrado ecoregion as delineated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_realm" title="Neotropical realm">Neotropical</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alto_Paran%C3%A1_Atlantic_forests" title="Alto Paraná Atlantic forests">Alto Paraná Atlantic forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_moist_forests" title="Araucaria moist forests">Araucaria moist forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bahia_interior_forests" title="Bahia interior forests">Bahia interior forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_dry_forests" title="Atlantic dry forests">Atlantic dry forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Caatinga" title="Caatinga">Caatinga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests" title="Chiquitano dry forests">Chiquitano dry forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Humid_Chaco" title="Humid Chaco">Humid Chaco</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o_Baba%C3%A7u_forests" title="Maranhão Babaçu forests">Maranhão Babaçu forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_tropical_dry_forests" title="Mato Grosso tropical dry forests">Mato Grosso tropical dry forests</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,910,037 km<sup>2</sup> (737,469 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecoregion_conservation_status" title="Ecoregion conservation status">Conservation status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vulnerable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Global_200" title="Global 200">Global 200</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cerrado woodlands and savannas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected</th><td class="infobox-data">433,581 km<sup>2</sup> (23%)<sup id="cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinerstein-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cerrado</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[seˈʁadu]</a></span>) is a vast <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, being present in the states of <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a>. The core areas of the Cerrado <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian highlands">Brazilian highlands</a> – the <i>Planalto</i>. The main habitat types of the Cerrado consist of forest savanna, wooded savanna, park savanna and <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">gramineous</a>-woody savanna. The Cerrado also includes savanna wetlands and <a href="/wiki/Gallery_forest" title="Gallery forest">gallery forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second largest of <a href="/wiki/Biomes_in_Brazil" title="Biomes in Brazil">Brazil's major habitat types</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazonian rainforest</a>, the Cerrado accounts for a full 21 percent of the country's land area (extending marginally into Paraguay and Bolivia).<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 75% of the Cerrado’s 2 million km<sup>2</sup> is privately owned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vast amounts of research have shown that the Cerrado is one of the richest of all tropical savanna regions and has high levels of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>. Characterizing it by its enormous ranges of plant and animal biodiversity, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> named the Cerrado the biologically richest savanna in the world, with about 10,000 plant species and 10 endemic bird species.<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are nearly 200 species of mammal in the Cerrado, though only 14 are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large fraction of private ownership makes protection difficult though.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cerrado's climate is typical of the wetter <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> regions of the world, with a semi-humid <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>. The Cerrado is limited to two dominant seasons throughout the year: Wet and dry. Annual temperatures for the Cerrado average between 22 and 27 °C and average precipitation between 80–200 cm for over 90% of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> has a very strong dry season during the southern winter (approx. April–September).<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg/257px-Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg/386px-Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg/514px-Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3464" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption>Green vegetation during the summer, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_of_Cerrado_vegetation_of_Brazil" title="List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil">List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Cerrado" title="Category:Flora of the Cerrado">Category:Flora of the Cerrado</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg/250px-Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg/375px-Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg/500px-Cerrado_-_Parque_Nacional_Chapada_dos_veadeiros_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Fields of flowers in bloom during spring, <a href="/wiki/Chapada_dos_Veadeiros_National_Park" title="Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park">Chapada dos Veadeiros</a>, Goiás, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cerrado is characterized by unique vegetation types.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is composed of a shifting mosaic of habitats, with the savanna-like <i>cerrado</i> itself on well-drained areas between strips of gallery forest (closed canopy tall forest) which occur along streams.<sup id="cite_ref-vierra_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vierra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the <i>cerrado</i> and the gallery forest is an area of vegetation known as the wet <i>campo</i> with distinct up- and downslope borders where tree growth is inhibited due to wide seasonal fluctuations in the water table.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vierra_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vierra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The savanna portion of the Cerrado is heterogeneous in terms of canopy cover. Goodland (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-goodland_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divided the Cerrado into four categories ranging from least to most canopy cover: <i>campo sujo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous layer">herbaceous layer</a> with occasional small trees about 3 m tall), <i>campo cerrado</i> (slightly higher density of trees about 4 m tall on average), <i>cerrado sensu stricto</i> (orchard-like vegetation with trees about 6 m high) and <i><a href="/wiki/Cerradao" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerradao">cerradão</a></i> (canopy cover near 50% with general height 9 m).<sup id="cite_ref-goodland_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodland-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Probably around 800 species of trees are found in the Cerrado.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most diverse families of trees in the Cerrado are the <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a> (153 spp.), <a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a> (46), <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> (43), <a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a> (32), and <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> (30).<sup id="cite_ref-herringer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Cerrado is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a> (23 species in the Cerrado) due to the abundance of three species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Qualea" title="Qualea">Qualea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The herbaceous layer usually reaches about 60 cm in height and is composed mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">Leguminosae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compositae" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositae">Compositae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the vegetation in the gallery forests is similar to nearby rainforest; however, there are some endemic species found only in the Cerrado gallery forests.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soil fertility, fire regime and hydrology are thought to be most influential in determining Cerrado vegetation. Cerrado soils are always well-drained and most are <a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">oxisols</a> with low pH and low calcium and magnesium.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-furley_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furley-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus has been found to be positively correlated with tree trunk basal area in Cerrado habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-goodland2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodland2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much as in other grasslands and savannas, fire is important in maintaining and shaping the Cerrado's landscape; many plants in the Cerrado are fire-adapted, exhibiting characters like thick corky bark to withstand the heat.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cerrado vegetation is believed to be ancient, stretching back perhaps as far in a prototypic form as the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, before Africa and South America separated.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dynamic expansion and contraction between cerrado and Amazonian rainforest has probably occurred historically, with expansion of the Cerrado during glacial periods like the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mayle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These processes and the resulting fragmentation in multiple <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a> have probably contributed to the high <a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">species richness</a> both of the Cerrado and of the Amazonian rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Cerrado" title="Category:Fauna of the Cerrado">Category:Fauna of the Cerrado</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg/220px-Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg/330px-Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg/440px-Physalaemus_nattereri_in_deimatic_behavior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>The frog species <i><a href="/wiki/Physalaemus_nattereri" title="Physalaemus nattereri">Physalaemus nattereri</a></i> (posterior view shown) is found in the open <i>cerrado</i>, but not in adjacent gallery forests<sup id="cite_ref-brasileiro_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brasileiro-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Cerrado has a high diversity of vertebrates, with 150 amphibian species, 120 reptile species, 837 bird species, and 161 mammal species recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-myers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lizard diversity is generally thought to be relatively low in the Cerrado compared to other areas like <i><a href="/wiki/Caatinga" title="Caatinga">caatinga</a></i> or lowland rainforest,<sup id="cite_ref-vitt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although one recent study found 57 species in one cerrado area with the high diversity driven by the availability of open habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-nogueira_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nogueira-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ameiva_ameiva" title="Ameiva ameiva">Ameiva ameiva</a></i> is among the largest lizards found in the Cerrado and is the most important lizard predator where it is found in the Cerrado.<sup id="cite_ref-vitt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vitt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a relatively high diversity of snakes in the Cerrado (22–61 species, depending on site) with <a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a> being the richest family.<sup id="cite_ref-franc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The open nature of the <i>cerrado</i> vegetation most likely contributes to the high diversity of snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-franc_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about Cerrado amphibians is extremely limited, although the Cerrado probably has a unique assemblage of species with some endemic to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-brasileiro_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brasileiro-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most birds found in the Cerrado breed there although there are some Austral migrants (breed in temperate South America and winter in the Amazon basin) and Nearctic migrants (breed in temperate North America and winter in the Neotropics) that pass through.<sup id="cite_ref-dasilva_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasilva-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most breeding birds in the Cerrado are found in more closed canopy areas like gallery forests although 27% of the birds breed only in open habitats and 21% breed in either open or closed habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-dasilva_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasilva-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the birds in the Cerrado, especially those found in closed forest, are related to species from the Atlantic rainforest and also the Amazon rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-dasilva2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dasilva2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crowned_solitary_eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowned solitary eagle">crowned solitary eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_macaw" title="Hyacinth macaw">hyacinth macaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toco_toucan" title="Toco toucan">toco toucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buff-necked_ibis" title="Buff-necked ibis">buff-necked ibis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_tinamou" title="Dwarf tinamou">dwarf tinamou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_merganser" title="Brazilian merganser">Brazilian merganser</a> are examples of birds found in the Cerrado. </p><p>Gallery forests serve as primary habitat for most of the mammals in the Cerrado, having more water, being protected from fires that sweep the landscape and having a more highly structured habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-redford_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redford-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eleven mammal species are endemic to the Cerrado.<sup id="cite_ref-redford_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redford-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable species include large herbivores like the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_tapir" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian tapir">Brazilian tapir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer</a> and large predators like the <a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">maned wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">giant otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">jaguarundi</a>. Although the diversity is much lower than in the adjacent Amazon and Atlantic Forest, several species of monkeys are present, including <a href="/wiki/Black-striped_capuchin" title="Black-striped capuchin">black-striped capuchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_howler_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Black howler monkey">black howler monkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-tufted_marmoset" title="Black-tufted marmoset">black-tufted marmoset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-henriques_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henriques-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The insects of the Cerrado are relatively understudied.<sup id="cite_ref-pinheiro_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinheiro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A yearlong survey of the Cerrado at one reserve in Brazil found that the orders <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoptera">Isoptera</a> accounted for 89.5% of all captures.<sup id="cite_ref-pinheiro_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pinheiro-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cerrado also supports a high density (up to 4000 per hectare) of the nests of leaf cutter ants (<i>saúvas</i>), which are also very diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-leal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with termites, leaf cutter ants are the primary herbivores of the Cerrado and play an important role in consuming and decomposing organic matter, as well as constituting an important food source to many other animal species.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveira_freitas_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveira_freitas-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest diversity of galling insects (insects that build <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">galls</a>) in the world is also found in the Cerrado, with the most species (46) found at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Cip%C3%B3_National_Park" title="Serra do Cipó National Park">Serra do Cipó</a> in southeast Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-lara_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lara-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Brocket_(Mazama_americana)_male_(28091090800).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red brocket"><img alt="Red brocket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_Brocket_%28Mazama_americana%29_male_%2828091090800%29.jpg/220px-Red_Brocket_%28Mazama_americana%29_male_%2828091090800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_Brocket_%28Mazama_americana%29_male_%2828091090800%29.jpg/330px-Red_Brocket_%28Mazama_americana%29_male_%2828091090800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Red_Brocket_%28Mazama_americana%29_male_%2828091090800%29.jpg/440px-Red_Brocket_%28Mazama_americana%29_male_%2828091090800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant anteater"><img alt="Giant anteater" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg/220px-Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg/330px-Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg/440px-Tamandu%C3%A1-bandeira_no_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_da_Canastra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4324" data-file-height="2883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Giant_anteater" title="Giant anteater">Giant anteater</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maned_Wolf_6,_Beardsley_Zoo,_2009-11-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maned wolf"><img alt="Maned wolf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maned_Wolf_6%2C_Beardsley_Zoo%2C_2009-11-06.jpg/220px-Maned_Wolf_6%2C_Beardsley_Zoo%2C_2009-11-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maned_Wolf_6%2C_Beardsley_Zoo%2C_2009-11-06.jpg/330px-Maned_Wolf_6%2C_Beardsley_Zoo%2C_2009-11-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Maned_Wolf_6%2C_Beardsley_Zoo%2C_2009-11-06.jpg/440px-Maned_Wolf_6%2C_Beardsley_Zoo%2C_2009-11-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="1759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seriema_(Cariama_cristata).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seriema"><img alt="Seriema" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29.jpg/220px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29.jpg/330px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29.jpg/440px-Seriema_%28Cariama_cristata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Seriema" title="Seriema">Seriema</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_human_population">History and human population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History and human population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first detailed European account of the Brazilian cerrados was provided by Danish botanist <a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Eugenius Warming</a> (1892) in the book Lagoa Santa,<sup id="cite_ref-warming_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warming-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he describes the main features of the cerrado vegetation in the state of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveira_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveira-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking advantage of the sprouting of the herbaceous stratum that follows a burning in the Cerrado, the aboriginal inhabitants of these regions learned to use the fire as a tool, to increase the fodder to offer to their domesticated animals. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xavante" title="Xavante">Xavantes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapuias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapuias (page does not exist)">Tapuias</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapuias" class="extiw" title="pt:Tapuias">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1" title="Karajá">Karajás</a>, Avá-<a href="/wiki/Canoeiros" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoeiros">Canoeiros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krah%C3%B4" title="Krahô">Krahôs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerente" title="Xerente">Xerentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xakriab%C3%A1" title="Xakriabá">Xacriabás</a> were some of the first indigenous peoples occupying different regions in the Cerrado. Many groups among the indigenous were nomads and explored the Cerrado by hunting and collecting. Others practiced <i>coivara</i> agriculture, an itinerant type of <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn agriculture">slash-and-burn agriculture</a>. The mixing of indigenous, <i>quilombola</i> maroon communities, extractivists, <i>geraizeiros</i> (living in the drier regions), riverbank dwellers and <i>vazanteiros</i> (living on floodplains) shaped a diverse local population that relies heavily on the resources of their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> activities in the Cerrado were very limited, since natural cerrado soils are not fertile enough for crop production, directed mainly at the extensive production of <a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">beef cattle</a> for subsistence of the local market.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this period, however, the urban and industrial development of the Southeast Region has forced agriculture to the Central-West Region. The transfer of the country's capital to <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> has been another focus of attraction of population to the central region: From 1975 until the beginning of the 1980s, many governmental subsidy programs were launched to promote agriculture, with the intent of stimulating the development of the Cerrado region.<sup id="cite_ref-jenson_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there has been a significant increase in agricultural and cattle production. </p><p>On the other hand, the urban pressure and the rapid establishment of agricultural activities in the region have been rapidly reducing the biodiversity of the ecosystems, and the population in the Cerrado region more than doubled from 1970 to 2010, going from 35.8 to 76 million.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cerrado was thought challenging for agriculture until researchers at Brazil's agricultural and livestock research agency, <a href="/wiki/Embrapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrapa">Embrapa</a>, discovered that it could be made fit for industrial crops by appropriate additions of phosphorus and lime. In the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being poured on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equaling around five tons of lime per hectare. This manipulation of the soil allowed for industrial agriculture to grow exponentially in the area. Researchers also developed tropical varieties of <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, until then a temperate crop, and currently, Brazil is the world's main <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soyabeans</a> exporter due to the boom in animal feed production caused by the global rise in meat demand.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the Cerrado region provides more than 70% of the beef cattle production in the country, being also a major production center of grains, mainly soya, beans, maize, and rice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large extensions of the Cerrado are also used for the production of cellulose pulp for the paper industry, with the cultivation of several species of <i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">pines</a></i>, but as a secondary activity. Coffee produced in the Cerrado is now a major export.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charcoal_production">Charcoal production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Charcoal production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> production for Brazil's steel industry comes in second to agriculture in the Cerrado.<sup id="cite_ref-herringer_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They actually are quite intertwined. When land is being cleared to make more land for agriculture, the tree's trunks and roots are often used in the production of charcoal, helping to make money for the clearing. The Brazilian steel industry has traditionally always used the trunks and roots from the Cerrado for charcoal but now that the steel mills in the state of Minas Gerais are among the world's largest, it has taken a much higher toll on the Cerrado.<sup id="cite_ref-herringer_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recently because of the conservation efforts and the diminishing vegetation in the Cerrado, they now are receiving some charcoal from the <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a> plantations and these efforts are growing.<sup id="cite_ref-herringer_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herringer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rivers">Rivers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cerrado biome is strategic for the water resources of Brazil. The biome contains the headwaters and the largest portion of South American watersheds (the Paraná-Paraguay, Araguaia-Tocantins, and São Francisco river basins) and the upper catchments of large Amazon tributaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xingu_River" title="Xingu River">Xingu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s" title="Tapajós">Tapajós</a>. During the last four decades, the Cerrado’s river basins have been highly impacted by extreme deforestation, expansion of the agricultural and cattle ranching frontier, construction of dams, and extraction of water for irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2020)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cerrado is the second largest biome in South America and the most biodiverse savanna in the world. However, it is not currently recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazilian Constitution</a> as a National Heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_Aquifer" title="Guarani Aquifer">Guarani Aquifer</a>, stores the largest fresh water underground reservoirs in South America, and supplies water to a third of the Amazon river and the largest basins in the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-e360.yale.edu_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e360.yale.edu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazilian agriculturalists and ministers regard it as having no conservation value, and the government has protected merely 1.5% of the Cerrado biome in Federal Reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-conservation_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1994, an estimated 695,000 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-jenson_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of cerrado (representing 35% of its area) had been converted to 'anthropic [sic] landscape'.<sup id="cite_ref-oliveira_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliveira-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, 37.3% of the Cerrado has already been totally converted to human use, while an additional 41.4% is used for pasture and charcoal production. The gallery forests in the region have been among the most heavily affected. It is estimated that only about 432,814 km<sup>2</sup>, or 21.3% of the original vegetation, remains intact today.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last 25 years this biome has been increasingly threatened by industrial <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> farming, particularly soybeans, the unregulated expansion of industrial agriculture, the burning of vegetation for charcoal and the development of dams to provide irrigation are drawing criticisms and have been identified as potential threats to several Brazilian rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-jenson_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This industrial farming of the Cerrado, with the clearing of land for eucalyptus and soy plantations, has grown so much because of various forms of subsidy, including very generous tax incentives and low interest loans. This has resulted in the establishment of a highly mechanized, capital intensive system of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-klink_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klink-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a strong <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> lobby in Brazil and in particular, the production of soybeans in the Cerrado is influenced by large corporations such as ADM, Cargill and Bunge, these latter two directly associated with the mass deforestation of this biome.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e360.yale.edu_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e360.yale.edu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One issue with expanding this reserve is that research needs to be done to choose the location of these reserves because the Cerrado biome is floristically very heterogeneous and constitutes a biological mosaic.<sup id="cite_ref-jenson_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenson-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teams from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>, CPAC and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a> have been collaborating on this project for a number of years supported by Brazilian, European Community and British funds. The project has recently been expanded into a major Anglo-Brazilian initiative, Conservation and Management of the Biodiversity of the Cerrado Biome, with UK Overseas Development Administration funding. Its aim is to survey the floristic patterns of Cerrado vegetation and to discover representative areas and biodiversity "hot-spots".<sup id="cite_ref-ratter_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratter-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 assessment found that 433,581 km<sup>2</sup>, or 23%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinerstein-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protected areas in Brazil include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapada_das_Mesas_National_Park" title="Chapada das Mesas National Park">Chapada das Mesas National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emas_National_Park" title="Emas National Park">Emas National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Sert%C3%A3o_Veredas_National_Park" title="Grande Sertão Veredas National Park">Grande Sertão Veredas National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nascentes_do_Rio_Parna%C3%ADba_National_Park" title="Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba National Park">Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Cip%C3%B3_National_Park" title="Serra do Cipó National Park">Serra do Cipó National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nascentes_Geraizeiras_Sustainable_Development_Reserve" title="Nascentes Geraizeiras Sustainable Development Reserve">Nascentes Geraizeiras Sustainable Development Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernas_do_Perua%C3%A7u_Environmental_Protection_Area" title="Cavernas do Peruaçu Environmental Protection Area">Cavernas do Peruaçu Environmental Protection Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqu%C3%AA_Ecological_Station" title="Iquê Ecological Station">Iquê Ecological Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_Geral_do_Tocantins_Ecological_Station" title="Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station">Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalap%C3%A3o_State_Park" title="Jalapão State Park">Jalapão State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_de_Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_State_Park" title="Serra de Santa Bárbara State Park">Serra de Santa Bárbara State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirineus_State_Park" title="Pirineus State Park">Pireneus State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Ronca_State_Park" title="Terra Ronca State Park">Terra Ronca State Park</a></li></ul> </div> <p>as well as <a href="/wiki/Noel_Kempff_Mercado_National_Park" title="Noel Kempff Mercado National Park">Noel Kempff Mercado National Park</a> in Bolivia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dinerstein-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dinerstein_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): 534–545, Supplemental material 2 table S1b. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+ecoregion-based+approach+to+protecting+half+the+terrestrial+realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545%2C+Supplemental+material+2+table+S1b&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcelos,_Vitor_VieiraVasconcelos,_Caio_VieiraVasconcelos,_Davi_Mourão2010" class="citation report cs1">Vasconcelos, Vitor Vieira; Vasconcelos, Caio Vieira & Vasconcelos, Davi Mourão (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pt.scribd.com/doc/104063737/Phyto-environmental-characterization-of-Brazilian-Savanna-Cerrado-and-Brazilian-Atlantic-Forest-with-the-research-of-stone-lines-and-paleosols">Phyto-Environmental Characterization of Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) and Brazilian Atlantic Forest, with the Research of Stone Lines and Paleosols</a> (Report). Geografia. Vol. 14. Translated by Vasconcelos, Vitor Vieira. Brazil: Ensino & Pesquisa (UFSM). p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2022</span> – via pt.scribd.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Phyto-Environmental+Characterization+of+Brazilian+Savanna+%28Cerrado%29+and+Brazilian+Atlantic+Forest%2C+with+the+Research+of+Stone+Lines+and+Paleosols&rft.place=Brazil&rft.series=Geografia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Ensino+%26+Pesquisa+%28UFSM%29&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Vasconcelos%2C+Vitor+Vieira&rft.au=Vasconcelos%2C+Caio+Vieira&rft.au=Vasconcelos%2C+Davi+Mour%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F104063737%2FPhyto-environmental-characterization-of-Brazilian-Savanna-Cerrado-and-Brazilian-Atlantic-Forest-with-the-research-of-stone-lines-and-paleosols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd>The report, above, is a translation of the original publication:<br /></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasconcelos,_Vitor_VieiraVasconcelos,_Caio_VieiraVasconcelos,_Davi_Mourão2010" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vasconcelos, Vitor Vieira; Vasconcelos, Caio Vieira & Vasconcelos, Davi Mourão (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cascavel.ufsm.br/revistageografia/index.php/revistageografia/article/viewFile/150/135">Caracterização de Fito-Ambientes de Cerrado e de Mata Atlântica por meio de estudo de Linhas de Pedra e Paleossolos</a> (Report). 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(1992). <i>Espécies árboreas padronizadoras do Cerrado mineiro e sua distribuição no Estado.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310232753/http://www.epamig.br/produtos/publicacoes/IA/IA173.htm">Informe Agropecuário</a> 16 (173): 5–11. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li> <li>BRANDÃO, M.; CARVALHO, P. G. S.; JESUÉ, G. (1992). <i>Guia Ilustrado de Plantas do Cerrado.</i> <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cemig.com.br">CEMIG</a>.</li> <li>CASTRO, A. A. J. F., MARTINS F. R., TAMASHIRO, J. Y., SHEPHERD G. J. (1999). <i>How rich is the flora of Brazilian Cerrados?</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666220">Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</a> 86 (1): 192–224.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutinho,_L.M.c._2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coutinho, L.M. (c. 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525131117/http://eco.ib.usp.br/cerrado/index.htm">"Cerrado"</a>. <i>eco.ib.usp.br</i> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eco.ib.usp.br/cerrado/index.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eco.ib.usp.br&rft.atitle=Cerrado&rft.au=Coutinho%2C+L.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feco.ib.usp.br%2Fcerrado%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>RATTER, J.A.; RIBEIRO, J.F. & BRIDGEWATER, S. (1997) <i>The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and Threats to its Biodiversity.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029105637/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/80/3/223.pdf">Annals of Botany</a>, 80: pp. 223–230.</li> <li>LEITÃO FILHO, H.F. (1992). <i>A flora arbórea dos Cerrados do Estado de São Paulo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827041913/http://www.ibot.sp.gov.br/HOEHNEA/hoehnea.htm">Hoehnea</a> 19 (1/2): 151–163. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span></li> <li>MENDONÇA, R. C.; FELFILI, J. M.; WALTER, B. M. T.; SILVA, M. C.; REZENDE, FILGUEIRAS, T. S.; NOGUEIRA, P. E. <i>Flora vascular do bioma Cerrado</i>. ("Vascular flora of Cerrado biome") <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/recursosnaturais/levantamento/floravascular.pdf">IBGE</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottsberger,_G.Silberbauer-Gottsberger,_I.2006" class="citation book cs1">Gottsberger, G. & Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerrado.eu"><i>Life in the Cerrado</i></a>. Ulm, DE: Reta Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+the+Cerrado&rft.place=Ulm%2C+DE&rft.pub=Reta+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Gottsberger%2C+G.&rft.au=Silberbauer-Gottsberger%2C+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cerrado.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-017928-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-00-017928-3">3-00-017928-3</a> Volume 1</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-017929-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-00-017929-1">3-00-017929-1</a> Volume 2</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305035232/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado">"Cerrado biodiversity hotspot"</a>. <i>BiodiversityHotspots.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/cerrado">the original</a> on 5 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BiodiversityHotspots.org&rft.atitle=Cerrado+biodiversity+hotspot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversityhotspots.org%2Fxp%2FHotspots%2Fcerrado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130062647/http://www.guiadachapada.com.br/">"The Chapada dos Veadeiros, Cerrado de Altitude"</a>. <i>guiadachapada.com.br</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guiadachapada.com.br/">the original</a> on 30 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guiadachapada.com.br&rft.atitle=The+Chapada+dos+Veadeiros%2C+Cerrado+de+Altitude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guiadachapada.com.br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615071031/http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/Abertura.html">"Bioma Cerrado"</a>. <i>www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br</i>. EMBRAPA (in Portuguese). Brazilian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/Agencia16/AG01/Abertura.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br&rft.atitle=Bioma+Cerrado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br%2FAgencia16%2FAG01%2FAbertura.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cerrado" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cerrado">Cerrado</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703052622/http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5082.html">"The Cerrado"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Conservancy">Nature Conservancy</a> in Brazil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.org/wherewework/southamerica/brazil/work/art5082.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cerrado&rft.pub=Nature+Conservancy+in+Brazil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.org%2Fwherewework%2Fsouthamerica%2Fbrazil%2Fwork%2Fart5082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111084348/http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/tropdivers/cerrado.jsp">"The Biodiversity of the Brazilian Cerrado"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/tropdivers/cerrado.jsp">the original</a> on 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biodiversity+of+the+Brazilian+Cerrado&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbge.org.uk%2Frbge%2Fweb%2Fscience%2Fresearch%2Ftropdivers%2Fcerrado.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224180007/http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/ecossist/cerrado/">"Cerrado"</a>. Brazilian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/ingles/meioamb/ecossist/cerrado/">the original</a> on 24 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cerrado&rft.pub=Brazilian+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mre.gov.br%2Fcdbrasil%2Fitamaraty%2Fweb%2Fingles%2Fmeioamb%2Fecossist%2Fcerrado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0704">"Cerrado"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Cerrado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fnt0704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaton2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Caton, Peter (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043022/http://www.foto8.com/new/online/photo-stories/1425-cerrado"><i>Guardians of the Cerrado</i></a>. <i>petercaton.co.uk</i> (photo story). Aoki, Chris (contrib.); do Vale, João (music). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foto8.com/new/online/photo-stories/1425-cerrado">the original</a> on 2 September 2011 – via foto8.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+the+Cerrado&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.aulast=Caton&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foto8.com%2Fnew%2Fonline%2Fphoto-stories%2F1425-cerrado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACerrado" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="Regions_and_states_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Subdivisions of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">Federative units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Center-West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Distrito Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocantins" title="Tocantins">Tocantins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Notable archipelagos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">PE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocas_Atoll" title="Rocas Atoll">Rocas Atoll</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">RN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago" title="Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago">Saint Peter and Saint Paul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">PE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade and Martim Vaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">ES</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_socio-geographic_division" title="Brazil socio-geographic division">Socio-geographic divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Amazônia Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro-Sul" title="Centro-Sul">Centro-Sul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordeste_(socio-geographic_division)" title="Nordeste (socio-geographic division)">Nordeste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Proposed federative units of Brazil">Proposed federative units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&oldid=1256444740">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cerrado&oldid=1256444740</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cerrado" title="Category:Cerrado">Cerrado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_Brazil" title="Category:Ecoregions of 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