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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adoption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_management_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_management_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Content management systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_management_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microblogging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microblogging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Microblogging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microblogging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_aggregators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_aggregators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>News aggregators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_aggregators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics_and_software_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_and_software_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Statistics and software overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_and_software_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ActivityPub_specification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ActivityPub_specification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>ActivityPub specification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ActivityPub_specification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81" title="Федивърс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Федивърс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedivers" title="Fedivers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fedivers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6diversum" title="Födiversum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Födiversum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverso" title="Fediverso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fediverso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverso" title="Fediverso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fediverso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedibertso" title="Fedibertso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fedibertso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فدیورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فدیورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverso" title="Fediverso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fediverso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="ફેડીવર્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફેડીવર્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%94%94%EB%B2%84%EC%8A%A4" title="페디버스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페디버스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverso" title="Fediverso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fediverso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="הפדיברס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפדיברס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedivers" title="Fedivers – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fedivers" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8diverset" title="Fødiverset – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fødiverset" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediwersum" title="Fediwersum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fediwersum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediversum" title="Fediversum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fediversum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Федиверс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федиверс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fediverse" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="联邦宇宙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="联邦宇宙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q30325419#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fediverse" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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searchaux" style="display:none">Network of federated social media platforms</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>fediverse</b> (commonly shortened to <b>fedi</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking services</a> that can communicate with each other (formally known as <a href="/wiki/Federation_(information_technology)" title="Federation (information technology)">federation</a>) using a common protocol. Users of different <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> can send and receive status updates, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> and other data across the <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>. The term <i>fediverse</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "federation" and "universe".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="5 nodes in pentagon shape with all diagonals, multicoloured similarly to a rainbow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg/120px-Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg/180px-Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg/240px-Fediverse_logo_proposal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>A widely used symbol for the fediverse </figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of fediverse platforms are <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a>, and create connections between servers using the <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a> protocol. Some software still supports older federation protocols as well, such as <a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a> protocol and Zot. Diaspora* is the only actively developed software project classified under the original definition of <i>fediverse</i> that doesn't support ActivityPub.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While a traditional social networking service will host all its content on servers managed by the owner of the website, the <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_web" title="Decentralized web">decentralized</a> servers that make up the fediverse allow any individual or organization to host their own servers (referred to as an "<a href="/wiki/Instance_(computer_science)" title="Instance (computer science)">instance</a>"). </p><p>Every instance is independent, and can set its own rules and expectations. Even so, much like how users of one email service such as <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> can still send emails to users of another service such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a>, users may still view content and interact with users on any other instance in the fediverse. A user on one <a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a> instance, for example, may still view and interact with posts made by a user on a different Mastodon instance.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instances hosted by different social networking services may communicate with one another as well. A user on the microblogging platform <a href="/wiki/Misskey" title="Misskey">Misskey</a>, for example, may view and interact with posts made by users on Mastodon. Some fediverse networks even allow users to interact with different social networking formats from the same platform. For example, a user on a <a href="/wiki/Social_news_website" title="Social news website">social news</a> instance running <a href="/wiki/Lemmy_(social_network)" title="Lemmy (social network)">Lemmy</a> can interact with another post from a kbin instance, a similar service as well as microblog statuses from Mastodon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_protocols">Historical protocols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical protocols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png/220px-A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png/330px-A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png/440px-A_view_into_the_Fediverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt of common protocols and platforms in the fediverse (2023)</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept and the functionality of the fediverse has existed before the <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a> protocol and the term itself. One of the first projects that included support for a decentralized social networking service was Laconica, a <a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a> platform which implemented the <a href="/wiki/OpenMicroBlogging" title="OpenMicroBlogging">OpenMicroBlogging</a> protocol for communicating between different installations of the software. The software was later renamed to StatusNet in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being merged into the <a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a> project in 2013 along with Free Social, with the two latter servers being a fork of StatusNet.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the limitations of the OpenMicroBlogging protocol became more apparent, being designed as a one-way text messaging system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To replace the aging protocol, <a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a> was devised as an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> for microblogging, combining various other technologies like <a href="/wiki/Salmon_(protocol)" title="Salmon (protocol)">Salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">ActivityStreams</a> into a single protocol used for communicating between instances. StatusNet first implemented the protocol on March 3, 2010, with version 0.9.0, and quickly became the most popular federated protocol in usage. </p><p>Around the same time as OStatus was gaining popularity, the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">diaspora*</a> social network was formed, using its own federated protocol. To illustrate the differences between the two protocols, the terms of <i>the fediverse</i> and <i>the federation</i> began to enter common usage, mainly after 2017. The term "the fediverse" was used to describe the network formed by software using the <a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a> protocol, such as <a href="/wiki/GNU_Social" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Social">GNU Social</a>, Mastodon, and <a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a>, in contrast to the competing diaspora* protocol under "the federation".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ActivityPub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></div><p> In December 2012, the flagship StatusNet instance at the time, <a href="/wiki/Identi.ca" title="Identi.ca">identi.ca</a>, transitioned away to a new software named <a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">pump.io</a>, with a new federation protocol to replace OStatus. The new protocol was designed to be useful for general <a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">activity streams</a> and not just status updates, and replaced many of OStatus' external dependencies with <a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a> and a <a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">REST</a> API for its messaging and inbox systems, as well as making more use of ActivityStreams. While not as utilized as its OStatus predecessor, it would end up becoming influential in the development of the ActivityPub standard.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fediverse_branches_1.2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fediverse_branches_1.2.png/220px-Fediverse_branches_1.2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fediverse_branches_1.2.png/330px-Fediverse_branches_1.2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fediverse_branches_1.2.png/440px-Fediverse_branches_1.2.png 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>The various platforms of the fediverse, as well as other federated networks, visualized as a tree</figcaption></figure><p>In January 2018, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> presented the <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a> protocol as a recommended standard.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard aimed to improve the interoperability between different software packages running on a wide network of servers and to succeed both the OStatus protocol and Pump.io.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2019, almost all software that was using OStatus had added support for ActivityPub. While Mastodon began to remove OStatus support, other projects maintained it in their code, such as <a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a> (which also maintained diaspora* support along with ActivityPub),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term <i>fediverse</i> has since come to mainly refer to the ActivityPub protocol and its supporting server software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of its history, adoption of the fediverse from users had been minimal due to its poor <a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">user experience</a> and over-reliance on technical details and complex terminology,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as from existing platforms due to a lack of general interest among their userbase as well as development costs outweighing any potential benefits. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Twitter_by_Elon_Musk" title="Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk">acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk</a> in November 2022, certain major social networks, including <a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-threads_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-threads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flipboard" title="Flipboard">Flipboard</a> expressed interest in supporting the ActivityPub protocol, as a large number of users began to migrate to <a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a>, a server that supported the fediverse and was also the most popular alternative to Twitter at the time. <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> also expressed support in supporting ActivityPub. As of November 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, no information had been released by the company after the initial tweets by the CEO, with support for ActivityPub suspected to be on hold or cancelled.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_management_systems">Content management systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Content management systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> has an officially supported plugin that integrates WordPress blogs into the fediverse, allowing for comments to be exchanged between the comment section of a blog post and a fediverse instance's reply function. The plugin was acquired by Automattic in March 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became available for all <a href="/wiki/WordPress.com" title="WordPress.com">WordPress.com</a> users in October of that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(blogging_platform)" title="Ghost (blogging platform)">Ghost</a>, a blogging platform and content management system announced in April 2024 that they would be implementing fediverse support via ActivityPub.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feature had been highly requested on its forums.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2024, Ghost started federating its development newsletter for the feature.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_start_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost_start-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microblogging">Microblogging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microblogging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Automattic" title="Automattic">Automattic</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Matt_Mullenweg" title="Matt Mullenweg">Matt Mullenweg</a> tweeted on November 22, 2022, that Tumblr was adding support for ActivityPub interoperability, in response to a user's complaints about Mastodon's complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no further information was revealed for over a year, and was expected to be cancelled after a leaked reorganization that moved most of Tumblr's staff to other Automattic projects. However, in an AMA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> following the leak, he revealed that the interoperability feature was not cancelled and that there was a small team working on studying the potential of implementing the protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The release of <a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a> by <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta</a> in July 2023 had included in its press release that it planned to support interoperability with the ActivityPub protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, select Meta employees began to federate with ActivityPub.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A roadmap was revealed in January 2024 that detailed the integration of ActivityPub in Threads.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, Threads implemented a beta version of fediverse support, allowing Threads users to view the number of fediverse users that liked their post, and allowing fediverse users to view posts from Threads on their own instances.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 2, the official <a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a> account for President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> enabled federation on its profile, making Biden the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> to have a presence on the fediverse.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to view replies from the fediverse within Threads was added in August.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_aggregators">News aggregators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: News aggregators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Flipboard integration and Lemmy's growth during the Reddit API controversy. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In December 2023, <a href="/wiki/Flipboard" title="Flipboard">Flipboard</a> announced that it started federating selected profiles and magazines with the fediverse. It had previously run its own Mastodon instance, flipboard.social, as a test of the fediverse.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the fediverse has traditionally been the network most commonly referred to and used as an example regarding the subject of <a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">decentralized social networks</a>, alternatives to it and the accompanying <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a> have been developed and deployed. A major protocol in competition with the fediverse is the <a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a>, which powers the <a href="/wiki/Bluesky" title="Bluesky">Bluesky</a> social network and has formed its own separate network dubbed by developers as the Atmosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while smaller competitors such as <a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a> and Farcaster have become popular within the <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> community. These protocols have compared themselves to ActivityPub to showcase their differences. These newer protocols use a different federation model based on uploading content to relays for distribution rather than ActivityPub's server-centric model. Despite their differences, software exists that permit the <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">bridging</a> of user content between these protocols, including "double-bridges" that span multiple protocols for the purpose of distributing the same content.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/ActivityPub#Software_using_ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub § Software using ActivityPub</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a> is the most widely used protocol in the fediverse and a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> standard. Some popular fediverse software includes:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_management_system" title="Content management system">Content management system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drupal" title="Drupal">Drupal</a> (via third-party plugin)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubzilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubzilla (page does not exist)">Hubzilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPress" title="WordPress">WordPress</a> (via official plugin)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">video sharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixelfed" title="Pixelfed">Pixelfed</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> alternative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_streaming_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Video streaming service">video streaming service</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Macroblogging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a>, an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> written in PHP</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a> social network written in <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misskey" title="Misskey">Misskey</a>, a popular Japanese social network written in <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma</a>, a lightweight microblogging server written in <a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_news_website" title="Social news website">Social news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemmy_(social_network)" title="Lemmy (social network)">Lemmy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> alternative written in <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li>mbin, written in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fediverse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fediverse">Fediverse</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking">Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndieWeb" title="IndieWeb">IndieWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKiderlin2022" class="citation web cs1">Kiderlin, Sophie (November 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/11/how-to-use-mastodon-i-tried-to-app-heres-what-you-need-to-know.html">"Musk's Twitter takeover sent thousands flocking to Mastodon. Here's what I discovered using the app"</a>. <i>cnbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WordPress.org&rft.atitle=ActivityPub&rft.aulast=Pfefferle&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwordpress.org%2Fplugins%2Factivitypub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFediverse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2204.12709.pdf">Toxicity in the Decentralized Web and the Potential for Model Sharing</a></li> <li>2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.13500.pdf">Exploring Content Moderation in the Decentralised Web: The Pleroma Case</a></li> <li>2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1648536">The disinformation landscape and the lockdown of social platforms</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li>2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.05801">Challenges in the Decentralised Web: The Mastodon Case</a></li> <li>2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.09292">Recommending Users: Whom to Follow on Federated Social Networks</a></li> <li>2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.05013">Multi-task dialog act and sentiment recognition on Mastodon</a></li> <li>2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twentysix.fibreculturejournal.org/fcj-190-building-a-better-twitter-a-study-of-the-twitter-alternatives-gnu-social-quitter-rstat-us-and-twister/">FCJ-190 Building a Better Twitter: A Study of the Twitter Alternatives GNU social, Quitter, rstat.us, and Twister</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li> <li>2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305115604338">The Case for Alternative Social Media</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics_and_software_overview">Statistics and software overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statistics and software overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fediverse.observer">Fediverse Observer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fediverse.party">Fediverse Party</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedidb.org">FediDB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://the-federation.info/">The Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news.viverse.com/post/the-fediverse-explained-social-media-s-next-form">The Fediverse Explained: Social Media’s Next Form</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ActivityPub_specification">ActivityPub specification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fediverse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ActivityPub specification"><span>edit</span></a><span 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