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id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2006–2009:_Ethiopian_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2009:_Ethiopian_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 2006–2009: Ethiopian invasion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2009:_Ethiopian_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009–10:_Dominance_in_the_south" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009–10:_Dominance_in_the_south"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 2009–10: Dominance in the south </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009–10:_Dominance_in_the_south-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011–13:_Internal_and_external_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011–13:_Internal_and_external_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 2011–13: Internal and external challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011–13:_Internal_and_external_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Territorial losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drought,_al-Qaeda,_and_internal_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drought,_al-Qaeda,_and_internal_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Drought, al-Qaeda, and internal struggle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drought,_al-Qaeda,_and_internal_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Defections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013–2017:_Regrouping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013–2017:_Regrouping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 2013–2017: Regrouping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2013–2017:_Regrouping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018–2022:_Resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018–2022:_Resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 2018–2022: Resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018–2022:_Resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022–present:_Retaliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022–present:_Retaliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2022–present: Retaliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022–present:_Retaliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Propaganda strategy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Propaganda_strategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Propaganda strategy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propaganda_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Propaganda films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_and_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_and_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Internet and social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_and_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_governance_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_governance_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Local governance strategy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_governance_strategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Local governance strategy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Local_governance_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Humanitarian access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_on_single-use_plastic_bags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_on_single-use_plastic_bags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ban on single-use plastic bags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_on_single-use_plastic_bags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_COVID-19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_COVID-19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Response to COVID-19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_COVID-19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Foreign recruitment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_recruitment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign recruitment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_surge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_surge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Early surge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_surge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Current status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_militant_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_militant_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relationship with other militant groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_other_militant_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship with other militant groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_militant_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hizbul_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hizbul_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Hizbul Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hizbul_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliates_in_Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliates_in_Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Affiliates in Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliates_in_Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Qaeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Qaeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Al-Qaeda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Qaeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AQAP,_AQIM_and_Boko_Haram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AQAP,_AQIM_and_Boko_Haram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 AQAP, AQIM and Boko Haram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AQAP,_AQIM_and_Boko_Haram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Islamic State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_income_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_income_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources of income and arms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_of_income_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources of income and arms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_income_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_support:_diaspora,_Al-Qaeda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_support:_diaspora,_Al-Qaeda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 External support: diaspora, Al-Qaeda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_support:_diaspora,_Al-Qaeda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_Eritrean_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Eritrean_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Alleged Eritrean support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Eritrean_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Internal revenue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_and_smuggling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_smuggling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Trade and smuggling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_smuggling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extortion_and_taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extortion_and_taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Extortion and taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extortion_and_taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somali_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somali_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Somali government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somali_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 International response </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International response subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorist_designation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorist_designation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Terrorist designation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorist_designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bounties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bounties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bounties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bounties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 List of leaders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_leaders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle List of leaders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Emirs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Former members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_leaders_and_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_leaders_and_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Foreign leaders and members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_leaders_and_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Al-Shabaab (militant group)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A)" title="الشباب (تنظيم صومالي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشباب (تنظيم صومالي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8F%C5%9F-%C5%9E%C9%99bab" title="Əş-Şəbab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əş-Şəbab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="আল-শাবাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল-শাবাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Ал-Шабаб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ал-Шабаб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Xabab" title="Al-Xabab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Xabab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1-%C5%A0ab%C3%A1b" title="Aš-Šabáb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aš-Šabáb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Terrororganisation)" title="Al-Shabaab (Terrororganisation) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Shabaab (Terrororganisation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash-Shab%C4%81b" title="Ash-Shabāb – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ash-Shabāb" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB-%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Αλ-Σαμπάμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλ-Σαμπάμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(organizaci%C3%B3n_terrorista)" title="Al-Shabaab (organización terrorista) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Shabaab (organización terrorista)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%C5%9Cabab" title="Al-Ŝabab – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Al-Ŝabab" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="الشباب (گروه شبه‌نظامی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الشباب (گروه شبه‌نظامی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat_al-Chabab_al-Moudjahidin" title="Harakat al-Chabab al-Moudjahidin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harakat al-Chabab al-Moudjahidin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%83%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%B8%8C_(%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84)" title="알샤바브 (소말리아) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알샤바브 (소말리아)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(%C6%99ungiyar_Maya%C6%99a)" title="Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Al-Shabaab (ƙungiyar Mayaƙa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(sk%C3%A6ruli%C3%B0asamt%C3%B6k)" title="Al-Shabaab (skæruliðasamtök) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Al-Shabaab (skæruliðasamtök)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91" title="א-שבאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="א-שבאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_%C5%A0abab" title="Al Šabab – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Al Šabab" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="അൽ ശബാബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൽ ശബാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89)" title="الشباب (تنظيم صومالى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشباب (تنظيم صومالى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Аль-Шабаб – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аль-Шабаб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Somali%C3%AB)" title="Al-Shabaab (Somalië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Al-Shabaab (Somalië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%90%E3%83%96_(%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2)" title="アル・シャバブ (ソマリア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アル・シャバブ (ソマリア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="الشباب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الشباب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asz-Szabab" title="Asz-Szabab – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asz-Szabab" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Харакат аш-Шабаб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харакат аш-Шабаб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabab" title="Al-Shabab – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Shabab" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat_al-Shabaab_Mujahideen" title="Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahideen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="அல் சபாப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல் சபாப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9F-%C5%9Eebab" title="Eş-Şebab – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eş-Şebab" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%88-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Джамаат Аш-Шабааб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джамаат Аш-Шабааб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="الشباب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الشباب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shabaab" title="Al-Shabaab – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Al-Shabaab" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%9A%EF%BC%88%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%89" title="青年党（索马里） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青年党（索马里）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%9A_(%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C)" title="青年党 (索马里) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="青年党 (索马里)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="View the content page [c]" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Mozambique)" title="Al-Shabaab (Mozambique)">Al-Shabaab (Mozambique)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabab" class="mw-disambig" title="Al-Shabab">Al-Shabab</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">حركة الشباب المجاهدين Ḥarakat ash-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:20px;width:171px;max-width:171px"><div style="border:none;;height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ShabaabFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/169px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="169" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/254px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/338px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="792" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Flag</a> used by al-Shabaab</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:118px;max-width:118px"><div style="border:none;;height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ShababLogo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/ShababLogo.png/116px-ShababLogo.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/ShababLogo.png/174px-ShababLogo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/ShababLogo.png/232px-ShababLogo.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="327" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Emblem</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also known as</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Al-Shabaab</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent"> <ul><li>Emir: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Diriye" title="Ahmad Diriye">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li>Spokesman: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohamed_Rage" title="Ali Mohamed Rage">Ali Mohamed Rage</a></li> <li>Former leader: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Godane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Godane">Ahmed Godane</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li>Deputy Emir: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahad_Karate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahad Karate (page does not exist)">Mahad Karate</a></li> <li>Deputy Emir: Abukar Ali Adan<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Emir of Kenyan military wing: Maalim Ayman <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Deputy Emir of Kenyan military wing: Malin Khaled<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li>Military Spokesperson: Abdulaziz Abu Musab <a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Head of the Clan Elder Council: Ibrahim Sheikh Ali</li> <li>Amniyat Emir: Yusuf Ahmed Hajji Nurow</li> <li>Military Emir: Yassir Jiis</li> <li>Emir of Finance: Abdikarim Horseed</li> <li>Senior Media Official: Abdullahi Osman</li> <li>Former spokesmen: <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>2006–present</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2006: Established</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">February 2008: United States Department of State designates al-Shabaab as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">May 2008: <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Farah Ayro</a> is killed in a US airstrike in <a href="/wiki/Dhusamareb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhusamareb">Dhusamareb</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">August 2008: Captures Kismayo in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2008)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2008)">Battle of Kismayo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">January 2009: Captures <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baidoa" title="Siege of Baidoa">Siege of Baidoa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">30 January 2009: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> withdraws from Somalia</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">December 2010: <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> merges with al-Shabaab</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">August 2011: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)">Recapture of Mogadishu by TFG and AMISOM forces</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">October 2011: Kenya <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">invades</a> southern Somalia to push al-Shabaab from the Kenyan border</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">September 2013: al-Shabaab <a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">attack the Westgate Mall</a> in Kenya</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">August 2014: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean" title="Operation Indian Ocean">Operation Indian Ocean</a> begins</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">September 2014: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Godane" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Godane">Ahmed Godane</a> is Killed in a US airstrike</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">January 2016: Worst Kenyan losses endured during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Adde" title="Battle of El Adde">Battle of El Adde</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">October 2017: <a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">587 killed</a> in the deadliest bombing to date in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2022: AMISOM ends, is replaced with <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Transition_Mission_in_Somalia" title="African Union Transition Mission in Somalia">ATMIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_rejects_UN_military_aid-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jilib" title="Jilib">Jilib</a> (2014-present) Former headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a> (2008–2012) <a href="/wiki/Barawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Barawe">Barawe</a> (2012–2014)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-Mission-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Islamic-11">[11]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-Islamist-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a> (Sunni)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mission-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism#Muslim_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Islamic nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Islamic-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Makhaus_8-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-Makhaus_8-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Somali Irredentism</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a><a href="#cite_note-Makhaus_8-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ethiopian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ethiopian sentiment">Anti-Ethiopian sentiment</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active (since 2006)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>7,000–12,000 (2023 UN estimate)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </li> <li>15,000–18,000 (2022 estimate per Pres. <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> (2012–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data">State allies <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (denied)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Quds_Force.svg/21px-Flag_of_Quds_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Quds_Force.svg/32px-Flag_of_Quds_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Quds_Force.svg/41px-Flag_of_Quds_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1026" /> <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> (denied)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Non-state allies</li><li><a href="/wiki/File:ShabaabFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/25px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/38px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/50px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="792" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:ShabaabFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/25px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/38px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ShabaabFlag.svg/50px-ShabaabFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="792" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/10px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/16px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg/21px-Slogan_of_the_Houthi_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1668" /> <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State opponents</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Non-State opponents</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> ● <a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg/20px-Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg/30px-Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg/40px-Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="382" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Somalia_Province" title="Islamic State – Somalia Province">Somalia Province</a> (Abnaa ul-Calipha) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles and wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)">Somalia War (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حركة الشباب المجاهدين, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ḥarakat ash-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Youth Mujahideen Movement), commonly known as al-Shabaab,<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 1]</a> is a transnational <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi Jihadist</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> military and political organization based in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and active elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. It is actively involved in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> and incorporates elements of <a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali nationalism</a> into its <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> cause. Allegiant to the <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamist</a> organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> since 2012, it has also forged ties with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a>. Formed in the mid-2000s as a youth militia within the wider military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>, al-Shabaab came to prominence during the 2006–2009 <a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)">Ethiopian invasion and occupation of Somalia</a>, during which it presented itself as a vehicle for the waging of armed resistance against the occupying Ethiopian army. In subsequent years, it gained popular support from <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> and became a dominant force in south and central Somalia, defending large swathes of territory by fighting against the <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">African Union Mission to Somalia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a>, as well as the latter's <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">transitional predecessor</a>. Al-Shabaab gained international prominence due to its recruitment of foreign fighters, including fighters who are from <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>. Countries including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> have designated it as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a>, and the United States has <a href="/wiki/American_military_intervention_in_Somalia_(2007%E2%80%93present)" title="American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)">militarily intervened</a> in order to fight against the group. Between 2011 and 2013, a coalition of <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> forces, led by the Somali government, wrested a significant amount of territory from al-Shabaab, including the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>. During the same period, the group was plagued by internal conflicts over its leadership and ideological direction, which intensified when, in February 2012, al-Shabaab's leadership <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">pledged allegiance</a> to al-Qaeda. It suffered further military losses in 2014, as a result of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean" title="Operation Indian Ocean">Operation Indian Ocean</a>, and the killing of its <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Abdi Godane</a>. Several years thereafter, al-Shabaab retreated from the major cities, but it remained influential in many rural areas, and it prioritized <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terror</a> attacks over territorial acquisitions. It is responsible for many high-fatality attacks, including the <a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">2013 Westgate attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">October 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2022_Somali_Ministry_of_Education_bombings" title="2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings">2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings</a>. Apart from its activities in Somalia, the group also operates in neighboring countries, extending its insurgency to Kenya's border regions with its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaysh_Ayman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaysh Ayman (page does not exist)">Jaysh Ayman</a> wing<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> and carrying out a <a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">major incursion into Ethiopia</a> in 2022. Attendant to its recent resurgence, it was estimated to have increased its combat strength to between 7,000 and 18,000 fighters during 2022.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmonitor.com-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Al-Shabaab is also known as Ash-Shabaab, Hizb al-Shabaab ("Party of the Youth"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryden2006-38">[37]</a> Al Osra Army in Somalia (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: جيش العسرة في الصومال).<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The term al-Shabaab means "the youth" in Arabic. It also refers to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Somalia since 2011.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation_and_structure">Organisation and structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organisation and structure">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inghimasi" title="Inghimasi">Inghimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">Homegrown terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Although it is unclear when al-Shabaab was formed, it is understood to have originated as a youth militia within the military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>, an umbrella group which provided de facto governance in much of Somalia until the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">country was invaded by Ethiopia</a> in December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> In 2007–08, al-Shabaab established itself as an independent actor, gaining prominence as a vehicle of armed resistance against the Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> Many of its early leaders and members previously belonged not only to the Islamic Courts Union but also to the older <a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">al-Ittihad al-Islamiya</a>, a group founded on the tenets of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Somalis#Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">clannism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2020-45">[44]</a> Many early al-Shabaab leaders had also been trained as <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideology">Ideology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ideology">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>, Salafism has been a core unifying principle of al-Shabaab, although this principle is not interpreted uniformly by the group's members and leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a> In particular, al-Shabaab officially and generally advocates a form of <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a> with transnational aims, linking <a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali nationalist</a> and local grievances to the plight of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a> Academics have also noted the influence of non-Salafi Islamic movements in Somalia on al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Following its pan-Islamist political outlook, incursions into Somalia by Ethiopia – and later by Kenya, the United States, and others – are viewed by al-Shabaab as part of a wider American-sponsored <a href="/wiki/War_against_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="War against Islam">war against Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2020-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010-47">[46]</a> For instance, al-Shabaab denounced the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006 Ethiopian invasion of Somalia</a> as a "Zionist-Crusader aggression",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2020-45">[44]</a> in which the United States "unleashed its ‘hunting dogs’ in Ethiopia and Kenya" by deploying "the world's crusader forces" to counter the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010222-48">[47]</a> However, this globalist framework is not universal within the group,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer2011-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-counterterrorism-50">[49]</a> an ideological fault-line which has sometimes fostered <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factionalism</a> and internal conflict. Much of al-Shabaab's Somali support base is fiercely nationalist, and sees as its primary goal the establishment of a stable Islamic state inside Somalia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon2014-51">[50]</a> or, more ambitiously, inside so-called <a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a>, uniting the ethnic Somali populations of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrich2022-52">[51]</a> Other domestic supporters are concerned primarily with clan-related and local objectives, and are therefore prone to infighting and shifting alliances.<a href="#cite_note-Asnctc-53">[52]</a> However, these ideological differences can accommodate broad opposition within the group to common adversaries – notably opposition to external intervention in Somalia, often publicly expressed in quasi-<a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbist</a> terms;<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> and opposition to the internationally recognised <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Somali government</a>, which, lacking a basis in religious (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>) law, is seen to lack legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a> Al-Shabaab hardliners broadly adhere to a <a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a> interpretation of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Al-Wala%27_wal-Bara%27" title="Al-Wala' wal-Bara'">al-wala' wal-bara'</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'loyalty and disavowal'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlkaff2013-55">[54]</a> insofar as it prescribes dissociation from non-Muslims and those perceived as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> A major component of Al-Shabaab's ideology is <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">religious nationalism</a> which is incorporated into its <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamist</a> cause. <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotic</a> themes warning Somalis of the plots from international <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Christian Crusaders</a>" (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>) and their collaborators are a regular feature of the movement's propaganda. During the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">Ethiopian invasion of Somalia</a>, Al-Shabaab positioned itself as a staunch nationalist militia under the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Muqawamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqawamah">Muqawwama</a> (resistance coalition) of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>, taking the most hardline stance against the invading "Christian crusaders". After the collapse of the ICU in 2007, Al-Shabaab launched its own independent insurgency, gaining popular support from Somalis for defending the country from <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> and foreign occupation. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> began enhancing its co-operation and support to Al-Shabaab during this period, which enabled the movement to establish itself as the strongest military power in Southern Somalia. Al-Shabaab regards Somalia's <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government</a> as an illegitimate "<a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostate</a>" entity backed by foreign invaders.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The group has persecuted those individuals belonging to Somalia's small <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Christian minority</a>; whom it accused of aiding the agenda of foreign "<a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">convert Somalis to Christianity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-economist-59">[58]</a> In 2009, Al-Shabaab destroyed a <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> shrine and its associated graves; asserting that over-embellishing burial sites into shrines is incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alertnet.org-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-english.aljazeera.net-61">[60]</a> Al-Shabaab has clashed with the pro-<a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> Sufi militias of "<a href="/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a" title="Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a">Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Somali_rage_at_grave_desecration-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-63">[62]</a> In addition, its statements have expressed <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist</a> sentiments,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> and the group claimed that its <a href="/wiki/Nairobi_DusitD2_complex_attack" title="Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack">2019 DusitD2 complex attack</a> was retaliation against the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as the capital of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_structure">Size and structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Size and structure">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, observers estimated that al-Shabaab comprised between 7,000 and 9,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council of Foreign Relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States military</a> revised this figure downwards, estimating 3,000 to 6,000 and 4,000 to 6,000 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Reflecting an apparent al-Shabaab resurgence, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> estimated 5,000 to 10,000 fighters two years later, in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2021-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Most recently, an expert report submitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> in early February 2022 estimated that al-Shabaab's fighting force had grown to between 7,000 and 12,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-nordicmonitor.com-37">[36]</a> In late 2022, President of Somalia <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohammed</a> stated the faction had around 15,000 to 18,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a> The group is led an executive tanfid council of 7 to 14 members - a configuration also seen in equivalent organisations such as al-Qaeda, supported by a consultative shura. It operates several internal departments known as “Makhtab”, including Jabhat (military), Sanaaca (explosives), Da’wa (preaching), Zakat (taxation), Wilayah (local administration), Garsoor (Islamic courts) an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence</a> agency known as the Amniyat, and a police force, Jaysh Al-Hisbah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2021-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Membership">edit</a>]</div> Especially in its early years, al-Shabaab was sometimes characterised by Somali opponents as dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Hawiye" title="Hawiye">Hawiye</a> clan, which is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Somali_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali clan">clans in Somalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer2011-49">[48]</a> Hawiye remain influential in the group,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBacon2022-72">[71]</a> and, according to a 2018 analysis by the Somali Hiraal Institute, five of the ten members of the executive shura council were Hawiye, as were about 94 of the top 220 officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMubarak2018-73">[72]</a> However, al-Shabaab is attached to an ethos of anti-clannism, and has therefore tried to appeal to minority groups and to ensure ethnic and clan diversity among its leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonka2016b-74">[73]</a> It incorporates a relatively large contingent of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighter" title="Foreign fighter">foreign fighters</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Foreign_recruitment">§ Foreign recruitment</a>). Rank-and-file members, though sometimes recruited by force,<a href="#cite_note-Asnctc-53">[52]</a> are also attracted by the regular pay that al-Shabaab offers and by its political <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonka2016b-74">[73]</a> In the past, many young al-Shabaab recruits were drawn from marginalised southern clans, such as the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Bantus" title="Somali Bantus">Jareer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonka2016b-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Many are <a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">children</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fu'ad Qalaf Shongole</a>, an al-Shabaab officer with responsibility for "awareness raising", encouraged a Somali gathering to send their unmarried daughters to fight <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> with al-Shabaab, which until then had used only male fighters.<a href="#cite_note-ASWGTJWAG-77">[76]</a> However, according to International Crisis Group, women rarely participate directly in military decision-making or operations, though they do play important roles in recruitment, intelligence, and explosives <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2019-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_al-Shabaab-related_events" title="Timeline of al-Shabaab-related events">Timeline of al-Shabaab-related events</a></div>During 2003, the American <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> began covert operations targeting the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> (ICU) by backing anti-ICU Somali warlords<a href="#cite_note-:222-79">[78]</a> with the aim of preventing the formation of a '<a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> like' state in Somalia that could provide haven to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In 2005 Mogadishu was hit by a significant wave of unexplained <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinations</a> and disappearances. The Islamic Courts claimed that covert US government operations and warlords were targeting high ranking ICU officials. According to C. Barnes & H. Hassan, "It was in this context that a military force known as Al-Shabaab (‘the Youth’) emerged, related to but seemingly autonomous of the broad based Courts movement."<a href="#cite_note-:18-81">[80]</a> Contrary to many reports, Al-Shabaab was neither the armed wing of the Islamic Courts Union nor its most important military component. Al-Shabaab fighters operated as the youth wing of the Courts' militia and gained a fierce reputation during the war against the CIA-backed <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Restoration_of_Peace_and_Counter-Terrorism" title="Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism">Somali warlord alliance</a> in Mogadishu in early to mid-2006, distinguishing themselves within the ICU's military wing.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006–2009:_Ethiopian_invasion">2006–2009: Ethiopian invasion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2006–2009: Ethiopian invasion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">Ethiopian invasion and occupation of Somalia</a></div> Al-Shabaab rose to prominence and radicalized following the full scale Ethiopian invasion of Somalia during December 2006.<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Celso-2015-84">[83]</a> At the time Al-Shabaab was about six hundred fighters strong.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[84]</a> The invasion resulted in the deaths of many Islamic Courts Union affiliates, leaving a vacuum for the small group of several hundred youth that served as the ICU's Shabaab militia to gain prominence.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a> the group garnered popular support from across many segments of Somali society, as al-Shabaab was widely viewed as a genuine resistance movement against the Ethiopian military occupation; despite its inclinations towards hardline interpretations of Islam. Though the invasion had fractured the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a>, it galvanized <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> on which al-Shabaab capitalized, especially for recruitment purposes, with thousands of new recruits drawn to the group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2020-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:30-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a> During 2008, al-Shabaab began rapidly expanding and governing territory for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-:29-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a> According to Cocodia, "Al-Shabaab from an objective standpoint is the response of an unlawfully deposed regime employing all means possible to reclaim the authority that was wrenched from it." In the initial years, many Somalis perceived Al-Shabaab as disciplined, orderly, and fair, which earned the group significant legitimacy. However, this perception was later lost due to their arbitrary rulings.<a href="#cite_note-:222-79">[78]</a> Heavy handed tactics by the Ethiopian military rallied many Somalis to support the organization, and over the following two years al-Shabaab became battle hardened as it participated in the insurgency. In this period, the group laid the foundation for an enduring insurgency in Somalia, establishing networks and territorial bases concentrated in the rural south-central regions.<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a> The African Union reported Al-Shabaab was about 2,000 fighters strong during 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:2-89">[88]</a> A critical juncture in transformation of Al-Shabaab was the assassination of the groups military leader <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Ayro</a> in an American airstrike during May 2008. It resulted in several significant developments for Al-Shabaab, most prominently the accession of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Godane</a> to leadership of the organization. Godane moved Al-Shabaab in a far more violent direction, alienating many fighters and civilian supporters. The assassination of Ayro did nothing to prevent the groups expansion.<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a> The withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in January 2009 significantly diminished the public support that al-Shabaab had previously enjoyed as a resistance faction.<a href="#cite_note-:30-87">[86]</a> However, this move came too late to have a substantial impact on the group's transformation into a formidable oppositional force.<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009–10:_Dominance_in_the_south">2009–10: Dominance in the south</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2009–10: Dominance in the south">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></div>Having made important territorial gains from mid-2008, al-Shabaab increasingly focused its attention on opposition to the Somali <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Transitional Federal Government of Somalia">Transitional Federal Government</a>, as the Ethiopian-led war segued into the next phase of the protracted <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliotHolzer2009-90">[89]</a> By 2009–10, al-Shabaab controlled most of central and southern Somalia (south of the semi-autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a>), and it had formed administrative structures to govern territories under its control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnzalone2013-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryden2014-92">[91]</a> It had particular success building relationships with local leaders in order to build cross-clan coalitions, combining its principled anti-clannism with a "pragmatic clannism": a willingness to manipulate clan networks and exploit inter-clan politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngiriis2018b-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer2011-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonka2016b-74">[73]</a> By 2009, al-Shabaab started drastically altering its choice of targets and frequency of attacks. The use of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a> and bombings in urban areas significantly grew in use.<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a> The groups significant support from the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a> dwindled in response to the usage of terror tactics.<a href="#cite_note-:2-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–13:_Internal_and_external_challenges">2011–13: Internal and external challenges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2011–13: Internal and external challenges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_(8019356109).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_%288019356109%29.jpg/220px-Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_%288019356109%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_%288019356109%29.jpg/330px-Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_%288019356109%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_%288019356109%29.jpg/440px-Al_Shabaab_fighters_disengage_and_lay_down_arms_03_%288019356109%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3762" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption>Over 200 al-Shabaab fighters surrender to <a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>, September 2012.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg/220px-Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg/330px-Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg/440px-Allied_Forces_in_Kismayo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Somali and Kenyan troops celebrate al-Shabaab's retreat from <a href="/wiki/Kismayo_Airport" title="Kismayo Airport">Kismayo Airport</a>, 2012.</figcaption></figure> In subsequent years, however, al-Shabaab's strong position was significantly weakened, as – in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in the region and, simultaneously, a military offensive against the group – the group experienced territorial and strategic setbacks in the military arena; an internal struggle over the group's direction and leadership; and, in response to both, a wave of high-profile <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defections</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Territorial_losses">Territorial losses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Territorial losses">edit</a>]</div> The group's military fortunes turned with the failure of the August 2010 <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> offensive – the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)">Battle of Mogadishu</a> – which resulted in heavy al-Shabaab losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> By August 2011, al-Shabaab had announced a "strategic withdrawal" from <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>, although, from outlying districts, it continued to exert influence in the city and to launch deadly <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> attacks against AMISOM and the TFG.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnzalone2013-91">[90]</a> In October and November 2011, Kenya and Ethiopia – partnering with local militias – launched offensives against al-Shabaab strongholds: Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a> on the southern front, while Ethiopia approached from the west. The group lost territory to both armies, notably losing <a href="/wiki/Baidoa" title="Baidoa">Baidoa</a> to Ethiopia in February 2012 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2012)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2012)">losing</a> the port city (and revenue hub) of <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a> to Kenya in October 2012.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnzalone2013-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Military pressures on the group were sustained into 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drought,_al-Qaeda,_and_internal_struggle">Drought, al-Qaeda, and internal struggle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drought, al-Qaeda, and internal struggle">edit</a>]</div> Some al-Shabaab members viewed the 2010 Ramadan offensive as disastrously ill-conceived, and subsequent territorial losses galvanised internal opposition to the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Abdi Godane</a>, who was publicly named the group's emir in December 2007.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> As <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">a severe drought</a> afflicted the region, critics, generally associated with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryden2014-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> opposed al-Shabaab's response to the resulting famine, particularly its obstruction of foreign <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> to populations in its territories (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Humanitarian_access">below</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Csfdafbtas-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> More broadly, they argued that the group's authoritarian style of governance, and use of violence, were causing the group to lose public support. Some suggested that these leadership missteps were the result of Godane's lack of clan roots, which they said led him to undervalue the lives both of civilians and of al-Shabaab fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> These criticisms became intertwined with a broader and pre-existing dispute over the increasingly globalist flavour of al-Shabaab's ideology – Godane was among the faction which viewed Somalia as only one battleground of global jihad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon2014-51">[50]</a> Godane's announcement in February 2012 of a merger with <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Al-Qaeda">§ Al-Qaeda</a>) thus also met opposition.<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Other senior al-Shabaab members met at a conference in Baidabo,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> and outlined a policy programme which diverged from Godane's: they rejected Godane's proposal to change the group's name to al-Qaeda in East Africa, and resolved to focus on domestic issues rather than global jihad. They also resolved to establish a national shura of Islamic clerics, independent of al-Qaeda control.<a href="#cite_note-:0-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Godane's rival Aweys declared publicly that "Al-Shabaab and al-Qaeda are merely a small part of the larger Islamic group and al-Qaeda's ideology should not be viewed as the sole, righteous path for Islam."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspected_al_Shabab_militants_wait_to_be_taken_off_for_interogation_during_a_joint_night_operation_between_the_Somali_security_services_and_AMISOM_forces_in_Mogadishu,_Somalia,_on_May_4._AU_UN_IST_(14114007504).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suspected_al_Shabab_militants_wait_to_be_taken_off_for_interogation_during_a_joint_night_operation_between_the_Somali_security_services_and_AMISOM_forces_in_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia%2C_on_May_4._AU_UN_IST_%2814114007504%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suspected_al_Shabab_militants_wait_to_be_taken_off_for_interogation_during_a_joint_night_operation_between_the_Somali_security_services_and_AMISOM_forces_in_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia%2C_on_May_4._AU_UN_IST_%2814114007504%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Suspected_al_Shabab_militants_wait_to_be_taken_off_for_interogation_during_a_joint_night_operation_between_the_Somali_security_services_and_AMISOM_forces_in_Mogadishu%2C_Somalia%2C_on_May_4._AU_UN_IST_%2814114007504%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4220" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption>Suspected al-Shabaab militants in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> during a joint operation between Somali forces and AMISOM, May 2014.</figcaption></figure> In 2013, these internal rifts led to internecine violence as Godane effected what was virtually a <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a> of his critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryden2014-92">[91]</a> Among those killed were <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim al-Afghani">Ibrahim al-Afghani</a> and three other senior commanders, executed in June;<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Hammami" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Hammami">Omar Shafik Hammami</a>, killed in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Tisdall" title="Simon Tisdall">Simon Tisdall</a> viewed the September 2013 <a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Westgate shopping mall shooting">Westgate shopping mall shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya as a reflection of the internal power struggle, with Godane's hardline globalist faction seeking to exert its authority.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defections">Defections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Defections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg/220px-AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg/330px-AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg/440px-AlShabaabFightersInBarawe2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Al-Shabaab fighters in the city of Barawe in 2013</figcaption></figure> From mid-to-late 2011, and into 2012, al-Shabaab faced an increasing number of defections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnzalone2013-91">[90]</a> It was not the first such wave of defections: in particular, in late 2009, after the Ethiopian departure from Somalia, several leaders had defected to the Somali government, citing complaints about al-Shabaab's use of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a> and executions;<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> its "false interpretations of Islam";<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> and its use of <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> and attitude towards foreign humanitarian aid.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Such defections were viewed as strategically important to al-Shabaab's adversaries, not only for their propaganda use but because former militants could provide intelligence about al-Shabaab's combat strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Dnsfs-111">[110]</a> However, according to AMISOM and the Somali government, the volume of defections in the period around 2012 was unprecedented, and indicated that al-Shabaab's cohesion and authority were deteriorating: in June 2012, the government said that around 500 al-Shabaab militants had already defected to it, and that more were doing so every day.<a href="#cite_note-Defecting_2012-112">[111]</a> Al-Shabaab brutalities, which alienated local populations, were again cited as central in motivating defections.<a href="#cite_note-On_the_run_2012-113">[112]</a> On September 5 and September 22, 2012, two large contingents of al-Shabaab fighters – around 200 each time – surrendered to the government coalition in Afmadow and Garsale respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Dnsfs-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aasssaotmdnj-114">[113]</a> Another wave of defections and desertions followed Godane's 2013 purges – Aweys, for example, fled the group in mid-2013.<a href="#cite_note-:14-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013–2017:_Regrouping">2013–2017: Regrouping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2013–2017: Regrouping">edit</a>]</div> Following its territorial losses, al-Shabaab reverted to the tactics of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a>, launching guerrilla attacks on AMISOM and government positions and territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnzalone2013-91">[90]</a> Southern commander Aweys had announced this new strategy in a media interview shortly after the withdrawal from Mogadishu in August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Al-Shabaab increasingly avoided direct military combat and large battles, in favour of "dictat[ing] the conflict's pace by undertaking smaller ambushes at locations of its own choosing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a> The group undertook high-profile attacks outside Somalia such as the <a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">Westgate shopping mall attack</a> by four militants left 67 dead - the deadliest attack in Kenya since the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 US embassy bombings in Nairobi</a>.  That death-toll was exceeded two years later in the Garissa University College attack in which 148 people were killed in an attack targeting Christian students. Furthermore, two sophisticated attempts to target airliners were observed in 2016. In February a device in a laptop bag that had passed screening was detonated mid-flight, killing only the bomber, and in March another laptop bomb exploded during screening. Reacting to apparent advances in the group’s bomb-making capabilities, the UN Security Council later prohibited the transfer of bomb components to Somalia. The group has also developed a strategy of maintaining a "semi-territorial presence" in key regions and parts of key cities: while it no longer had exclusive and military authority over substantial territory, it retained a sporadic presence, and therefore significant influence, in many places.<a href="#cite_note-:15-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoboš2016-117">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png/220px-Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png/330px-Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png/440px-Somalia_map_states_regions_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Territorial control of Somalia as of April 2017.</figcaption></figure> Nonetheless, by 2016, al-Shabaab was viewed as significantly weakened by the military campaign against it, with earlier losses compounded in 2014–15 by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean" title="Operation Indian Ocean">Operation Indian Ocean</a>, a joint endeavour by AMISOM, the Somali government, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:15-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesLiepmanChandler2016-118">[117]</a> The Somali government claimed in October 2014 that over 700 al-Shabaab militants had surrendered since September, when it had extended an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> offer to them.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Reports of further senior defections continued into 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Welsis-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Moreover, an <a href="/wiki/American_military_intervention_in_Somalia_(2007%E2%80%93present)" title="American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present)">American drone strike</a> killed Godane on September 1, 2014;<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> he was succeeded as al-Shabaab leader by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah</a>, who took office the same week.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Other senior members were killed in armed clashes or by American drone strikes in 2014 and 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Ucdskalis-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gsgwtdoaslyd-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ucosistal-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gctgfgkarl-129">[128]</a> According to some reports, since Godane's death, the group has placed less weight on global jihad than on local grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryden2014-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrich2022-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018–2022:_Resurgence">2018–2022: Resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2018–2022: Resurgence">edit</a>]</div> In October 2017, more than 500 people were killed by <a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">a suicide truck bombing</a> in Mogadishu , including many children, provoking domestic and international outrage. Al-Shabaab did not claim responsibility for the attack but was suspected of involvement.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/December_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2019 Mogadishu bombing">another suicide truck bomb</a> marked the beginning of a series of al-Shabaab attacks on the capital city, which continued into 2022.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Al-Shabaab also targeted American military personnel in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Simba_attack" title="Camp Simba attack">an attack on a Kenyan base</a> in January 2020,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> and in July 2022 launched an unusually bold, though short-lived, <a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">incursion into Ethiopian territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> By 2020, the group's strategy of semi-territorialism allowed it operate freely in much of rural Somalia, with its primary base in the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_River" title="Jubba River">Jubba River</a> Valley,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2020-45">[44]</a> although air strikes against its leaders continued;<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> and it has recently won military successes against the government.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> It had also expanded its operations in Puntland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2017-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelbab-Brown2017-139">[138]</a> prompting a military offensive by Puntland forces in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> As of July 2022, al-Shabaab is generally considered to be "resurgent",<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> a situation partly enabled by a reduction in the number of American air strikes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Soufan_Center2022-143">[142]</a> and possibly motivated by competition with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a>, which has been conducting its own expansionary campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Interagency_Security_Forum2016-144">[143]</a> On 20 July 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">al-Shabaab launched an invasion</a> into Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lwj1-145">[144]</a> Taking advantage of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray War</a>, the goal of the operation was to establish a presence for the group within southern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The incursion began with over a thousand Al-Shabaab fighters staging diversionary attacks on four <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somalia_border" title="Ethiopia–Somalia border">Ethiopian-Somali border</a> towns in order to allow a force of 500 to 800 fighters to penetrate the Ethiopian security zone and advance into the region, who then advanced 150 km into the region.<a href="#cite_note-:4-146">[145]</a> After two weeks of intense clashes and airstrikes, the ENDF and Somali Region security forces began to reassert control.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of around 500 al-Shabaab fighters succeeded in evading the Ethiopian army and reached its main target, the <a href="/wiki/Bale_Mountains" title="Bale Mountains">Bale Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022–present:_Retaliation">2022–present: Retaliation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2022–present: Retaliation">edit</a>]</div> In August 2022, Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud declared "total war" against Al Shabaab during a televised address after the group carried out a deadly <a href="/wiki/August_2022_Mogadishu_attack" title="August 2022 Mogadishu attack">hotel attack in Mogadishu</a> and also announced that the Somalia military had regained territory from al Shabaab in the central Galmudug state and Southwest state.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> By September 2022 Somali and <a href="/wiki/ATMIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMIS">ATMIS</a> offensive operations against al-Shabaab, with U.S. support, would escalate to the highest point in five years.<a href="#cite_note-atmissomali-150">[149]</a> The operation, which is considered a combined Somali-ATMIS offensive,<a href="#cite_note-atmissomali-150">[149]</a> began in August 2022 and, with assistance from U.S. airstrikes, has been focused on disrupting al-Shabaab activity in Somalia's central <a href="/wiki/Hiraan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiraan">Hiraan</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-atmissomali-150">[149]</a> Other Al Shabaab-controlled areas in southern Somalia have been targeted by the Somalia military as well.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> On 20 September 2022, as the military operation progressed, a statement was released by the Somali Ministry of Information which revealed that President Sheikh would not offer any other option than surrender for al-Shabaab members.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> On 29 October, 2022, al-Shabaab took responsibility for <a href="/wiki/2022_Somali_Ministry_of_Education_bombings" title="2022 Somali Ministry of Education bombings">a twin car bombing</a> that occurred in Mogadishu targeting the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Somalia)" title="Ministry of Education (Somalia)">Ministry of Education</a>. The attacks killed 121 people and injured 333, making it the deadliest at the time since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> On 26 May, 2023, Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buulo_Mareer" title="Battle of Buulo Mareer">an attack</a> that reportedly killed 137 soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Buulo_Mareer" title="Buulo Mareer">Buulo Mareer</a> base, just 75 mi (121 km) south-west of the capital Mogadishu. Meanwhile, Ugandan President <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> stated that the number is closer to 54 African Union peacekeepers stationed in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Al-Shabaab launched <a href="/wiki/2024_El_Dher_attack" title="2024 El Dher attack">an attack on El Dher district</a> on 8 June, 2024. Militants attacked two military bases using car bombs and then overran at least one of them. The army then launched a counterattack with coordinated airstrikes, as well as an ambush on the militants from a neighbouring town, forcing them to retreat. The Somali government stated that they killed at least 47 militants and suffered 5 casualties, including two colonels, though al-Shabaab claimed to have killed 59 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> On 2 August, 2024, <a href="/wiki/2024_Lido_Beach_attack" title="2024 Lido Beach attack">an attack</a> carried out by al-Shabaab at a beach restaurant in Mogadishu killed at least 37 civilians and injured 212, with 11 in critical condition. Police spokesperson Abdifatah Aden reported that one soldier died in the assault, one attacker blew himself up, three were killed by security forces, and one was captured.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Later that August, more than 20 people were killed in <a href="/wiki/2024_Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing" title="2024 Mogadishu tea shop bombing">a bombing</a> in a Mogadishu tea shop.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propaganda_strategy">Propaganda strategy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Propaganda strategy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_(25427124772).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_%2825427124772%29.jpg/220px-2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_%2825427124772%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_%2825427124772%29.jpg/330px-2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_%2825427124772%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_%2825427124772%29.jpg/440px-2016_03_05_El_Baraf-10_%2825427124772%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="3041" /></a><figcaption>Drawings left by fighters on the walls of a building in <a href="/wiki/El_Baraf" title="El Baraf">El Baraf</a>. </figcaption></figure>Although al-Shabaab has disseminated its propaganda by various media, the bulk of its engagement with Somalis in rural areas is either face-to-face or by radio broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a> Face-to-face, the group holds seminars on <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> and community meetings on such matters such as grain and livestock distribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a> It operates its own radio station, Radio Andalus, mainly operated using <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_relay_station" title="Broadcast relay station">relay stations</a> and other equipment seized from private radio stations, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-media-161">[160]</a> Presenters broadcast in Somali, Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and English.<a href="#cite_note-media-161">[160]</a> In April 2010, al-Shabaab banned BBC and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> broadcasts on Somali radio, objecting to what they alleged was Christian propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> Also in 2010, and prior to its expulsion from Mogadishu the following year, al-Shabaab launched a television news channel, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kataib_Media_Foundation" title="Al-Kataib Media Foundation">al-Kataib</a> News.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The group has also been known to conduct <a href="/wiki/Military_parade" title="Military parade">military parades</a> in its territories, as a show of force.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_films">Propaganda films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Propaganda films">edit</a>]</div> Al-Shabaab began creating <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">propaganda films</a> early in its campaign against Ethiopian forces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a> produced by its dedicated media wing, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kataib_Media_Foundation" title="Al-Kataib Media Foundation">al-Kataib Media Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> Since 2009, al-Shabaab's films have become noticeably more "professional", both in their production quality and in their messaging, reportedly with direct support from al-Qaeda's as-Sahab Media Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> The early films were distributed primarily, and widely, online, and were primarily used as tools for recruitment, particularly among foreign jihadists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a> More recent films show al-Shabaab distributing humanitarian aid and participating in other community or religious activities – though others are much more gruesome, displaying the corpses of beheaded members alleged to have been spies.<a href="#cite_note-media-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonka2016a-166">[165]</a> Propaganda films are also occasionally used to attempt to mobilise jihadi activity abroad: in October 2013, one film encouraged British jihadists to follow the example set by <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lee_Rigby" title="Murder of Lee Rigby">Lee Rigby's killers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-167">[166]</a> while a February 2015 film called (without effect) for attacks on shopping malls in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, including the <a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_America" title="Mall of America">Mall of America</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota" title="Bloomington, Minnesota">Bloomington, Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nittwemvrs-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Send me a <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise</a> like <a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Ayro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Hashi Ayro">Maa'lam Adam al Ansari</a> And send me a couple of tons like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Zarqawi</a> And send me a drone like <a href="/wiki/Abu_Layth_al_Libi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Layth al Libi">Abu Layth al Libi</a> And <a href="/wiki/United_States_special_operations_forces" title="United States special operations forces">Special Forces</a> like <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Ali_Saleh_Nabhan" title="Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan">Saleh Ali Nabhan</a>. Send me all four and send me much much more I pray for that on my way to heavens door Send me four and send me more, that what I implore An amazing <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a> I strive for and adore. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Chorus to "Send Me a Cruise" by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki" title="Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki">Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki</a><a href="#cite_note-Asbohsmac-170">[169]</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_social_media">Internet and social media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internet and social media">edit</a>]</div> Al-Shabaab was an early adopter among African insurgents of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which it uses to distribute its propaganda videos and for various other propaganda functions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a> Especially in its early years, it used online chatrooms and discussion forums, encouraging foreign fighters and even military commanders to post updates and field public questions about the state of the jihad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> Particularly prominent was American-born Omar Shafik Hammami, also known as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki" title="Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki">Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki</a>, who for many years kept a <a href="/wiki/Vlog" title="Vlog">video blog</a> about his life in al-Shabaab and who, from 2009, also created and posted <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">raps</a> about jihad.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair2017-172">[171]</a> Al-Shabaab also had an official website, which carried official statements and news – including sundry edicts and threats – and religious guidance. Since the site was closed in 2009, it has distributed its press releases and videos using other sympathetic websites, or, more commonly, using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> Indeed, although al-Shabaab spokesmen occasionally grant interviews to "carefully selected" local and foreign journalists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> social media networks have provided an important channel for interaction with the press, as well as for disseminating information and building support. Al-Shabaab has used <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, particularly to communicate with the <a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Somali diaspora</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> and it has made prolific and innovative use of <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> since late 2011,<a href="#cite_note-:28-173">[172]</a> although its first accounts were active as early as 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony2019-174">[173]</a> Online engagement with al-Shabaab surged during Operation Linda Nchi, the Kenyan offensive of 2011–12, when al-Shabaab used Twitter, under the handle @HSMPress, to urge Somalis to take up arms against the Kenyan forces<a href="#cite_note-Aljazeera-175">[174]</a> and to portray its own military losses as tactical retreats.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In an extreme example of the latter in late 2011, al-Shabaab photos purportedly showed several dozen AMISOM casualties – but, according to an <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> spokesperson, in fact showed al-Shabaab's own casualties dressed in their adversaries' uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> What received most attention, however, were tweets al-Shabaab posted mocking the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Kenya Defence Forces</a> (KDF) and sparring with Major Emmanuel Chirchir, then the KDF's official spokesman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolony2019-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_HSMPress_story-179">[178]</a> Responding to Chirchir's claim that Kismayo had been captured by the KDF, al-Shabaab tweeted that the KDF "boys are a grotesque parody of an army! [Al-Shabaab] can outpace ur <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kenyan_records_in_athletics" title="List of Kenyan records in athletics">world-class runners</a> by far. Indeed, they 'Run like a Kenyan'".<a href="#cite_note-HSMPress_Kenyan_running_tweet-180">[179]</a> Showing uncharacteristic levity, al-Shabaab also suggested by Tweet that it meet a UN official for "a <a href="/wiki/Caramel_macchiato" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramel macchiato">caramel macchiato</a>".<a href="#cite_note-HSMPress_caramel_macchiato_tweet-181">[180]</a> Most of al-Shabaab's Tweets are in English, suggesting that they are intended for a foreign audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoble2011-182">[181]</a> In 2011, officials in the United States, where Twitter is based, said they were considering having the account closed, but had legal and <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> concerns.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_official_concerns_about_Twitter_story-183">[182]</a> Chirchir himself tweeted that such a move would be counterproductive, as "al-Shabaab needs to be engaged positively, and Twitter is the only avenue."<a href="#cite_note-Chirchir_response_tweet-184">[183]</a> Nonetheless, in January 2013, Twitter suspended al-Shabaab's English-language account. Observers guessed that the suspension was a response to the account having issued <a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">death threats</a> against Kenyan <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a> and against French spy <a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Denis Allex</a>, followed in the latter case by confirmation that the execution had taken place.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> A new English-language account, opened in February 2013,<a href="#cite_note-Aqgibotab-187">[186]</a> was closed in September. This suspension also followed an apparent violation of Twitter's rules: al-Shabaab had recently used the account to claim responsibility for an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> of a convoy carrying Somali President <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a>, and to warn that, "next time, you won't be as lucky".<a href="#cite_note-Sastasa-188">[187]</a> Al-Shabaab relaunched its English-language Twitter account once again on September 11, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Asasbotas-189">[188]</a> Two weeks later, the group gained notoriety for <a href="/wiki/Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">live-tweeting</a> the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack, "justifying the attack, creating fictional threats, providing news on hostages and mocking the police and military response".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMair2017-172">[171]</a> The account, which then had 15,000 or more <a href="/wiki/Following_(social_networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Following (social networking)">followers</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Retweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Retweet">retweeted</a> several million times before it was shut down by Twitter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenkhaus2014-165">[164]</a> And after @HSMPress was deleted, the live updates continued from other, new accounts: over the course of the attack, which lasted several days, at least eight different al-Shabaab-affiliated Twitter accounts were active.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrobbelaar2022-160">[159]</a> Al-Shabaab had opened a new Twitter account by December that year, with an official telling <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> that, "The aim is to vigorously challenge <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamatory</a> reports in the media by presenting an accurate portrayal of the current state of Jihad in Somalia and countering Western, state-sponsored propaganda machines".<a href="#cite_note-:28-173">[172]</a> It has since tweeted, from various accounts, during other attacks;<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Facebook, too, has had difficulty expeditiously removing graphic al-Shabaab content when it appears on newly created accounts.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> The group is adept in using intricately-structured networks of amplifier accounts, leveraging algorithms and emerging technologies, to disseminate its messages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_governance_strategy">Local governance strategy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Local governance strategy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_(19078648775).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_%2819078648775%29.jpg/220px-2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_%2819078648775%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_%2819078648775%29.jpg/330px-2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_%2819078648775%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_%2819078648775%29.jpg/440px-2015_06_22_Torotorow-6_%2819078648775%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Residents of Tortoro celebrate with <a href="/wiki/Lower_Shabelle" title="Lower Shabelle">Lower Shabelle</a> governor Abdulkadir Mohamed Sidi after the town's liberation from al-Shabaab, June 2015.</figcaption></figure> In territories it holds, al-Shabaab typically maintains "limited but effective" administrative control over resident populations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a> providing services – such as <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a> through Sharia-based courts – which are sometimes compared favourably to those offered in government-held territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2020-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjelderup2020-192">[191]</a> Somalis have been observed to travel out of government-controlled areas into Al-Shabaab territory to settle disputes, particularly involving clan dynamics, lacking trust in official institutions.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Al-Shabaab claimed some credit for Somalia's excellent <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yield</a> in early 2010, saying that <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Somali grain production</a> had flourished due to al-Shabaab's reduction of food imports, and that the policy had <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistributed income</a> to poor, rural Somali farmers.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> However, the group has also allegedly committed widespread <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> abuses against populations in its territories, including through a brutal interpretation and application of Islamic jurisprudence on <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">hudud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjelderup2014-195">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuman_Rights_Watch2010-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_access">Humanitarian access</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Humanitarian access">edit</a>]</div> Despite routinely expelling, attacking, and harassing aid workers, al-Shabaab permits some agencies to work in areas under its control. At the height of its territorial control it implemented a system of aid agency regulation, taxation and surveillance. Where agencies are allowed to operate, this is often due to the desire of al-Shabaab to coopt and materially and politically benefit from the provision of aid and services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacksonAynte2013-197">[196]</a> Senior aid agency representatives often strongly rejected claims that they talked with al-Shabaab, while aid workers working in al-Shabaab-controlled areas often reported they directly negotiated with the group out of necessity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2014-198">[197]</a> Complaints made against the group include its attacks on aid workers. According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Jon_Lee_Anderson" title="Jon Lee Anderson">Jon Lee Anderson</a>:<blockquote>The number of people in Somalia who are dependent on international food aid has tripled since 2007, to an estimated 3.6 million. But there is no permanent foreign expatriate presence in southern Somalia, because the Shabaab has declared war on the UN and on Western non-governmental organizations. International relief supplies are flown or shipped into the country and distributed, wherever possible, through local relief workers. Insurgents routinely attack and murder them, too; forty-two have been killed in the past two years alone.<a href="#cite_note-MostFailedNYer-199">[198]</a></blockquote>In 2009, Godane imposed an al-Shabaab ban on the UN <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> and Western agencies in Somalia. The ban was opposed by other senior members, including Robow and Aweys, but Godane overruled them.<a href="#cite_note-Csfdafbtas-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Eastern_Africa_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Eastern Africa drought">2011 Eastern Africa drought</a>, which lasted until early 2012,<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> al-Shabaab announced in July 2011 that it had withdrawn its restrictions on international humanitarian workers.<a href="#cite_note-UN_News_July_13,_2011-202">[201]</a> The group also adapted its propaganda strategy to accommodate the changing circumstances. In some cases, group members employed humanitarian aid as a recruitment tool, using relief supplies as bribes and as an incentive to join the militants, whose numbers had decreased due to casualties and defections.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Group members dismissed the UN declaration of famine in various regions as grossly exaggerated and banned various organizations from providing aid to those regions.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In response, in August 2011, Somali Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Mohamed_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdiweli Mohamed Ali">Abdiweli Mohamed Ali</a> announced the establishment of a new 300-man security force, which, assisted by AMISOM, was tasked with protecting aid convoys from al-Shabaab and with securing <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">IDP</a> camps while relief was being distributed.<a href="#cite_note-Pmasuapf-205">[204]</a> Although fighting disrupted aid delivery in some areas, humanitarian access to al-Shabaab-controlled areas improved, and a scaling up of relief operations in mid-November prompted the UN to downgrade the humanitarian situation in several regions from famine to emergency levels.<a href="#cite_note-Rfrisbwba-206">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_on_single-use_plastic_bags">Ban on single-use plastic bags</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ban on single-use plastic bags">edit</a>]</div> In July 2018, al-Shabaab announced a complete ban on <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">single-use</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">plastic bags</a> within its territory in a broadcast in which it stated that they "pose a serious threat to the well-being of humans and animals alike", and in the same announcement, it also imposed a complete ban on the logging of several species of rare trees.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Some have argued that, whilst these environmentally-conscious advances are welcome, they are overshadowed by the group's terrorist activities, whilst others have mocked the United States and other countries for taking less action on climate change than a terrorist group.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_COVID-19">Response to COVID-19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Response to COVID-19">edit</a>]</div> Al-Shabaab acknowledged the existence of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and announced the formation of a coronavirus prevention and treatment committee.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> In mid-June 2020, the group announced that it had set up a coronavirus treatment centre in <a href="/wiki/Jilib" title="Jilib">Jilib</a>, about 380 km (236 mi) south of the capital, Mogadishu.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_recruitment">Foreign recruitment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Foreign recruitment">edit</a>]</div> Al-Shabaab is noteworthy in the region for its extensive recruitment of foreign fighters (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Foreign_leaders_and_members">list below</a>).<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rspiaamgga-212">[211]</a> These foreign recruits include members of the Somali diaspora or ethnic <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> overseas; citizens of other <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> countries; and citizens of countries further afield, including in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West" title="West">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010-47">[46]</a> Non-Somali fighters have occasionally orchestrated high-profile al-Shabaab attacks, notably the <a href="/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings" title="2010 Kampala bombings">2010 Kampala bombings</a> and 2019 DusitD2 complex attack in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconEllisMilton2021-214">[213]</a> However, of greater importance to al-Shabaab are the combat experience and specialised skills of some, usually <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, foreign fighters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinn2010-215">[214]</a> which have been linked to al-Shabaab's increased sophistication in producing explosives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> improved <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> capability,<a href="#cite_note-:5-213">[212]</a> and increased propensity to use suicide attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> Foreign fighters may also have access to networks which improve al-Shabaab's capacity to recruit and operate in the region, and have made useful contributions to al-Shabaab's propaganda campaign: early Western recruits helped produce al-Shabaab's first English-language propaganda, and, thanks to its East African membership, Swahili remains the second most common language in al-Shabaab publications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al_Shabaab-216">[215]</a> Foreign fighters also have symbolic importance for al-Shabaab propaganda: al-Shabaab has intentionally played up the diversity of its recruits as a paean to its <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> – that is, to demonstrate that it transcends clannism and nationalism, embodying a united transnational <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_surge">Early surge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early surge">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jehad_Serwan_Mostafa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Jehad_Serwan_Mostafa.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>American-born <a href="/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa" title="Jehad Mostafa">Jehad Mostafa</a> is a senior al-Shabaab commander.</figcaption></figure>Foreign recruitment peaked in the period between 2011 and 2013,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> which was also the period in which the phenomenon received the most attention. The 2006 Ethiopian invasion of Somalia attracted foreign volunteers to al-Shabaab's cause,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010-47">[46]</a> and, as of 2010, al-Shabaab included an estimated 200–300 foreign fighters, not including a further 1,000 ethnic Somalis from the diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShinn2010-215">[214]</a> In subsequent years, al-Shabaab recruitment became a concern for the governments of both the United Kingdom and the United States. At a security conference in London in 2010, the former head of <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans_(MI5_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Evans (MI5 officer)">Jonathan Evans</a>, said that "a significant number of U.K. residents" were training with al-Shabaab;<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> the precise number of British recruits was estimated at between 50<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> and 100<a href="#cite_note-Ttbfanwotamw-219">[218]</a> persons. There was also evidence that the group had received funding from Somali residents in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Burleigh-220">[219]</a> Between 2012 and 2013, several British citizens faced <a href="/wiki/Control_order" title="Control order">control orders</a> or even criminal charges related to association with al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Sweden, Denmark, Canada, and the United States similarly encountered evidence of citizens' affiliation with al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010-47">[46]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">U.S. Senate Homeland Security Committee</a> heard as early as 2009 – from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Leiter" title="Michael Leiter">Michael Leiter</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a> – that American and other foreign fighters were being recruited and trained by al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-counterterrorism-50">[49]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Homeland Security">House Committee on Homeland Security</a> reported that more than 40 <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Americans">Muslim Americans</a> and 20 Canadians had fought with al-Shabaab, and that at least 15 of those volunteers had been killed in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Later that year, a U.S. military official told the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> that about 30 U.S. citizens were al-Shabaab fighters.<a href="#cite_note-:8-224">[223]</a> This was a resumption of an earlier trend of al-Shabaab recruitment among Americans, which previously had peaked in 2007–08.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-225">[224]</a> Also in 2011, two <a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a> in Minnesota were convicted of illegally financing al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-:8-224">[223]</a> By mid-2013, observers believed that recruitment of U.S. citizens had subsided.<a href="#cite_note-Mrosayahsuc-226">[225]</a> In general, foreign activity in al-Shabaab has decreased, first, and perhaps most importantly, because the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> became <a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">the focal point</a> for foreign jihadist recruitment networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> Other factors, however, are more specific to al-Shabaab. One factor was the group's internal struggle of 2011–2013: as tensions between Somali and non-Somali members increased, Godane scapegoated the foreigners as the cause of the group's disunity and, during his 2013 purge, executed various foreign recruits <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="#Drought,_al-Qaeda,_and_internal_struggle">above</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> In addition to serving as a disincentive to foreign fighters, this shift reduced the influence of the group's remaining foreign leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryden2014-92">[91]</a> Moreover, whereas the ascendancy of Godane and his faction had partly internationalized al-Shabaab, in subsequent years, al-Shabaab became (re-)"domesticated": as it made territorial gains, its attention was increasingly consumed by local governance and the management of clan dynamics, activities in which foreign fighters – frequently mistrusted by local populations – lacked utility and influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> As the conflict, and al-Shabaab's priorities, became more localized and clan-based, they also held less appeal for foreign fighters themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> Foreign fighters also attracted the counterterrorism efforts of foreign countries, and were sometimes suspected of disloyalty and spying by their Somali peers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Current status">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020, estimates of the number of foreign recruits still active in al-Shabaab ranged from 450 to 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-:5-213">[212]</a> Most of those recruits are from East Africa – primarily Kenya,<a href="#cite_note-Fjacliyk-227">[226]</a> but also Tanzania and Uganda, all countries in which al-Shabaab recruitment networks are well entrenched.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Crisis_Group2022-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> The flow of recruits from <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> countries and the West has diminished substantially since 2014, except for in the case of Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconEllisMilton2021-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a> Moreover, few foreign fighters hold strategically important roles in the group. Many are among the rank-and-file of the military wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019a-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anbotib-228">[227]</a> Those in leadership positions tend to have prominent, but strategically marginal or mid-level, roles – for example, in managing the group's public relations or external relations, or in supervising and training other foreign recruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconMuibu2019b-44">[43]</a> (Godane's nationalist critics, however, argue that earlier, under his leadership, foreign fighters did in fact gain significant influence over the group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon2014-51">[50]</a>) Since 2013, al-Shabaab has also established two external military units, on Godane's initiative: one, in Ethiopia, has struggled, but the other, in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region, has carried out several attacks in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconEllisMilton2021-214">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_militant_groups">Relationship with other militant groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Relationship with other militant groups">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hizbul_Islam">Hizbul Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hizbul Islam">edit</a>]</div> Between 2010 and 2012, <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a>, a smaller group of Somali militants,<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> was merged with al-Shabaab: after suffering military defeats against al-Shabaab in southern towns, Hizbul Islam was officially absorbed by its former rival in December 2010.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECenter_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation2022-231">[230]</a> However, on September 24, 2012, Hizbul Islam announced that it would split from al-Shabaab, claiming the union had only ever been nominal and that the factions' political philosophies had differed irreconcilably. Hizbul Islam said that it welcomed "negotiations with all groups for the interest of Somalia", and added that al-Shabaab had been considerably "weakened" in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-Gshigwasasiw-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shiswas-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliates_in_Kenya">Affiliates in Kenya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Affiliates in Kenya">edit</a>]</div> Al-Shabaab has Kenya-based affiliates, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hijra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hijra (page does not exist)">Al-Hijra</a> as its official Kenyan wing from 2012, then with a unit established in 2013 known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaysh_Ayman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaysh Ayman (page does not exist)">Jaysh Ayman</a>, based primarily in the Boni Forest. While the former group was used to carry out minor attacks within Kenya, the Al-Shabaab leadership later switched its focus to Jaysh Ayman which proved more effective. Jaysh Ayman comprises both Somali and Kenyan fighters as well as fighters from overseas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Al-Qaeda">edit</a>]</div> Before 2012, al-Qaeda and al-Shabaab had what academic <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Byman" title="Daniel Byman">Daniel Byman</a> calls an "on-again, off-again" relationship, though both groups praised each other online in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByman2012-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> During this early period, al-Shabaab occasionally harboured al-Qaeda leaders in Somalia, in exchange for their technical assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByman2012-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-236">[235]</a> In September 2009, in a video entitled "At Your Service Osama", al-Shabaab publicly declared allegiance to al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> – but this reflected an "unrequited courtship", largely ignored by al-Qaeda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahoud2012-237">[236]</a> However, after bin Laden's death and replacement by <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a>, al-Shabaab became an official al-Qaeda affiliate in February 2012. In a fifteen-minute video message released on February 9, al-Shabaab leader Godane pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and al-Zawahiri on behalf of al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-AlQaeda-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2013-239">[238]</a> Al-Zawahiri confirmed the alliance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahoud2012-237">[236]</a> which he said would "please the believers and disturb the disbelievers" and "support the jihadi unity against the <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zio</a>-<a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusader</a> campaign and their assistants amongst the treacherous agent rulers."<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> The announcement was met with internal opposition among some factions of al-Shabaab <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">(see <a href="#Drought,_al-Qaeda,_and_internal_struggle">§ Drought, al-Qaeda, and internal struggle</a>). By late 2012, the groups cooperated closely in various arenas, especially indoctrination and training, both in basic <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> skills and in advanced explosives and assassination – after the merger, a corps of al-Qaeda-trained militants moved to Somalia to train members of al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByman2012-234">[233]</a> However, al-Shabaab remained "largely independent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByman2012-234">[233]</a> Similarly, although al-Shabaab has publicly exploited the al-Qaeda "brand", echoing al-Qaeda ideology in its recruitment videos,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByman2012-234">[233]</a> it is unclear whether the alliance has affected al-Shabaab's behaviour and aims on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2021-69">[68]</a> A 2021 statistical analysis suggests that it has not significantly affected al-Shabaab's military strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOnatGulerHsuReyes2021-241">[240]</a> While an al-Shabaab commander has claimed that the group will bring jihad first to East Africa "and afterward, with God's will, to America",<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> an analyst at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> argues that the group is far more interested in establishing a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> government inside Somalia than in carrying out attacks in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Atgstcus-243">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AQAP,_AQIM_and_Boko_Haram">AQAP, AQIM and Boko Haram</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: AQAP, AQIM and Boko Haram">edit</a>]</div> In June 2012, General <a href="/wiki/Carter_Ham" title="Carter Ham">Carter Ham</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> said that al-Shabaab, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Islamic_Maghreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb</a> (AQIM), and the Nigeria-based <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> were attempting to coordinate their activities, including in funding, training, and explosives.<a href="#cite_note-Atgstcus-243">[242]</a> In 2011, Boko Haram's <a href="/wiki/2011_Abuja_police_headquarters_bombing" title="2011 Abuja police headquarters bombing">first suicide bomb attack</a> had been preceded by a public statement warning that "our jihadists have arrived in Nigeria from Somalia where they received real training on warfare from our brethren who made that country ungovernable", which analysts understood as an allusion to cooperation with al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-:22-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELulie2013-244">[243]</a> However, in the view of some observers, most consequential are al-Shabaab's links to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> (AQAP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuibu2017-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> AQAP is based in Yemen, which has longstanding ties to Somalia, and analyst Katherine Zimmerman told the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> that AQAP "almost certainly provided the equipment or the expertise" for al-Shabaab's <a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">2016 laptop bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuibu2017-245">[244]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> A so-called <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> has emerged in our land and stated to attempt to divide our <a href="/wiki/Mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahidin">Mujahidin</a>, weaken our strength and carry out assassinations against our own. We have been ignoring their wicked behaviors for some time to give them a chance to change, but they have continued their wrongheadedness. Our senior command has ordered our fighters to attack and eliminate the 'disease' of IS and uproot the tree that would be used to undermine the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Al-Shabaab announces Operation Disease Eradication, December 2018<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2019-247">[246]</a></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_State">Islamic State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Islamic State">edit</a>]</div> In early 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) published online the first of a series of videos aimed at al-Shabaab, calling on the group to switch allegiances from al-Qaeda to ISIL and its leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> These public appeals had reportedly been preceded by informal ISIL attempts to establish a relationship with al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerWeiss2017-249">[248]</a> Yet al-Shabaab publicly ignored the overtures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerWeiss2017-249">[248]</a> By September 2015, it had issued an internal memo, directed at pro-ISIL elements in its ranks, reaffirming the group's allegiance to al-Qaeda and banning any discussion about ISIL. The group also detained several fighters who had voiced support for ISIL.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> In October 2015, senior al-Shabaab commander <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a> and approximately 20 of his followers in Puntland pledged allegiance to ISIL,<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> establishing what became <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a> (ISIS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2019-247">[246]</a> Further defections in al-Shabaab ranks occurred in the border region between Somalia and northern Kenya,<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> leading the head of al-Shabaab in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Shabelle" title="Lower Shabelle">Lower Shabelle</a> region, Abu Abdalla, to announce that all pro-ISIL members should leave the group or be killed.<a href="#cite_note-voa-253">[252]</a> The groups clashed violently on several occasions, most fiercely during 2015, and al-Shabaab's internal security service continued to arrest, and sometimes execute, suspected ISIS supporters within al-Shabaab's ranks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2019-247">[246]</a> Violent conflict between the groups was reinvigorated in 2018 by ISIS provocation, and, in December, al-Shabaab's spokesman announced an offensive – <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code-named</a> Operation Disease Eradication – against ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> The same week, al-Shabaab's general command released an 8-page treatise rebuking ISIS's ideology and listing crimes it had committed under the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss2019-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_income_and_arms">Sources of income and arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources of income and arms">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, the Hiraal Institute estimated that al-Shabaab collected at least $15 million in revenue every month, implying revenue on a similar scale to the government's;<a href="#cite_note-:17-255">[254]</a> and the UN estimates that the group's military budget was approximately $21 million in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2021-69">[68]</a> In the period after 2014, al-Shabaab established its own Ministry of Finance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDathan2017-256">[255]</a> and it has cultivated various revenue streams, among which it switches as its military position or political circumstances change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_of_Africa_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Horn_of_Africa_map.png/220px-Horn_of_Africa_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Horn_of_Africa_map.png/330px-Horn_of_Africa_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Horn_of_Africa_map.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> (though excluding <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_support:_diaspora,_Al-Qaeda">External support: diaspora, Al-Qaeda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External support: diaspora, Al-Qaeda">edit</a>]</div> During its early years, al-Shabaab received substantial external support in donations from the Somali diaspora or interested international jihadists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> enabled by the weakness of the Somalian government's <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> framework and the ubiquitous use of the <a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">hawala</a> system for receipt of <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Although al-Shabaab initially appeared a promising alternative to the Islamic Courts Union, its popularity with diaspora donors declined after the Ethiopian withdrawal and as the group gained a reputation for brutality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> Concurrently, however, al-Shabaab increased its ties to other jihadist groups, especially al-Qaeda, which have extensive capacity to generate income in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> For example, years before al-Shabaab became an official al-Qaeda affiliate, bin Laden publicly called on Muslims to send money to al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByman2012-234">[233]</a> However, over the past decade, the counterterrorism efforts of foreign governments have obstructed international funding sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> According to authorities, the Somali state of Puntland is a key transit point for weapons shipments into Somalia from foreign countries – particularly frequent shipments of <a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">small arms</a> and ammunition from Yemen, typically transported across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skiff" title="Skiff">skiffs</a>, and occasionally larger shipments from the <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> coast of Iran.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahadur2020-259">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations2017-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations2019-261">[260]</a> Puntland authorities have also seized Yemeni explosives shipments, which they suspect are the result of cooperation between al-Shabaab and Yemen-based AQAP.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Eritrean_support">Alleged Eritrean support</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Alleged Eritrean support">edit</a>]</div> In December 2009, adopting <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1907" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1907">Resolution 1907</a>, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, accusing the country of arming and financing militia groups, including al-Shabaab, in southern Somalia's conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-Erunribsr-263">[262]</a> Reports in 2010 and 2011 by a UN International Monitoring Group alleged continuing Eritrean support to Somali rebels – including, in the latter year, about $80,000 in monthly financial support and two air deliveries of weapons – but the Eritrean government emphatically denied the accusations, describing them as "concocted, baseless and unfounded".<a href="#cite_note-Erunribsr-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The International Crisis Group added some credence to Eritrea's denials, suggesting that historical Eritrean support to Somali militants had been aimed at undermining Ethiopia during its 2006–9 invasion, and that Hizbul Islam was more likely a recipient than al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> On July 5, 2012, the U.S. government imposed sanctions on Eritrea's intelligence chief and a high-ranking military officer, who allegedly facilitated support to al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-wapo20120705-266">[265]</a> However, later that year, the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea reported that it had found no evidence of direct Eritrean support to al-Shabaab in the preceding year.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> Between then and 2017, successive annual reports of the Monitoring Group found no evidence for Eritrean involvement, while noting that Eritrea had not provided full access to investigators;<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations_Security_Council2017-269">[268]</a> nonetheless, the UN Security Council did not enact the group's recommendation to lift its sanctions on Eritrea until November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_revenue">Internal revenue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Internal revenue">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_and_smuggling">Trade and smuggling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Trade and smuggling">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kismayo,_Somalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kismayo%2C_Somalia.jpg/220px-Kismayo%2C_Somalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kismayo%2C_Somalia.jpg/330px-Kismayo%2C_Somalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kismayo%2C_Somalia.jpg/440px-Kismayo%2C_Somalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The port city of <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a>, held by al-Shabaab between 2009 and 2012, is a <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> smuggling hub. </figcaption></figure>As al-Shabaab expanded its territorial control, it was able to augment its internal funding through illicit markets and local populations. The smuggling of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> has been an important source of income for the group since it first gained control of Somali port cities, especially Kismayo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrich2022-52">[51]</a> Calculating that al-Shabaab was earning between $15 million and $50 million annually from illegal trade, the UN banned Somali charcoal imports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> The group also profits from involvement in – or taxation of – the smuggling and sale of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, sugar, and, reportedly, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDathan2017-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrich2022-52">[51]</a> and it has been implicated in <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">illegal mining</a> and minerals exports in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> There is some evidence that al-Shabaab has profited from <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">piracy</a>. In 2011, the head of the UN's counter-piracy division, Colonel John Steed, warned that there was circumstantial evidence that al-Shabaab increasingly sought to cooperate with <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">pirate gangs</a> and other criminal organizations.<a href="#cite_note-pirate_links-271">[270]</a> Further reports suggested that Al-Shabaab members had extorted pirates, demanding <a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">protection money</a> equivalent to 20% of the pirates' <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> proceeds, but did not provide evidence that al-Shabaab was itself involved in piracy.<a href="#cite_note-Prceuwsm-272">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extortion_and_taxation">Extortion and taxation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Extortion and taxation">edit</a>]</div> Also in the 2008–2011 period, al-Shabaab established a sophisticated taxation system, framed as a form of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, in line with sharia, but often resembling extortion. Al-Shabaab taxes may apply to clans, traders, corporations, farmers, or <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> herders – in fact, livestock are sometimes stolen outright by al-Shabaab militants, with the theft framed as a kind of pre-emptive <a href="/wiki/In_kind" title="In kind">in-kind</a> taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> Humanitarian aid agencies are also taxed or extorted, in exchange for permission to operate inside certain territories (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951">see <a href="#Humanitarian_access">§ Humanitarian access</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> and al-Shabaab has been known to execute <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a> for ransom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelterMastersSergie2020-273">[272]</a> In recent years, facing territorial losses in urban areas, al-Shabaab has had less recourse to previous revenue streams – notably the charcoal trade, through Kismayo, and the remittance economy – and therefore has relied more heavily on extracting zakat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChonka2016b-74">[73]</a> The development of its security and intelligence services has allowed it to expand its tax base by imposing taxes even in areas outside its territorial control:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> according to the Hiraal Institute, more than half of al-Shabaab's revenue in 2019–20 came from Mogadishu, whose major companies are taxed at 2.5% of their annual profits.<a href="#cite_note-:17-255">[254]</a> Indeed, a commander in the Somali army confessed to paying tax to al-Shabaab despite being at war with it.<a href="#cite_note-:17-255">[254]</a> The group has been known to punish non-payment severely, including by <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockading</a> villages under threat of starvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyYusuf2021-257">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Somali_government">Somali government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Somali government">edit</a>]</div> Either directly or indirectly through black markets, al-Shabaab has access to arms intended for the Somali government. In 2018 and 2019, expert reports to the UN Security Council found that government military equipment enters the <a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">black market</a>, where some of it is sold to al-Shabaab militants. In some cases, senior government officials orchestrate large-scale diversions of government arms and ammunition; in others, low-ranking members of the security forces sell their weapons for subsistence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations2019-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations2018-274">[273]</a> An earlier report in 2014 had alleged that government officials were actively involved in the direct supply of governments arms to al-Shabaab.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> The group has also been known to infiltrate government institutions, as became clear when regional government employees carried out al-Shabaab's <a href="/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a>, which killed Mogadishu Mayor <a href="/wiki/Abdirahman_Omar_Osman" title="Abdirahman Omar Osman">Abdirahmean Omar Osman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations2019-261">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_response">International response</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: International response">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorist_designation">Terrorist designation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Terrorist designation">edit</a>]</div> The following countries have officially listed al-Shabaab as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (since 22 August 2009)<a href="#cite_note-BBCaj-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (since 5 March 2010)<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (since 10 February 2010)<a href="#cite_note-NPSS-280">[279]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (since 18 March 2016)<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> (since 15 November 2014)<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since March 2010)<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (since 29 February 2008)<a href="#cite_note-dos-284">[283]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bounties">Bounties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bounties">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, with the support of the Somali government,<a href="#cite_note-Arsasotcfoc-285">[284]</a> the United States began issuing <a href="/wiki/Bounty_(reward)" title="Bounty (reward)">bounties</a> for al-Shabaab members under its <a href="/wiki/Rewards_for_Justice_Program" title="Rewards for Justice Program">Rewards for Justice Program</a>. On June 7, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> offered a total of $33 million in bounties for information leading to the capture of any of seven senior commanders, including $7 million for Godane, then the group's emir, and $5 million for Robow, then his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-Arsasotcfoc-285">[284]</a> In response, al-Shabaab's Fu'ad Qalaf issued a mock bounty of his own, promising ten camels to anyone possessing information on U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, and a further, less valuable, reward of ten cocks and ten hens for information on <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arsasotcfoc-285">[284]</a> On an official state visit to Mogadishu, top U.S. envoy <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carson" title="Johnnie Carson">Johnnie Carson</a> dismissed the counter-offer as "absurd". He also announced that the U.S. would impose sanctions, including visa and travel bans and <a href="/wiki/Asset_freezing" title="Asset freezing">asset freezes</a>, on anyone attempting to thwart the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia" title="Constitution of Somalia">political transition</a> in Somalia.<a href="#cite_note-Smsascrfboa-286">[285]</a> On March 21, 2013, the U.S. Department of State offered $5 million apiece for information on two American senior al-Shabaab commanders, Omar Shafik Hammami and <a href="/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa" title="Jehad Mostafa">Jehad Serwan Mostafa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Uspboamis-287">[286]</a> On March 15, 2014, it issued three further bounties, including one on <a href="/wiki/Abdukadir_Mohamed_Abdukadir" title="Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir">Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir</a>, who it said coordinated al-Shabaab's recruitment activities in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Guotbftseltaq-288">[287]</a> On September 27, 2014, after Godane's death, the Somali <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="National Intelligence and Security Agency">National Intelligence and Security Agency</a> announced its own bounty, offering $2 million for information leading to the arrest of the new emir, Umar, and a separate $1 million reward for information leading to his killing.<a href="#cite_note-Sgpboasl-289">[288]</a> Several further Somali bounties were issued on April 10, 2015, with rewards ranging between $100,000 and $250,000.<a href="#cite_note-Gsgpboasl-290">[289]</a> In a separate programme, on April 3, 2015, the Kenyan government offered <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">KSh.</a> 20 million ($215,000) for information leading to the arrest of Mohamed Mohamud, a commander of al-Shabaab's operations in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-Asswkpolgw-291">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_leaders">List of leaders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: List of leaders">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muktar_robow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Muktar_robow.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Former leader <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a>, also known as Abu Mansur, denounced al-Shabaab in 2017. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emirs">Emirs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Emirs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah</a> (2014–present)<a href="#cite_note-Segnnl-292">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ali_Zubeyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Moktar Ali Zubeyr">Ahmed Godane</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (2008–2014)<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Farah Ayro</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (2005–2008)<a href="#cite_note-:27-83">[82]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_members">Former members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Former members">edit</a>]</div> Former leading members of al-Shabaab include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Said_Atom" title="Mohamed Said Atom">Mohamed Said Atom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes20100809-295">[294]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Haji_Jama_Mee%27aad" title="Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad">Ibrahim al-Afghani</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-UNSCSOM-297">[296]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a></li> <li>Omar Mohamed "Abu Ayan".<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_leaders_and_members">Foreign leaders and members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Foreign leaders and members">edit</a>]</div> Prominent foreign al-Shabaab members have included:<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa" title="Jehad Mostafa">Jehad Serwan Mostafa</a> (United States)<a href="#cite_note-Jsmo-301">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Mombasa" title="Abu Musa Mombasa">Abu Musa Mombasa</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fu'ad Qalaf Shongole</a> (Sweden)<a href="#cite_note-ASWGTJWAG-77">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Lewthwaite" title="Samantha Lewthwaite">Samantha Lewthwaite</a> (Britain) (unconfirmed)<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-white-widow-302">[301]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed" title="Fazul Abdullah Mohammed">Fazul Abdullah Mohammed</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Kenya)<a href="#cite_note-Widening_vacuum-303">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdukadir_Mohamed_Abdukadir" title="Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir">Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir</a> (Kenya)<a href="#cite_note-Usrstascio-304">[303]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki" title="Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki">Omar Shafik Hammami</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (United States)<a href="#cite_note-Rajkr-305">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahid_Miski" title="Mujahid Miski">Mujahid Miski</a> (United States)<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somalia" title="Portal:Somalia">Somalia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Somalia" title="Child soldiers in Somalia">Child soldiers in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strikes in Somalia">Drone strikes in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Human rights in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Islam in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Somalia" title="Freedom of religion in Somalia">Freedom of religion in Somalia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælʃəˈbɑːb/</a>; Arabic: الشباب, <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'The Youth' </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/abukar-ali-adan">"Abukar Ali Adan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230625105841/https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/abukar-ali-adan">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2023. 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Taylor & Francis: 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071840903216395">10.1080/03071840903216395</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219626653">219626653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Somalia%3A+What+went+Wrong%3F&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071840903216395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219626653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makhaus&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03071840903216395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia">"Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia"</a>. Crisis Group. June 21, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220912012157/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022. <q>Somalia's neighbours are threatened by Al-Shabaab's blending of irredentist Greater Somalia rhetoric with Islamist ideology ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considering+Political+Engagement+with+Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia&rft.pub=Crisis+Group&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Fafrica%2Fhorn-africa%2Fsomalia%2F309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2014" class="citation web cs1">Allen, William (3 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103171637/https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/al-shabaab-and-exploitation-subject-network-model">"Al-Shabaab and the Exploitation of the Subject Network Model"</a>. Small Wars Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/al-shabaab-and-exploitation-subject-network-model">the original</a> on 3 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+Journal&rft.atitle=Al-Shabaab+and+the+Exploitation+of+the+Subject+Network+Model&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallwarsjournal.com%2Fjrnl%2Fart%2Fal-shabaab-and-exploitation-subject-network-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330034413/https://vatescorp.com/index.php/blog/item/28-al-shabaab-initial-response-to-u-s-president-trump-s-announcement-recognising-the-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel">"Analysis: Al-Shabaab Response to U.S. Recognition of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel"</a>. Vates. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vatescorp.com/index.php/blog/item/28-al-shabaab-initial-response-to-u-s-president-trump-s-announcement-recognising-the-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel">the original</a> on 2022-03-30. Retrieved May 10, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis%3A+Al-Shabaab+Response+to+U.S.+Recognition+of+Jerusalem+as+the+Capital+of+Israel&rft.pub=Vates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvatescorp.com%2Findex.php%2Fblog%2Fitem%2F28-al-shabaab-initial-response-to-u-s-president-trump-s-announcement-recognising-the-jerusalem-as-the-capital-of-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuibu2022" class="citation web cs1">Muibu, Daisy (October 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/what-drives-al-shabaab-in-somalia-foreign-forces-out-sharia-law-in-and-overthrow-the-government-191366">"What drives Al-Shabaab in Somalia: foreign forces out, Sharia law in and overthrow the government"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413144707/http://theconversation.com/what-drives-al-shabaab-in-somalia-foreign-forces-out-sharia-law-in-and-overthrow-the-government-191366">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-13. <q>Al-Shabaab's outspokenness against foreign forces resonated with deep-rooted Somali hostility against Ethiopia and broader nationalist narratives that existed.. Ultimately, this served as an incredible recruitment tool.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=What+drives+Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia%3A+foreign+forces+out%2C+Sharia+law+in+and+overthrow+the+government&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft.aulast=Muibu&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhat-drives-al-shabaab-in-somalia-foreign-forces-out-sharia-law-in-and-overthrow-the-government-191366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2023%2F95&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False">"S/2023/95"</a>. United Nations Security Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225222740/https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S%2F2023%2F95&Language=E&DeviceType=Desktop&LangRequested=False">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.atitle=S%2F2023%2F95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FHome%2FMobile%3FFinalSymbol%3DS%252F2023%252F95%26Language%3DE%26DeviceType%3DDesktop%26LangRequested%3DFalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwai2022" class="citation news cs1">Mwai, Peter (2 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49908716">"Al-Shabab: Are militant attacks on the rise in Somalia?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 2024-05-28. <q>President Mohamud says the group has 15,000 to 18,000 fighters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Al-Shabab%3A+Are+militant+attacks+on+the+rise+in+Somalia%3F&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft.aulast=Mwai&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-49908716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser-Rahim2020" class="citation news cs1">Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717225516/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/17/iran-aiding-al-shabab-somalia-united-states/">"In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy"</a>. Foreign Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/17/iran-aiding-al-shabab-somalia-united-states/">the original</a> on 17 July 2020. <q>Somali military officials maintain that Iran has been running secret operations to undermine the United States in Somalia, providing sophisticated weapons, improvised explosive100000 als used to make bombs. The military officials allege that Iran and its proxies are complicit in al-Shabab attacks on the U.S. military, Somali forces, and the African Union Mission in Somalia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=In+Somalia%2C+Iran+Is+Replicating+Russia%27s+Afghan+Strategy&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Fraser-Rahim&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2Firan-aiding-al-shabab-somalia-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208153222/https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/the-growing-relationship-between-iran-and-al-shabab-movement-in-somalia-motives-and-potential-conseuences">"The Growing Relationship between Iran and al-Shabab Movement in Somalia: Motives and Potential Consequences"</a>. Emirates Policy Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epc.ae/en/details/featured/the-growing-relationship-between-iran-and-al-shabab-movement-in-somalia-motives-and-potential-consequences">the original</a> on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2020. <q>For Iran, working with non-State actors such as Al-Shabaab and the Houthis is an essential part of its foreign policy, aimed at expanding its geopolitical influence throughout the region. Tehran has developed an unspoken alliance with Al-Shabaab with the aim of creating a covert intelligence network that will allow it to achieve its goals and support its interests in the Middle East and Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Growing+Relationship+between+Iran+and+al-Shabab+Movement+in+Somalia%3A+Motives+and+Potential+Consequences&rft.pub=Emirates+Policy+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepc.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Ffeatured%2Fthe-growing-relationship-between-iran-and-al-shabab-movement-in-somalia-motives-and-potential-consequences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009191514/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-somalia-sanctions-un-idUSKCN1MJ158">"Al-Qaeda Affiliate Reportedly Using Iran As Transit Point For Banned Exports"</a>. RFE/RL. 13 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/al-qaeda-affiliate-al-shabaab-somlia-reportedly-using-iran-transit-point-illegal-charcoal-shipments-earning-millions-dollars/29541307.html">the original</a> on 9 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+Affiliate+Reportedly+Using+Iran+As+Transit+Point+For+Banned+Exports&rft.date=2018-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fal-qaeda-affiliate-al-shabaab-somlia-reportedly-using-iran-transit-point-illegal-charcoal-shipments-earning-millions-dollars%2F29541307.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBashir2020" class="citation web cs1">Bashir, Hamdi (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208190034/https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/the-future-of-the-role-of-irans-quds-force-in-africa-1">"The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa"</a>. Emirates Policy Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epc.ae/en/details/brief/the-future-of-the-role-of-irans-quds-force-in-africa-1">the original</a> on 8 December 2022. <q>The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emirates+Policy+Center&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+the+Role+of+Iran%27s+Quds+Force+in+Africa&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Bashir&rft.aufirst=Hamdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepc.ae%2Fen%2Fdetails%2Fbrief%2Fthe-future-of-the-role-of-irans-quds-force-in-africa-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazeli2020" class="citation news cs1">Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233218/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/07/19/Iran-linking-with-Somalia-s-al-Shabab-to-funnel-weapons-to-Houthis-Foreign-Policy">"Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis"</a>. Al Arabiya. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/07/19/Iran-linking-with-Somalia-s-al-Shabab-to-funnel-weapons-to-Houthis-Foreign-Policy">the original</a> on 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Iran+linking+with+Somalia%27s+al-Shabab+to+funnel+weapons+to+Houthis&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft.aulast=Fazeli&rft.aufirst=Yaghoub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2020%2F07%2F19%2FIran-linking-with-Somalia-s-al-Shabab-to-funnel-weapons-to-Houthis-Foreign-Policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser-Rahim2020" class="citation news cs1">Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717225516/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/17/iran-aiding-al-shabab-somalia-united-states/">"In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy"</a>. Foreign Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/17/iran-aiding-al-shabab-somalia-united-states/">the original</a> on 17 July 2020. <q>Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=In+Somalia%2C+Iran+Is+Replicating+Russia%27s+Afghan+Strategy&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Fraser-Rahim&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2Firan-aiding-al-shabab-somalia-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartellGray2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324210222/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4894c4f94ad806aeec7a248a7ee4e5f5bb393153">"Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico"</a>. Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=4894c4f94ad806aeec7a248a7ee4e5f5bb393153">the original</a> on 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+and+Al+Shabaab+in+Mexico&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=100-112&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bartell&rft.aufirst=Dawn+L.&rft.au=Gray%2C+David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3D4894c4f94ad806aeec7a248a7ee4e5f5bb393153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2021" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Guled (9 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209234115/https://www.mei.edu/publications/farmaajo-digs-qatari-backing-somalias-election-crisis-grows-worse">"As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse"</a>. Middle East Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/farmaajo-digs-qatari-backing-somalias-election-crisis-grows-worse">the original</a> on 9 February 2021. <q>Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=As+Farmaajo+digs+in+with+Qatari+backing%2C+Somalia%27s+election+crisis+grows+worse&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Guled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Ffarmaajo-digs-qatari-backing-somalias-election-crisis-grows-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2012" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, Colum (28 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202230435/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/qatars-support-for-islamists-muddles-its-reputation-as-neutral-broker-in-mideast/2012/11/28/a9f8183a-f92e-11e1-8398-0327ab83ab91_story.html">"Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/qatars-support-for-islamists-muddles-its-reputation-as-neutral-broker-in-mideast/2012/11/28/a9f8183a-f92e-11e1-8398-0327ab83ab91_story.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2012. <q>Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Qatar%27s+support+for+Islamists+muddles+its+reputation+as+neutral+broker+in+Mideast&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Colum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fqatars-support-for-islamists-muddles-its-reputation-as-neutral-broker-in-mideast%2F2012%2F11%2F28%2Fa9f8183a-f92e-11e1-8398-0327ab83ab91_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa,_Singh2017" class="citation web cs1">Mustafa, Singh, Awad, Karam (2 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803055744/https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/qatar-in-the-horn-of-africa-friend-or-foe">"Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?"</a>. Small Wars Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/qatar-in-the-horn-of-africa-friend-or-foe">the original</a> on 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+Journal&rft.atitle=Qatar+in+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Friend+or+Foe%3F&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Mustafa%2C+Singh&rft.aufirst=Awad%2C+Karam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmallwarsjournal.com%2Fjrnl%2Fart%2Fqatar-in-the-horn-of-africa-friend-or-foe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYükselTekineş2021" class="citation web cs1">Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (26 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826104357/https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2021/drivers-of-turkish-qatari-relations/5-turkish-qatari-approaches-to-conflict-and-crisis-across-the-region/">"Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region"</a>. Clingendael. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2021/drivers-of-turkish-qatari-relations/5-turkish-qatari-approaches-to-conflict-and-crisis-across-the-region/">the original</a> on 26 August 2021. <q>Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish-Qatari+approaches+to+conflict+and+crisis+across+the+region&rft.pub=Clingendael&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft.aulast=Y%C3%BCksel&rft.aufirst=Engin&rft.au=Tekine%C5%9F%2C+Ha%C5%9Fim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clingendael.org%2Fpub%2F2021%2Fdrivers-of-turkish-qatari-relations%2F5-turkish-qatari-approaches-to-conflict-and-crisis-across-the-region%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoureld2021" class="citation news cs1">Houreld, Katharine (10 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110132245/https://www.reuters.com/world/iranian-supplied-arms-smuggled-yemen-into-somalia-study-says-2021-11-10/">"Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/iranian-supplied-arms-smuggled-yemen-into-somalia-study-says-2021-11-10/">the original</a> on 10 November 2021. <q>Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Iranian-supplied+arms+smuggled+from+Yemen+into+Somalia%2C+study+says&rft.date=2021-11-10&rft.aulast=Houreld&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Firanian-supplied-arms-smuggled-yemen-into-somalia-study-says-2021-11-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedondo2020" class="citation news cs1">Redondo, Raúl (20 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230819232219/https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/iran-allies-al-shabaab-somalia-distribute-arms-houthi-rebels/20200720105023146686.html">"Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels"</a>. Atalayar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/politics/iran-allies-al-shabaab-somalia-distribute-arms-houthi-rebels/20200720105023146686.html">the original</a> on 19 August 2023. <q>Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atalayar&rft.atitle=Iran+allies+with+Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia+to+distribute+arms+to+Houthi+rebels&rft.date=2020-07-20&rft.aulast=Redondo&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atalayar.com%2Fen%2Farticulo%2Fpolitics%2Firan-allies-al-shabaab-somalia-distribute-arms-houthi-rebels%2F20200720105023146686.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazeli2020" class="citation news cs1">Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211233218/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/07/19/Iran-linking-with-Somalia-s-al-Shabab-to-funnel-weapons-to-Houthis-Foreign-Policy">"Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis"</a>. Al Arabiya. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2020/07/19/Iran-linking-with-Somalia-s-al-Shabab-to-funnel-weapons-to-Houthis-Foreign-Policy">the original</a> on 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Iran+linking+with+Somalia%27s+al-Shabab+to+funnel+weapons+to+Houthis&rft.date=2020-07-19&rft.aulast=Fazeli&rft.aufirst=Yaghoub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2020%2F07%2F19%2FIran-linking-with-Somalia-s-al-Shabab-to-funnel-weapons-to-Houthis-Foreign-Policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> UN sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241108025801/https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/259/53/pdf/n2425953.pdf">"Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)"</a> (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. 11 October 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n24/259/53/pdf/n2425953.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 November 2024. <q>In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=Final+report+of+the+Panel+of+Experts+on+Yemen+established+pursuant+to+Security+Council+resolution+2140+%282014%29&rft.pages=2%2C+12&rft.date=2024-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.un.org%2Fdoc%2Fundoc%2Fgen%2Fn24%2F259%2F53%2Fpdf%2Fn2425953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241108030425/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2577909/middle-east">"UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government"</a>. Arab News. 3 November 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2577909/middle-east">the original</a> on 8 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=UN+experts+say+Houthis+collaborated+with+Al-Qaeda+to+weaken+Yemeni+government&rft.date=2024-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2577909%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241108030612/https://yemenshabab.net/en/sections/NEWS/Political/6d3486f1-988d-11ef-ae99-c673f97ca26d">"UN Panel of Experts Report Reveals Houthi Militia's Relationship with Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab Movement in Somalia"</a>. Yemen Shabab Net. 2 November 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yemenshabab.net/en/sections/NEWS/Political/6d3486f1-988d-11ef-ae99-c673f97ca26d">the original</a> on 8 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yemen+Shabab+Net&rft.atitle=UN+Panel+of+Experts+Report+Reveals+Houthi+Militia%27s+Relationship+with+Al-Qaeda+and+Al-Shabaab+Movement+in+Somalia&rft.date=2024-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyemenshabab.net%2Fen%2Fsections%2FNEWS%2FPolitical%2F6d3486f1-988d-11ef-ae99-c673f97ca26d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=556680">"Canada AM: Al-Shabab recruiting Canadians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>. February 23, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416002842/https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=556680">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Canada+AM%3A+Al-Shabab+recruiting+Canadians&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fvideo%3FclipId%3D556680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2010" class="citation web cs1">MacDougall, Ian (September 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norway-man-pleads-not-guilty-to-terror-financing-2010sep07-story.html">"Norway man pleads not guilty to terror financing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Tribune">San Diego Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617032321/https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-norway-man-pleads-not-guilty-to-terror-financing-2010sep07-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Tribune&rft.atitle=Norway+man+pleads+not+guilty+to+terror+financing&rft.date=2010-09-07&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fsdut-norway-man-pleads-not-guilty-to-terror-financing-2010sep07-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russia-offers-support-somalian-army-fight-terrorist-groups-99628568">"Russia offers support to Somalian army in fight against terrorist groups"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820183721/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/russia-offers-support-somalian-army-fight-terrorist-groups-99628568">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2023. 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Journal of Eastern African Studies. 1 (2): 151–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17531050701452382">10.1080/17531050701452382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-1055">1753-1055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154453168">154453168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Mogadishu%27s+Islamic+Courts&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-160&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154453168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1753-1055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17531050701452382&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Cedric&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Harun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17531050701452382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2013" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Stig Jarle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NlMAgAAQBAJ">Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group, 2005-2012</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932787-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932787-4"><bdi>978-0-19-932787-4</bdi></a>. <q>It is important to note that, contrary to many newspaper articles, Al Shabaab was not the armed wing of the Courts. In fact there were other groups under the Court umbrella that were more militarily important than Al-Shabaab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia%3A+The+History+and+Ideology+of+a+Militant+Islamist+Group%2C+2005-2012&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932787-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Stig+Jarle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NlMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_83-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mueller, Jason C. (2018-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213">"The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"</a>. Terrorism and Political Violence. 30 (1): 116–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213">10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6553">0954-6553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148494845">148494845</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203629/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved December 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrorism+and+Political+Violence&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Political+Violence%3A+The+Case+of+Somalia%27s+Al-Shabaab&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-141&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148494845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0954-6553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Jason+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09546553.2016.1165213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celso-2015-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Celso-2015_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelso2015" class="citation book cs1">Celso, Anthony (2015-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=13ehCgAAQBAJ">Al-Qaeda's Post-9/11 Devolution: The Failed Jihadist Struggle Against the Near and Far Enemy</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-1244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-1244-1"><bdi>978-1-5013-1244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Qaeda%27s+Post-9%2F11+Devolution%3A+The+Failed+Jihadist+Struggle+Against+the+Near+and+Far+Enemy&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-5013-1244-1&rft.aulast=Celso&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D13ehCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-85"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaut2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Plaut" title="Martin Plaut">Plaut, Martin Plaut</a> (2009-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7807291.stm">"US fails to break Somali Islamists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 2024-03-09. <q>When Ethiopia invaded, al-Shabaab had around 600 fighters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+fails+to+break+Somali+Islamists&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Plaut&rft.aufirst=Martin+Plaut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7807291.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mueller, Jason C. (2019-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2019.1735174">"Political, Economic, and Ideological Warfare in Somalia"</a>. Peace Review. 31 (3): 372–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10402659.2019.1735174">10.1080/10402659.2019.1735174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219267475">219267475</a>. <q>This invasion chased out or killed many affiliates of the UIC, leaving behind a battle-hardened small contingent of youth who made up a marginal faction of the UIC prior to the Ethiopian invasion. This group goes by the name of al-Shabaab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=Political%2C+Economic%2C+and+Ideological+Warfare+in+Somalia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=372-380&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219267475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10402659.2019.1735174&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Jason+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10402659.2019.1735174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hassan, Abdulahi (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf">"Inside Look at the Fighting Between Al-Shabab and Ahlu-Sunna wal-Jama"</a> (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 2 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227063346/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Vol2Iss3-Art2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 27, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Inside+Look+at+the+Fighting+Between+Al-Shabab+and+Ahlu-Sunna+wal-Jama&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Abdulahi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F06%2FVol2Iss3-Art2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-88"><a href="#cite_ref-:29_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookMaher2023" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Joana; Maher, Shiraz, eds. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ">The Rule Is For None But Allah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-769039-0"><bdi>978-0-19-769039-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228054306/https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2023. 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Retrieved 2022-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&rft.atitle=AFRICOM+kills+senior+terrorist+leader+in+Somalia+as+airstrikes+intensify&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.aulast=Vandiver&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Ftheaters%2Fafrica%2Fafricom-kills-senior-terrorist-leader-in-somalia-as-airstrikes-intensify-1.625125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/al-shabaab-attacks-somali-military-base-captures-central-town-2021-08-24/">"Al Shabaab attacks Somali military base, recaptures central town"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Al+Shabaab+attacks+Somali+military+base%2C+recaptures+central+town&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fal-shabaab-attacks-somali-military-base-captures-central-town-2021-08-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton2017-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton2017_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorton2017">Horton 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFelbab-Brown2017-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFelbab-Brown2017_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFelbab-Brown2017">Felbab-Brown 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somalias-puntland-sends-troops-fight-al-shabaab-neighbouring-state-2021-09-03/">"Somalia's Puntland sends troops to fight al Shabaab in neighbouring state"</a>. Reuters. 2021-09-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141506/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somalias-puntland-sends-troops-fight-al-shabaab-neighbouring-state-2021-09-03/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Somalia%27s+Puntland+sends+troops+to+fight+al+Shabaab+in+neighbouring+state&rft.date=2021-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsomalias-puntland-sends-troops-fight-al-shabaab-neighbouring-state-2021-09-03%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57630144">"Somalia's Puntland region executes 21 al-Shabab fighters"</a>. BBC News. 2021-06-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502071822/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57630144">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Somalia%27s+Puntland+region+executes+21+al-Shabab+fighters&rft.date=2021-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-57630144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2022" class="citation news cs1">Raghavan, Sudarsan (2022-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/17/somalia-al-shabab-us-troops/">"An attack on a military base in Somalia shows al-Shabab's deadly power"</a>. The Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813155421/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/17/somalia-al-shabab-us-troops/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=An+attack+on+a+military+base+in+Somalia+shows+al-Shabab%27s+deadly+power&rft.date=2022-07-17&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Sudarsan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F07%2F17%2Fsomalia-al-shabab-us-troops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Soufan_Center2022-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Soufan_Center2022_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Soufan_Center2022">The Soufan Center 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Interagency_Security_Forum2016-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Interagency_Security_Forum2016_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlobal_Interagency_Security_Forum2016">Global Interagency Security Forum 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lwj1-145"><a href="#cite_ref-lwj1_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaleb_WeissRyan_O'Farrell2022" class="citation web cs1">Caleb Weiss; Ryan O'Farrell (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2022/07/analysis-shabaabs-multi-day-incursion-into-ethiopia.php">"Analysis: Shabaab's multi-day incursion into Ethiopia"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Long+War+Journal&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+Shabaab%27s+multi-day+incursion+into+Ethiopia&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.au=Caleb+Weiss&rft.au=Ryan+O%27Farrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longwarjournal.org%2Farchives%2F2022%2F07%2Fanalysis-shabaabs-multi-day-incursion-into-ethiopia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/08/11/how-al-qaeda-and-islamic-state-are-digging-into-africa">"How al-Qaeda and Islamic State are digging into Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 11 August 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 2024-07-13. <q>In July a force of 500-800 al-Shabab fighters penetrated a security zone maintained by Ethiopia, then crossed 150km into that country with the aim of setting up a base in the Bale mountains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+al-Qaeda+and+Islamic+State+are+digging+into+Africa&rft.date=2022-08-11&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2022%2F08%2F11%2Fhow-al-qaeda-and-islamic-state-are-digging-into-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2022/09/14/al-shabaab-seeks-to-put-down-roots-in-ethiopia_5996884_124.html">"Al-Shabab seeks to 'put down roots' in Ethiopia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>. 2022-09-14. 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Retrieved 21 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Garowe+Online&rft.atitle=Somalia+military+deals+major+blow+to+Al+Shabaab+in+south%2C+100+fighters+killed&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.garoweonline.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsomalia%2Fsomalia-military-deals-major-blow-to-al-shabaab-in-south-100-fighters-killed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921221654/https://sonna.so/en/2022/09/20/no-other-door-open-but-to-surrender-govt-tells-youths-misled-by-al-shabab/">"No other door open but to surrender, Govt tells Al-Shabab"</a>. Somali National News Agency. 20 September 2022. 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Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Somalia+kills+Fazul+Abdullah+Mohammed%2C+widening+Al+Qaeda+power+vacuum&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Tom+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2Fterrorism-security%2F2011%2F0612%2FSomalia-kills-Fazul-Abdullah-Mohammed-widening-Al-Qaeda-power-vacuum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Usrstascio-304"><a href="#cite_ref-Usrstascio_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/security-africa-raids-target-idUSL1N0HW0NR20131006">"U.S. raid in Somalia targeted al Shabaab commander Ikrima"</a>. Reuters. 6 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517064732/https://www.reuters.com/article/security-africa-raids-target-idUSL1N0HW0NR20131006">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+raid+in+Somalia+targeted+al+Shabaab+commander+Ikrima&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fsecurity-africa-raids-target-idUSL1N0HW0NR20131006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajkr-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Rajkr_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231034815/http://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html">"Rapping American jihadi killed: reports"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. 12 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/rapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html">the original</a> on December 31, 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Rapping+American+jihadi+killed%3A+reports&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Frapping-american-jihadi-killed-reports-20130912-2tnsd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2015" class="citation web cs1">Ibrahim, Mukhtar M. (2015-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan">"Minn. al-Shabab fighter surrenders in Somalia"</a>. MPR News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://www.mprnews.org/story/2015/12/07/mohamed-abdullahi-hassan">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPR+News&rft.atitle=Minn.+al-Shabab+fighter+surrenders+in+Somalia&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Mukhtar+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mprnews.org%2Fstory%2F2015%2F12%2F07%2Fmohamed-abdullahi-hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconMuibu2019a" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Tricia; Muibu, Daisy (2019a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/35091/chapter/299150884">"Foreign Fighter Influence in Al-Shabaab: Limitations and Future Prospects"</a>. War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al-Shabaab. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190947910.003.0037">10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0037</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203153/https://academic.oup.com/book/35091/chapter-abstract/299150884?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign+Fighter+Influence+in+Al-Shabaab%3A+Limitations+and+Future+Prospects&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Somalia%3A+National+Grievances%2C+Local+Conflict+and+Al-Shabaab&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190947910.003.0037&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft.au=Muibu%2C+Daisy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F35091%2Fchapter%2F299150884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stig_Jarle_Hansen" title="Stig Jarle Hansen">Hansen, Stig Jarle</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NlMAgAAQBAJ">Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932787-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932787-4"><bdi>978-0-19-932787-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Shabaab+in+Somalia%3A+The+History+and+Ideology+of+a+Militant+Islamist+Group&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932787-4&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Stig+Jarle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NlMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2017" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Stig Jarle (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965781617">"Al-Shabaab and the Accidental Jihadists"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965781617">Africa's Insurgents: Navigating An Evolving Landscape</a>. Lynne Riener Publishers. pp. 181–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-652-6"><bdi>978-1-62637-652-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/965781617">965781617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203242/https://search.worldcat.org/title/965781617">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Shabaab+and+the+Accidental+Jihadists&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Insurgents%3A+Navigating+An+Evolving+Landscape&rft.pages=181-196&rft.pub=Lynne+Riener+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F965781617&rft.isbn=978-1-62637-652-6&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Stig+Jarle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F965781617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2019" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Mary (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sverDwAAQBAJ">Everything You Have Told Me Is True: The Many Faces of Al Shabaab</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-290-9"><bdi>978-1-78738-290-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230508204634/https://books.google.com/books?id=sverDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Have+Told+Me+Is+True%3A+The+Many+Faces+of+Al+Shabaab&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-290-9&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsverDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatingWaldman2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Keating_(UN_official)" title="Michael Keating (UN official)">Keating, Michael</a>; Waldman, Matt, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/35091">War and Peace in Somalia: National Grievances, Local Conflict and Al-Shabaab</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190947910.003.0037">10.1093/oso/9780190947910.003.0037</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220911155842/https://academic.oup.com/book/35091">Archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Somalia%3A+National+Grievances%2C+Local+Conflict+and+Al-Shabaab&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190947910.003.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F35091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarufJoseph2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harun_Maruf" title="Harun Maruf">Maruf, Harun</a>; Joseph, Dan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5aBxDwAAQBAJ">Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-03749-7"><bdi>978-0-253-03749-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416002842/https://books.google.com/books?id=5aBxDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved September 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Al-Shabaab%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Al-Qaeda%27s+Most+Powerful+Ally&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-253-03749-7&rft.aulast=Maruf&rft.aufirst=Harun&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5aBxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoldemariam2018" class="citation book cs1">Woldemariam, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/insurgent-fragmentation-in-the-horn-of-africa/long-war-in-somalia/9081AACE1849B3DAFBC4F711D11547C0">"The Long War in Somalia: The Somali National Movement, Islamic Courts Union, and Al-Shabaab, 1981–2013"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/insurgent-fragmentation-in-the-horn-of-africa/long-war-in-somalia/9081AACE1849B3DAFBC4F711D11547C0">Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa: Rebellion and its Discontents</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42325-0"><bdi>978-1-108-42325-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203130/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/insurgent-fragmentation-in-the-horn-of-africa/long-war-in-somalia/9081AACE1849B3DAFBC4F711D11547C0">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Long+War+in+Somalia%3A+The+Somali+National+Movement%2C+Islamic+Courts+Union%2C+and+Al-Shabaab%2C+1981%E2%80%932013&rft.btitle=Insurgent+Fragmentation+in+the+Horn+of+Africa%3A+Rebellion+and+its+Discontents&rft.pages=211-281&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42325-0&rft.aulast=Woldemariam&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Finsurgent-fragmentation-in-the-horn-of-africa%2Flong-war-in-somalia%2F9081AACE1849B3DAFBC4F711D11547C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKheyre2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kheyre, Zakarie Ahmed nor (2022-11-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2022.2095599">"The evolution of the Al-Shabaab jihadist intelligence structure"</a>. Intelligence and National Security. 37 (7): 1061–1082. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2022.2095599">10.1080/02684527.2022.2095599</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+Al-Shabaab+jihadist+intelligence+structure&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1061-1082&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2022.2095599&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft.aulast=Kheyre&rft.aufirst=Zakarie+Ahmed+nor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02684527.2022.2095599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlobucistaJonathanAly_Sergie2022" class="citation web cs1">Klobucista, Claire; Jonathan, Masters; Aly Sergie, Mohammed (December 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabaab">"Al-Shababb"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Al-Shababb&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Klobucista&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Jonathan%2C+Masters&rft.au=Aly+Sergie%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fal-shabaab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkaff2013" class="citation journal cs1">Alkaff, Syed Huzaifah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351183">"Al-Shabaab: A New Phase?"</a>. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 5 (9): 12–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2382-6444">2382-6444</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351183">26351183</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909152842/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351183">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Counter+Terrorist+Trends+and+Analyses&rft.atitle=Al-Shabaab%3A+A+New+Phase%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26351183%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2382-6444&rft.aulast=Alkaff&rft.aufirst=Syed+Huzaifah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26351183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonMcKnight2015" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, David M.; McKnight, Jacob (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2015.1082254">"Understanding Al-Shabaab: Clan, Islam and Insurgency in Kenya"</a>. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 9 (3): 536–557. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17531055.2015.1082254">10.1080/17531055.2015.1082254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-1055">1753-1055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146688435">146688435</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203127/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17531055.2015.1082254">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Understanding+Al-Shabaab%3A+Clan%2C+Islam+and+Insurgency+in+Kenya&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=536-557&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146688435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1753-1055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17531055.2015.1082254&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=McKnight%2C+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F17531055.2015.1082254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzalone2013" class="citation journal cs1">Anzalone, Christopher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.westpoint.edu/al-shababs-tactical-and-media-strategies-in-the-wake-of-its-battlefield-setbacks/">"Al-Shabab's Tactical and Media Strategies in the Wake of its Battlefield Setbacks"</a>. CTC Sentinel. 6 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130244/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/al-shababs-tactical-and-media-strategies-in-the-wake-of-its-battlefield-setbacks/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Al-Shabab%27s+Tactical+and+Media+Strategies+in+the+Wake+of+its+Battlefield+Setbacks&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Anzalone&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Fal-shababs-tactical-and-media-strategies-in-the-wake-of-its-battlefield-setbacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoboš2016" class="citation journal cs1">Doboš, Bohumil (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282">"Shapeshifter of Somalia: Evolution of the Political Territoriality of Al-Shabaab"</a>. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 27 (5): 937–957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1208282">10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147834973">147834973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105203127/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208282">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Shapeshifter+of+Somalia%3A+Evolution+of+the+Political+Territoriality+of+Al-Shabaab&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=937-957&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147834973%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1208282&rft.aulast=Dobo%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Bohumil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09592318.2016.1208282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconEllisMilton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Tricia; Ellis, Grace; Milton, Daniel (2021-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2021.1982702">"Helping or Hurting? 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CTC Sentinel. 5 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141510/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-merger-of-al-shabab-and-qaidat-al-jihad/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2022. 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Retrieved September 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=A+Legitimate+Challenger%3F+Assessing+the+Rivalry+between+al-Shabaab+and+the+Islamic+State+in+Somalia&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Fa-legitimate-challenger-assessing-the-rivalry-between-al-shabaab-and-the-islamic-state-in-somalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2019" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Caleb (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.westpoint.edu/reigniting-rivalry-islamic-state-somalia-vs-al-shabaab/">"Reigniting the Rivalry: The Islamic State in Somalia vs. al-Shabaab"</a>. CTC Sentinel. 12 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141508/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/reigniting-rivalry-islamic-state-somalia-vs-al-shabaab/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2022. Retrieved September 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Reigniting+the+Rivalry%3A+The+Islamic+State+in+Somalia+vs.+al-Shabaab&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.westpoint.edu%2Freigniting-rivalry-islamic-state-somalia-vs-al-shabaab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Paul D. 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Retrieved September 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=After+Westgate%3A+Opportunities+and+Challenges+in+the+War+Against+Al-Shabaab&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=907-923&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0020-5850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24538204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2346.12147&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24538204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Reports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2022" class="citation web cs1">Bacon, Tricia (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Al-Shabaab-IMEP_Bacon_March-2022.pdf">"Inside the Minds of Somalia's Ascendant Insurgents"</a> (PDF). Report of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> Program on Extremism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929070539/https://extremism.gwu.edu/sites/g/files/zaxdzs2191/f/Al-Shabaab-IMEP_Bacon_March-2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Minds+of+Somalia%27s+Ascendant+Insurgents&rft.pub=Report+of+the+George+Washington+University+Program+on+Extremism&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextremism.gwu.edu%2Fsites%2Fg%2Ffiles%2Fzaxdzs2191%2Ff%2FAl-Shabaab-IMEP_Bacon_March-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahadur2020" class="citation web cs1">Bahadur, Jay (2020-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/yemen-somalia-arms/">"Following the Money: The Use of the Hawala Remittance System in the Yemen–Somalia Arms Trade"</a>. 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Retrieved 2021-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Following+the+Money%3A+The+Use+of+the+Hawala+Remittance+System+in+the+Yemen%E2%80%93Somalia+Arms+Trade&rft.pub=Report+of+the+Global+Initiative+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.aulast=Bahadur&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalinitiative.net%2Fanalysis%2Fyemen-somalia-arms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2020" class="citation web cs1">Barnett, James (2020-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudson.org/research/16075-the-evolution-of-east-african-salafi-Jihadism">"The Evolution of East African Salafi-jihadism"</a>. 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Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamestown+Foundation+Terrorism+Monitor&rft.atitle=Clan+and+Conflict+in+Somalia%3A+Al-Shabaab+and+the+Myth+of+%27Transcending+Clan+Politics%27&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=40&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Fclan-and-conflict-in-somalia-al-shabaab-and-the-myth-of-transcending-clan-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinn2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_shinn" class="mw-redirect" title="David shinn">Shinn, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106091106/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201011.shinn.somalia.html">"Al-Shabaab Tries to Take Control in Somalia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a> Briefing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpri.org/enotes/201011.shinn.somalia.html#note10">the original</a> on January 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Shabaab+Tries+to+Take+Control+in+Somalia&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute+Briefing&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shinn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Fenotes%2F201011.shinn.somalia.html%23note10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Soufan_Center2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Soufan_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Soufan Center">The Soufan Center</a> (2022-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-18/">"Somalia Continues to Deteriorate as Al-Shabaab Gains Ground"</a>. Soufan Center IntelBrief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909130246/https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2022-march-18/">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia+Continues+to+Deteriorate+as+Al-Shabaab+Gains+Ground&rft.pub=Soufan+Center+IntelBrief&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft.au=The+Soufan+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesoufancenter.org%2Fintelbrief-2022-march-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (2017-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undocs.org/S/2017/924">"Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea"</a>. Report S/2017/924. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927003545/https://www.undocs.org/S/2017/924">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Somalia+of+the+Monitoring+Group+on+Somalia+and+Eritrea&rft.pub=Report+S%2F2017%2F924&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.undocs.org%2FS%2F2017%2F924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2018" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (2018-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/S/2018/1002">"Report on Somalia of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea"</a>. Report S/2018/1002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411124902/https://undocs.org/S/2018/1002">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Somalia+of+the+Monitoring+Group+on+Somalia+and+Eritrea&rft.pub=Report+S%2F2018%2F1002&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FS%2F2018%2F1002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2019" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (2019-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/S/2019/858">"Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia"</a>. Report S/2019/858. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621072116/https://undocs.org/S/2019/858">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+of+the+Panel+of+Experts+on+Somalia&rft.pub=Report+S%2F2019%2F858&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FS%2F2019%2F858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Shabaab+%28militant+group%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Security_Council2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (2017-11-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2017/sc13065.doc.htm">"Extending Arms Embargoes on Somalia, Eritrea, Security Council Adopts Resolution 2385 (2017)"</a>. Statement SC/13065 on the 8099th Meeting of the Security Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141504/https://press.un.org/en/2017/sc13065.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2022. 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab (militant group)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterextremism.com/threat/al-shabab">Al-Shabab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter_Extremism_Project" title="Counter Extremism Project">Counter Extremism Project</a> profile</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45559">Al-Shabaab: How Great a Threat?: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, October 3, 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/SOCOM-2012-0000005-Trans.pdf">August 2010 letter from Osama bin Laden to Ahmed Godane</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220910141505/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/SOCOM-2012-0000005-Trans.pdf">Archived</a> September 10, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Al-Qaeda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Al-Qaeda" title="Template:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al-Qaeda" title="Template talk:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al-Qaeda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Al-Qaeda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_al-Qaeda_members" title="List of al-Qaeda members">Leadership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Adel" title="Saif al-Adel">Saif al-Adel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi">Abd al-Rahman al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_bin_Atef_al-Awlaki" title="Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki">Sa'ad bin Atef al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_Youssef_al-Annabi" title="Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi">Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sayyid_Muhamed_Mustafa_al-Bakri" title="Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri">Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Banna" title="Ibrahim al-Banna">Ibrahim al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al_Qosi" title="Ibrahim al Qosi">Ibrahim al Qosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Walid_al-Masri" title="Abu Walid al-Masri">Abu Walid al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Showqi_Al-Islambouli" title="Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli">Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdukadir_Mohamed_Abdukadir" title="Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir">Abdukadir Mohamed Abdukadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehad_Mostafa" title="Jehad Mostafa">Jehad Mostafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Humam_al-Shami" title="Abu Humam al-Shami">Abu Humam al-Shami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_al-Oraydi" title="Sami al-Oraydi">Sami al-Oraydi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Killed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">killing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">killing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Atef" title="Mohammed Atef">Mohammed Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaed_Salim_Sinan_al-Harethi" title="Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi">Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed_Fadhil" title="Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil">Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Yemeni" title="Haitham al-Yemeni">Haitham al-Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Rabia" title="Abu Hamza Rabia">Abu Hamza Rabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_Musa_Matwalli_Atwah" title="Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah">Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Faruq" title="Omar al-Faruq">Omar al-Faruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Badri" title="Haitham al-Badri">Haitham al-Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Masri" title="Abu Yaqub al-Masri">Abu Yaqub al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talha_al-Sudani" title="Abu Talha al-Sudani">Abu Talha al-Sudani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Laith_al-Libi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Laith al-Libi">Abu Laith al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Al-Jazairi" title="Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi">Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Mursi" title="Midhat Mursi">Midhat Mursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Moumou" title="Mohamed Moumou">Mohamed Moumou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Habib" title="Khalid Habib">Khalid Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghadiya" title="Abu Ghadiya">Abu Ghadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zubair_al-Masri" title="Abu Zubair al-Masri">Abu Zubair al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rauf" title="Rashid Rauf">Rashid Rauf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hasan_Khalil_al-Hakim" title="Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim">Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahid_Mohammed_Ally_Msalam" title="Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam">Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmed_Salim_Swedan" title="Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan">Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden" title="Saad bin Laden">Saad bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Ali_Saleh_Nabhan" title="Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan">Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Said_al_Libi" title="Abdullah Said al Libi">Abdullah Said al Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Somali" title="Saleh al-Somali">Saleh al-Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_al-Masri" title="Saeed al-Masri">Saeed al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Jawfi" title="Hamza al-Jawfi">Hamza al-Jawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_Hamed_Ali" title="Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali">Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Abul-Khair" title="Mohamed Abul-Khair">Mohamed Abul-Khair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Fateh" title="Sheikh Fateh">Sheikh Fateh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huthaifa_al-Batawi" title="Huthaifa al-Batawi">Huthaifa al-Batawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Kashmiri" title="Ilyas Kashmiri">Ilyas Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed" title="Fazul Abdullah Mohammed">Fazul Abdullah Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyah_Abd_al-Rahman" title="Atiyah Abd al-Rahman">Atiyah Abd al-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Khan" title="Samir Khan">Samir Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Dahab" title="Tariq al-Dahab">Tariq al-Dahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sa%27id_Ali_Hasan" title="Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan">Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_al-Quso" title="Fahd al-Quso">Fahd al-Quso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yahya_al-Libi" title="Abu Yahya al-Libi">Abu Yahya al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ghul" title="Hassan Ghul">Hassan Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Zaid_al_Kuwaiti" title="Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti">Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Ali_al-Shihri" title="Said Ali al-Shihri">Said Ali al-Shihri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farman_Ali_Shinwari" title="Farman Ali Shinwari">Farman Ali Shinwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abdelhamid Abou Zeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Haji_Jama_Mee%27aad" title="Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad">Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansoor_Al-Amriki" title="Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki">Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_Bahaji" title="Said Bahaji">Said Bahaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalid_al-Suri" title="Abu Khalid al-Suri">Abu Khalid al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Ould_Hamaha" title="Omar Ould Hamaha">Omar Ould Hamaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdi_Godane" title="Ahmed Abdi Godane">Ahmed Abdi Godane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Al-Turki" title="Abu Yusuf Al-Turki">Abu Yusuf Al-Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Gulshair_el_Shukrijumah" title="Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah">Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Yahiye_Gadahn" title="Adam Yahiye Gadahn">Adam Yahiye Gadahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_bin_Ghazi_al-Nadhari" title="Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari">Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_Ahmad_Othman_al-Ghamdi" title="Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi">Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Sulayman_Muhammad_al-Rubaysh" title="Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh">Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_bin_Ali_al-Ansi" title="Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi">Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Wuhayshi" title="Nasir al-Wuhayshi">Nasir al-Wuhayshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_al-Fadhli" title="Muhsin al-Fadhli">Muhsin al-Fadhli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khalil_al-Madani" title="Abu Khalil al-Madani">Abu Khalil al-Madani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matiur_Rehman" title="Matiur Rehman">Matiur Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Firas_al-Suri" title="Abu Firas al-Suri">Abu Firas al-Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Refai_Taha" title="Ahmed Refai Taha">Ahmed Refai Taha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khayr_al-Masri" title="Abu Khayr al-Masri">Abu Khayr al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Asiri" title="Ibrahim al-Asiri">Ibrahim al-Asiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_Shihab" title="Sari Shihab">Sari Shihab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asim_Umar" title="Asim Umar">Asim Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasim_al-Raymi" title="Qasim al-Raymi">Qasim al-Raymi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Aruri" title="Khalid al-Aruri">Khalid al-Aruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah" title="Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah">Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhsin_al-Masri" title="Abu Muhsin al-Masri">Abu Muhsin al-Masri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captured</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_Mahmud_Salim" title="Mamdouh Mahmud Salim">Mamdouh Mahmud Salim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadih_el-Hage" title="Wadih el-Hage">Wadih el-Hage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_al-Fawwaz" title="Khalid al-Fawwaz">Khalid al-Fawwaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahim_al-Nashiri" title="Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri">Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riduan_Isamuddin" title="Riduan Isamuddin">Riduan Isamuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Bahlul" title="Ali al-Bahlul">Ali al-Bahlul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghailani" title="Ahmed Ghailani">Ahmed Ghailani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Faraj_al-Libbi" title="Abu Faraj al-Libbi">Abu Faraj al-Libbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Setmariam_Nasar" title="Mustafa Setmariam Nasar">Mustafa Setmariam Nasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hadi_al_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hadi al Iraqi">Abdul Hadi al Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jafar_Jamal_al-Kahtani" title="Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani">Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atiq_Awayd_Al_Harbi" title="Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi">Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younis_al-Mauritani" title="Younis al-Mauritani">Younis al-Mauritani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Abu_Ghaith" title="Sulaiman Abu Ghaith">Sulaiman Abu Ghaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Anas_al-Libi" title="Abu Anas al-Libi">Abu Anas al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhanad_Mahmoud_Al_Farekh" title="Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh">Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Haq" title="Amin al-Haq">Amin al-Haq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Banshiri" title="Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri">Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri</a> (died)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_al-Masri" title="Abu Ubaidah al-Masri">Abu Ubaidah al-Masri</a> (died)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahfouz_Ould_al-Walid" title="Mahfouz Ould al-Walid">Mahfouz Ould al-Walid</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> (expelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Maria_al-Qahtani" title="Abu Maria al-Qahtani">Abu Maria al-Qahtani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Salama_Mabruk" title="Ahmad Salama Mabruk">Ahmad Salama Mabruk</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Turkistani" title="Abu Omar al-Turkistani">Abu Omar al-Turkistani</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir">Abu Sulayman al-Muhajir</a> (left)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Batarfi" title="Khalid Batarfi">Khalid Batarfi</a> (died)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Al-Qaeda_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Al-Qaeda attacks">Timeline of attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 United States embassy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">2000 USS Cole bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">2001 September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">2004 Madrid train bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11,_2007_Algiers_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 11, 2007 Algiers bombings">2007 Algiers bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Danish_embassy_bombing_in_Islamabad" title="2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad">2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing" title="Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing">2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Amenas_hostage_crisis" title="In Amenas hostage crisis">2013 In Amenas hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">2013 Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting" title="Charlie Hebdo shooting">2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">2015 Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bamako_hotel_attack" title="2015 Bamako hotel attack">2015 Bamako hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ouagadougou_attacks" title="2016 Ouagadougou attacks">2016 Ouagadougou attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Grand-Bassam_shootings" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Grand-Bassam shootings">2016 Grand-Bassam shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bamako_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Bamako attack">2016 Bamako attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola_shooting" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting">2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">drone strikes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Shabaab</a> (Somalia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> (Yemen)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> (North Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent">Al-Qaeda in the Indian subcontinent</a> (Indian subcontinent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> (Mali)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a> (Syria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charity organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolence_International_Foundation" title="Benevolence International Foundation">Benevolence International Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haramain_Foundation" title="Al-Haramain Foundation">Al-Haramain Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_Handbook" title="Al Qaeda Handbook">Al Qaeda Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Neda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Neda">Al Neda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sahab" title="As-Sahab">As-Sahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatawā of Osama bin Laden">Fatawā of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspire_(magazine)" title="Inspire (magazine)">Inspire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_(magazine)" title="Al-Khansaa (magazine)">Al-Khansaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_al-Qaeda_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit">Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Savagery" title="Management of Savagery">Management of Savagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Jihad" title="Voice of Jihad">Voice of Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaedat_al-Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaedat al-Jihad">Qaedat al-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Islamic_Media_Front" title="Global Islamic Media Front">Global Islamic Media Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden">Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_safe_house" title="Al-Qaeda safe house">Safe houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Al-Qaeda" title="Category:Al-Qaeda">Category:Al-Qaeda</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_on_terror" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_on_terror" title="Template:War on terror"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_on_terror" title="Template talk:War on terror"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_on_terror" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War on terror"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_on_terror" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001-2021)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2011%E2%80%932016)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> (2003–2011) (<a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">Withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_of_terrorism" title="Symbolism of terrorism">Symbolism of terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Armed Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden" title="Hamza bin Laden">Hamza bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Haqqani" title="Jalaluddin Haqqani">Jalaluddin Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anas_Haqqani" title="Anas Haqqani">Anas Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Haqqani" title="Khalil Haqqani">Khalil Haqqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Saeed" title="Hafiz Saeed">Hafiz Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohamed_Ahmed_Bahaziq" title="Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq">Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Jihad_al-Islami" title="Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Uzbekistan" title="Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan">Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Philippines" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines">OEF – Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Train_and_Equip_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Train and Equip Program">Georgia Train and Equip Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">OEF – Trans Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_strikes_in_Pakistan" title="Drone strikes in Pakistan">Drone strikes in Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour" title="Operation Active Endeavour">Operation Active Endeavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">2007 Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant_Status_Review_Tribunal" title="Combatant Status Review Tribunal">Combatant Status Review Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">Criticism of the war on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_black_sites" title="CIA black sites">CIA black sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">Enhanced interrogation techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_prisoners_of_the_United_States" title="Extrajudicial prisoners of the United States">Extrajudicial prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_rendition" title="Extraordinary rendition">Extraordinary rendition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noble_Eagle" title="Operation Noble Eagle">Operation Noble Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Assist" title="Operation Eagle Assist">Operation Eagle Assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposition_Matrix" title="Disposition Matrix">Targeted killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killing_in_International_Law" title="Targeted Killing in International Law">Targeted Killing in International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_Killings" title="Targeted Killings">Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_(organisation)" title="Cage (organisation)">CAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_on_terror" title="Category:War on terror">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror" class="extiw" title="commons:War on terror">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Template talk:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia War (2006–2009)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_in_Somalia_(2006–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 in Somalia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 in Somalia">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 in Somalia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932006)" title="History of Somalia (1991–2006)">History of Somalia (1991–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Factions in the Somali Civil War">Factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_in_Somalia" title="Disarmament in Somalia">Disarmament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamic_Courts_Union_offensive" title="2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive">2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2006)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2006)">2006 Battle of Mogadishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_at_reconciliation_in_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932004)" title="Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)">Somali Reconciliation Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_National_Reconciliation_in_Somalia" title="Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Somali_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Somali_National_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2007 Somali National Reconciliation Conference">2007</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baidoa" title="Battle of Baidoa">Battle of Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bandiradley" title="Battle of Bandiradley">Battle of Bandiradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2006)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2006)">Battle of Beledweyne (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jowhar" title="Battle of Jowhar">Battle of Jowhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mogadishu" title="Fall of Mogadishu">Fall of Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jilib" title="Battle of Jilib">Battle of Jilib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kismayo" title="Fall of Kismayo">Fall of Kismayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(March%E2%80%93April_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)">Battle of Mogadishu (March–April 2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Battle of Bargal (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(November_2007)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)">Battle of Mogadishu (November 2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2008)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2008)">Battle of Mogadishu (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2008)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2008)">Battle of Beledweyne (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baidoa" title="Siege of Baidoa">Siege of Baidoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2008)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2008)">Battle of Kismayo (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF–HOA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_Kamboni" title="Battle of Ras Kamboni">Battle of Ras Kamboni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bargal_(2007)" title="Battle of Bargal (2007)">Battle of Bargal (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobley_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobley airstrike">Dobley airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhusamareb_airstrike" title="Dhusamareb airstrike">Dhusamareb airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Mogadishu_TransAVIAexport_Airlines_Il-76_crash" title="2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash">2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_Bosaso_bombings" title="February 2008 Bosaso bombings">February 2008 Bosaso bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hidaya_Mosque_massacre" title="Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre">Al-Hidaya Mosque massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2008 Mogadishu bombing">2008 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Hargeisa%E2%80%93Bosaso_bombings" title="2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings">2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281996%E2%80%932009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabre_Heard" title="Gabre Heard">Gabre Heard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_Sheikh_Ahmed" title="Sharif Sheikh Ahmed">Sharif Sheikh Ahmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">al-Shabaab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Hashi_Farah_Ayro" title="Aden Hashi Farah Ayro">Aden Hashi Farah Aero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Restoration_of_Peace_and_Counter-Terrorism" title="Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism">ARPCT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale" title="Abdi Hasan Awale">Abdi Hasan Awale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Omar_Habeb" title="Mohamed Omar Habeb">Mohamed Omar Habeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_federal_parliament_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional federal parliament of Somalia">Transitional Federal Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohammed_Ghedi" title="Ali Mohammed Ghedi">Ali Mohammed Ghedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Yusuf_Ahmed" title="Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed">Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamud_Muse_Hersi" title="Mohamud Muse Hersi">Mohamud Muse Hersi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Warsame_Ali" title="Mohamed Warsame Ali">Mohamed Warsame Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jendayi_Frazer" title="Jendayi Frazer">Jendayi Frazer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Next phase: <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somali_civil_war_(2009–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Template talk:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somali_civil_war_(2009–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somali_civil_war_(2009%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali civil war (2009–present)">Somali civil war (2009–present)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2009 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2010 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2011 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2012 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2013 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2014 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2015 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2016 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2017 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2018 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2019 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2020 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2021 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2022 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2023 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_timeline_of_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="2024 timeline of the Somali Civil War">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932006)" title="History of Somalia (1991–2006)">History of Somalia (1991–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Factions in the Somali Civil War">Factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament_in_Somalia" title="Disarmament in Somalia">Disarmament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Islamic_Courts_Union_offensive" title="2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive">2006 Islamic Courts Union offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2006)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2006)">Battle of Mogadishu (2006)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Somali conflict">Ethiopian–Somali conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_at_reconciliation_in_Somalia_(1991%E2%80%932004)" title="Attempts at reconciliation in Somalia (1991–2004)">Somali Reconciliation Conferences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_National_Reconciliation_in_Somalia" title="Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Somali_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2002 Somali Reconciliation Conference">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Somali_National_Reconciliation_Conference" title="2007 Somali National Reconciliation Conference">2007</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mogadishu" title="Battle of South Mogadishu">Battle of South Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2009)">Battle of Mogadishu (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Central_Somalia_(2009)" title="Battle for Central Somalia (2009)">Battle for Central Somalia (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wabho" title="Battle of Wabho">Battle of Wabho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2009)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2009)">Battle of Kismayo (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2010)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2010)">Battle of Beledweyne (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Somaliland_border" title="Ethiopia–Somaliland border">2010 Ayn clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenya%E2%80%93Al-Shabaab_border_clash" title="2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash">2010 Kenya–Al-Shabaab border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogadishu_(2010%E2%80%932011)" title="Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)">Battle of Mogadishu (2010–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jubbada_Hoose" title="Battle of Jubbada Hoose">Battle of Jubbada Hoose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gedo" title="Battle of Gedo">Battle of Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elwaq" title="Battle of Elwaq">Battle of Elwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Linda_Nchi" title="Operation Linda Nchi">Operation Linda Nchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deynile" title="Battle of Deynile">Battle of Deynile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beledweyne_(2011)" title="Battle of Beledweyne (2011)">Battle of Beledweyne (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yurkud_(2012)" title="Battle of Yurkud (2012)">Battle of Yurkud (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kismayo_(2012)" title="Battle of Kismayo (2012)">Battle of Kismayo (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Indian_Ocean" title="Operation Indian Ocean">Operation Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galgala_campaign" title="Galgala campaign">Galgala campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baure" title="Battle of Baure">Battle of Baure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leego_(2015)" title="Battle of Leego (2015)">Battle of Leego (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Janale_(2015)" title="Battle of Janale (2015)">Battle of Janale (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Adde" title="Battle of El Adde">Battle of El Adde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala_campaign" title="Qandala campaign">Qandala campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulbiyow" title="Battle of Kulbiyow">Battle of Kulbiyow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii" title="2017 raid on Barii">2017 raid on Barii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Af_Urur" title="Battle of Af Urur">Battle of Af Urur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Golweyn_ambush" title="2017 Golweyn ambush">2017 Golweyn ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2017_Somalia_airstrike" title="November 2017 Somalia airstrike">November 2017 Somalia airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_African_Union_base_attack_in_Bulo_Marer" title="2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer">2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2018_airstrikes_in_Gandarshe" title="December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe">December 2018 airstrikes in Gandarshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Simba_attack" title="Camp Simba attack">Camp Simba attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mogadishu_mutiny" title="2021 Mogadishu mutiny">2021 Mogadishu mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Golweyn_ambush" title="2021 Golweyn ambush">2021 Golweyn ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Galmudug_clashes" title="2021 Galmudug clashes">2021 Galmudug clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_al-Shabaab_invasion_of_Ethiopia" title="2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia">2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bal%27ad" title="Battle of Bal'ad">Battle of Bal'ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Runirgod" title="Battle of Runirgod">Battle of Runirgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buulo_Mareer" title="Battle of Buulo Mareer">Battle of Buulo Mareer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_African_Union_base_bombings_in_Mogadishu" title="2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu">2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Beledweyne_bombing" title="2009 Beledweyne bombing">2009 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hotel_Shamo_bombing" title="2009 Hotel Shamo bombing">2009 Hotel Shamo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2010_Mogadishu_bombings" title="May 2010 Mogadishu bombings">May 2010 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kampala_bombings" title="2010 Kampala bombings">2010 Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_Hotel_attack" title="Muna Hotel attack">Muna Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2011 Mogadishu bombing">2011 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Mogadishu_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="June 2013 Mogadishu attack">June 2013 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Mogadishu_Turkish_embassy_attack" title="2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack">2013 Mogadishu Turkish embassy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack" title="Westgate shopping mall attack">Westgate shopping mall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Beledweyne_attacks" title="2013 Beledweyne attacks">2013 Beledweyne attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Villa_Somalia_attack" title="2014 Villa Somalia attack">2014 Villa Somalia attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hotel_Amalo_attack" title="2014 Hotel Amalo attack">2014 Hotel Amalo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hotel_attack" title="Central Hotel attack">Central Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makka_al-Mukarama_hotel_attack" title="Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack">Makka al-Mukarama hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garissa_University_College_attack" title="Garissa University College attack">Garissa University College attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ministry_of_Higher_Education_attack" title="2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack">2015 Ministry of Higher Education attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garowe_attack" title="Garowe attack">Garowe attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazeera_Palace_Hotel_bombing" title="Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing">Jazeera Palace Hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks" title="Sahafi Hotel attacks">Sahafi Hotel attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Mogadishu_attack" title="January 2016 Mogadishu attack">January 2016 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Mogadishu_attack" title="February 2016 Mogadishu attack">February 2016 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidoa_suicide_bombing" title="Baidoa suicide bombing">Baidoa suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mogadishu_attacks" title="June 2016 Mogadishu attacks">June 2016 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Galkayo_bombings" title="2016 Galkayo bombings">2016 Galkayo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Mogadishu_car_bombing" title="November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing">November 2016 Mogadishu car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Mogadishu_suicide_bombing" title="December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing">December 2016 Mogadishu suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_January_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings">2 January 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayah_Hotel_attack" title="Dayah Hotel attack">Dayah Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2017_Mogadishu_bombing" title="February 2017 Mogadishu bombing">February 2017 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_October_2017_Mogadishu_bombings" title="14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings">14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_October_2017_Mogadishu_attacks" title="28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks">28 October 2017 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Mogadishu_attacks" title="February 2018 Mogadishu attacks">February 2018 Mogadishu attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="March 2018 Mogadishu bombing">March 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Mogadishu_bombings" title="July 2018 Mogadishu bombings">July 2018 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_September_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing">2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahafi_Hotel_attacks" title="Sahafi Hotel attacks">Sahafi Hotel attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2018_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2018 Mogadishu bombing">December 2018 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_DusitD2_complex_attack" title="Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack">Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairobi_Latema_Road_blast" title="Nairobi Latema Road blast">Nairobi Latema Road blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing">4 February 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_February_2019_Mogadishu_bombings" title="28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings">28 February 2019 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asasey_Hotel_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Asasey Hotel attack">Asasey Hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">22 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing">24 July 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kenya_bus_shooting" title="2019 Kenya bus shooting">2019 Kenya bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_Mogadishu_bombing" title="December 2019 Mogadishu bombing">December 2019 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afgooye_bombing" title="2020 Afgooye bombing">2020 Afgooye bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_army_base_bombing" title="2020 Mogadishu army base bombing">2020 Mogadishu army base bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Mogadishu_hotel_attack" title="2020 Mogadishu hotel attack">2020 Mogadishu hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Galkayo_bombing" title="2020 Galkayo bombing">2020 Galkayo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="March 2021 Mogadishu bombing">March 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="June 2021 Mogadishu bombing">June 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2021_Mogadishu_bombing" title="November 2021 Mogadishu bombing">November 2021 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mandera_attack" title="2022 Mandera attack">2022 Mandera attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_Beledweyne_bombing" title="February 2022 Beledweyne bombing">February 2022 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2022_Somalia_attacks" title="March 2022 Somalia attacks">March 2022 Somalia attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2022_Mogadishu_bombing" title="April 2022 Mogadishu bombing">April 2022 Mogadishu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Mogadishu_attack" title="August 2022 Mogadishu attack">August 2022 Mogadishu attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Beledweyne_attack" title="September 2022 Beledweyne attack">September 2022 Beledweyne attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Beledweyne_bombings" title="October 2022 Beledweyne bombings">October 2022 Beledweyne bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kismayo_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kismayo hotel attack">2022 Kismayo hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Mogadishu_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2022 Mogadishu bombings">October 2022 Mogadishu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Villa_Rossa_Hotel" title="Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel">Siege of the Villa Rossa Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahas_bombings" title="Mahas bombings">Mahas bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Mogadishu_hotel_attack" title="2023 Mogadishu hotel attack">2023 Mogadishu hotel attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_military_academy_bombing" title="Mogadishu military academy bombing">Mogadishu military academy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Beledweyne_bombing" title="2023 Beledweyne bombing">2023 Beledweyne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_tea_shop_bombing" title="Mogadishu tea shop bombing">Mogadishu tea shop bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">OEF–HOA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Baraawe_raid" title="2009 Baraawe raid">2009 Baraawe raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt" title="Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt">Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_raid_on_Barawe" title="2013 raid on Barawe">2013 raid on Barawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_raid_on_Barii" title="2017 raid on Barii">2017 raid on Barii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Noramfaizul_Mohd_Nor" title="Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor">Death of Noramfaizul Mohd Nor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Somalia_Conference" title="London Somalia Conference">London Somalia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdiaziz_Abdinur_Ibrahim_controversy" title="Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy">Abdiaziz Abdinur Ibrahim controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daallo_Airlines_Flight_159" title="Daallo Airlines Flight 159">Daallo Airlines Flight 159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdiinle_massacre" title="Awdiinle massacre">Awdiinle massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Shabaab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Robow" title="Mukhtar Robow">Mukhtar Robow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Dhere" title="Ali Dhere">Ali Dhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/15px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abdullah_Hersi_al-Turki" title="Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki">Hassan Abdullah Hersi al-Turki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Federal Government of Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud" title="Hassan Sheikh Mohamud">Hassan Sheikh Mohamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Sharmarke" title="Omar Sharmarke">Omar Sharmarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sheikh_Hassan" title="Mohamed Sheikh Hassan">Mohamed Sheikh Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ahlu_Sunna_Waljama%27a" title="Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a">Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia"><img alt="Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdi_Hasan_Awale" title="Abdi Hasan Awale">Abdi Hasan Awale</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Puntland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Puntland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdiweli_Gaas" title="Abdiweli Gaas">Abdiweli Gaas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/15px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/23px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/30px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Previous phase: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template talk:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a> in Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Courts_Union" title="Islamic Courts Union">Islamic Courts Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Itihaad_al-Islamiya" title="Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya">Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Islam" title="Hizbul Islam">Hizbul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Oneness_and_Jihad_in_West_Africa" title="Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa">Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mulathameen" title="Al-Mulathameen">Al-Mulathameen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Dine" title="Ansar Dine">Ansar Dine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun_(militant_group)" title="Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)">Al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_Macina" title="Katiba Macina">Katiba Macina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarul_Islam_(Sahel)" title="Ansarul Islam (Sahel)">Ansarul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katibat_Salaheddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katibat Salaheddin (page does not exist)">Katibat Salaheddin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Mali)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)">Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Mauritania)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)">Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces" title="Allied Democratic Forces">Allied Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_the_Greater_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in the Greater Sahara">Islamic State in the Greater Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">Islamic State – West Africa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_-_Central_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State - Central Africa Province">Islamic State - Central Africa Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Islamic State in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_-_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State - Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Islamic State - Mozambique Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(Mozambique)" title="Al-Shabaab (Mozambique)">Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Yassin_Mohamed" title="Ali Yassin Mohamed">Ali Yassin Mohamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Dahir_Aweys" title="Hassan Dahir Aweys">Hassan Dahir Aweys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Qalaf" title="Fuad Qalaf">Fuad Qalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Belmokhtar" title="Mokhtar Belmokhtar">Mokhtar Belmokhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abou_Zeid" title="Abdelhamid Abou Zeid">Abou Zeid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelmalek_Droukdel" title="Abdelmalek Droukdel">Abdelmalek Droukdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Umar_Abu_Ubaidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Umar Abu Ubaidah">Ahmad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyad_Ag_Ghaly" title="Iyad Ag Ghaly">Iyad Ag Ghaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadou_Koufa" title="Amadou Koufa">Amadou Koufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedane_Ag_Hita" title="Sedane Ag Hita">Sedane Ag Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Malam_Dicko" title="Ibrahim Malam Dicko">Ibrahim Malam Dicko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaffar_Dicko" title="Djaffar Dicko">Djaffar Dicko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somali Civil War (2009–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li>Militant Islamism in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309998#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268894668">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012125494">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20201088983&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007498794805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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Template:Infobox_war_faction"," 7.21% 277.478 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.00% 269.537 47 Template:Cite_journal"," 2.71% 104.333 1 Template:Lang"," 2.68% 103.224 1 Template:Jihadism_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.678","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21255461,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF/القسم_الإعلامي_::_يقدم_::_الإصدار_المرئي_الرائع_\u0026#91;لبيكَ_يـا_أسَـامَة\u0026#93;2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdul-Ahad2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbukar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgbiboa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlkaff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllenGakuo_Mwangi2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAlthia_Raj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonMcKnight2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnzalone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAynte2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaconEllisMilton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaconMuibu2019a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaconMuibu2019b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahadur2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnesHassan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnett2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartellGray2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBashir2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesheer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozkurt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrutonPham2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBryden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryden2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurleigh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurridge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBye_Skille2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaleb_WeissRyan_O\u0026#039;Farrell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCelso2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenter_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChonka2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChonka2016b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChothia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark_Scott2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCocodia2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCookMaher2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahirSchmitt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDathan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemirjian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhaysane2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDoboš2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoctor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodd2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliotHolzer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaruk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFazeli2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFelbab-Brown2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelterMastersSergie2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser-Rahim2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFred2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGadher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGartenstein-Ross2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettleman2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGettleman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlobal_Interagency_Security_Forum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrobbelaar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuled2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuled2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuledHoureld2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHSMPress2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHared2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilprin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoureld2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHummel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngiriis2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngiriis2018b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Crisis_Group2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonAynte2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesLiepmanChandler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoscelyn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoscelyn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoselow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeatingWaldman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalif2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKheyre2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlobucistaJonathanAly_Sergie2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKron2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahoud2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeftieKhalif2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyYusuf2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLough2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLulie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaasho2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDougall2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclean2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMair2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMair2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakhaus2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarchal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaruf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaruf2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarufJoseph2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMayoyo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeleagrou-Hitchens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenkhaus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohamed2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolony2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubarak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugisha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuibu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuibu2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMustafa,_Singh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMwai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNdegwa2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOloya2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnatGulerHsuReyes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeachy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelofsky2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaut2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaut2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrincewill2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedondo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegilmeSpoldi2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoble2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoggio2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaban2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanmugam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjelderup2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkjelderup2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStig2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Soufan_Center2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTisdall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Security_Council2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandiver2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidinoPantucciKohlmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarnerWeiss2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill_Ross2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoldemariam2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYükselTekineş2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞardan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFحركة_الشباب_المجاهدين_\u0026quot;_جيش_العسرة_في_الصومال_\u0026quot;_نصرهم_الله2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Al-Qaeda\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 116,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 140,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Shabaab, Al-\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 20,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 8,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox war faction\"] = 1,\n [\"Jihadism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 8,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Section link\"] = 4,\n [\"See above\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"See below\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 161,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US War on Terror\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulletedlist\"] = 2,\n [\"War in Somalia (2006–09)\"] = 1,\n [\"War in Somalia (2009–)\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","13.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","6.2"],["recursiveClone 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