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However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles—comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO$_{3}$–H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$–NH$_{3}$ nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere. Wang, Mingyi; Xiao, Mao; Bertozzi, Barbara; Marie, Guillaume; Rörup, Birte; Schulze, Benjamin; Bardakov, Roman; He, Xu-Cheng; Shen, Jiali; Scholz, Wiebke; Marten, Ruby; Dada, Lubna; Baalbaki, Rima; Lopez, Brandon; Lamkaddam, Houssni; Manninen, Hanna E; Amorim, António; Ataei, Farnoush; Bogert, Pia; Brasseur, Zoé; Caudillo, Lucía; De Menezes, Louis-Philippe; Duplissy, Jonathan; Ekman, Annica M L; Finkenzeller, Henning; Carracedo, Loïc Gonzalez; Granzin, Manuel; Guida, Roberto; Heinritzi, Martin; Hofbauer, Victoria; Höhler, Kristina; Korhonen, Kimmo; Krechmer, Jordan E; Kürten, Andreas; Lehtipalo, Katrianne; Mahfouz, Naser G A; Makhmutov, Vladimir; Massabò, Dario; Mathot, Serge; Mauldin, Roy L; Mentler, Bernhard; Müller, Tatjana; Onnela, Antti; Petäjä, Tuukka; Philippov, Maxim; Piedehierro, Ana A; Pozzer, Andrea; Ranjithkumar, Ananth; Schervish, Meredith; Schobesberger, Siegfried; Simon, Mario; Stozhkov, Yuri; Tomé, António; Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas; Vogel, Franziska; Wagner, Robert; Wang, Dongyu S; Weber, Stefan K; Welti, André; Wu, Yusheng; Zauner-Wieczorek, Marcel; Sipilä, Mikko; Winkler, Paul M; Hansel, Armin; Baltensperger, Urs; Kulmala, Markku; Flagan, Richard C; Curtius, Joachim; Riipinen, Ilona; Gordon, Hamish; Lelieveld, Jos; El-Haddad, Imad; Volkamer, Rainer; Worsnop, Douglas R; Christoudias, Theodoros; Kirkby, Jasper; Möhler, Ottmar; Donahue, Neil M" /> <meta name="keywords" content="CERN Document Server, WebSearch, CERN Document Server" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script 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Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO$_{3}$–H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$–NH$_{3}$ nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere." property="og:description" />  <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="el">  <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=el&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2816486%3Fln%3Del" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=el">Αναζήτηση</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=el">Υποβολή</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=el">Βοήθεια</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=el">Ρυθμίσεις</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=el">Οι Ειδοποιήσεις μου</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=el">Τα καλάθια μου</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=el">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=el">Οι Αναζητήσεις μου</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=el" class="navtrail">Αρχική Σελίδα</a> > Synergistic HNO$_{3}$–H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$–NH$_{3}$ upper tropospheric particle formation </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2816486/?ln=el">Πληροφορίες </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2816486/files?ln=el">Αρχεία </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px"> </div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside">  <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2816486"></abbr> <style type="text/css">  </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2">  Article </td> </tr> <script type="text/javascript"> $( document ).ready(function() { $('.showAuthor').on('click', function() { var author = '<p>' + $(this).data('name') + '</p>'; var affiliation = $(this).data('affiliation') + '</br>'; var contribution = $(this).data('contribution') + '</br>'; $.magnificPopup.open({ items: { src: '<div id="ovelary-mathjax" class="overlay-white oc-content overlay-white-500">' + author + affiliation + contribution + '</div>', type: 'inline' }, callbacks: { open: function() { var div = document.getElementById("overlay-mathjax") MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]); }, } }) }) }); </script> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Synergistic HNO$_{3}$–H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$–NH$_{3}$ upper tropospheric particle formation</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Author(s) </span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"> <script type="text/javascript"> function toggle_authors_visibility(){ var more = document.getElementById('more'); var link = document.getElementById('link'); var extension = document.getElementById('extension'); if (more.style.display=='none'){ more.style.display = ''; extension.style.display = 'none'; link.innerHTML = "Απόκρυψη" } else { more.style.display = 'none'; extension.style.display = ''; link.innerHTML = "Εμφάνιση και των 78 συγγραφέων" } link.style.color = "rgb(204,0,0);" } function set_up(){ var extension = document.getElementById('extension'); extension.innerHTML = ""; toggle_authors_visibility(); } </script> <a name="show_hide" /><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Wang%2C%20Mingyi&ln=el">Wang, Mingyi</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Xiao%2C%20Mao&ln=el">Xiao, Mao</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Bertozzi%2C%20Barbara&ln=el">Bertozzi, Barbara</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Marie%2C%20Guillaume&ln=el">Marie, Guillaume</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=R%C3%B6rup%2C%20Birte&ln=el">Rörup, Birte</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Schulze%2C%20Benjamin&ln=el">Schulze, Benjamin</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Bardakov%2C%20Roman&ln=el">Bardakov, Roman</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=He%2C%20Xu-Cheng&ln=el">He, Xu-Cheng</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Shen%2C%20Jiali&ln=el">Shen, Jiali</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Scholz%2C%20Wiebke&ln=el">Scholz, Wiebke</a><span id="more" style=""> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Marten%2C%20Ruby&ln=el">Marten, Ruby</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Dada%2C%20Lubna&ln=el">Dada, Lubna</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Baalbaki%2C%20Rima&ln=el">Baalbaki, Rima</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Lopez%2C%20Brandon&ln=el">Lopez, Brandon</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Lamkaddam%2C%20Houssni&ln=el">Lamkaddam, Houssni</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Manninen%2C%20Hanna%20E&ln=el">Manninen, Hanna E</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Amorim%2C%20Ant%C3%B3nio&ln=el">Amorim, António</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Ataei%2C%20Farnoush&ln=el">Ataei, Farnoush</a> ; 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<a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=El-Haddad%2C%20Imad&ln=el">El-Haddad, Imad</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Volkamer%2C%20Rainer&ln=el">Volkamer, Rainer</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Worsnop%2C%20Douglas%20R&ln=el">Worsnop, Douglas R</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Christoudias%2C%20Theodoros&ln=el">Christoudias, Theodoros</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Kirkby%2C%20Jasper&ln=el">Kirkby, Jasper</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=M%C3%B6hler%2C%20Ottmar&ln=el">Möhler, Ottmar</a> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Donahue%2C%20Neil%20M&ln=el">Donahue, Neil M</a></span> <span id="extension"></span> <small><i><a id="link" href="#" onclick="toggle_authors_visibility()" style="color:rgb(204,0,0);"></a></i></small><script type="text/javascript">set_up()</script></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">2022</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Number of pages </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">7</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4"><i>Nature</i> 605 (2022) 483-489</a> </a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> DOI </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4" title="DOI" target="_blank">10.1038/s41586-022-04605-4</a> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles—comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO$_{3}$–H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$–NH$_{3}$ nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Copyright/License </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">publication: © The Author(s) 2022 (License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC-BY-4.0</a>)</td></tr> </table> <br/>Corresponding record in: <a href="http://inspirehep.net/record/2085652">Inspire</a> <small> </small> <br/> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Επιστροφή στην αναζήτηση</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px"> Δημιουργία εγγραφής 2022-07-24, τελευταία τροποποίηση 2023-03-30</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=el&p=recid%3A2816486&rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">Παρόμοιες εγγραφές</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">Πλήρες κείμενο:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2816486/files/document.pdf"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Κατέβασμα πλήρες κειμένου" /><br />PDF</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=el&recid=2816486">Προσθήκη στο προσωπικό καλάθι</a></li> <li>Εξαγωγή ως <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/hx?ln=el">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/hm?ln=el">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/xm?ln=el">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/xd?ln=el">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/xe?ln=el">EndNote</a>,  <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/xn?ln=el">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2816486/export/xw?ln=el">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'>  <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2816486/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2816486', addEmail: true, title: "Synergistic HNO$_{3}$\u2013H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$\u2013NH$_{3}$ upper tropospheric particle formation", description: "New particle formation in the upper free troposphere is a major global source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). However, the precursor vapours that drive the process are not well understood. With experiments performed under upper tropospheric conditions in the CERN CLOUD chamber, we show that nitric acid, sulfuric acid and ammonia form particles synergistically, at rates that are orders of magnitude faster than those from any two of the three components. The importance of this mechanism depends on the availability of ammonia, which was previously thought to be efficiently scavenged by cloud droplets during convection. However, surprisingly high concentrations of ammonia and ammonium nitrate have recently been observed in the upper troposphere over the Asian monsoon region. Once particles have formed, co-condensation of ammonia and abundant nitric acid alone is sufficient to drive rapid growth to CCN sizes with only trace sulfate. Moreover, our measurements show that these CCN are also highly efficient ice nucleating particles\u2014comparable to desert dust. Our model simulations confirm that ammonia is efficiently convected aloft during the Asian monsoon, driving rapid, multi-acid HNO$_{3}$\u2013H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$\u2013NH$_{3}$ nucleation in the upper troposphere and producing ice nucleating particles that spread across the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere." }); // ]]> </script>  </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix">  <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=el">Αναζήτηση</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=el">Υποβολή</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=el">Ρυθμίσεις</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=el">Βοήθεια</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> <br /> Βασίζεται στο <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> Συντηρείται από <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? 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