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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Years of Arda</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Years_of_Arda-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Years of Arda subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Years_of_Arda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valian_Years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valian_Years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Valian Years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valian_Years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Years_of_the_Lamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_the_Lamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Years of the Lamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_the_Lamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_the_Trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_the_Trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Years of the Trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_the_Trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_of_the_Sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_of_the_Sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Years of the Sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_of_the_Sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ages_of_the_Children_of_Ilúvatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ages_of_the_Children_of_Ilúvatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ages_of_the_Children_of_Ilúvatar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ages_of_the_Children_of_Ilúvatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Third Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fourth Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Later Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagor_Dagorath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagor_Dagorath"> <div 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_and_sub-creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_dark_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_dark_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>A dark mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_dark_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Greek mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Imagined_prehistory"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Imagined_prehistory""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>"Imagined prehistory"</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Arda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Ardy" title="Dějiny Ardy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Ardy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Τρίτη Εποχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτη Εποχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Arda" title="Historia de Arda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Arda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="تاریخچه آردا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخچه آردا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Arda" title="Historia de Arda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Arda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_di_Arda" title="Storia di Arda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia di Arda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არდის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არდის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="アルダの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルダの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Ardy" title="Historia Ardy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Ardy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="История Арды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Арды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Ard%C3%ABs" title="Historia e Ardës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Ardës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helcar" title="Helcar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Helcar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardan_aikajana" title="Ardan aikajana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ardan aikajana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ประวัติศาสตร์อาร์ดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์อาร์ดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda_Tarihi" title="Arda Tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arda Tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"History of Middle-earth" redirects here. For the series of books, see <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg/495px-Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg/660px-Chillam_Chowki_District_Astore_Gilgit_Baltistan_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien meant Arda to be "our own green and solid Earth", seen here in the <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> mountains, "at some quite remote epoch in the past".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Legendarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Legendarium">legendarium</a>, the <b>history of Arda</b>, also called the <b>history of Middle-earth</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began when the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu (Middle-earth)">Ainur</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a>, following the creation events in the <a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a> and long ages of labour throughout <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Eä">Eä</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fictional_universe" title="Fictional universe">fictional universe</a>. Time from that point was measured using <a href="/wiki/Valian_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Valian Years">Valian Years</a>, though the subsequent history of Arda was divided into three time periods using different years, known as the Years of the Lamps, the Years of the Trees, and the Years of the Sun. A separate, overlapping chronology divides the history into 'Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar'. The first such Age began with the Awakening of the Elves during the Years of the Trees and continued for the first six centuries of the Years of the Sun. All the subsequent Ages took place during the Years of the Sun. Most <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> stories take place in the first three Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar. </p><p>Major themes of the history are the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">divine creation of the world</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Light in Tolkien's legendarium">splintering of the created light</a> as different wills come into conflict. Scholars have noted the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">biblical echoes</a> of God, <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a> here, rooted in Tolkien's own Christian faith. Arda is, as critics have noted, "our own green and solid Earth at some quite remote epoch in the past."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it has not only an immediate story but a history, and the whole thing is an "imagined prehistory"<sup id="cite_ref-West_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Earth as it is now. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_of_the_Ainur">Music of the Ainur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music of the Ainur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology of Middle-earth">Cosmology of Middle-earth</a></div> <p>The supreme deity of Tolkien's universe is <a href="/wiki/Eru_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Ilúvatar">Eru Ilúvatar</a>. Ilúvatar created spirits named the Ainur from his thoughts, and some were considered brothers or sisters. Ilúvatar <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">made divine music</a> with them. <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Melkor</a>, then the most powerful of the Ainur, broke the harmony of the music, until Ilúvatar began first a second theme, and then a third theme, which the Ainur could not comprehend since they were not the source of it. The essence of their song symbolized the history of the whole universe and the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Ilúvatar">Children of Ilúvatar</a> that were to dwell in it – <a href="/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (Middle-earth)">Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainulindalë_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainulindalë-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then Ilúvatar created <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Eä">Eä</a>, which means "to be," the universe itself, and formed within it Arda, the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, "globed within the void": the world together with the three airs is set apart from <i>Avakúma</i>, the "void" without. The first 15 of the Ainur that descended to Arda, and the most powerful ones, were called Valar; the lesser Ainur were called Maiar.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainulindalë_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainulindalë-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Years_of_Arda">Years of Arda</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Years of Arda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Sea_of_Helcar"></span><span class="anchor" id="Years_of_the_lamps"></span><span class="anchor" id="Almaren"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valian_Years">Valian Years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Valian Years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Years_of_the_Lamps">Years of the Lamps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Years of the Lamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg/440px-Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg/660px-Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg/880px-Arda_in_the_Ages_of_the_Lamps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>The Spring of Arda, lit by the two great lamps. Based on <a href="/wiki/Karen_Wynn_Fonstad" title="Karen Wynn Fonstad">Karen Wynn Fonstad</a>'s <i>Atlas of Middle-earth</i></figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a>, it was still lifeless and had no distinct geographical features. The initial shape of Arda, chosen by the Valar, was much more symmetrical, including the central continent of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. Middle-earth was also originally <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">much larger</a>, and was lit by the misty light that veiled the barren ground. The Valar concentrated this light in two large lamps, called Illuin and Ormal. The Vala <a href="/wiki/Aul%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulë">Aulë</a> forged two great pillar-like mountains, Helcar in the north and Ringil in the south. Illuin was set upon Helcar and Ormal upon Ringil. In the middle, where the light of the lamps mingled, the Valar dwelt at the island of <a href="/wiki/Almaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaren">Almaren</a> upon the Great Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Beginning_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Utumno"></span><span class="anchor" id="Udûn"></span> This period, known as the Spring of Arda, was a time when the Valar had ordered the World as they wished and rested upon Almaren, and <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Melkor</a> lurked beyond the Walls of Night. During this time animals first appeared, and forests started to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Beginning_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spring of Arda was interrupted when Melkor returned to Arda, creating his fortress of Utumno (Udûn) beneath the Iron Mountains in the far north. The period ended when Melkor assaulted and destroyed the Lamps of the Valar. Arda was again darkened, and the fall of the great Lamps spoiled the symmetry of Arda's surface. New continents were created: <a href="/wiki/Aman_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (Middle-earth)">Aman</a> in the West, <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> proper in the middle, the uninhabited lands (later called the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_the_Sun_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of the Sun (Middle-earth)">Land of the Sun</a>) in the East. At the site of the northern lamp was later the inland Sea of Helcar, of which <a href="/wiki/Cuivi%C3%A9nen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuiviénen">Cuiviénen</a> was a bay. At the site of the southern lamp was later the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Ringil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Ringil">Sea of Ringil</a>. After the destruction of the Two Lamps the Years of the Lamps ended and the Years of the Trees began.<sup id="cite_ref-Beginning_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Valian Year was considerably longer than a solar year.<sup id="cite_ref-Myths_Transformed_Aman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myths_Transformed_Aman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Years_of_the_Trees">Years of the Trees</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Years of the Trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trees_and_forests_in_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees and forests in Middle-earth">Trees and forests in Middle-earth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/440px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/660px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg/880px-Arda_in_the_Years_of_the_Trees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Arda in the Years of the Trees. The <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a> illuminated the <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Blessed Realm</a>; the rest of Arda was dark at that time. The outlines of the continents are purely schematic.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the destruction of the Two Lamps and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Almaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaren">Almaren</a>, the Valar abandoned <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, moving to the continent of Aman. There they built their Second Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanna">Yavanna</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Trees">Two Trees</a>, named <i>Telperion</i> (the silver tree) and <i>Laurelin</i> (the golden tree) in the land of Valinor. The Trees illuminated Valinor, leaving Middle-earth in darkness. The Years of the Trees were contemporary with Middle-earth's <a href="/wiki/Yavanna#Yavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanna">Sleep of Yavanna</a> (recalled by <a href="/wiki/Treebeard" title="Treebeard">Treebeard</a> as the Great Darkness).<sup id="cite_ref-Beginning_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beginning-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Years of the Trees were divided into two epochs. The first ten ages, the Days of Bliss, saw peace and prosperity in Valinor. The <a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Middle-earth)">Eagles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Middle-earth)">Dwarves</a> were conceived by <a href="/wiki/Manw%C3%AB_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manwë (Middle-earth)">Manwë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yavanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanna">Yavanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aul%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulë">Aulë</a> respectively, but placed into slumber until the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_the_Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening of the Elves">awakening of the Elves</a>. The next ten ages, called the Noontide of the Blessed Realm, saw <a href="/wiki/Varda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Varda (Middle-earth)">Varda</a> kindling the stars above Middle-earth. This was the first time after the Spring of Arda that Middle-earth was illuminated. The first Elves <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_the_Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening of the Elves">awoke</a> in Cuiviénen in the middle of Middle-earth, marking the start of the First Age of the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Ilúvatar">Children of Ilúvatar</a>, and were soon approached by the Enemy <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Melkor</a> who hoped to enslave them. Learning of this, the Valar and the <a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> came into Middle-earth and, in the War of the Powers (also called the Battle of the Powers), defeated Melkor and brought him captive to Valinor. This began the period of the Peace of Arda.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the War of the Powers, <a href="/wiki/Orom%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromë">Oromë</a> of the Valar summoned the Elves to Aman. Many of the Elves went with Oromë on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Journey" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Journey">Great Journey</a> westwards towards Aman. Along the journey several groups of Elves tarried, notably the <a href="/wiki/Nandor_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandor (Middle-earth)">Nandor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sindar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindar">Sindar</a>. The three clans that arrived at Aman were the <a href="/wiki/Vanyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanyar">Vanyar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Teleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleri">Teleri</a>. They made their home in <a href="/wiki/Aman_(Middle-earth)#Eldamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (Middle-earth)">Eldamar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Melkor appeared to repent and was released after his servitude of three Ages, he stirred up rivalry between the Noldorin King <a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Finwë">Finwë</a>'s two sons <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a>. With the help of the giant spider <a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a>, he killed Finwë and stole the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a>, three gems crafted by Fëanor that contained light of the Two Trees, from his vault, and destroyed the Trees of the Valar. The world was again dark, save for the faint starlight.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bitter at the Valar's inactivity, Fëanor and his house left to pursue Melkor, cursing him with the name "Morgoth".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his brother Finarfin chose to stay in Valinor, a larger host led by Fingolfin followed Fëanor. They reached <a href="/wiki/Alqualond%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alqualondë">Alqualondë</a>, the port-city of the Teleri, who forbade them from taking their ships for the journey to Middle-earth. The first Kinslaying thus ensued, and the Noldor that partook were exiled indefinitely. Fëanor and his children in return swore an oath to retake the Silmarils, that the Valar turned to a curse over the house of Fëanor. Fëanor's host sailed on the boats, leaving Fingolfin's host behind – who crossed over to Middle-earth on the <a href="/wiki/Helcarax%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Helcaraxë">Helcaraxë</a> (Grinding Ice) in the far north, losing many. The War of the Great Jewels followed, and lasted until the end of the First Age. Meanwhile, the Valar took the last living fruit of <i>Laurelin</i> and the last living flower of <i>Telperion</i> and used them to create the Moon and Sun, which remained a part of Arda, but were separate from Ambar (the world). The first rising of the sun over Ambar heralded the end of the Years of the Trees, and the start of the Years of the Sun, which last to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_of_the_Sun">Years of the Sun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Years of the Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Years of the Sun were the last of the three great time-periods of Arda. They began with the first sunrise in conjunction with the return of the <a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>, and last until the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Years of the Sun began towards the end of the First Age of the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Ilúvatar">Children of Ilúvatar</a> and continued through the <a href="/wiki/Second_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Age">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">Third</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Age">Fourth</a> in Tolkien's stories. Tolkien estimated that modern times would correspond to the sixth or seventh age.<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Tolkien situated the History of <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arda (Middle-earth)">Arda</a> as <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s prehistory.<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Age </th> <th>Duration<br /> years </th> <th style="width: 400px;">Events </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Valian Years<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Lamps">Days before days</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3,500</td> <td>First War:<br />   Marring of Arda<br />   <a href="/wiki/Melkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkor">Melkor</a> flees before <a href="/wiki/Tulkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulkas">Tulkas</a><br />End of the Spring of Arda:<br />   Melkor destroys the Two Lamps<br />   Arda's symmetry broken<br />   <a href="/wiki/Aman_(J._R._R._Tolkien)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (J. R. R. Tolkien)">Aman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> created<br />   The <a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a> move to <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Years_of_the_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Years of the Trees">Years of the Trees</a></td> <td>1,500</td> <td>   Yavanna creates the <a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a><br />   Varda lights the stars, the Elves awaken, the First Age begins<br />   Melkor is defeated and imprisoned<br />   <a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a> destroys the Two Trees<br />   Melkor steals the <a href="/wiki/Silmaril" class="mw-redirect" title="Silmaril">Silmarils</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10">Years of the Sun </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Age (cont'd)</td> <td>590</td> <td>Awakening of Men <br />War of the Jewels<br />War of Wrath:<br />   <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a>'s defeat in <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a><br />   Thangorodrim broken <br />   Most of Beleriand drowned </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Age</td> <td>3,441</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a>:<br />   <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>'s first downfall<br />   World made round<br />   <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> drowned<br />   <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> removed from Arda; only Elves can travel the <a href="/wiki/Straight_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight Road">Straight Road</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Age</td> <td>3,021</td> <td>War of the Ring:<br />   Final defeat of Sauron<br />   Destruction of the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a><br />   <a href="/wiki/Elves_(Middle-Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves (Middle-Earth)">Elves</a> depart from Middle-earth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth Age and later</td> <td>~6,000<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>(to present day) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ages_of_the_Children_of_Ilúvatar"><span id="Ages_of_the_Children_of_Il.C3.BAvatar"></span>Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ages of the Children of Ilúvatar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The First Age of the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Ilúvatar">Children of Ilúvatar</a> (<i>Eruhíni</i>) began during the Years of the Trees when the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_the_Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Awakening of the Elves">Elves awoke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuivi%C3%A9nen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuiviénen">Cuiviénen</a> in the middle-east of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. This marked the start of the years when the Children of Ilúvatar were active in Middle-earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_of_the_Elves_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_of_the_Elves-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Age">First Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering of the Elves</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg/330px-Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg/495px-Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg/660px-Arda_in_the_First_Age.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Arda in the First Age. The outlines of the continents are purely schematic.</figcaption></figure> <p>The First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar, also referred to as the Elder Days in <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, began during the Years of the Trees when the Elves awoke at Cuiviénen, and hence the events mentioned above under <i>Years of the Trees</i> overlap with the beginning of the First Age.<sup id="cite_ref-Coming_of_the_Elves_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coming_of_the_Elves-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having crossed into Middle-earth, Fëanor was soon lost in an attack on Morgoth's <a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a> – but <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_F%C3%ABanor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Fëanor">his sons</a> survived and founded realms, as did the followers of his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a>, who reached Beleriand after Fëanor's death. In the <i>Dagor Aglareb</i> ("Glorious Battle"), the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a> led by Fingolfin and <a href="/wiki/Maedhros" class="mw-redirect" title="Maedhros">Maedhros</a> attacked from the east and west, destroying the invading <a href="/wiki/Orc#Tolkien" title="Orc">Orcs</a> and laid siege to Morgoth's stronghold Angband. The Noldor for a time maintained the Siege of Angband, resulting in the Long Peace. This Peace lasted hundreds of years, during which time <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> arrived over the <a href="/wiki/Ered_Luin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ered Luin">Blue Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fingolfin died when Morgoth broke the siege in the <i>Dagor Bragollach</i> ("Battle of Sudden Flame").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Elves, Men, and Dwarves were all disastrously defeated in the <i>Nírnaeth Arnoediad</i> ("Battle of Unnumbered Tears"),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one by one, the kingdoms fell, even the hidden ones of <a href="/wiki/Doriath_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doriath (Middle-earth)">Doriath</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ruin_of_Doriath_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruin_of_Doriath-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gondolin" title="Gondolin">Gondolin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the age, all that remained of free Elves and Men in <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> was a settlement at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Sirion" class="mw-redirect" title="River Sirion">River Sirion</a> and another on the Isle of Balar. <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil" class="mw-redirect" title="Eärendil">Eärendil</a> possessed the Silmaril which his wife Elwing's grandparents, <a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a>, had taken from Morgoth. But Fëanor's sons still maintained that all the Silmarils belonged to them, and so there were two more Kinslayings.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruin_of_Doriath_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruin_of_Doriath-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voyage_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyage-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eärendil and Elwing crossed the <a href="/wiki/Belegaer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belegaer">Great Sea</a> to beg the Valar for aid against Morgoth. They responded, sending forth a great host. In the War of Wrath, Melkor was utterly defeated. He was expelled into the Void and most of his works were destroyed, bringing the First Age to an end. This came at a terrible cost, however, as most of <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> itself was sunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Voyage_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voyage-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Age">Second Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Age is characterized by the establishment and flourishing of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>, the rise of Sauron in Middle-earth, the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ringwraiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringwraiths">Ringwraiths</a>, and the early wars of the Rings between Sauron and the Elves. It ended with Sauron's defeat by the Last Alliance of Elves and Men.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the Second Age, the Men who had remained faithful were given the island of Númenor, in the middle of the Great Sea, and there they established a powerful kingdom. The <a href="/wiki/Gondor#Heraldry_and_heirlooms" title="Gondor">White Tree of Númenor</a> was planted in the King's city of <a href="/wiki/Armenelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenelos">Armenelos</a>; and it was said that while that tree stood in the King's courtyard, the reign of Númenor would endure. The Elves were granted pardon for the sins of Fëanor, and were allowed to return home to the <a href="/wiki/Undying_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Undying Lands">Undying Lands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Númenóreans became great seafarers, and were learned, wise, and had a lifespan beyond other men. At first, they honored the Ban of the Valar, never sailing into the Undying Lands. They went east to Middle-earth and taught the men living there valuable skills. After a time, they became jealous of the Elves for their immortality. <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a>, Morgoth's chief servant, was still active. As Annatar, in disguise he taught the Elves of <a href="/wiki/Eregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eregion">Eregion</a> the craft of creating <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a>. Seven Rings were made for the Dwarves, while Nine were made for Men who later became known as the Ringwraiths. He built a stronghold called <a href="/wiki/Barad-d%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Barad-dûr">Barad-dûr</a> and secretly forged the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a> in the fires of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Doom">Mount Doom</a> to control the other rings and their bearers. <a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a>, a grandson of Fëanor, forged three mighty rings on his own: Vilya, possessed first by the Elven king Gil-galad, then by Elrond; Nenya, wielded by Galadriel; and Narya, given by Celebrimbor to Círdan, who gave it to Gandalf.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as Sauron put on the One Ring, the Elves realized that they had been betrayed and removed the Three (Sauron eventually obtained the Seven and the Nine. While he was unable to suborn the Dwarf ringbearers, he had more success with the Men who bore the Nine; they became the <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a>, the Ringwraiths). Sauron then made war on the elves and nearly destroyed them utterly during the Dark Years, but when it seemed defeat was imminent, the Númenóreans joined the battle and completely crushed the forces of Sauron. Sauron never forgot the ruin brought on his armies by the Númenóreans, and made it his goal to destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the age, the Númenóreans became increasingly haughty. Now they sought to dominate other men and to establish kingdoms. Centuries after Tar-Minastir's engagement, when Sauron had largely recovered, Ar-Pharazôn, the last and most powerful of the Kings of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>, humbled Sauron – his armies deserting in the face of Númenor's might – and brought him to Númenor as a hostage, although this was Sauron's goal. At this time still beautiful in appearance, Sauron gained Ar-Pharazôn's trust and became high priest in the cult of Melkor. At this time, the Faithful (who still worshipped the one god, <a href="/wiki/Eru_Il%C3%BAvatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eru Ilúvatar">Eru Ilúvatar</a>), were persecuted openly by those called the King's Men, and were sacrificed in the name of Melkor. Eventually, Sauron convinced Ar-Pharazôn to invade Aman, promising him that he would thus obtain immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amandil, chief of the Faithful, sailed westward to warn the Valar. His son <a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a> and grandsons <a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a> and Anárion prepared to flee eastwards, taking with them a seedling of the White Tree of Númenor before Sauron destroyed it, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">palantíri</a></i>, gifts of the elves. When the King's forces set foot on Aman, the Valar laid down their guardianship of the world and called on Ilúvatar to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/550px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/825px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg/1100px-Downfall_of_N%C3%BAmenor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>The Downfall of Númenor and the Changing of the World. The <a href="/wiki/Earthly_paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthly paradise">earthly paradise</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> is removed from Arda; only the Elves remain able to reach it by sailing the <a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The world was changed into a sphere and the continent of Aman was removed, although the <a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a>, a sailing route from Middle-earth to Aman, accessible to the Elves but not to mortals, persisted. Númenor was utterly destroyed, as was the fair body of Sauron; however, his spirit returned to <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>, where he again took up the One Ring, and gathered his strength once more. Elendil, his sons and the remainder of the Faithful sailed to Middle-earth, where they founded the realms in exile of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> and Arnor.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Last_Alliance_of_Elves_and_Men"></span> Sauron arose again and challenged them. The Elves allied with Men to form the Last Alliance of Elves and Men. For seven years, the Alliance laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Barad-d%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Barad-dûr">Barad-dûr</a>, until at last Sauron himself entered the field. He slew <a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a>, High King of Gondor and Arnor, and <a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a>, the last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth. However, <a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a> took up the hilt of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_weapons_and_armour#Narsil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Middle-earth weapons and armour">Narsil</a>, his father's shattered sword, and cut the One Ring from Sauron's hand. Sauron was defeated, but not utterly destroyed. Afterward, Isildur ignored the counsel of <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a>, and rather than destroy the One Ring in the fires of Mount Doom, he kept it as <a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">weregild</a> for his dead father. But the Ring betrayed him and slipped from his finger as he was escaping from an <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orc</a> ambush at the <a href="/wiki/Gladden_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladden Fields">Gladden Fields</a>. Isildur was killed by an orc arrow, and the Ring was lost in the <a href="/wiki/Anduin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Anduin River">Anduin River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Age">Third Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Third Age" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Third_Age_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Third Age (disambiguation)">Third Age (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Tolkien's maps</a></div> <p>The Third Age lasted for 3021 years, beginning with the first overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> at the hands of the Last Alliance of Elves and Men following the downfall of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>, and ending with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Ring">War of the Ring</a> and final defeat of Sauron, the events narrated in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Virtually the entire history of the Third Age takes place in <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Third Age saw the rise in power of the realms of Arnor and <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>, and their fall. Arnor was divided into three petty Kingdoms, which fell one by one in the wars with Sauron's vassal kingdom of Angmar, whilst Gondor fell victim to Kin-strife, plague, <a href="/wiki/Wainriders" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainriders">Wainriders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Umbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsairs of Umbar">Corsairs</a>. In this time, the line of the Kings of Gondor ends, with the <a href="/wiki/Stewards_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewards of Gondor">House of the Stewards</a> ruling in their stead. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Rangers_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangers of the North">heirs of Isildur</a> from the fallen kingdom of Arnor wander Middle-earth, aided only by <a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a>; but the line of rightful heirs remains unbroken throughout the age.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This age was characterized by the waning of the <a href="/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elf (Middle-earth)">Elves</a>. In the beginning of the Third Age, many Elves left for <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> because they were disturbed by the recent war. However, Elven kingdoms still survived in Lindon, <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a>. Rivendell also became a prominent haven for the Elves and other races. Throughout the Age, they chose not to mingle much in the matters of other lands, and only came to the aid of other races in time of war. The Elves devoted themselves to artistic pleasures, and tended to the lands which they occupied. The gradual decline of Elven populations occurred throughout the Age as the rise of Sauron came to dominate <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. By the end of the Third Age, only fragments of the once-grand Elven civilization survived in Middle-earth.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wizard_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard (Middle-earth)">Wizards</a> arrived around a thousand years<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the start of this period to aid the Free Peoples, most importantly <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>. The <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a> was found by <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A9agol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sméagol">Sméagol</a> but, under the power of the Ring and ignorant of its true nature, he retreated with the Ring to a secret life under the <a href="/wiki/Misty_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Misty Mountains">Misty Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle-earth's devastating Great <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a> originated in its vast eastern region, Rhûn, where it caused considerable suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the winter of late <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">T.A.</a> 1635 the Plague spread from Rhûn into <a href="/wiki/Wilderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderland">Wilderland</a>, on the east of Middle-earth's western lands; in Wilderland it killed more than half the population.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year the Great Plague spread into <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Eriador" class="mw-redirect" title="Eriador">Eriador</a>. In Gondor the Plague caused many deaths, including King Telemnar, his children, and the <a href="/wiki/White_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="White Tree">White Tree</a>; the population of the capital city <a href="/wiki/Osgiliath" class="mw-redirect" title="Osgiliath">Osgiliath</a> was decimated, and government of the kingdom was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Minas_Tirith" title="Minas Tirith">Minas Tirith</a>. In Eriador, the nascent <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbit</a>-realm of <a href="/wiki/Shire_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire (Middle-earth)">the Shire</a> suffered "great loss" in what they called the Dark Plague.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Watchful_Peace"></span> The so-called Watchful Peace began in <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">T.A.</a> 2063, when Gandalf went to <a href="/wiki/Dol_Guldur" class="mw-redirect" title="Dol Guldur">Dol Guldur</a> and the evil dwelling there (later known to be Sauron) fled to the far east. It lasted until <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">T.A.</a> 2460, when Sauron returned with new strength. During this period Gondor strengthened its borders, keeping a watchful eye on the east, as <a href="/wiki/Minas_Morgul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minas Morgul">Minas Morgul</a> was still a threat on their flank and <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a> was still occupied with <a href="/wiki/Orc_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orc (Middle-earth)">Orcs</a>. There were minor skirmishes with <a href="/wiki/Umbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbar">Umbar</a>. In the north, Arnor was long gone, but the <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shire_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire (Middle-earth)">the Shire</a> prospered, getting their first Took <a href="/wiki/Thains_of_the_Shire" class="mw-redirect" title="Thains of the Shire">Thain</a>, and colonizing <a href="/wiki/Buckland_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckland (Middle-earth)">Buckland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (Middle-earth)">Dwarves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durin%27s_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Durin's folk">Durin's folk</a> under Thorin I abandoned <a href="/wiki/Erebor" class="mw-redirect" title="Erebor">Erebor</a>, and left for the <a href="/wiki/Ered_Mithrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ered Mithrin">Grey Mountains</a>, where most of their kin now gathered. Meanwhile, Sauron created a strong alliance between the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Easterling_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Easterling (Middle-earth)">Easterlings</a>, so that when he returned he had many <a href="/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (Middle-earth)">Men</a> in his service.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main events of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> occur in <a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">T.A.</a> 2941.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> had recovered, and was seeking the One Ring. The events of the ensuing <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Ring">War of the Ring</a> leading to the end of the Third Age is the subject of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, and summarized in <i><a href="/wiki/Of_the_Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age">Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age</a></i>. After the defeat of Sauron, <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a> takes his place as King of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a>, restoring the line of Kings from the <a href="/wiki/Stewards_of_Gondor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewards of Gondor">Stewards of Gondor</a>. Aragorn marries the daughter of Elrond, <a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a>, thus for the last time adding Elvish blood to the royal line. As the age ends, Gandalf, <a href="/wiki/Frodo_Baggins" title="Frodo Baggins">Frodo Baggins</a> and many of the remaining Elves of Middle-earth sail from the Grey Havens to <a href="/wiki/Aman_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aman (Middle-earth)">Aman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Age">Fourth Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fourth Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Dominion_of_Men"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>With the end of the Third Age began the Dominion of Men. Elves were no longer involved in Human affairs, and most Elves left for Valinor; those that remain behind "fade" and diminish. A similar fate meets the Dwarves: although <a href="/wiki/Erebor" class="mw-redirect" title="Erebor">Erebor</a> becomes an ally of the Reunited Kingdom, there are indications that <a href="/wiki/Moria_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moria (Middle-earth)">Khazad-dûm</a> is refounded together with a colony established by <a href="/wiki/Gimli_(Middle-earth)" title="Gimli (Middle-earth)">Gimli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mountains (Middle-earth)">White Mountains</a>. Together, they disappear from human history.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eldarion, son of Aragorn II Elessar and Arwen Evenstar, became King of the Reunited Kingdom in F.A. 120. Aragorn gave him the tokens of his rule, and then surrendered his life willingly, as his ancestors had done thousands of years before. Arwen left him to rule alone, passing away to the now-empty land of <a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lórien</a> where she died.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the death of Aragorn, Legolas departed Middle-earth for Valinor, taking Gimli with him and ending the Fellowship of the Ring in Middle-earth.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien once considered writing a sequel to <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth#The_New_Shadow" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The New Shadow</a></i>, which would have taken place in Eldarion's reign, and in which Eldarion deals with his people turning to evil practices – in effect, a repetition of the history of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1972 letter concerning this draft, Tolkien mentioned that Eldarion's reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of Aragorn.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_338_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_338-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His realm was to be "great and long-enduring", but the lifespan of the royal house was not to be restored; it would continue to wane until it was like that of ordinary Men.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Ages">Later Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later Ages continue up to modern times, the remade Arda being equated with Earth. With the loss of all its peoples except Man, and the reshaping of the continents, all that is left of Middle-earth is a dim memory in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">old words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien estimated that the Fourth Age began approximately 6,000 years ago, and that we would now be in the 6th or 7th Age.<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dagor_Dagorath">Dagor Dagorath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dagor Dagorath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg/280px-Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg/420px-Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg/560px-Kampf_der_untergehenden_G%C3%B6tter_by_F._W._Heine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien likened the Last Battle, Dagor Dagorath, that ends "the world" (Arda) to the Norse <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_131_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_131-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engraving <i>Battle of the Doomed Gods</i> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Heine">Friedrich Wilhelm Heine</a>, 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>In a letter, Tolkien wrote that "This legendarium [<i>The Silmarillion</i>] ends with a vision of the end of the world [after all the ages have elapsed], its breaking and remaking, and the recovery of the Silmarilli and the 'light before the Sun' – after a final battle [Dagor Dagorath] which owes, I suppose, more to the Norse vision of <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></i></span> than to anything else, though it is not much like it."<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_131_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_131-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of Dagor Dagorath appears in many of Tolkien's manuscripts that were published by his son <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i> series, but not in the published <i>Silmarillion</i>, where the eventual fate of Arda is left open-ended in the closing lines of the <i>Quenta Silmarillion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_and_sub-creation">Creation and sub-creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Creation and sub-creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#The_creation" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity in Middle-earth § The creation</a></div> <p>Scholars, noting that Tolkien was a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, have stated that the <i>Ainulindalë</i> creation myth <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth#The_creation" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">echoes the Christian account of creation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Brian Rosebury</a> calls its prose "appropriately 'scriptural'".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosebury199297_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury199297-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Verlyn Flieger</a> cites Tolkien's poem <i><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia_(poem)" title="Mythopoeia (poem)">Mythopoeia</a></i> ("Creation of Myth"), where he speaks of "man, sub-creator, the refracted light / through whom is splintered from a single White / to many hues, and endlessly combined / in living shapes".<sup id="cite_ref-Tree_and_Leaf_85_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tree_and_Leaf_85-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">She analyses in detail</a> the successive splintering of the original created light, via the Two Lamps, the Two Trees, and the Silmarils, as the wills of different beings conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger19836–61,_89–90,_144-145_and_passim-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that for Tolkien, this creative light was equated with the <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Christian <i>Logos</i></a>, the Divine Word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198344–49-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Jane Chance</a> remarks on the biblical theme of the conflict between the creator Eru Ilúvatar and the fallen Vala <a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Melkor/Morgoth</a>, mirroring that between God and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Similarly, she notes, the struggles of Elves and Men corrupted by Morgoth and his spiritual descendant Sauron echo those of Adam and Eve tempted by Satan in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance1980133_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance1980133-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flieger has observed that the splintering of the created light is a process of <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">decline and fall</a> from a once-perfect state. She identifies a theory of decline that influenced Tolkien, namely <a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a>'s theory of language in his 1928 book <i>Poetic Diction</i>. The central idea was that there was once a unified set of meanings in an ancient language, and that modern languages are derived from this by fragmentation of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198335–41_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198335–41-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien took this to imply the separation of peoples, in particular the complicated and repeated <a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">sundering of the Elves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198365–87_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198365–87-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_dark_mythology">A dark mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: A dark mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">The Great War and Middle-earth</a></div> <p>Scholars including Flieger have noted that if Tolkien intended to create <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">a mythology for England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance1980Title_page_and_passim_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance1980Title_page_and_passim-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the history of Arda as told in <i>The Silmarillion</i> he had made it very dark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005139–142_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005139–142-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">John Garth</a> has identified his experiences in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> as formative; he began his Middle-earth writings at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth2003Preface,_pp._xiii–xviii,_309,_and_passim_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth2003Preface,_pp._xiii–xviii,_309,_and_passim-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flieger suggests that Middle-earth arose not only from Tolkien's own wartime experience, but out of that of his dead schoolfriends Geoffrey Bache Smith and Rob Gilson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger2001224_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger2001224-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Janet Brennan Croft</a> writes that Tolkien's first prose work after returning from the war was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i>, and that it is "full of extended and terrifying scenes of battle"; she notes that the streetfighting is described over 16 pages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200418_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200418-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tolkien scholar Norbert Schürer notes the 2022 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> and the Amazon television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rings_of_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rings of Power">The Rings of Power</a></i>, both about the Second Age, and asks what the period signifies for the legendarium as a whole. In his view, the period is problematic, having only one finished tale, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>-style <i><a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a></i>. He proposes that Tolkien wanted to link the First Age (most of the content of the 1977 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>) with the Third Age (of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>) by joining them together with a central period. In his view, this could not work for Tolkien, because the Second Age centred on "the failure, decline, and corruption" at the core of human life; Schürer argues that this was unacceptable to Tolkien as a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Schürer_2022_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schürer_2022-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Imagined_prehistory"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_mythology">Greek mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greek mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Tolkien and the classical world</a></div> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_influences" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. R. Tolkien's influences">the many influences</a> that scholars have proposed as possibly important on the history of Arda is <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. The disappearance of the island of <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a> recalls <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#154_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#154-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#227_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#227-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Valar borrow many attributes from the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympian gods</a>. Like the Olympians, the Valar live in the world, but on a high mountain, separated from mortals; <a href="/wiki/Ulmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulmo">Ulmo</a>, Lord of the Waters, owes much to <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manw%C3%AB_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manwë (Middle-earth)">Manwë</a>, the Lord of the Air and King of the Valar, to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurtill200352,_131_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurtill200352,_131-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanton200118_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanton200118-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien compared Beren and Lúthien with <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a>, but with the gender roles reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-Letters_#154_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letters_#154-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mentioned <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a>, too, in connection with Túrin in the <i>Children of Húrin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_131_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_131-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flieger has compared <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>: they are associated with fire, and are punished for rebelling against the gods' decrees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198395_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198395-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Imagined_prehistory""><span id=".22Imagined_prehistory.22"></span>"Imagined prehistory"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Imagined prehistory""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg/290px-Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg/435px-Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg/580px-Tolkien%27s_Imagined_Prehistory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien imagined Arda as the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in the distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the loss of all its peoples except Man, and the reshaping of the continents, all that is left of Middle-earth is a dim memory in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">old words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Arda is summed up by the Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Paul H. Kocher</a> as "our own green and solid <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> at some quite remote epoch in the past."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kocher notes Tolkien's statement in the Prologue, equating Middle-earth with the actual Earth, separated by a long period of time: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those days, the Third Age of Middle-earth, are now long past, and the shape of all lands has been changed; but the regions in which Hobbits then lived were doubtless the same as those in which they still linger: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">the North-West</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">the Sea</a>. Of their original home the Hobbits in Bilbo’s time preserved no knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a letter written in 1958, Tolkien states that while the time is invented, the place, planet Earth, is not (italics in original):<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have, I suppose, constructed an imaginary <i>time</i>, but kept my feet on my own mother-earth for <i>place</i>. I prefer that to the contemporary mode of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">seeking remote globes</a> in 'space'... Many reviewers seem to assume that Middle-earth is another planet!<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the same letter, he places the beginning of the Fourth Age some 6,000 years in the past:<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I imagine the gap [since <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Ring_(1955_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Ring (1955 book)">the War of the Ring</a> and the end of the Third Age] to be about 6000 years; that is we are now at the end of the Fifth Age if the Ages were of about the same length as Second Age and Third Age. But they have, I think, quickened; and I imagine we are actually at the end of the Sixth Age, or in the Seventh.<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">Richard C. West</a> writes that one of the "very final passages" of the internal chronology of <i>Lord of the Rings</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a></i>, ends not just with <a href="/wiki/Arwen" title="Arwen">Arwen</a>'s death, but the statement that her grave will remain on the hill of Cerin Amroth in what was <a href="/wiki/Lothlorien" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothlorien">Lothlorien</a> "until the world is changed, and all the days of her life are utterly forgotten by men that come after ... and with the passing of [Arwen] Evenstar no more is said in this book of the days of old."<sup id="cite_ref-West_2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West observes that this points up a "highly unusual" aspect of Tolkien's legendarium among modern fantasy: it is set "in the real world but in an imagined prehistory."<sup id="cite_ref-West_2006_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, West explains, Tolkien can build what he likes in that distant past, elves and wizards and hobbits and all the rest, provided that he tears it all down again, so that the modern world can emerge from the wreckage, with nothing but "<a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">a word or two</a>, a few vague legends and confused traditions..." to show for it.<sup id="cite_ref-West_2006_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West praises and quotes Kocher on Tolkien's imagined prehistory and the implied <a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth#Fading" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">process of fading</a> to lead from fantasy to the modern world:<sup id="cite_ref-West_2006_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the end of his epic Tolkien inserts ... some forebodings of [Middle-earth's] future which will make Earth what it is today ... he shows the initial steps in a long process of retreat or disappearance by which all other intelligent species, which will leave man effectually alone on earth... Ents may still be there in our forests, but what forests have we left? The process of extermination is already well under way in the Third Age, and ... Tolkien bitterly deplores its climax today."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher197414_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher197414-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Stuart D. Lee</a> and the medievalist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Elizabeth Solopova</a> make "an attempt at a summary",<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which runs as follows. The <i>Silmarillion</i> describes events "presented as factual"<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but taking place before Earth's actual recorded history. What happened is processed through the generations as folk-myths and legends, especially among the (Old) English. Before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Númenor">Fall of Númenor</a>, the world was flat. In the Fall, it became round; further geological events reshaped the continents into the Earth as it now is. All the same, the old tales survive here and there, resulting in mentions of Dwarves and Elves in real Medieval literature. Thus, Tolkien's imagined mythology "is an attempt to reconstruct our pre-history."<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee and Solopova comment that "Only by understanding this can we fully realize the true scale of his project and comprehend how enormous his achievement was."<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poet <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> that "no previous writer has, to my knowledge, created an imaginary world and a feigned history in such detail. By the time the reader has finished the trilogy, including the appendices to this last volume, he knows as much about Tolkien's Middle Earth, its landscape, its fauna and flora, its peoples, their languages, their history, their cultural habits, as, outside his special field, he knows about the actual world."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Auden_1956_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auden_1956-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar Margaret Hiley comments that Auden's "feigned history" echoes Tolkien's own statement in the foreword to the second edition of <i>Lord of the Rings</i> that he much preferred history, true or feigned, to <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>; and that Middle-earth's history is told in <i>The Silmarillion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley2006_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley2006-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Tolkien called his 12-volume set <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">The History of Middle-earth</a></i>; scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Brian Rosebury</a> have noted that it makes more sense to call it the history of Arda, as Middle-earth was just one continent, and the early part of the history largely concerns another continent, Aman (Valinor), not to mention the creation and destruction of the island of Númenor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosebury200389–133_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury200389–133-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The meaning of "years" in this context is problematic. The Valian years measure the passage of time after the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vala (Middle-earth)">Valar</a> in Arda. The Valian years were measured in <a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a> after the first sunrise, but Tolkien provided no dates for events in Aman after that point. Valian years are not used for <a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. In the 1930s and 1940s Tolkien used a figure which fluctuated slightly around ten before settling on 9.582 solar years in each Valian year. However, in the 1950s, Tolkien decided to use a much greater value of 144 solar years per Valian year.<sup id="cite_ref-Myths_Transformed_Aman_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myths_Transformed_Aman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien states that 1 Valian year is 1000 Valian days of 12 Valian hours. A Valian hour is 7 solar hours, making a Valian year 84,000 solar hours. A solar year is about 8,766 solar hours, so a Valian year is 9.582 solar years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Tolkien estimated that the Fourth Age began approximately 6,000 years ago and that we would now be in the 6th or 7th Age<sup id="cite_ref-letter211_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Tale of Years" in Appendix B of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> outlines the major events of the Second Age, especially as they relate to the Rings of Power and the events and characters of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appendix A contains genealogies of the royal house of Númenor. Appendix D gives details of the Númenórean calendar, including special <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalation</a> in the years 1000, 2000 and 3000, and notes on how this system of intercalation was disrupted by the designation of S.A. 3442 the first year of the Third Age. "After the Downfall in S.A. 3319, the system was maintained by the exiles, but it was much dislocated by the beginning of the Third Age with a new numeration: S.A. 3442 became T.A. 1. By making T.A. 4 a leap year instead of T.A. 3 (S.A. 3444) 1 more short year of only 365 days was intruded".<sup id="cite_ref-Appendix_D_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appendix_D-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, several sections of <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> deal extensively with Númenor and several of its kings.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a>" recounts the fall of Númenor and its kings, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a> and Arnor.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolkien wrote "I have written nothing beyond the first few years of the Fourth Age. (Except the beginning of a tale supposed to refer to the end of the reign of Eldarion about 100 years after the death of Aragorn. ...)"<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_338_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter_338-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>T 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auden only had <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> to go on in 1956, but he commented that "From the appendices readers will get tantalizing glimpses of the First and Second Ages" and hoped that as the "legend of these" had already been written, readers would not have to wait too long for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Auden_1956_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auden_1956-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ainulindalë-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ainulindalë_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ainulindalë_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beginning-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 1 "Of the Beginning of Days"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myths_Transformed_Aman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myths_Transformed_Aman_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myths_Transformed_Aman_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1993">Tolkien 1993</a>, "Myths Transformed", 9 "Aman"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 3 "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 5 "Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 7 "Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 8 "Of the Darkening of Valinor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 6 "Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 11 "Of the Sun and Moon and the Hiding of Valinor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 13 "Of the Return of the Noldor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter211-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-letter211_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #211 to Rhona Beare, 14 October 1958, last footnote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1993">Tolkien 1993</a>, "The Annals of Aman", section 1, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1993">Tolkien 1993</a>, "The Annals of Aman", §§ 5-10 "Of the Beginning of Time and its Reckoning"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coming_of_the_Elves-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_of_the_Elves_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coming_of_the_Elves_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 3 "Of the Coming of the Elves and the Captivity of Melkor"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 17 "Of the Coming of Men into the West"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 18 "Of the Ruin of Beleriand and the Fall of Fingolfin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 20 "Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruin_of_Doriath-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruin_of_Doriath_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruin_of_Doriath_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 22 "Of the Ruin of Doriath"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 23 "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voyage-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voyage_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voyage_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, ch. 24 Of the Voyage of Earendil and the War of Wrath</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Second_Age-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Second_Age_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix B: The Tale of Years. "The Second Age"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appendix_D-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appendix_D_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix D: "Calendars"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1980">Tolkien 1980</a>, part 2: "The Second Age"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1977">Tolkien 1977</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Akallab%C3%AAth" class="mw-redirect" title="Akallabêth">Akallabêth</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Third_Age-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Third_Age_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix B: The Tale of Years, "The Third Age"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix A part I(iv), p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1980">Tolkien 1980</a>, part 3 ch. 2(i) pp. 288–289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1996">Tolkien 1996</a>, "The Making of Appendix A", '(IV) Durin's Folk', p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix A: <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1955">Tolkien 1955</a>, Appendix B: "Later events concerning the members of the Fellowship of the Ring"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1996">Tolkien 1996</a>, "The New Shadow"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_338-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_338_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_338_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #338 to Fr. Douglas Carter, 6 June 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1996">Tolkien 1996</a>, "The Heirs of Elendil"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter_131-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_131_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_131_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_131_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #131 to <a href="/wiki/Milton_Waldman" title="Milton Waldman">Milton Waldman</a>, late 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1986">Tolkien 1986</a>, ch. 3: "Quenta Noldorinwa"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tree_and_Leaf_85-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tree_and_Leaf_85_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien2001">Tolkien 2001</a>, pp. 85–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#154-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#154_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#154_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #154 to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a>, September 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_#227-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_#227_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #227 to Mrs Drijver, January 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a> "Prologue"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocher19748–11_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKocher1974">Kocher 1974</a>, pp. 8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury200389–133-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosebury200389–133_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosebury2003">Rosebury 2003</a>, pp. 89–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_2006_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2006_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2006_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2006_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2006_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2006">West 2006</a>, pp. 67–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey2005324–328_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShippey2005">Shippey 2005</a>, pp. 324–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_Solopova_2005-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_Solopova_2005_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeSolopova2005">Lee & Solopova 2005</a>, pp. 256–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosebury199297-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosebury199297_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosebury1992">Rosebury 1992</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198335–41_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger1983">Flieger 1983</a>, pp. 35–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger198365–87-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger198365–87_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger1983">Flieger 1983</a>, pp. 65–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChance1980Title_page_and_passim-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChance1980Title_page_and_passim_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChance1980">Chance 1980</a>, Title page and passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005139–142-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger2005139–142_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger2005">Flieger 2005</a>, pp. 139–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarth2003Preface,_pp._xiii–xviii,_309,_and_passim-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarth2003Preface,_pp._xiii–xviii,_309,_and_passim_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarth2003">Garth 2003</a>, Preface, pp. xiii–xviii, 309, and passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlieger2001224-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlieger2001224_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlieger2001">Flieger 2001</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECroft200418-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroft200418_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCroft2004">Croft 2004</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schürer_2022-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schürer_2022_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchürer2022" class="citation journal cs1">Schürer, Norbert (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1295&context=journaloftolkienresearch">"Second Age, Middle Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Tolkien_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Tolkien Research">Journal of Tolkien Research</a></i>. <b>15</b> (2). article 6.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Books%3A+At+the+End+of+the+Quest%2C+Victory&rft.date=1956-01-22&rft.aulast=Auden&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmovies2.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F02%2F11%2Fspecials%2Ftolkien-return.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiley2006-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiley2006_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiley2006">Hiley 2006</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChance1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (1980) [1979]. <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_A_%27Mythology_for_England%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's Art: A 'Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: A 'Mythology for England'</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-29034-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-29034-7"><bdi>978-0-333-29034-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%27s+Art%3A+A+%27Mythology+for+England%27&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-29034-7&rft.aulast=Chance&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCroft2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Brennan_Croft" title="Janet Brennan Croft">Croft, Janet Brennan</a> (2004). <i>War and the Works of J.R.R. Tolkien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32592-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32592-2"><bdi>978-0-313-32592-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Works+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32592-2&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Janet+Brennan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Leslie A. (2020) [2014]. "Middle-earth Mythology: An Overview". In <a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blackwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blackwell">Wiley Blackwell</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119656029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1119656029"><bdi>978-1119656029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle-earth+Mythology%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1119656029&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Leslie+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlieger1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light"><i>Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-802-81955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-802-81955-0"><bdi>978-0-802-81955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splintered+Light%3A+Logos+and+Language+in+Tolkien%27s+World&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-802-81955-0&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlieger2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2001) [1997]. <a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)"><i>A Question of Time: J.R.R. Tolkien's Road to Faërie</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-699-9"><bdi>978-0-87338-699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Time%3A+J.R.R.+Tolkien%27s+Road+to+Fa%C3%ABrie&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-699-9&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlieger2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger" title="Verlyn Flieger">Flieger, Verlyn</a> (2005). <i>Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien's Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kent State University Press">Kent State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5"><bdi>978-0-87338-824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interrupted+Music%3A+The+Making+of+Tolkien%27s+Mythology&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-824-5&rft.aulast=Flieger&rft.aufirst=Verlyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarth2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Garth_(author)" title="John Garth (author)">Garth, John</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War"><i>Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00711-953-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00711-953-0"><bdi>978-0-00711-953-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Great+War%3A+The+Threshold+of+Middle-earth&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-00711-953-0&rft.aulast=Garth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiley2006" class="citation web cs1">Hiley, Margaret Barbara (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/40069546">"Aspects of modernism in the works of C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien and Charles Williams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (PhD Thesis)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+modernism+in+the+works+of+C.S.+Lewis%2C+J.R.R.+Tolkien+and+Charles+Williams&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow+%28PhD+Thesis%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hiley&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Freader%2F40069546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKocher1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Kocher" title="Paul H. Kocher">Kocher, Paul H.</a> (1974) [1972]. <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Middle-earth"><i>Master of Middle-earth: The Achievement of J.R.R. Tolkien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003877-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-003877-4"><bdi>978-0-14-003877-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+Middle-earth%3A+The+Achievement+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14-003877-4&rft.aulast=Kocher&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeSolopova2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee" title="Stuart D. Lee">Lee, Stuart D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova" title="Elizabeth Solopova">Solopova, Elizabeth</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Keys_of_Middle-earth" title="The Keys of Middle-earth"><i>The Keys of Middle-earth: Discovering Medieval Literature Through the Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403946713" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403946713"><bdi>978-1403946713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+of+Middle-earth%3A+Discovering+Medieval+Literature+Through+the+Fiction+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403946713&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D.&rft.au=Solopova%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurtill2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Purtill" title="Richard Purtill">Purtill, Richard L.</a> (2003). <i>J. R. R. Tolkien: Myth, Morality, and Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-948-3"><bdi>978-0-89870-948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Myth%2C+Morality%2C+and+Religion&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89870-948-3&rft.aulast=Purtill&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosebury1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Rosebury, Brian</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon"><i>Tolkien: A Critical Assessment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53896-8"><bdi>978-0-333-53896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien%3A+A+Critical+Assessment&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-333-53896-8&rft.aulast=Rosebury&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosebury2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Rosebury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Rosebury">Rosebury, Brian</a> (2003). "Fiction and Poetry, 1914–73". <a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Cultural_Phenomenon" title="Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon"><i>Tolkien: A Cultural Phenomenon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1263-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1263-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-1263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiction+and+Poetry%2C+1914%E2%80%9373&rft.btitle=Tolkien%3A+A+Cultural+Phenomenon&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1263-3&rft.aulast=Rosebury&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShippey2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2005) [1982]. <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth"><i>The Road to Middle-Earth</i></a> (Third ed.). The Lost Straight Road: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261102750" title="Special:BookSources/978-0261102750"><bdi>978-0261102750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-Earth&rft.place=The+Lost+Straight+Road&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0261102750&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanton2001" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Michael (2001). <i>Hobbits, Elves, and Wizards: Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6025-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbits%2C+Elves%2C+and+Wizards%3A+Exploring+the+Wonders+and+Worlds+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6025-2&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954a). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942">9552942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9552942&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1955). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821">519647821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+King&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F519647821&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1977). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2"><bdi>978-0-395-25730-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silmarillion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-395-25730-2&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-29917-3"><bdi>978-0-395-29917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfinished+Tales&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-395-29917-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1986). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-42501-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-42501-5"><bdi>978-0-395-42501-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Middle-earth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-395-42501-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1993). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1"><bdi>0-395-68092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morgoth%27s+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-395-68092-1&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4"><bdi>978-0-395-82760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Middle-earth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-395-82760-4&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (2001) [1964]. <i><a href="/wiki/Tree_and_Leaf" title="Tree and Leaf">Tree and Leaf</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-007-10504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-007-10504-5"><bdi>978-0-007-10504-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+and+Leaf&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-007-10504-5&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._West" title="Richard C. West">West, Richard C.</a> (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'And All the Days of Her Life Are Forgotten': 'The Lord of the Rings' as Mythic Prehistory". In <a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (eds.). <i>The Lord of the Rings, 1954-2004: Scholarship in Honor of Richard E. Blackwelder</i>. <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University_Press" title="Marquette University Press">Marquette University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87462-018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87462-018-4"><bdi>978-0-87462-018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27And+All+the+Days+of+Her+Life+Are+Forgotten%27%3A+%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27+as+Mythic+Prehistory&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%2C+1954-2004%3A+Scholarship+in+Honor+of+Richard+E.+Blackwelder&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Marquette+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87462-018-4&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Arda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle-earth" title="Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle-earth" title="Template talk:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle-earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle-earth371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_bibliography" title="J. R. R. Tolkien bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_canon" title="Middle-earth canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">Legendarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Middle-earth" title="Outline of Middle-earth">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Tolkien's<br />lifetime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954-55) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Council_of_Elrond" title="The Council of Elrond">The Council of Elrond</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Scouring_of_the_Shire" title="The Scouring of the Shire">The Scouring of the Shire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Aragorn_and_Arwen" title="The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen">The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen</a>"</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tom_Bombadil" title="The Adventures of Tom Bombadil">The Adventures of Tom Bombadil</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> (1977) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Ainulindal%C3%AB" title="Ainulindalë">Ainulindalë</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_Tales" title="Unfinished Tales">Unfinished Tales</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilbo%27s_Last_Song" title="Bilbo's Last Song">Bilbo's Last Song</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>The three "Great Tales" <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_H%C3%BArin" title="The Children of Húrin">The Children of Húrin</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beren_and_L%C3%BAthien" title="Beren and Lúthien">Beren and Lúthien</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin" title="The Fall of Gondolin">The Fall of Gondolin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_N%C3%BAmenor" title="The Fall of Númenor">The Fall of Númenor</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of<br />composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="The History of Middle-earth">History of<br />Middle-earth</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[1–2] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Lost_Tales" title="The Book of Lost Tales">The Book of Lost Tales</a></i> (1983–84) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwine_(Tolkien)" title="Ælfwine (Tolkien)">Ælfwine</a></li></ul></li> <li>[3] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lays_of_Beleriand" title="The Lays of Beleriand">The Lays of Beleriand</a></i> (1985)</li> <li>[4] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shaping_of_Middle-earth" title="The Shaping of Middle-earth">The Shaping of Middle-earth</a></i> (1986)</li> <li>[5] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road and Other Writings</a></i> (1987) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Etymologies_(Tolkien)" title="The Etymologies (Tolkien)">The Etymologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhammas" title="Lhammas">Lhammas</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[6–9] <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The History of The Lord of the Rings">The History of The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1988–92) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Notion_Club_Papers" title="The Notion Club Papers">The Notion Club Papers</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>[10] <i><a href="/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring" title="Morgoth's Ring">Morgoth's Ring</a></i> (1993)</li> <li>[11] <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels" title="The War of the Jewels">The War of the Jewels</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>[12] <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Rateliff" title="John D. Rateliff">John D. Rateliff</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_The_Hobbit" title="The History of The Hobbit">The History of The Hobbit</a></i> (2007)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Middle-earth" title="The Nature of Middle-earth">The Nature of Middle-earth</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fictional<br />universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_peoples" title="Middle-earth peoples">Peoples</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_monsters" title="Tolkien's monsters">monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainur_in_Middle-earth" title="Ainur in Middle-earth">Ainur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maiar" title="Maiar">Maiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog" title="Balrog">Balrogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_in_Middle-earth" title="Wizards in Middle-earth">Wizards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valar" title="Valar">Valar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragons_in_Middle-earth" title="Dragons in Middle-earth">Dragons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancalagon_the_Black" title="Ancalagon the Black">Ancalagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarves_in_Middle-earth" title="Dwarves in Middle-earth">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagles_in_Middle-earth" title="Eagles in Middle-earth">Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elves_in_Middle-earth" title="Elves in Middle-earth">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-elf" title="Half-elf">Half-elven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noldor" title="Noldor">Noldor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves" title="Sundering of the Elves">Sundering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Ents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">Hobbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_Middle-earth" title="Men in Middle-earth">Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beorn" title="Beorn">Beornings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%BAedain" title="Drúedain">Drúedain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAnedain" title="Dúnedain">Dúnedain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolls_in_Middle-earth" title="Trolls in Middle-earth">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle-earth_characters" title="List of Middle-earth characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebrimbor" title="Celebrimbor">Celebrimbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%A4rendil_and_Elwing" title="Eärendil and Elwing">Eärendil and Elwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elendil" title="Elendil">Elendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABanor" title="Fëanor">Fëanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolfin" title="Fingolfin">Fingolfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel" title="Finwë and Míriel">Finwë and Míriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil-galad" title="Gil-galad">Gil-galad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BArin" title="Húrin">Húrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isildur" title="Isildur">Isildur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAthien_and_Beren" title="Lúthien and Beren">Lúthien and Beren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melian_(Middle-earth)" title="Melian (Middle-earth)">Melian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgoth" title="Morgoth">Morgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingol" title="Thingol">Thingol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuor_and_Idril" title="Tuor and Idril">Tuor and Idril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BArin_Turambar" title="Túrin Turambar">Túrin Turambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungoliant" title="Ungoliant">Ungoliant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elrond" title="Elrond">Elrond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galadriel" title="Galadriel">Galadriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorfindel" title="Glorfindel">Glorfindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldberry" title="Goldberry">Goldberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bombadil" title="Tom Bombadil">Tom Bombadil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Middle-earth" title="Geography of Middle-earth">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First and Second Ages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beleriand" title="Beleriand">Beleriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor" title="Númenor">Númenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valinor" title="Valinor">Valinor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Third Age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Middle-earth)" title="Bree (Middle-earth)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esgaroth" title="Esgaroth">Esgaroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondor" title="Gondor">Gondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harad" title="Harad">Harad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_Mountain" title="Lonely Mountain">Lonely Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothl%C3%B3rien" title="Lothlórien">Lothlórien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkwood" title="Mirkwood">Mirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria,_Middle-earth" title="Moria, Middle-earth">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivendell" title="Rivendell">Rivendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan,_Middle-earth" title="Rohan, Middle-earth">Rohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_End" title="Bag End">Bag End</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithril" title="Mithril">Mithril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palant%C3%ADr" title="Palantír">Palantír</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmarils" title="Silmarils">Silmarils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor" title="Two Trees of Valinor">Two Trees of Valinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_and_armour_in_Middle-earth" title="List of weapons and armour in Middle-earth">List of weapons and armour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_antiquarianism" title="Tolkien and antiquarianism">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_artwork" title="Tolkien's artwork">Artwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_family_trees" title="Tolkien's Middle-earth family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Middle-earth" title="Heraldry of Middle-earth">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_Tolkien" title="Languages constructed by Tolkien">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%BBnaic" title="Adûnaic">Adûnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Speech" title="Black Speech">Black Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Elvish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzdul" title="Khuzdul">Khuzdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valarin" title="Valarin">Valarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_maps" title="Tolkien's maps">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_poetry" title="Tolkien's poetry">Tolkien's poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_scripts" title="Tolkien's scripts">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Themes_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Themes of The Lord of the Rings">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anachronism_in_Middle-earth" title="Anachronism in Middle-earth">Anachronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Ancestry as guide to character in Tolkien's legendarium">Ancestry as guide to character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Middle-earth" title="Architecture in Middle-earth">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth" title="Christianity in Middle-earth">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_of_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_round_world_dilemma" title="Tolkien's round world dilemma">Round World dilemma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_immortality_in_Middle-earth" title="Death and immortality in Middle-earth">Death and immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth" title="Decline and fall in Middle-earth">Decline and fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_and_visions_in_Middle-earth" title="Dreams and visions in Middle-earth">Dreams and visions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Middle-earth" title="Economy of Middle-earth">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_Middle-earth" title="England in Middle-earth">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_in_Middle-earth" title="Evil in Middle-earth">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_and_Middle-earth" title="The Great War and Middle-earth">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Middle-earth" title="Forests in Middle-earth">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_frame_stories" title="Tolkien's frame stories">Frame stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_and_Middle-earth" title="Hell and Middle-earth">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Heroism in The Lord of the Rings">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_light_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Christian light in Tolkien's legendarium">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck_and_fate_in_Middle-earth" title="Luck and fate in Middle-earth">Luck and fate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Middle-earth" title="Magic in Middle-earth">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_in_Middle-earth" title="Mental illness in Middle-earth">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_modernists" title="Tolkien and the modernists">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_moral_dilemma" title="Tolkien's moral dilemma">Moral dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Middle-earth" title="Music of Middle-earth">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_weapons_in_Middle-earth" title="Naming of weapons in Middle-earth">Naming of weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_courage_in_Middle-earth" title="Northern courage in Middle-earth">Northern courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Straight_Road" title="Old Straight Road">Old Straight Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism_in_Middle-earth" title="Paganism in Middle-earth">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_in_Middle-earth" title="Plants in Middle-earth">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_journeys_of_Middle-earth" title="Psychological journeys of Middle-earth">Psychological journeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quests_in_Middle-earth" title="Quests in Middle-earth">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tolkien%27s_fiction" title="Time in Tolkien's fiction">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_Middle-earth" title="Trees in Middle-earth">Trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_impact_on_fantasy" title="Tolkien's impact on fantasy">Tolkien's impact on fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_Tolkien" title="Influences on Tolkien">Influences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_and_Middle-earth" title="Beowulf and Middle-earth"><i>Beowulf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Celtic influences on Tolkien">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_classical_world" title="Tolkien and the classical world">Classical world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_influences_on_Tolkien" title="Finnish influences on Tolkien">Finnish language and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_medieval" title="Tolkien and the medieval">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_modern_sources" title="Tolkien's modern sources">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="William Morris's influence on Tolkien">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Norse" title="Tolkien and the Norse">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology_and_Middle-earth" title="Philology and Middle-earth">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_prose_style" title="Tolkien's prose style">Prose style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_ambiguity" title="Tolkien's ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_mythology_for_England" title="A mythology for England">A mythology for England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlas_of_Middle-earth" title="The Atlas of Middle-earth">The Atlas of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journeys_of_Frodo" title="Journeys of Frodo">Journeys of Frodo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Map_of_Middle-earth" title="A Map of Middle-earth">A Map of Middle-earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations,<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illustrating_Middle-earth" title="Illustrating Middle-earth">Artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_Blok" title="Cor Blok">Cor Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anke_Ei%C3%9Fmann" title="Anke Eißmann">Anke Eißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hildebrandt" title="Brothers Hildebrandt">Brothers Hildebrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Dolfen" title="Jenny Dolfen">Jenny Dolfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fairburn" title="Mary Fairburn">Mary Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donato_Giancola" title="Donato Giancola">Donato Giancola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tove_Jansson" title="Tove Jansson">Tove Jansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korotich" title="Alexander Korotich">Alexander Korotich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lee_(illustrator)" title="Alan Lee (illustrator)">Alan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Loback" title="Tom Loback">Tom Loback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II" title="Margrethe II">Margrethe II of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Nasmith" title="Ted Nasmith">Ted Nasmith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Hansson" title="Bo Hansson">Bo Hansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings">Symphony No. 1 <i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings_film_series" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings film series">Music of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Hobbit_film_series" title="Music of The Hobbit film series">Music of <i>The Hobbit</i> film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Rings_of_Power" title="Music of The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power">Music of <i>The Rings of Power</i> TV series</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Guardian" title="Blind Guardian">Blind Guardian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth" title="Nightfall in Middle-Earth">Nightfall in Middle-Earth</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Swann" title="Donald Swann">Donald Swann</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_Goes_Ever_On" title="The Road Goes Ever On">The Road Goes Ever On</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_and_Songs_of_Middle_Earth" title="Poems and Songs of Middle Earth">Poems and Songs of Middle Earth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tolkien_Ensemble" title="The Tolkien Ensemble">The Tolkien Ensemble</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_in_Rivendell" title="An Evening in Rivendell">An Evening in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Night_in_Rivendell" title="A Night in Rivendell">A Night in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Dawn_in_Rivendell" title="At Dawn in Rivendell">At Dawn in Rivendell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Rivendell" title="Leaving Rivendell">Leaving Rivendell</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_Tolkien%27s_Middle-earth_writings" title="Impact of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_Enterprises" title="Middle-earth Enterprises">Middle-earth Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_Tolkien" title="Works inspired by Tolkien">Works inspired by Tolkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fan_fiction" title="Tolkien fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_motion_pictures" title="Middle-earth in motion pictures">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Calendars" title="Tolkien Calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_in_video_games" title="Middle-earth in video games">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_J._R._R._Tolkien_and_his_works" title="List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works">Things named after Tolkien and his works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_reception_of_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Literary reception of The Lord of the Rings">Literary<br />criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Guide_to_Middle-earth" title="The Complete Guide to Middle-earth">The Complete Guide to Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien">A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrupted_Music" title="Interrupted Music">Interrupted Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Middle-Earth" title="Master of Middle-Earth">Master of Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picturing_Tolkien" title="Picturing Tolkien">Picturing Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Question_of_Time_(book)" title="A Question of Time (book)">A Question of Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien:_Author_of_the_Century" title="J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century">J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Companion_and_Guide" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide">The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" title="J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion">The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perilous_Realms" title="Perilous Realms">Perilous Realms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth" title="The Road to Middle-Earth">The Road to Middle-Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splintered_Light" title="Splintered Light">Splintered Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Art:_%27A_Mythology_for_England%27" title="Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'">Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_A_Look_Behind_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings">Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tolkien_Compass" title="A Tolkien Compass">A Tolkien Compass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien:_Maker_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth">Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien,_Race_and_Cultural_History" title="Tolkien, Race and Cultural History">Tolkien, Race and Cultural History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_Legendarium:_Essays_on_The_History_of_Middle-earth" title="Tolkien's Legendarium: Essays on The History of Middle-earth">Tolkien's Legendarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War" title="Tolkien and the Great War">Tolkien and the Great War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_Words:_Tolkien_and_the_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary">The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&oldid=1283405680#Utumno">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Arda&oldid=1283405680#Utumno</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_history" title="Category:Fictional history">Fictional history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle-earth" title="Category:Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use British English from May 2022">Use British English from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2022">Use dmy dates from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Norse-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Norse-language text">Articles containing Old Norse-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 April 2025, at 09:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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