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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Tamil <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a></b> defines several <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metres</a> in six basic elements<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiklas1988_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiklas1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covering the various aspects of rhythm. Most classical works and many modern works are written in these metres. </p><p>Tolkappiyam represents the older tradition in Tamil prosody while <i>yapparungalam</i> and <i>yapparungalakkarigai</i> represent the later tradition. The prosodic structure of literary works from the Sangam era has to be analysed according to the Tolkappiyam. The rules given in Yapparungalakkarigai are used in the scansion of later works. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of Tamil prosody can be broadly broken into four stages. The first stage is predominantly indigenous, pre-<a href="/wiki/Sanskritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskritic">Sanskritic</a> and extra-Sanskritic. It is based on a basic metrical unit named <i>acai</i> which forms the basis for all the important classical metres of Tamil. The second stage (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 CE</span>) marks the influence of Sanskritic prosody on the Tamil metre and ends with the overwhelming incorporation of the <i>akshara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>) and <i>matra</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>) based metrics alongside the indigenous Tamil ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third stage is marked by the gradual coming together of poetry and music starting with the use of fixed melody types (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paṇ</i></span></i>) in <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> texts. The stage culminates with the spread of musical forms in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th-century. The final stage appears with the introduction of free verse and prose-poetry in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_elements">Basic elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a> is the <i>asai</i> (<i>acai</i>) which is composed of <i>ezhuttu</i> (<i>eḷuttu</i>), the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> or more accurately, the speech sounds in Tamil. Asais are the components of the <a href="/wiki/Metrical_foot" title="Metrical foot">metrical foot</a> or <i>cīr</i> which, in turn, are the components of the <i>adi</i> (<i>aṭi</i>), a line of poetry. Other elements include <i>todai</i> (<i>toṭai</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>) and <i>vannam</i> (<i>vaṇṇam</i>, "rhythmic effect", lit. colour or beauty).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajam199240,_50–51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajam199240,_50–51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metres">Metres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tamil_prosody" title="Special:EditPage/Tamil prosody">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tamil+prosody%22">"Tamil prosody"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tamil+prosody%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tamil+prosody%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tamil+prosody%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tamil+prosody%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tamil+prosody%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aciriyappa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aciriyappa (page does not exist)">Aciriyappa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalippa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalippa (page does not exist)">Kalippa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanjippa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanjippa (page does not exist)">vanjippa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Sanskrit prosody</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiklas1988-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiklas1988_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiklas1988">Niklas 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZvelebil1975Appendix_II,_p.278_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZvelebil1975">Zvelebil 1975</a>, Appendix II, p.278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERajam199240,_50–51-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERajam199240,_50–51_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRajam1992">Rajam 1992</a>, pp. 40, 50–51.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNiklas1988" class="citation journal cs1">Niklas, Ulrike (1988). "Introduction to Tamil Prosody". <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 165–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1744">10.3406/befeo.1988.1744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0336-1519">0336-1519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Tamil+Prosody&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-227&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1988.1744&rft.issn=0336-1519&rft.aulast=Niklas&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+prosody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamil_Zvelebil" title="Kamil Zvelebil">Zvelebil, K. V.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kx4uqyts2t4C"><i>Tamil literature</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004041905" title="Special:BookSources/9789004041905"><bdi>9789004041905</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+literature&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9789004041905&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKx4uqyts2t4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+prosody" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajam1992" class="citation book cs1">Rajam, V. S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6VhXLdmdKkC"><i>A reference grammar of classical Tamil poetry : (150 B.C. - pre- fifth/sixth century A.D.)</i></a>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871691996" title="Special:BookSources/9780871691996"><bdi>9780871691996</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reference+grammar+of+classical+Tamil+poetry+%3A+%28150+B.C.+-+pre-+fifth%2Fsixth+century+A.D.%29&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780871691996&rft.aulast=Rajam&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn6VhXLdmdKkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATamil+prosody" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&oldid=1169776223">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_prosody&oldid=1169776223</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_language" title="Category:Tamil language">Tamil language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prosodies_by_language" title="Category:Prosodies by language">Prosodies by language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_August_2020" title="Category:EngvarB from August 2020">EngvarB from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2020">Articles needing additional references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 August 2023, at 06:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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