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<span>Reform</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reform-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reform subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Termination_of_Pregnancy_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination_of_Pregnancy_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Termination of Pregnancy Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination_of_Pregnancy_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevalence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-abortion_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-abortion_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Post-abortion care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-abortion_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> is only legal to save <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">the life of the mother</a>. Abortion is a felony punishable by prison. Malawi's <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">abortion law</a> is one of the strictest in the world. </p><p>Malawi's <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a>, introduced in 1930, bans abortion. Since the 1990s, reproductive health organisations have been active in the country. In 2010, the international <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipas_(organization)" title="Ipas (organization)">Ipas</a> formed a coalition that lobbied for abortion law reform. In 2012, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Health_(Malawi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Health (Malawi) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Health</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Banda" title="Joyce Banda">Joyce Banda</a> formed a commission that proposed the Termination of Pregnancy Bill. The bill would allow abortions in the cases of rape, risk to health, or birth defects. Attempts for it to be reviewed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)" title="National Assembly (Malawi)">National Assembly</a> in 2016 and 2021 were rejected. </p><p>Most abortions in Malawi are unsafe. They are performed by traditional healers or covert clinics or are <a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">self-induced</a>. <a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a> is available in free public facilities and other facilities. Post-abortion care uses <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">dilation and curettage</a> more frequently than <a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual vacuum aspiration">manual vacuum aspiration</a>, despite national and international guidelines recommending the latter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_code_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal code of Malawi (page does not exist)">penal code of Malawi</a>, introduced by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#British_rule" title="History of Malawi">British colonial government</a> in 1930, bans abortion. Section 149, which is based on the <a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a>, bans abortion:<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Any person who, with intent to procure a miscarriage of a woman, whether she is or is not with child, unlawfully administers to her or causes her to take any poison or other noxious thing, or uses any force of any kind, or uses any other means whatever, shall be guilty of a felony and shall be liable to imprisonment for fourteen years.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Section 149</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Section 150 sets a seven-year prison sentence for administering or aiding in an abortion. Section 151 sets a three-year jail sentence to "anyone who supplies commodities".<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Section 243, based on the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Life_(Preservation)_Act_1929" title="Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929">Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929</a>, allows abortion if necessary to <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">save the life of the mother</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A person is not criminally responsible for performing, in good faith and with reasonable care and skill, a surgical operation upon any person for his benefit, or upon an unborn child for the preservation of the mother's life, if the performance of the operation is reasonable, having regard to the patient's state at the time, and to all the circumstances of the case.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Section 243</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Malawi's <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">abortion law</a> is one of the strictest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prison sentences of seven to fourteen years for receiving an abortion, or three years for providing abortion drugs or tools, are enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Masina_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abortions are rarely reported to authorities, and cases that are reported are not prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law does not have guidelines on which conditions abortion is lawful under or medical standards who can provide abortions or what methods they can use. Healthcare workers interpret the law conservatively due to the lack of clarity and fears of prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people in Malawi feel that the law is contradictory or can be modified by local leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Bornstein_et_al_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bornstein_et_al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, an abortion requires the endorsement of two obstetricians and spousal consent.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform">Reform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maternal health and pregnancy care have been a focus of the government since the 1980s. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safe_Motherhood_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safe Motherhood Initiative (page does not exist)">Safe Motherhood Initiative</a> of 1987, the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a> of 1994, and the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_World_Conference_on_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth World Conference on Women">Fourth World Conference on Women</a> of 1995 influenced Malawi's focus on reproductive health services including <a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">post-abortion care</a> (PAC).<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malawi ratified the <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Maputo Protocol</a> in May 2005. Article 14 mandates the right to abortion in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">rape</a>, incest, <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">fetal non-viability</a>, or danger to the mother's physical or mental health, but political and administrative barriers have prevented Malawi from passing such legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Policy 2009 calls for access to abortion services to the full extent of the law, prevention of unsafe abortion, and access to post-abortion care, counseling, and family planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.N. <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> noted Malawi's <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate in 2010 and called for legal access to safe abortion in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Equality_Act_(Malawi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Equality Act (Malawi) (page does not exist)">Gender Equality Act</a> of 2013 guarantees the right of access to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual health">sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> services and the right to choose one's number of children.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MSI_Reproductive_Choices" title="MSI Reproductive Choices">MSI Reproductive Choices</a> and its national affiliate Banja La Mtsogolo have operated in Malawi since 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/1994_Malawian_general_election" title="1994 Malawian general election">the first multiparty elections in 1994</a>, more reproductive health organisations began operating in Malawi, including <a href="/wiki/Population_Services_International" title="Population Services International">Population Services International</a> in 1994, <a href="/wiki/CARE" class="mw-redirect" title="CARE">CARE</a> in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Ipas_(organization)" title="Ipas (organization)">Ipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/EngenderHealth" title="EngenderHealth">EngenderHealth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jhpiego" title="Jhpiego">Jhpiego</a> in 1999. The Family Planning Association of Malawi was registered in 1999 and became a <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> affiliate in 2004. These provided resources to expand PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, the Ministry of Health partnered with Jhpiego to expand PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Ipas established a Malawi office and registered Ipas Malawi as a national NGO, after an invitation by Minister of Health <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marjorie_Ngaunje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marjorie Ngaunje (page does not exist)">Marjorie Ngaunje</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the UK <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Department for International Development</a> funded Ipas and MSI for a multi-country program that expanded their operations in Malawi. These organisations provide technical support and influence policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a 2008 meeting with the Ipas African Alliance, and again in 2011, Malawi's Reproductive Health Unit and Human Rights Commission petitioned to reform the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the women's rights group Women in Law in Southern Africa–Malawi sued the national government on the grounds that the anti-abortion law infringed on women's rights. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawi_Human_Rights_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawi Human Rights Commission (page does not exist)">Malawi Human Rights Commission</a> supported the initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Secretary of Health <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Kang%27ombe_(Malawian_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Kang'ombe (Malawian politician) (page does not exist)">Christopher Kang'ombe</a> said the government did not plan to legalise abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawi_Law_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawi Law Commission (page does not exist)">Malawi Law Commission</a> has said that the ban on abortion leads to unsafe abortions that result in complications or death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, a special Law Commission reviewed the existing law and recommended a new law to provide for appropriate legal abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, a group of obstetrician-gynecologists including Dr. Chisale Mhango urged the Law Commission to review the abortion law.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termination_of_Pregnancy_Bill">Termination of Pregnancy Bill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Termination of Pregnancy Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The proposed Termination of Pregnancy (TOP) Bill would permit abortion if the pregnancy was caused by rape or incest, would risk the physical or mental health of the mother, or would result in a malformed fetus. It allows providers to refuse abortion to a woman whose life is not in danger. It mandates <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> counselling before and after abortion. It authorises minors' parents to approve or reject their abortions, unless the provider determines it is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Ipas and Women in Law Southern Africa–Malawi created the Coalition for Prevention of Unsafe Abortion (COPUA), a group of 12 organisations, expanding to 60 by 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the members are national NGOs. Through the coalition, these groups are discreetly involved in law reform. They downplay their individual roles to avoid scrutiny and accusations of illegal activity. Banja La Mtsogolo declined to join as it feared backlash for its European leadership, but it contributes funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, under the leadership of the policy associate of Ipas Malawi, COPUA began a <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> campaign, meeting with politicians and religious leaders and making media appearances. After lobbying by Ipas, the Law Commission formed the Special Law Commission on the Review of the Law on Abortion, which included representatives of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Health_(Malawi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Health (Malawi) (page does not exist)">Ministry of Health</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Malawi)" title="Ministry of Justice (Malawi)">Ministry of Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Law_Society" title="Malawi Law Society">Malawi Law Society</a>, the judiciary, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malawi" title="Catholic Church in Malawi">Catholic Church</a>, the Malawi Council of Churches, the Muslim Association of Malawi, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malawi_College_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malawi College of Medicine (page does not exist)">Malawi College of Medicine</a>, and traditional leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission had the goal of bringing the abortion law in line with the constitution, international law, and the government's guidelines. It noted the "mixed reactions and perceptions" regarding abortion and included high-level representatives of religious groups to build public confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, after a request by the Ministry of Health, president <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Banda" title="Joyce Banda">Joyce Banda</a> began a review of the abortion law. The Special Law Commission analyzed local policies and international treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They travelled to study the abortion laws of <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ethiopia" title="Abortion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. They held meetings with stakeholders in ten <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malawi" title="Districts of Malawi">districts of Malawi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a> Conference, the deputy chair of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Caucus_(Malawi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's Caucus (Malawi) (page does not exist)">Women's Caucus</a> and the deputy secretary-general of the ruling party voiced their commitment to abortion reform. The same year, the government wrote reports about reviewing its law to the <a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Special Law commission found a high rate of abortions with frequent complications and deaths. They concluded that the abortion law must be liberalised to follow human rights treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a July 2015 press conference, they proposed the TOP Bill to ease restrictions on abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> COPUA had gotten a majority of the parliament to support the bill before the <a href="/wiki/2014_Malawian_general_election" title="2014 Malawian general election">2014 Malawian general election</a>, but could not secure support after most of the parliament lost their seats. In August, all political parties voiced support for the recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Constitutional_Affairs_(Malawi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs (Malawi)">Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs</a> recommended that the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)" title="National Assembly (Malawi)">National Assembly</a> debate the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malawi" title="Cabinet of Malawi">Cabinet of Malawi</a> reviewed the bill to be sent to the National Assembly for debate. Many members of parliament, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aisha_Mambo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aisha Mambo (page does not exist)">Aisha Mambo</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangochi-Nkungulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangochi-Nkungulu (page does not exist)">Mangochi-Nkungulu</a> constituency, were noncommittal and said they would base their decision on their religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Masina_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobbyists expected the bill to be presented to Parliament in fall of 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt to introduce the bill was rejected after protests.<sup id="cite_ref-Pensulo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pensulo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2017, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> reinstated the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_policy" title="Mexico City policy">Mexico City policy</a> as the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance policy, which banned funding from U.S. agencies to foreign NGOs that advocated for abortion or "[promoted] changes in a country's laws or policies related to abortion as a method of family planning". Malawian NGOs and the government had been receiving large amounts of aid from the U.S. All Malawian NGOs that were allocated U.S. funding for 2018 chose to comply with the policy. Banja La Mtsologo failed to comply and lost funding, leading to the closure of clinics. NGOs could no longer campaign for the TOP Bill. COPUA's lobbying had involved speaking directly with politicians and stakeholders, which was no longer permitted. The coalition lost partners and funding. Public awareness of the TOP Bill was low, so members of parliament were not incentivised to table the bill without lobbyists. The Mexico City policy was rescinded in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, MP <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathews_Ngwale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathews Ngwale (page does not exist)">Mathews Ngwale</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiradzulu_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiradzulu East (page does not exist)">Chiradzulu East</a> constituency volunteered to put the bill up to discussion. He said, "abortion is already allowed in our laws and what we're doing is to increase the situations where this can be allowed."<sup id="cite_ref-Pensulo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pensulo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 March, the parliament rejected his proposal. Ngwale said he was not giving up but had not decided when to reopen the discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2021_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate">Debate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious groups have pressured the parliament not to approve the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Conference_of_Malawi" title="Episcopal Conference of Malawi">Episcopal Conference of Malawi</a>, Evangelical Association of Malawi, Malawi Council of Churches, and the Muslim Association of Malawi have opposed the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Pensulo_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pensulo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Blantyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Blantyre">Archbishop of Blantyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Luke_Msusa" title="Thomas Luke Msusa">Thomas Luke Msusa</a>, said in November 2016 that "no one can under any circumstance claim for himself the right directly to destroy an innocent human being."<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some religious groups supported the bill, including some that previously opposed abortion. Prophet Amos Tchuma of Faith of God Ministries voiced support. In July 2016, faith leaders from across the country met with COPUA for two days. The Malawi Council of Churches began to encourage the faith community to support the bill. Its chair, Reverend Alex Benson Maulana, said, "We will continue to preach that abortion is a sin but we appreciate government efforts to address maternal mortality caused by unwanted pregnancy."<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a>'s stance that family planning is against Malawian values has led to an argument that abortion services have been imposed by foreign donors.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Episcopal Conference said in 2016 that it was "[telling] the world to stop imposing foreign cultures on Malawi." In 2019, it used part of a grant from the <a href="/wiki/US_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="US Conference of Catholic Bishops">US Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> to lobby MPs against the proposal. The American group <a href="/wiki/Human_Life_International" title="Human Life International">Human Life International</a> requested donations for a media campaign against the bill. The Spanish group <a href="/wiki/CitizenGo" class="mw-redirect" title="CitizenGo">CitizenGo</a> sponsored an anti-abortion rally.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2021_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American and British <a href="/wiki/Pro-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-life">pro-life</a> organisations have written articles to delegitimise the Malawian campaign, saying Ipas is the foreign organisation behind COPUA and accusing it of a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> campaign. These groups ally with national figures to lobby politicians against the bill. Human Life International, which opposes the Maputo Protocol, has made personal attacks on reproductive health advocates in Malawi and accused Ipas of "targeting the country for depopulation".<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Health and the international NGO Ipas push for abortion reform. They say that legal abortion would save the government money, be good for the economy, and result in fewer deaths. Ipas has argued that an abortion ban violates the Gender Equality Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation frames unsafe abortion as a "pandemic" and aims to deemphasise counterarguments about morality and rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Storeng_et_al_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storeng_et_al-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist Association of Malawi was established in 2016 and became a vocal supporter of abortion reform. The chair of COPUA argued in 2016 that the law did not provide enough grounds for legal abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president of the Women Lawyers Association of Malawi, Immaculate Maluza, said, "This is a health issue, [but] most opposition is on religious and moral grounds, claiming this [bill] is a Western thing.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2021_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2021-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, about 141,000 abortions took place in Malawi, or 38 per 1,000 women. The lowest rate per 1,000 women was 29 in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Region,_Malawi" title="Central Region, Malawi">Central Region</a> and the highest was 61 in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Malawi" title="Northern Region, Malawi">Northern Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The share of unintended pregnancies resulting in abortion increased from 16% in 1990–1994 to 27% in 2015–2019.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first national survey on abortion found that, in 2009, there were 67,300 abortions and 18,700 patients for abortion complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of abortions had between 2009 and 2015 despite an increase in <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> use.<sup id="cite_ref-Polis_et_al_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polis_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most abortions in Malawi are <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">unsafe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polis_et_al_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polis_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many abortions are performed by private clinics or <a href="/wiki/Traditional_healer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional healer">traditional healers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Traditional Medicine Council of Malawi condemns it.<sup id="cite_ref-Masina_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women perform <a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">self-induced abortions</a> by consuming herb mixes, washing powder, drugs, or bark. Some insert cassava sticks, branches, lemon juice, or hangers into their vaginas.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseson_et_al_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseson_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Health workers are frequently requested to perform abortions, but refuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no government-supported abortion training for public health providers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some women receive safe abortions from covert providers in public and private clinics in urban areas. These services are expensive, costing about 5000 <a href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Malawian kwacha</a> (US$35).<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motives for seeking abortions include poverty, not wanting more children, wanting to space out children's births, wanting to finish education, extramarital pregnancy, pregnancy from rape, and influence by partners or parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseson_et_al_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseson_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malawi's high <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> and unmet need for contraception contribute to the frequency of unsafe abortions. Catholic facilities do not offer contraception, and others have low stock. Public perceptions associate birth control with negative health effects or promiscuity. Some husbands discourage contraception to have more children or to discourage promiscuity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge about contraception is low among both married and unmarried women, especially young women, and is lower in men. There is a stigma surrounding extramarital pregnancy. Young women are more impacted as pregnant girls are not allowed in school. Some girls in rural areas take part in <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a> ceremonies that involve beginning sexual relations, which can result in unwanted pregnancies. Older women with unwanted pregnancies are commonly labelled as prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Levandowski_et_al_Aug12_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levandowski_et_al_Aug12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abortions, particularly unsafe ones, are common among <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unsafe abortions among adolescents are frequent due to low knowledge, early sexual relationships, and low rates of contraception.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one-third of people aged 15 to 19 and one-fifth of those aged 12 to 14 know friends who have attempted abortions. Adolescent girls become aware of their pregnancies after taking pregnancy tests or missing their periods.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abortions cause 6–18% of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal deaths</a> in Malawi; the Ministry of Health cites it as 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, it was the second-leading cause of maternal mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseson_et_al_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseson_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's maternal mortality rate is one of the highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Polis_et_al_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polis_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who are poor or in rural areas have higher morbidity and mortality from abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report on maternal mortality by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, Ipas, and the Ministry of Health recommends reviewing the abortion law, improving the <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> programme, addressing <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive health">reproductive health</a> of youths, and improving post-abortion care.<sup id="cite_ref-Odland_et_al_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odland_et_al-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a> has led to an increase in safe abortions. Women approve of medical abortion as it provides privacy and anonymity, avoiding stigma from community members and medical professionals and legal risks. Mobilizing Activists Around Medication Abortion, a network of eleven NGOs formed in 2016, works to increase access to medical abortion in seven African countries including Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Bornstein_et_al_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bornstein_et_al-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moseson_et_al_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseson_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stigma surrounding abortion contributes to secrecy for those who receive it. Widespread myths about abortion include beliefs that women who abort become infertile, can kill those who have sex with them, or can infect communities. The culture values women who have many children, and young women who receive abortions may lose marriage opportunities. The stigma can be present among PAC providers, though some health workers say the stigma is not present or decreases after training.<sup id="cite_ref-Levandowski_et_al_Aug12_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levandowski_et_al_Aug12-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most health workers support abortion law reform but believe it would face strong opposition. Some supporters believe there should be restrictions to prevent abuse of the system. Those who oppose reform are mostly motivated by religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most churches in Malawi allow members to have abortions if their lives are in danger, and some allow it in the case of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-abortion_care">Post-abortion care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-abortion care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a> (PAC) is available at most secondary and tertiary care facilities and some <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a> facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, PAC is provided by 93 public facilities, 65 facilities run by NGOs (such as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Health_Association_of_Malawi" title="Christian Health Association of Malawi">Christian Health Association of Malawi</a> and Banja La Mtsogolo), and 8 private facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Levandowski_et_al_Jun12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levandowski_et_al_Jun12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two government hospitals, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiradzulu_District_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiradzulu District Hospital (page does not exist)">Chiradzulu District Hospital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Central_Hospital" title="Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital">Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital</a>, provide the majority of PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_et_al_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_et_al-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public health facilities provide PAC and post-abortion family planning for free. These facilities are mostly in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Daire_et_al_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daire_et_al-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, health facilities' logbooks recorded 58,000 cases, an increase in documentation since 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over one-quarter of recipients of PAC have at least moderate morbidity. As of 2009, the death rate is 387 deaths per 100,000 PAC complications.<sup id="cite_ref-Polis_et_al_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polis_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malawi has no national standards for post-abortion care.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_et_al_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_et_al-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all providers post guidelines for care, document cases, and review services.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government spends at least one million USD per year on PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Masina_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ipas, public health clinics spend $314,000 per year, according to Ipas, and legalizing abortion would reduce PAC costs by twenty to thirty percent.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_&_Sudhakar_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_&_Sudhakar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many patients come to clinics in life-threatening condition or delay seeking care due to the stigma surrounding abortion. Most do not admit to having abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common complications treated are <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retained_products_of_conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Retained products of conception">retained products of conception</a>, and fever. Women from rural areas are more likely to have severe complications. The fatality rate of PAC is 387 per 100,000 procedures, as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseson_et_al_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseson_et_al-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Health centers often face shortages of disinfectant and pain-relief medication.<sup id="cite_ref-Chinele_2024_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinele_2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government's Standard Equipment List includes MVA, but health officials are unsure about its availability. In some facilities with MVA, the equipment is worn out or locked away.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_et_al_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_et_al-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some health workers feel proud or sympathetic about performing PAC. Many others have negative attitudes toward the procedures or women who receive them. Some medical staff members perceive an increase in their PAC workload or that providing PAC encourages more women to get abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_et_al_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_et_al-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August–September 2009, half of women seeking PAC were under 25, and one-fifth were adolescents. Two-thirds of the women were from rural areas, and most (including most adolescents) were married. Young women receiving PAC had low access to contraceptives, despite near-universal awareness of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Levandowski_et_al_Jun12_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levandowski_et_al_Jun12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolescents seeking PAC are often told that parental consent is required, even if they are legal adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Kangaude_et_al_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kangaude_et_al-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methods">Methods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malawi's national PAC policy, like the WHO guidelines, promotes <a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual vacuum aspiration">manual vacuum aspiration</a> (MVA) over <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">dilation and curettage</a> (D&C).<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_et_al_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_et_al-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a 1999 report that most hospitals only offered D&C, many hospitals implemented implemented an intervention program to increase use of MVA.<sup id="cite_ref-Odland_et_al_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odland_et_al-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, the government has worked to expand and improve PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-Polis_et_al_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polis_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010, the use of MVA for PAC has been decreasing, and curettage is still used after early pregnancy loss. Treatment is impaired by a lack of equipment, resources, training, and staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakhame_et_al_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakhame_et_al-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although health providers are aware that MVA is safer, they may opt for D&C because MVA is more time-consuming, they do not always have functioning MVA equipment, or staff members are not trained in or encouraged to perform the method. Nurses are trained in MVA as they cannot perform D&C. Some doctors view D&C as their job and MVA as nurses' job. Training interventions have led to improvements in hospitals performing MVA.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_et_al_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook_et_al-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a> is approved to for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">postpartum bleeding</a> and post-abortion care but is not commonly used to induce abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-Polis_et_al_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polis_et_al-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to treat only 1.3% of incomplete abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakhame_et_al_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakhame_et_al-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misoprostol is available at many hospitals, but sometimes faces shortages. Health providers are widely supportive of its use and encourage its availability for pregnancies terminated within twelve weeks. They view it as easier, faster, and less painful than MVA.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some providers avoid the method, fearing the risk of failure and time to receive results.<sup id="cite_ref-Odland_et_al_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odland_et_al-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central Malawi, most women who receive the treatment say the treatment was supportive and satisfactory and that they prefer it to surgical treatment. Some women have reported drug failure, sometimes after buying the drug from local pharmacies when it was unavailable at the hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakhame_et_al_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakhame_et_al-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, the median cost of PAC is $40, and the cost of treatment with D&C is 29% higher than with MVA. Surgical treatment is required in 16% of cases but comprises 49% of costs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malawi" title="Health in Malawi">Health in Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malawi" title="Human rights in Malawi">Human rights in Malawi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kangaude_&_Mhango-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangaude_&_Mhango_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKangaudeMhango2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kangaude, Godfrey Dalitso; 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class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26677840">26677840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Health+Services+Research&rft.atitle=Costs+of+postabortion+care+in+public+sector+health+facilities+in+Malawi%3A+a+cross-sectional+survey&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=562&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4683960%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26677840&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12913-015-1216-2&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Janie&rft.au=Gebreselassie%2C+Hailemichael&rft.au=Amor+Ma%C3%B1ibo%2C+Maribel&rft.au=Raisanen%2C+Keris&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Heidi+Bart&rft.au=Mhango%2C+Chisale&rft.au=Levandowski%2C+Brooke+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4683960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Malawi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_East_Timor" title="Abortion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_Africa" title="Template:Abortion in Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_Africa" title="Template talk:Abortion in Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Abortion in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ethiopia" title="Abortion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Sudan" title="Abortion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malawi_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malawi_topics" title="Template:Malawi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malawi_topics" title="Template talk:Malawi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malawi_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malawi topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malawi_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malawi" title="Outline of Malawi">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">British Central Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Chilembwe uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_democracy_referendum,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawian democracy referendum, 1993">1993 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Malawi" title="Political history of Malawi">Political history of Malawi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_Malawi" title="Coat of arms of the Republic of Malawi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malawi" title="List of cities in Malawi">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi#Climate" title="Geography of Malawi">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malawi" title="Districts of Malawi">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Malawi" title="List of ecoregions in Malawi">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Malawi" title="List of islands of Malawi">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Malawi">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Malawi" title="Regions of Malawi">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Malawi" title="List of rivers of Malawi">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malawi" title="Wildlife of Malawi">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malawi" title="Politics of Malawi">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Malawi" title="Cabinet of Malawi">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malawi" title="Elections in Malawi">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malawi" title="Foreign relations of Malawi">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malawi" title="Judiciary of Malawi">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malawi" title="Human rights in Malawi">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malawi">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Defence_Force" title="Malawian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Malawi)" title="National Assembly (Malawi)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malawi" title="List of political parties in Malawi">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Malawi" title="List of heads of state of Malawi">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Courts_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Courts in Malawi">Traditional Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Malawi" title="Agriculture in Malawi">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Malawi" title="Reserve Bank of Malawi">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Kwacha <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi_Stock_Exchange" title="Malawi Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Malawi" title="Communications in Malawi">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Malawi" title="Tourism in Malawi">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Malawi" title="Transport in Malawi">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Malawi" title="Category:Society of Malawi">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu_dalitsa_Mala%C5%B5i" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulungu dalitsa Malaŵi">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi" title="Coat of arms of Malawi">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Malawi" title="Category:Culture of Malawi">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malawi" title="Demographics of Malawi">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Malawi" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Malawi">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malawi" title="Flag of Malawi">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malawi" title="Healthcare in Malawi">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Malawi">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi#Religion" title="Malawi">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Malawi" title="Sports in Malawi">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malawi" title="Outline of Malawi">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Malawi" title="Outline of Malawi">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malawi" title="Category:Malawi">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malawi" title="Portal:Malawi">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&oldid=1260679205">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Malawi&oldid=1260679205</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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