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aria-controls="toc-Triumviral_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Triumviral period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Triumviral_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation,_43_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation,_43_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Creation, 43 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation,_43_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Proscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberators'_civil_war,_42_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberators'_civil_war,_42_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Liberators' civil war, 42 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberators'_civil_war,_42_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antony_turns_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antony_turns_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Antony turns east</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antony_turns_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perusine_War,_41–40_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perusine_War,_41–40_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Perusine War, 41–40 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perusine_War,_41–40_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties_of_Brundisium_and_Misenum,_40–39_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_of_Brundisium_and_Misenum,_40–39_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Treaties of Brundisium and Misenum, 40–39 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_of_Brundisium_and_Misenum,_40–39_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewal_of_the_triumvirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewal_of_the_triumvirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Renewal of the triumvirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewal_of_the_triumvirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antony_in_the_east" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antony_in_the_east"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Antony in the east</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antony_in_the_east-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Octavian_in_the_west" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Octavian_in_the_west"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Octavian in the west</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Octavian_in_the_west-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Tarentum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Tarentum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Treaty of Tarentum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Tarentum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthia_and_Sicily,_36_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthia_and_Sicily,_36_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Parthia and Sicily, 36 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthia_and_Sicily,_36_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parthian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Parthian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Breakdown</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Breakdown-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Breakdown subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propaganda_war,_34_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda_war,_34_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Propaganda war, 34 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda_war,_34_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_triumvirate,_32–30_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_triumvirate,_32–30_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>End of the triumvirate, 32–30 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_triumvirate,_32–30_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_formation_of_the_Principate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_formation_of_the_Principate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In formation of the Principate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_formation_of_the_Principate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Roman_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Roman_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Roman culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Roman_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Triumvirate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الحكم الثلاثي الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحكم الثلاثي الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Другі трыумвірат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Другі трыумвірат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Втори триумвират – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втори триумвират" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_Triumvirelezh" title="Eil Triumvirelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil Triumvirelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segon_Triumvirat" title="Segon Triumvirat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segon Triumvirat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%BD_triumvir%C3%A1t" title="Druhý triumvirát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhý triumvirát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_Triumvirat" title="Zweites Triumvirat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweites Triumvirat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_triumviraat" title="Teine triumviraat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine triumviraat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δεύτερη Τριανδρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεύτερη Τριανδρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Triunvirato_(Antigua_Roma)" title="Segundo Triunvirato (Antigua Roma) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segundo Triunvirato (Antigua Roma)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_triumviraro" title="Dua triumviraro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dua triumviraro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigarren_Triunbiratua" title="Bigarren Triunbiratua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bigarren Triunbiratua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="تریوم‌ویرات دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریوم‌ویرات دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_triumvirat" title="Second triumvirat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Second triumvirat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%82%BC%EB%91%90%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="제2차 삼두정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 삼두정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երկրորդ եռապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկրորդ եռապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="दूसरी त्रिमूर्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूसरी त्रिमूर्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_trijumvirat" title="Drugi trijumvirat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drugi trijumvirat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumviratus_Kedua" title="Triumviratus Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Triumviratus Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunde_triumvirato" title="Secunde triumvirato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Secunde triumvirato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_triumvirato" title="Secondo triumvirato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secondo triumvirato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הטריומווירט השני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטריומווירט השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მეორე ტრიუმვირატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეორე ტრიუმვირატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrasis_triumviratas" title="Antrasis triumviratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antrasis triumviratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1sodik_triumvir%C3%A1tus" title="Második triumvirátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Második triumvirátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Втор триумвират – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Втор триумвират" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82_(%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D)" title="രണ്ടാം ത്രിമൂർത്തി ഭരണകൂടം (റോമൻ റിപ്പബ്ലിക്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രണ്ടാം ത്രിമൂർത്തി ഭരണകൂടം (റോമൻ റിപ്പബ്ലിക്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="الحكم الثلاثى التانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحكم الثلاثى التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_triumviraat" title="Tweede triumviraat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede triumviraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_andre_triumvirat" title="Det andre triumvirat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det andre triumvirat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_triumwirat" title="II triumwirat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II triumwirat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segundo_Triunvirato" title="Segundo Triunvirato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segundo Triunvirato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_doilea_triumvirat" title="Al doilea triumvirat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al doilea triumvirat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Второй триумвират – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второй триумвират" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Triumvirate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%BD_triumvir%C3%A1t" title="Druhý triumvirát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhý triumvirát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_triumvirat" title="Drugi triumvirat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Drugi triumvirat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Други тријумвират – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Други тријумвират" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_trijumvirat" title="Drugi trijumvirat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drugi trijumvirat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_triumviraatti" title="Toinen triumviraatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen triumviraatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikalawang_Triunvirato" title="Ikalawang Triunvirato – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikalawang Triunvirato" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="คณะสามผู้นำที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะสามผู้นำที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Другий тріумвірат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Другий тріумвірат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo_triumvir%C3%A0" title="Secondo triumvirà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Secondo triumvirà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_tam_h%C3%B9ng_l%E1%BA%A7n_th%E1%BB%A9_hai" title="Chế độ tam hùng lần thứ hai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ tam hùng lần thứ hai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%B4%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="后三头同盟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="后三头同盟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<span class="geo">43.11222; 12.38889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman political organisation (43–32 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the magistracy in the Roman Republic. For the 19th-century Argentine alliance, see <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate_(Argentina)" title="Second Triumvirate (Argentina)">Second Triumvirate (Argentina)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:255px;max-width:255px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two golden coins with faces and inscriptions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg/253px-Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg/380px-Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coin with face and inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lepidus.jpg/131px-Lepidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lepidus.jpg/197px-Lepidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Lepidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Coins of the triumvirs (Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus), bearing the inscription <i>III vir R P C</i> (<i>triumvir rei publicae constituendae</i>).</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 330–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_council" title="Plebeian council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/230px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/345px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/460px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutus">Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Pulcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Clodius Pulcher">Clodius Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Crassus">Crassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a></li></ul> <p>Events </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li></ul> <p>Places </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Template:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_and_the_fall_of_the_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome and the fall of the Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Second Triumvirate</b> was an extraordinary commission and magistracy created at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman republic</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Lepidus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> to give them practically absolute power. It was formally constituted by law on<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 27 November 43 BC with a term of five years; it was renewed in 37 BC for another five years before expiring in 32 BC. Constituted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">lex Titia</a></i>, the triumvirs were given broad powers to make or repeal legislation, issue judicial punishments without due process or right of appeal, and appoint all other magistrates. The triumvirs also split the Roman world into three sets of <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a>. </p><p>The triumvirate, formed in the aftermath of a <a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">conflict between Antony and the senate</a>, emerged as a force to reassert Caesarian control over the western provinces and wage war on the <i>liberatores</i> led by the men who <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassinated Julius Caesar</a>. After proscriptions, purging the senatorial and equestrian orders, and a <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">brutal civil war</a>, the <i>liberatores</i> were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006511_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006511-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Philippi, Antony and Octavian took the east and west, respectively, with Lepidus confined to <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. The last remaining opposition to the Triumvirs came from <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey the Great</a>, who controlled <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Corsica and Sardinia</a>. </p><p>Octavian and Antony were pushed to cooperation, in part by their soldiers, and the triumvirs had their legal arrangement renewed for another five years in 37 BC. Eventually, after <a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Atropatene_campaign" title="Antony's Atropatene campaign">Antony's defeat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Octavian's victory</a> over Sextus Pompey, Octavian forced Lepidus from the triumvirate in 36 BC. Relations between the two remaining triumvirs broke down in the late 30s BC before they fought <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">a final war</a>, from which Octavian emerged the victor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Second Triumvirate" is a modern misnomer derived from the branding of the political alliance between Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar (created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 59 BC</span>) as the <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">"First" Triumvirate</a>. This nomenclature was unknown during and before the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and was first attested in the late 17th century, coming into widespread use only in the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent books have started to avoid the traditional nomenclature of "First" and "Second" Triumvirates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, for example, warns "'First' and 'Second Triumvirate' are modern and misleading terms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triumviral_period">Triumviral period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Triumviral period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_The_Death_of_Caesar_-_Walters_37884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century depiction by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a> of Caesar's corpse and the assassins' celebration.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Julius Caesar</a> on 15 March 44 BC, there was initially a settlement reached between the perpetrators, who styled themselves <i>liberatores</i>, and remaining Caesarian supporters. This settlement included an amnesty for the tyrannicides, confirmation of Caesar's official actions, and abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017241Goldsworthy2006509_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017241Goldsworthy2006509-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late spring 44 BC, the provinces assigned by Caesar before his death – many to his later killers – were largely confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017242_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017242-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark Antony was one of the consuls for 44 BC and on 2 June 44 BC, was able to push through illegal legislation assigning to himself the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gaul</a>, displacing their existing governors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These governorships secured for Antony a political future where he would be able to intimidate the senate and Italy from across the river <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a>. Antony also persuaded the senate to disarm <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Cassius</a> (the two leading tyrannicides) giving them grain supply assignments; both men viewed these assignments as insults, later compounded by their assignment to minor provinces after their praetorships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992475_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992475-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between Antony and Caesar's legal heir, Octavian, also started to break down: Octavian was successful in attracting some of Caesar's veterans from Antony's camp, undercutting Antony's military support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992475_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992475-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony also sought later in the year to isolate Cicero politically, as the eloquent ex-consul was prestigious and on friendly terms with large portions of the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992477_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992477-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavian, starting a bidding war for extreme Caesarians, broke with Antony and formed for himself a private army. In December 44 BC, Cicero induced the senate to honour Octavian's efforts and to support the existing governors of Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul in retaining their provinces against Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992479_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992479-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate's forces, led by the two consuls and Octavian, put Antony to flight at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a> on 21 April 43 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017243_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992483_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992483-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After news of the victory, Cicero had the senate declare Antony a <a href="/wiki/Hostis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostis">public enemy</a>. But with both consuls dead, Octavian moved against the senate – both sides knew they were only using the other – and marched south to secure for himself the consulships opened by their deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992485_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992485-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation,_43_BC"><span id="Creation.2C_43_BC"></span>Creation, 43 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation, 43 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">lex Titia</a></div> <p>After Octavian and his forces reached Rome on 19 August 43 BC, he secured for himself election to the consulship with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pedius" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Pedius">Quintus Pedius</a>. They moved quickly to enact legislation confirming Octavian's adoption as Caesar's heir and establishing courts to condemn Caesar's assassins <i>in absentia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992486-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also repealed the declaration of Antony as a public enemy. Octavian then moved north to treat with Antony under Lepidus' protection. With the Caesarian soldiers' urging, Octavian and Antony reconciled; Octavian also would marry Antony's step-daughter <a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Clodia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992486-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three men then established themselves as the <i>triumviri rei publicae constituendae</i> (the latter words indicate a <i>causa</i> or commission for the reconstitution of the republic<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202024,_30_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202024,_30-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for five years. This was confirmed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">lex Titia</a></i>, proposed by a friendly tribune at their request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952337,_340_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952337,_340-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law was modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Valeria_(82_BC)" title="Lex Valeria (82 BC)"><i>lex Valeria</i></a> in 82 BC which established Sulla's dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036–37_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036–37-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They received power to issue legally binding edicts,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were granted <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium_maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperium maius">imperium maius</a></i> which permitted them to overrule the ordinary provincial governors and to take credit for their victories,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202046_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202046-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to act <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sine <a href="/wiki/Provocatio" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocatio">provocatione</a></i></span> (without right of appeal).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036Pelling19961_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036Pelling19961-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also received powers to call the senate and directly appoint magistrates and provincial governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197351_et_seq_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197351_et_seq-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal powers given, exceeding those of the ordinary consuls, were noted on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Fasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitoline Fasti">Capitoline Fasti</a>, which list the triumvirs above the consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202039_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202039-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octavian and Antony then prepared to wage war on the <i>liberatores</i> with forty total legions. They also divided the western Roman world: </p> <ul><li>Antony would receive Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul,</li> <li>Lepidus would receive Narbonensis and Spain, and</li> <li>Octavian (then the junior partner) would receive Africa, Sardinia, and Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992486-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The triumvirs' powers were initially set to lapse on 31 December 38 BC, though the legal powers may have been retained (after their later renewal in 38 BC) all the way until 27 BC when Octavian abdicated his magistracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202032_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202032-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proscriptions">Proscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In desperate need of money, the three men issued a declaration which – according to Appian – declared Caesar's <i>clementia</i> to have been a failure; it was appended with a death list.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some three hundred senators and 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a> were then killed;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some victims escaped to Macedonia or Sicily (held by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, respectively) or were able to plead successfully for clemency. Still without sufficient funds, the triumvirs seized eighteen rich Italian towns and redistributed them to their soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992486-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proscriptions claimed enemies and friends of the triumvirs. Cicero, whom Octavian had held in high esteem, was placed on the death lists along with his brother, nephew, and son; Cicero's activism against Antony in the <a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">Philippicae</a> marked him for retribution. The triumvirs themselves traded friends and family to secure the addition of their enemies to the death lists. Persons on the proscription lists had their properties confiscated and sold; freelance assassins, bounty hunters, and informers received cash rewards for aiding in the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein2018_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein2018-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberators'_civil_war,_42_BC"><span id="Liberators.27_civil_war.2C_42_BC"></span>Liberators' civil war, 42 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liberators' civil war, 42 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brutuscng752619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brutuscng752619.jpg/220px-Brutuscng752619.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brutuscng752619.jpg/330px-Brutuscng752619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Brutuscng752619.jpg/440px-Brutuscng752619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Coin, minted by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> in 42 BC, depicting himself on left and commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination of Julius Caesar</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> on right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Empire-43BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Roman-Empire-43BC.png/220px-Roman-Empire-43BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Roman-Empire-43BC.png/330px-Roman-Empire-43BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Roman-Empire-43BC.png/440px-Roman-Empire-43BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Division of territory at the foundation of the Triumvirate (43 BC).<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7D87FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sextus Pompey</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED1C24; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Brutus & Cassius</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FED250; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Rome's client kingdoms</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C8C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Ptolemaic Egypt</div>  </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Preparations for war on the tyrannicides started promptly. In Rome, the new year saw <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> consecrated as a <a href="/wiki/Divus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus">god</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19965_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19965-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the triumvirs having slaughtered their political enemies in Italy, they moved with some forty legions against Brutus and Cassius in the east: Lepidus remained in Italy – supervised by two pro-Antony governors – while Antony and Octavian moved to cross the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> for <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19965_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19965-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some eight legions had crossed the Adriatic early in the year, the naval forces of the <i>liberatores</i> and of Sextus Pompey were able to interdict the triumvir's transports. Octavian dispatched <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Salvius_Salvidienus_Rufus" title="Quintus Salvius Salvidienus Rufus">Quintus Salvius Salvidienus Rufus</a> against Sextus Pompey's base of operations in Sicily, resulting in a bloody but indecisive battle near <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19965–6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19965–6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took until summer for the triumvirs to move all their armies into Macedonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19966_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19966-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through early 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius were active in Asia sacking cities and forcing tribute from the provincials to pay their own soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017245–46_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017245–46-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>liberatores</i>, busy, delayed marching west (perhaps an error in retrospect); they moved to intercept Antony and Octavian only in mid-July.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The triumvirs' advance forces reached Philippi first, but were outmanoeuvred and forced to retreat. Brutus and Cassius, hugely outnumbering the advance force, reached Philippi in early September, forcing the triumvirs' advance forces to retreat. Antony and Octavian arrived some days later. The <i>liberatores</i> first attempted to avoid battle in light of the triumvirs' weak supply situation. But Antony was successful in forcing battle with the construction of earthworks on Cassius' flank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19967–8_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19967–8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>liberatores</i> accepted battle, triggering the first battle: Brutus fought Octavian, Cassius fought Antony. Brutus' forces were successful and stormed Octavian's camp and destroying three of Octavian's legions. Cassius' forces, however, were less successful; Antony was able to storm Cassius' camp around the same time. Believing the battle was lost, Cassius committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19968-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, Cassius' forces were amalgamated into Brutus' army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017203–4_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017203–4-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three weeks later, on 23 October 42 BC, Brutus offered battle again, fearing desertions and possible cutting of his supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19968-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this second battle, the combined forces of Antony and Octavian defeated Brutus' army. Antony was largely the victor – Octavian apparently spent most of the first battle hiding in a marsh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968Tempest2017202_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19968Tempest2017202-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and had forced the <i>liberatores</i> to battle and defeat twice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19968-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, Brutus committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017208_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antony_turns_east">Antony turns east</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antony turns east"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of Philippi, Antony moved to reorganise the wealthy eastern provinces. His provinces and legions were also adduced: retaining Transalpine Gaul, he took Narbonensis from Lepidus, though he gave up Cisalpine Gaul to Italy. Octavian's assignment was less easy: he would have the privilege of settling the veterans of Philippi in Italy and carrying on the war against Sextus Pompey in Sicily. Lepidus, however, not sharing in the glory, gave Spain to Octavian in return for Africa only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19969_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19969-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new strategic position placed Antony at the head of an enormous advantage. His position in the east allowed him enormous resources with which he could overwhelm the west as Sulla had. His position in Gaul gave him easy access to Italy, just as Caesar had before <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">his civil war</a>. Moreover, while Antony would be in the east, his trusted lieutenants controlled the Gallic provinces. This strategic position placed him firmly at the head of the triumvirate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19969–10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19969–10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony moved first against <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>, which had aided the <i>liberatores</i> and was harbouring the Pompeian commander <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a>, (son of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Labienus" title="Titus Labienus">Titus Labienus</a> who had served with Caesar during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic wars</a> and fought against him during the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">civil war</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199610_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199610-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the preparations for war, however, Antony found most of the east largely sucked dry by the previous armies of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Dolabella</a>, Cassius, and Brutus, and so was gentle with the areas that Brutus and Cassius had pillaged. He also displayed favour for great cultural centres and toured the eastern provinces seeking to buttress popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199610–11_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199610–11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moving down the Mediterranean coast, Antony confirmed a number of rulers – in spite of their previous support for the <i>liberatores</i> or for Parthia – in Palestine and called Cleopatra to attend to him in Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199611–12_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199611–12-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleopatra quickly entered into an affair with Antony, which proved useful to her: Antony helped her secure her throne with the death of her sister <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe</a> and against other Ptolemaic claimants. While ancient writers speculated on Antony being manipulated by the Egyptian queen, it is more likely in this period he was merely attempting to strengthen Cleopatra's position in Egypt as part of his policy of favouring strong allied monarchs. Regardless, he left her in the spring of 40 to embark on a campaign against Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199612_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199612-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Parthians, in the winter of 41 BC, knowing that Antony was preparing an offensive, struck first. Invading Asia Minor and Syria under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I" title="Pacorus I">Pacorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a> in the early spring of 40 BC, the Parthian forces were largely unchallenged: Pacorus moved south for Palestine while Labienus moved west through Cilicia for Ionia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199613_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199613-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony at the time was wholly distracted from the Parthian invasion due to the <a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199613–14_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199613–14-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perusine_War,_41–40_BC"><span id="Perusine_War.2C_41.E2.80.9340_BC"></span>Perusine War, 41–40 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perusine War, 41–40 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Triumvirate is located in Italy"><img alt="Second Triumvirate is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/240px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/360px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Italy_relief_location_map.jpg/480px-Italy_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.436%;left:48.351%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Second Triumvirate"><img alt="Second Triumvirate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Italy relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of <a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> in Italian) on a map of modern Italy.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Antonius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucius_Antonius.jpg/180px-Lucius_Antonius.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucius_Antonius.jpg/270px-Lucius_Antonius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucius_Antonius.jpg/360px-Lucius_Antonius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Coin depicting <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The veterans' demands for lands in Italy – in the midst of a famine, which itself was exacerbated by Sextus Pompey's naval blockade of Italy, – caused protests and unrest throughout the Italian countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199614_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199614-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony's brother, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a>, serving as consul for 41 BC, and Antony's wife <a href="/wiki/Fulvia" title="Fulvia">Fulvia</a> fanned the flames of this unrest to undermine Octavian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199614–15_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199614–15-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spread propaganda indicting Octavian's regime with stomping on citizen rights and favouring Octavian's veterans over Antony's. Although there was little truth behind these charges, they were largely able to build up support for a militant rising against Octavian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199615–16_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199615–16-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony attempted to remain largely aloof to the goings-on, probably so he could exploit the outcome, but his supporters in Italy were largely uninformed of his intentions and readied for conflict. The consul Lucius, in the summer of 41 BC, occupied Rome with an army; however, he was beaten back by Octavian's forces and besieged in <a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a>. Unsure of Antony's intentions, the pro-Antony governors in the two Gauls and in southern Italy stood by. Eventually, Perusia was captured: Octavian let Lucius Antonius and Fulvia go and spared Lucius' soldiers when Octavian's own soldiers interceded; Octavian, however, sacked the town, massacred its councillors, and had it burnt to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199616_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199616-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of one of the pro-Antony governors in Gaul in the summer of 40 BC, Octavian occupied the province. He also gained the support of the legions in southern Italy. Antony, concerned, hurried back to Italy from the east that same summer with substantial forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199617_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199617-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_of_Brundisium_and_Misenum,_40–39_BC"><span id="Treaties_of_Brundisium_and_Misenum.2C_40.E2.80.9339_BC"></span>Treaties of Brundisium and Misenum, 40–39 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaties of Brundisium and Misenum, 40–39 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Treaty_of_Brundisium"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pact_of_Brundisium"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png/220px-Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png/330px-Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png/440px-Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Territory after the Treaty of Brundisium.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81EE5B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Antony</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C19666; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lepidus</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE8DE0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Octavian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF925E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Triumvirs collectively</div>  </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <p>As relations deteriorated between Antony and Octavian, Octavian moved to woo Sextus Pompey over to his side. As part of this, he married <a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a>, Sextus' sister-in-law, in the summer of 40 BC. At the same time, however, Sextus was attempting to broker an agreement with Antony; receiving a positive response from Antony, he raided the Italian coast and took Sardinia from Octavian. Another ex-republican naval commander, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a>, was also induced to join Antony's side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199617_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199617-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Antony sailed to Brundisium, Octavian's garrison of five legions refused to admit him. It was then besieged. Octavian's lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> arrived with reinforcements but was turned back after some skirmishing. The troops on both sides, however, urged their leaders to come to terms. Octavian and Antony conducted negotiations through intermediaries (the envoys were <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio">Gaius Asinius Pollio</a>, respectively). Negotiations for the treaty completed in September 40 BC:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199618_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199618-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Octavian's occupation of Gaul was recognised; he also would be granted Illyricum.</li> <li>Antony would be confirmed as master of the east.</li> <li>Lepidus retained Africa.</li> <li>Antony would lead a military expedition against Parthia to avenge Crassus' defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a>.</li> <li>Octavian would either reach an agreement with or defeat Sextus Pompey.</li> <li>Amnesty would be granted for former republicans.</li> <li>Italy would be shared, but Octavian's personal presence on the peninsula made it <i>de facto</i> one of his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199618_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199618-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The treaty would be sealed by another marriage: Antony would wed Octavian's sister <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a>. The announcement of peace was greatly celebrated by the people of Italy. Both dynasts celebrated <a href="/wiki/Roman_ovation" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman ovation">ovations</a> when entering Rome in October. But public opinion soured when they also announced new higher taxes amid further disruption of grain ships from Sextus' fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199619_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199619-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Rome, they also secured the senate's rubber stamp for a required dispensation for Octavia's marriage (she was not yet out of mourning for her previous husband) and for triumviral political and territorial settlements generally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199620_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199620-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dynasts also negotiated peace with Sextus Pompey at <a href="/wiki/Miseno" title="Miseno">Misenum</a> in the summer of 39 BC: they confirmed him in Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and the Peloponnese for five years. They promised him the consulship in 33 BC on expiration of his commands and had him elected <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augur</a>. In exchange, Sextus would guarantee free passage of Italian grain ships and suppress Mediterranean piracy; his supporters also would receive amnesty and compensation for seized properties; his soldiers received the same retirement benefits as those of the triumvirs and his runaway slaves were granted freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199620_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199620-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last concessions to Sextus' soldiers and slave forces were especially important for the triumvirs: with the soldiers and slaves' main grievances resolved, Sextus' military power was permanently neutered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199620–21_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199620–21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After celebrations for this agreement, Antony departed for the east on 2 October 39 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199621_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199621-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewal_of_the_triumvirate">Renewal of the triumvirate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renewal of the triumvirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antony_in_the_east">Antony in the east</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Antony in the east"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Antony was in Italy, his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Publius_Ventidius" title="Publius Ventidius">Publius Ventidius</a> scored major victories against the Parthian invasion of Asia Minor: he defeated Labienus' forces and presumably had him killed. He also won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass" title="Battle of Amanus Pass">Battle of Amanus Pass</a> against Phranipates, the Parthian <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrap</a> of Syria, killing the satrap and forcing the Parthians to retreat beyond the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. All of these victories were won before the autumn of 39 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199621_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199621-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony wintered in Athens and returned eastward in the spring of 38 BC. With the defence of the provinces largely complete, he prioritised reorganisations in the eastern provinces and client states. Among other boundary adjustments, he gave Cleopatra portions of eastern Cilicia and Cyprus with which to harvest timber to build a fleet. He also started to publicly identify with the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199621–22_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199621–22-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But before he moved further east he was drawn back to <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> by Octavian to discuss a worsening situation in Italy; when Octavian did not arrive promptly, he issued a public rebuke and sailed east for Syria, where he found Ventidius' victories uninterrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199623_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199623-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ventidius was relieved of command by Antony and then returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph on 27 November 38 BC before dying shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199624_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199624-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Octavian_in_the_west">Octavian in the west</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Octavian in the west"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The agreement between Sextus Pompey and Octavian, without Antony's presence to balance the two, started to break down in autumn 39 BC. That winter, the famine in Italy and pirate raids on grain ships continued. One of Sextus' admirals also defected to Octavian, giving Octavian back the islands of Sardinia and Corsica, along with three legions and sixty ships. Sextus, outraged, declared war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199624_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199624-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two large naval battles were fought in the spring of 38 BC near <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a>. Both resulted in victories for Sextus, but he did not exploit his advantage and allowed Octavian to retire to <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. Antony likely sought to maintain the power balance between both Octavian and Sextus for his own advantage. Octavian now requested some support after these defeats. To preserve the balance of power, Antony prepared to move west and provide support. There also was a rebellion in Gaul, which Agrippa put down by the end of 38 BC. Agrippa, loyal to Octavian and in light of Octavian's inglorious defeat, tactfully went without a triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199625_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199625-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Tarentum">Treaty of Tarentum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treaty of Tarentum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 37 BC, Antony sailed for Italy with 300 ships. Denied entrance at Brundisium (the townsfolk suspected an invasion), he docked at Tarentum instead. Octavian travelled there to meet him. Negotiations dragged on until late July or early August. Antony apparently had to be persuaded by his wife Octavia to support Octavian against Sextus.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They agreed to strip Sextus of his augurate and future consulship. Octavian would wait a year to attack Sextus and would receive 120 ships from Antony in exchange for 20,000 men and 1,000 elite troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199626_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199626-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triumvirate also had uncomfortably expired at the end of 38 BC. Normal republican practice had magistrates abdicate their offices at the close of their terms; the triumvirs' terms had ended, but they had not abdicated. Nor were any successors appointed. Regardless, the legal position of the triumvirs was of little practical relevance. Making a show of constitutionalism, the triumvirate was then renewed by law for another five years, to expire on the last day of 33 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199626–27_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199626–27-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthia_and_Sicily,_36_BC"><span id="Parthia_and_Sicily.2C_36_BC"></span>Parthia and Sicily, 36 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Parthia and Sicily, 36 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg/220px-Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg/330px-Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Denarius_Sextus_Pompeius-Scilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> of Sextus Pompey, minted for his victory over <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>'s fleet. On the obverse is the Pharus of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, on the reverse the monster <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Preparations for war continued apace. Agrippa, serving as consul in 37 BC, built a large harbour (the <i><a href="/wiki/Portus_Julius" title="Portus Julius">portus Julius</a></i>) to train and supply troops against Sextus in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199627_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199627-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the east, Roman client <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> retook most of Judaea; even better for the Romans, the Parthian threat disappeared amid a dynastic struggle when <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> abdicated in favour of his chosen successor <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a>, who promptly murdered his father, all of his brothers, and his own son, precipitating a revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199628_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199628-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amid a general reorganisation of the east which again strengthened client kingdoms – among a number of changes, Cleopatra received <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, – Antony fathered a son with Cleopatra and publicly acknowledged his paternity of two twins born in 40 BC. This may have been related to strengthening Antony and Cleopatra's positions in Egypt and building popular support there; even if so, the relationship was unpopular in Italy and Antony should have known this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199630_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199630-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parthian_campaign">Parthian campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Parthian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antony demanded the return of Crassus' eagles from Phraates; Phraates, needing to ensure his own position, refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199631_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199631-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony struck north towards <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a>, where he was joined by detachments from allied kings and a Roman governor. With sixteen legions and many auxiliaries, he drove south into Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199632_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199632-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving quickly without his siege engines, he arrived to Phraata, the Parthian capital, but then discovered that his slow-moving siege engines had been intercepted and destroyed. He was then abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_II_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes II of Armenia">Artavasdes</a>, the Armenian king; Antony, while successful in some defences, was unable to effectively counter the swift Parthian cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199633_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199633-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abandoning the siege, he was forced into a difficult retreat with few supplies and harried by Parthian archers. Over 27 days, the army returned after a famous display of resilience and valour, to Armenia. Reaching an agreement with Artavasdes, Antony continued to retreat through the winter until he reached <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199633_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199633-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, he lost around a third of his entire army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199634-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of the Parthian campaign fatally damaged Antony's military prestige and power. If it had been successful, it would clearly placed him above Octavian; but after its failure, Antony's fortunes turned for the worse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199634-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sicily">Sicily</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg/220px-S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg/330px-S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg/440px-S_Pomp%C3%A9e_aureus_Sicile_C_des_M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Sextus Pompey, depicted on an <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> minted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 36 BC</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png/220px-War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png/330px-War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png/440px-War_with_Sextus_Pompeius_part_2_en.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>Troop movements during the joint campaign against Sextus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agrippa prepared exhaustively for Octavian's campaign against Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199634-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavian also was able to secure support from Lepidus in Africa, who possibly had plans of his own. In July 36 BC, Octavian and Lepidus launched a three-pronged attack on Sicily with Octavian's forces landing in the north and east while Lepidus landed in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199634-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Octavian's naval forces were beset by storms. Lepidus' forces, however, successfully effected a landing in his theatre and placed one of Sextus' lieutenants under siege in <a href="/wiki/Lilybaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilybaeum">Lilybaeum</a>. In the north and east, there were naval battles: Octavian was personally defeated off <a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenium</a> while Agrippa was victorious off <a href="/wiki/Milazzo" title="Milazzo">Mylae</a>. Even so, Sextus' forces were stretched thin and Octavian was able to effect landings of 21 legions onto the island. A decisive naval battle ended the campaign, with Agrippa defeating Sextus near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a> on 3 September 36 BC. Sextus, able to muster only 17 ships, fled for Antony in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199635_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199635-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lepidus, buoyed by victory, attempted to suborn Octavian's troops. After accepting the surrender of Sextus Pompey's legions, he attempted to negotiate with Octavian to exchange Sicily and Africa for his old provinces of Narbonensis and Spain. Octavian, walking into Lepidus' camp almost unaccompanied, secured the loyalty of the soldiers; defeated, Lepidus was then stripped of membership in the triumvirate and his provincial commands. Kept in his property, life, and the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i>, Lepidus was forced into exile and retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199636_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199636-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breakdown">Breakdown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Breakdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the three reduced to two, Octavian started to prepare for a showdown against Antony. He furthered his attempts to link Antony with Cleopatra and drilled his troops in Illyricum near the dividing line of the provinces. Antony, however, was slow to respond and was focused on the far east against Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199636–37_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199636–37-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interim, Sextus arrived in Antony's provinces, where he was caught and executed, though Antony erected some cover of plausible deniability for the actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199638_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199638-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octavian's troops, believing Octavian's propaganda about having brought to an end the civil wars and restoring peace, started to demand demobilisation. While some of the longest-serving were released, Octavian was keenly aware of his need to keep his men mobilised. To that end, he offered some donatives and a ploy about spoils in Illyricum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199637_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199637-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also offered an embassy led by Octavia to transfer to Antony about half of his lent ships and 2, 000 elite men – nowhere near the 20, 000 promised at Tarentum – which had the effect of forcing Antony to choose between accepting Octavian's so-called repayment or insulting his wife in the eyes of the Italians. Antony accepted his wife's troops but bade her to winter in Athens while he went back to Alexandria to stay with Cleopatra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199639_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199639-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propaganda_war,_34_BC"><span id="Propaganda_war.2C_34_BC"></span>Propaganda war, 34 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Propaganda war, 34 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antony, through treacherous means, tricked the Armenian king Artavasdes into a meeting in 34 BC. Capturing the Armenian king, he occupied his country and then paraded him in a Dionysiac procession in Alexandria. Octavian's propaganda seized on the procession as a sacrilege and betrayal of Rome's gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199640_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199640-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony also engaged on an unwise ceremony, the "donations of Alexandria", where he crowned his children with Cleopatra as oriental monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199640–41_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199640–41-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These antics went down very poorly in Rome. In a political climate which blamed the civil wars on a collapse of public morality, Octavian was able to link Antony with oriental immorality under Cleopatra's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199642_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199642-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony and his supporters, of course, responded: they alleged Octavian to be a coward; they objected to Octavian's shabby treatment of Lepidus; they accused Octavian of monopolising all the land in Italy for his own veterans; they also made allegations that Octavian was stealing ex-consuls' wives and prostituting his daughter Julia to foreign kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199643_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199643-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the propaganda war was raging, Octavian campaigned in Illyricum; he was successful at defeating, with overwhelming force, a number of barbarian tribes. Able to keep his soldiers in arms and build their experience, he celebrated with friendly generals a large number of triumphs; those triumphs also financed, from the spoils, building and renovation projects in Rome. Octavian and Antony competed on building new public works in the city. Octavian's ally Agrippa also engaged in renovations of the sewers and aqueducts; and during a term as aedile in 33 BC, sponsored spectacular games and public donations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199646–47_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199646–47-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_triumvirate,_32–30_BC"><span id="End_of_the_triumvirate.2C_32.E2.80.9330_BC"></span>End of the triumvirate, 32–30 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: End of the triumvirate, 32–30 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg/220px-Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg/330px-Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg/440px-Cleopatra_Tetradrachm_Antiochia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> depicted on a silver <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> struck in <a href="/wiki/Antioch_on_the_Orontes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch on the Orontes">Antioch</a> (36 BC). </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/220px-Augustus_Statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/330px-Augustus_Statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/440px-Augustus_Statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>A reconstructed statue of Augustus as a younger Octavian, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30 BC</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The triumvirate's legal term expired on 31 December 33 BC (Octavian's holding of his triumviral legal powers may have continued to 27 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the new year, Octavian used force to drive the potentially resurgent consuls from Rome after one of the consuls started to publicly attack him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199648–49_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199648–49-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consuls fled to the east and Antony with several hundred senators, which Antony organised into a "counter-senate".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony started to move his massive army, of some 100,000 men and 800 ships, west towards Greece. His men debated whether or not they should permit Cleopatra to stay with them: the main argument to remove her was that her presence would further Octavian's propaganda depicting a war on the east;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199650_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199650-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, removing her would also demoralise some of their own forces, who were fighting for their queen against Rome rather than for Antony, a Roman general. Arriving in Athens, Antony divorced Octavia; the choice of removing his Roman wife to stay with his Egyptian mistress alienated Italian public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199651_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199651-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Munatius_Plancus" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus">Lucius Munatius Plancus</a> then fled Antony's camp for Octavian's. Upon his arrival, he recommend that Octavian open Antony's will, legally sealed with the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a>. Opening it, Octavian allegedly found that Antony planned to be buried in Alexandria, would recognise <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a> as Caesar's son, and give large portions of Roman lands to his children with Cleopatra. It is likely that Octavian may have invented provisions: the Vestals in Rome would not have seen the sealed will; some provisions may have been alleged which Antony would find uncomfortable to deny (losing eastern support) or admit (losing western support).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199652_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199652-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony's forces in Greece provoked panic in Italy; Octavian, no longer calling himself triumvir (but retaining his provincial commands) organised defence of the peninsula. He organised a civil oath to his personal leadership, unprecedented in republican history. Declaring war on Cleopatra, Octavian also had the republic strip Antony of his legal position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199652–54_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199652–54-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the campaigning season of 31 BC, Agrippa launched a series of surprise attacks on the western Greek harbours under Antony's control. Octavian moved quickly to take beachheads on the Greek mainland near Corcyra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199656_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199656-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After cutting off Antony's supplies and escape by land, Antony and Cleopatra engaged in a sea battle, attempting to break out with his remaining fleet. They fought Octavian on 2 September 31 BC at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199657–58_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199657–58-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony and Cleopatra were able to flee through a gap in the line, which was the plan, but most of his fleet did not follow and returned to port. After the battle, most of his forces in Greece surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199659_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199659-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a number of defections to Octavian – both Roman governors and client kings – through the winter of 31 and 30 BC, Antony's remaining forces were only those in the Ptolemaic Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199661_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199661-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troubled by demands from his soldiers for land, and only able to solve them with large-scale land purchases, Octavian marched on Egypt in pursuit of its booty. He marched overland on the Mediterranean coast. He engaged negotiations with Cleopatra but they broke down by July 30 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199662_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199662-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, Octavian arrived at Alexandria and on 1 August, took and sacked the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199663_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199663-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He killed Caesarion and Antony's heir, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">Antyllus</a>, but captured Cleopatra's children for his triumph. Cleopatra and Antony committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199664–65_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199664–65-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_formation_of_the_Principate">In formation of the Principate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In formation of the Principate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ascendancy of Octavian at the triumvirate's close was closely followed by his constitutional "settlements" and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the triumvirate and its system of absolute rule, however, was not then known to be permanent. Even in the imperial period, writers like <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> reflected on how the republic had been dominated by single men before.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, it was not inevitable that the triumvirs were going to defeat the <i>liberatores</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their successful campaign, culminating at Philippi, was recognised in coming generations as a turning point in the republic's history. Tacitus, for example, dates the end of the republic to the triumviral victory there, which left the republic defenceless and <i>nulla iam publica arma</i> (i.e., the republic was disarmed).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992488_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992488-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erich Gruen, in <i>Last generation of the Roman republic</i>, attributes the republic's collapse to the long and brutal conflicts after Caesar's assassination, largely fought by (and then between) the triumvirs, which eventually "made it impossible to pick up the pieces".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass violence of triumviral rule and their untraditional form of government was contemporaneously seen as illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2016-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat such charges, the triumvirs attempted to preserve the appearance of republican practices and legality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2016-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of course, the extent to which the triumvirate heeded republican traditions changed over time. Over time, as the political situation stabilised, Octavian in Rome resumed the normal operation of the consulship (rather than appointment of many and multiple suffect consulships in a single year).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197352_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197352-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional magistrates did not yield all of their duties to the triumvirs; they were still expected to and did conduct public business. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> still exercised some degree of independent political authority.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional means of moving legislation before the senate and the assemblies also was not abandoned: the triumvirs moved multiple laws before the people on diverse subjects such as extending citizenship, ratification of Antony's eastern settlements, extension of the triumvirate, and expanding the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patriciate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197353_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197353-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the mere operation of the republic's institutional machinery did not represent a free state, the triumvirs made a show of following traditional legal niceties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197354_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197354-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triumvirs at various times also made repeated promises or offers to give their powers back to the senate and people, though of course these promises were never kept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197354,_65_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197354,_65-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most especially, the triumvirs' powers to appoint all provincial governors served as part of the division between military and civic provinces later adopted in Augustus' political settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197362_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197362-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Roman_culture">In Roman culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Roman culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political chaos of the triumviral years proved a ladder for many provincials, veterans, and former slaves. Many of the great works of Latin literature were produced in this unstable period, such as <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Epodes_(Horace)" title="Epodes (Horace)">Epodes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Satires_(Horace)" title="Satires (Horace)">Satires</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a></i>, and the histories of <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio">Asinius Pollio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2016-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political competition between Octavian and Antony provided the impetus for Octavian's ally, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a>, to support many leading artists of his day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016Pelling199645_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2016Pelling199645-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virgil's <i>Eclogues</i>, for example, shed light on the fears of shepherds and herdsmen in rural Italy during Octavian's land confiscations when he sought lands to settle veterans in the aftermath of Philippi. The proscriptions also proved a topic of embellishment; many stories are told of the plight of victims and their attempts to escape. Cicero's plight during the proscriptions, especially, was a recurrent topic in ancient schools of oratory.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following years are taken from the narrative in <a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_p6pcq0n4c7yrw399eaiqlk8458nyv5n"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Perusine_war" coords="55,80,173,104" title="Perusine war" alt="Perusine war" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" coords="55,18,293,42" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar" alt="Assassination of Julius Caesar" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_p6pcq0n4c7yrw399eaiqlk8458nyv5n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/p6pcq0n4c7yrw399eaiqlk8458nyv5n.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate#Modern_triumvirates" title="Triumvirate">Triumvirate § Modern triumvirates</a> named after the Roman one</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECadouxLintott2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCadouxLintott2012">Cadoux & Lintott 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006511-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2006511_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRidley1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ridley, R (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/arctos/article/download/85987/44908">"What's in the Name: the so-called First Triumvirate"</a>. <i>Arctos: Acta Philological Fennica</i>. <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">133–</span>44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctos%3A+Acta+Philological+Fennica&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+the+Name%3A+the+so-called+First+Triumvirate&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Farctos%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F85987%2F44908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span> Specifically, "first triumvirate" is first attested in 1681.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Russell, Amy (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah26425">"Triumvirate, First"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah26425">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah26425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7935-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-7935-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Triumvirate%2C+First&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah26425&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7935-5&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah26425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017241Goldsworthy2006509-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017241Goldsworthy2006509_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, p. 241; <a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2006">Goldsworthy 2006</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017242-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017242_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 474. The bill was "trebly irregular because it was not a <i>dies comitialis</i>, due notice had not been given, and violence was used".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992475-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992475_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992475_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992477-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992477_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992479-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992479_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017243-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017243_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992483-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992483_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992485-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992485_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992486-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992486_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, Kathryn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26740133">"The <i>lex Pedia</i> of 43 BCE and its aftermath"</a>. <i>Hermathena</i> (196/197): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-0750">0018-0750</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26740133">26740133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermathena&rft.atitle=The+lex+Pedia+of+43+BCE+and+its+aftermath&rft.issue=196%2F197&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26740133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0018-0750&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26740133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202024,_30-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202024,_30_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, pp. 24, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952337,_340-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952337,_340_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1952">Broughton 1952</a>, pp. 337, 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036–37-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036–37_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, pp. 34–35, also noting a connection between the Second Triumvirate's legislative powers and the powers of triumvirates established with constitutive powers for Roman colonies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, p. 39, <i>summum imperium auspiciumque</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202046-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202046_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036Pelling19961-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202036Pelling19961_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197351_et_seq-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197351_et_seq_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, pp. 51 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202039-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202039_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVervaet202032-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVervaet202032_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 486, citing <a href="#CITEREFApp._BCiv.">App. <i>BCiv</i>.</a>, 4.8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThein2018">Thein 2018</a>, citing <a href="#CITEREFApp._BCiv.">App. <i>BCiv</i>.</a>, 4.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein2018-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein2018_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThein2018">Thein 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19965-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19965_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19965_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19965–6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19965–6_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19966-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19966_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017245–46-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017245–46_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, pp. 245–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 6–7. "It would surely have been better to move west quickly... and seek to isolate the advanced force on the west coast of Greece [and] play the 48 campaign over again ... the Liberators' brutal treatment [of Asia] did nothing for their posthumous moral reputation. Perhaps it also cost them the war".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19967–8-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19967–8_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19968-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017203–4-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017203–4_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, pp. 203–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19968Tempest2017202-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19968Tempest2017202_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETempest2017208-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETempest2017208_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTempest2017">Tempest 2017</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19969-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19969_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling19969–10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling19969–10_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199610-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199610_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199610–11-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199610–11_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199611–12-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199611–12_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199612-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199612_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199613-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199613_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199613–14-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199613–14_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199614-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199614_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199614–15-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199614–15_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199615–16-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199615–16_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199616-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199616_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199617-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199617_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199617_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199618-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199618_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199618_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199619-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199619_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199620-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199620_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199620_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199620–21-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199620–21_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199621-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199621_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199621_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199621–22-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199621–22_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199623-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199623_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199624-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199624_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199624_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199625-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199625_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 26, citing <a href="#CITEREFPlut._Ant.">Plut. <i>Ant</i>.</a>, 35, among others.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199626-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199626_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199626–27-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199626–27_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199627-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199627_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199628-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199628_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199630-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199630_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199631-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199631_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199632-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199632_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199633-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199633_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199633_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199634-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199634_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199635-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199635_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199636-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199636_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199636–37-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199636–37_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199638-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199638_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199637-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199637_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199639-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199639_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199640-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199640_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199640–41-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199640–41_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199642-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199642_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199643-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199643_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199646–47-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199646–47_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is disputed. <a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 67 et seq discusses the matter. <a href="#CITEREFAug._RG">Aug. <i>RG</i></a>, 7.1 implies he held the trimvirate continually for ten years, which Pelling finds "decisive". Others argue that the triumvirate, as a magistracy without a specific term, ended only with the abdication of its members; Octavian abdicated in 27 BC, long after expiration of the second quinquennium. <a href="#CITEREFVervaet2020">Vervaet 2020</a>, pp. 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199648–49-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199648–49_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 50, noting that some scholars, including Syme, infer more than 300 senators; Pelling calls that inference "most precarious".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199650-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199650_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199651-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199651_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199652-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199652_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199652–54-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199652–54_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199656-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199656_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199657–58-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199657–58_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199659-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199659_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199661-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199661_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199662-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199662_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199663-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199663_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelling199664–65-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelling199664–65_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholars over the last decades have increasingly challenged the older view that Augustus "restored the republic whilst hiding his powers behind [a] façade". They emphasise that the "Principate" emerged only with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>' success in making the position hereditary. See eg <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison</a> (24 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-979">"Augustus, Roman emperor, 63 BCE–14 CE"</a>. <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.979">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.979</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Augustus%2C+Roman+emperor%2C+63+BCE%E2%80%9314+CE&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 1, citing Tac. <i>Ann</i>. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 488. "The cause of the 'liberators' might have triumphed; its defeat at Philippi was not a foregone conclusion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERawson1992488-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERawson1992488_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRawson1992">Rawson 1992</a>, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1931" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus (1931). <i>Annals</i>. Loeb Classical Library 249. Vol. 3. Translated by Moore, Clifford H. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99274-0"><bdi>978-0-674-99274-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library+249&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99274-0&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1995" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8a4wDwAAQBAJ"><i>The last generation of the Roman republic</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02238-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02238-6"><bdi>0-520-02238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+generation+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-520-02238-6&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8a4wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2016-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016_102-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch2016">Welch 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197352-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197352_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, p. 53, citing <a href="#CITEREFApp._BCiv.">App. <i>BCiv</i>.</a>, 4.37 (mentioning that <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Munatius_Plancus" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus">Lucius Munatius Plancus</a> passed legislation striking some victims from the proscription lists).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197353-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197353_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197354-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197354_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197354,_65-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197354,_65_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, pp. 54, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar197362-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillar197362_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillar1973">Millar 1973</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2016Pelling199645-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2016Pelling199645_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelch2016">Welch 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPelling1996">Pelling 1996</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394"><i>SPQR: a history of ancient Rome</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">341–</span>344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7"><bdi>978-0-87140-423-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394">902661394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+a+history+of+ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E344&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902661394&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-423-7&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F902661394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span> Also references <a href="#CITEREFApp._BCiv.">App. <i>BCiv</i>.</a>, 4 and <a href="#CITEREFSen._Suas.">Sen. <i>Suas.</i></a>, 6–7 (on Cicero).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeard2015" class="citation book cs1">Beard, Mary (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394"><i>SPQR: a history of ancient Rome</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Liveright Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-423-7"><bdi>978-0-87140-423-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902661394">902661394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPQR%3A+a+history+of+ancient+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902661394&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-423-7&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F902661394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1952). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magistrates+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadouxLintott2012" class="citation book cs1">Cadoux, Theodore John; Lintott, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6576">"triumviri"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). <i>The Oxford classical dictionary</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6576">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959667246">959667246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=triumviri&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+classical+dictionary&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959667246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6576&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Cadoux&rft.aufirst=Theodore+John&rft.au=Lintott%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.6576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1974" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Michael (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U86A9w9xiDcC"><i>Roman Republican Coinage</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07492-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07492-6"><bdi>978-0-521-07492-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/450398085">450398085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Republican+Coinage&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F450398085&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07492-6&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU86A9w9xiDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSmr_bVR2-kC"><i>Caesar: Life of a Colossus</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13919-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%3A+Life+of+a+Colossus&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13919-8&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSmr_bVR2-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1973" class="citation journal cs1">Millar, Fergus (1973). "Triumvirate and Principate". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>63</b>: <span class="nowrap">50–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299165">10.2307/299165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-4358">0075-4358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299165">299165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161712594">161712594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Triumvirate+and+Principate&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0075-4358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161712594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299165&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling1996" class="citation book cs1">Pelling, C (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC">"The triumviral period"</a>. In Bowman, Alan K; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (eds.). <i>The Augustan empire, 43 BC–AD 69</i>. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8"><bdi>0-521-26430-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+triumviral+period&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+empire%2C+43+BC%E2%80%93AD+69&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-26430-8&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZLW4-wba7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1992" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Elizabeth (1992). "The aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; Lintott, Andrew; Rawson, Elizabeth (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC"><i>The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC</i></a>. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">468–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8"><bdi>0-521-85073-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/121060">121060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+aftermath+of+the+Ides&rft.btitle=The+last+age+of+the+Roman+Republic%2C+146%E2%80%9343+BC&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E468-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F121060&rft.isbn=0-521-85073-8&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yUkzNLiY4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempest2017" class="citation book cs1">Tempest, Kathryn (2017). <i>Brutus: the noble conspirator</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18009-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18009-1"><bdi>978-0-300-18009-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982651923">982651923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brutus%3A+the+noble+conspirator&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982651923&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18009-1&rft.aulast=Tempest&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThein2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thein, Alexander (2018). "Proscriptions". <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30481">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30481</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179355" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179355"><bdi>9781405179355</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242094148">242094148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proscriptions&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242094148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30481&rft.isbn=9781405179355&rft.aulast=Thein&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVervaet2020" class="citation book cs1">Vervaet, Fredrick (2020). "The triumvirate <i>rei publicae constituendae</i>". In Pina Polo, Francisco (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCPwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The triumviral period: civil war, political crisis and socioeconomic transformations</i></a>. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCPwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a>–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788413400969" title="Special:BookSources/9788413400969"><bdi>9788413400969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+triumvirate+rei+publicae+constituendae&rft.btitle=The+triumviral+period%3A+civil+war%2C+political+crisis+and+socioeconomic+transformations&rft.pages=23-48&rft.pub=Prensas+de+la+Universidad+de+Zaragoza&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788413400969&rft.aulast=Vervaet&rft.aufirst=Fredrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCPwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Welch, Kathryn (2016). "Triumvirate, Second". <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. Wiley. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30085">10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179355" title="Special:BookSources/9781405179355"><bdi>9781405179355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Triumvirate%2C+Second&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444338386.wbeah30085&rft.isbn=9781405179355&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApp._BCiv." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> (1913) [2nd century AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/home.html"><i>Civil Wars</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by White, Horace. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Wars&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Appian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FAppian%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAug._RG" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (1924) [before AD 14]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Augustus/Res_Gestae/home.html"><i>Res Gestae Divi Augusti</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Shipley, Frederick W. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Res+Gestae+Divi+Augusti&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1924&rft.au=Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FAugustus%2FRes_Gestae%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDio" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Dio</a> (1914–27) [2nd century AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html"><i>Roman History</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Earnest. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914%2F1927&rft.au=Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlut._Ant." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1920) [1st century AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html"><i>Life of Antony</i></a>. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 9. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. Cambridge: Harvard University Press – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Antony&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Plutarch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FLives%2FAntony%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen._Suas." class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca</a> (1928) [1st century AD]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/info/suasoriae.html"><i>Suasoriae of Seneca the Elder</i></a>. Translated by Edward, WA. Cambridge University Press – via Attalus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suasoriae+of+Seneca+the+Elder&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft.au=Seneca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Finfo%2Fsuasoriae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Triumvirate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2003" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/triumvir/second-triumvirate/">"Second Triumvirate"</a>. <i>Livius.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius.org&rft.atitle=Second+Triumvirate&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fconcept%2Ftriumvir%2Fsecond-triumvirate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasson2016" class="citation web cs1">Wasson, Donald L (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Second_Triumvirate/">"Second Triumvirate"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Second+Triumvirate&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wasson&rft.aufirst=Donald+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FSecond_Triumvirate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Triumvirate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Augustus375" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustus" title="Template:Augustus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustus" title="Template talk:Augustus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Augustus375" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Octavian</a>) · <i>Imperator</i> Caesar Augustus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)"><i>Augustus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>Caesar</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">Divi filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Triumvirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum"><i>Bellum Batonianum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Germanic War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustan_leges_Juliae" title="Lex Julia"><i>leges Juliae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierzo_Edict" title="Bierzo Edict">Bierzo Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Argonautarum" title="Porticus Argonautarum">Porticus Argonautarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Agrippae" title="Campus Agrippae">Campus Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Vipsania" title="Porticus Vipsania">Porticus Vipsania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_of_Livia" title="Porticus of Livia">Porticus of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_Liviae" title="Macellum Liviae">Macellum Liviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Tropaeum Alpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actian_dekanaia" title="Actian dekanaia">Actian dekanaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Ventotene)" title="Villa Giulia (Ventotene)">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Pula" title="Temple of Augustus, Pula">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Rome_and_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Rome and Augustus">Rome and Augustus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Aosta)" title="Arch of Augustus (Aosta)">Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Ber%C3%A0" title="Arc de Berà">Berà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Fano)" title="Arch of Augustus (Fano)">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)" title="Arch of Augustus (Rimini)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Susa)" title="Arch of Augustus (Susa)">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti"><i>Res Gestae Divi Augusti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Augustus (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents and siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder" title="Octavia the Elder">Octavia the Elder</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Drusus</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(stepdaughter_of_Augustus)" title="Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)">Cornelia</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_15_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC)">Piso Caesoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Licinus" title="Julius Licinus">Julius Licinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples of Augustus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus,_Nola" title="Temple of Divus Augustus, Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Barcelona" title="Temple of Augustus, Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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