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List of Mesopotamian deities - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Primordial beings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primordial_beings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Minor deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monsters_and_apotropaic_spirits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monsters_and_apotropaic_spirits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Monsters and apotropaic spirits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monsters_and_apotropaic_spirits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_deities_in_Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of Mesopotamian deities</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="قائمة آلهة بلاد ما بين النهرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة آلهة بلاد ما بين النهرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamiya_tanr%C4%B1lar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Mesopotamiya tanrılarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mesopotamiya tanrılarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="মেসোপটেমীয় দেবদেবী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেসোপটেমীয় দেবদেবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Списък на божества от шумеро-акадската митология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Списък на божества от шумеро-акадската митология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فهرست خدایان بین‌النهرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست خدایان بین‌النهرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABscht_vun_de_mesopotamesche_G%C3%ABtter" title="Lëscht vun de mesopotamesche Gëtter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëscht vun de mesopotamesche Gëtter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Список божеств шумеро-аккадской мифологии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список божеств шумеро-аккадской мифологии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="List of Mesopotamian deities" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சுமேரிய கடவுள்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுமேரிய கடவுள்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/290px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/435px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/580px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2300 BC, depicting the deities <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map depicting ancient Mesopotamian region overlaid with modern landmarks in Iraq and Syria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg/320px-N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg/480px-N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg/640px-N-Mesopotamia_and_Syria_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3281" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia and its major cities relative to modern landmarks</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Deities in ancient Mesopotamia</b> were almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were thought to possess extraordinary powers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and were often envisioned as being of tremendous physical size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The deities typically wore <i>melam</i>, an ambiguous substance which "covered them in terrifying splendor"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293–94_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293–94-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and which could also be worn by heroes, kings, giants, and even demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The effect that seeing a deity's <i>melam</i> has on a human is described as <i>ni</i>, a word for the "<a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">physical creeping of the flesh</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian languages</a> contain many words to express the sensation of <i>ni</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> including the word <i>puluhtu</i>, meaning "fear".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deities were almost always depicted wearing horned caps,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> consisting of up to seven superimposed pairs of ox-horns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992102_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were also sometimes depicted wearing clothes with elaborate decorative gold and silver ornaments sewn into them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamians</a> believed that their deities lived in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but that a god's statue was a physical embodiment of the god himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As such, <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult statues</a> were given constant care and attention<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and a set of priests were assigned to tend to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–188_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–188-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These priests would clothe the statues<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and place feasts before them so they could "eat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A deity's <a href="/wiki/Temple#Mesopotamian_temples" title="Temple">temple</a> was believed to be that deity's literal place of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992174_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992174-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The gods had boats, full-sized <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> which were normally stored inside their temples<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and were used to transport their cult statues along waterways during various <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The gods also had <a href="/wiki/Chariot#Ancient_Near_East" title="Chariot">chariots</a>, which were used for transporting their cult statues by land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sometimes a deity's cult statue would be transported to the location of a battle so that the deity could watch the battle unfold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The major deities of the Mesopotamian pantheon were believed to participate in the "assembly of the gods",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> through which the gods made all of their decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This assembly was seen as a divine counterpart to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy#Mesopotamia" title="History of democracy">semi-democratic legislative system</a> that existed during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2112 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2004 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mesopotamian pantheon evolved greatly over the course of its history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201154_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In general, the history of Mesopotamian religion can be divided into four phases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201154_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the first phase, starting in the fourth millennium BC, deities' domains mainly focused on basic needs for human survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the second phase, which occurred in the third millennium BC, the divine hierarchy became more structured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and deified kings began to enter the pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the third phase, in the second millennium BC, the gods worshipped by an individual person and gods associated with the commoners became more prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the fourth and final phase, in the first millennium BC, the gods became closely associated with specific human empires and rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153–54_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153–54-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The names of over 3,000 Mesopotamian deities have been recovered from cuneiform texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201154_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many of these are from lengthy lists of deities compiled by ancient Mesopotamian scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201152–53_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201152–53-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The longest of these lists is a text entitled <i><a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a></i>, a Babylonian scholarly work listing the names of over 2,000 deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While sometimes mistakenly regarded simply as a list of Sumerian gods with their Akkadian equivalents,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke19986_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke19986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> it was meant to provide information about the relations between individual gods, as well as short explanations of functions fulfilled by them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke19986_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke19986-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to spouses and children of gods, it also listed their servants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke19986–7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke19986–7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various terms were employed to describe groups of deities. The collective term <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a> is first attested during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2144 – 2124 BC) and the Third Dynasty of Ur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick19988_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick19988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This term usually referred to the major deities of heaven and earth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> endowed with immense powers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who were believed to "decree the fates of mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick19988_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick19988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gudea described them as "<i>Lamma</i> (tutelary deities) of all the countries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While it is common in modern literature to assume that in some contexts the term was instead applied to <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> Underworld deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> this view is regarded as unsubstantiated by assyriologist Dina Katz, who points out that it relies entirely on the myth of <i>Inanna's Descent</i>, which doesn't necessarily contradict the conventional definition of Anunnaki and doesn't explicitly identify them as gods of the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz1995229_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz1995229-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unambiguous references to Anunnaki as chthonic come from <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> (rather than Mesopotamian) sources, in which the term was applied to a class of distinct, Hurrian, gods instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi1990115_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi1990115-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Anunnaki are chiefly mentioned in literary texts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick19988_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick19988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and very little evidence to support the existence of any distinct cult of them has yet been unearthed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkenstein1965127–140_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkenstein1965127–140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick19988_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick19988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> due to the fact that each deity which could be regarded as a member of the Anunnaki had his or her own individual cult, separate from the others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similarly, no representations of the Anunnaki as a distinct group have yet been discovered,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> although a few depictions of its frequent individual members have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another similar collective term for deities was <a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a>, first attested from the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1830 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1531 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name <i>Igigi</i> seems to have originally been applied to the "great gods",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but it later came to refer to all the gods of Heaven collectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992106-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some instances, the terms <i>Anunnaki</i> and <i>Igigi</i> are used synonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrisch2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick19988_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick19988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_deities">Major deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Major deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Samuel Noah Kramer</a>, writing in 1963, stated that the three most important deities in the Mesopotamian pantheon during all periods were the deities <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963120–122_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963120–122-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, newer research shows that the arrangement of the top of the pantheon could vary depending on time period and location. The Fara god list indicates that sometimes Enlil, <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> and Enki were regarded as the three most significant deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke19982_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke19982-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inanna was also the most important deity in Uruk and a number of other political centers in the Uruk period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201327_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201327-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> regarded <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, rather than Enki, as the third most prominent deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201365_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201365-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An Old Babylonian source preserves a tradition in which <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Sumerian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanna (Sumerian deity)">Nanna</a> was the king of the gods, and Anu, Enlil and Enki merely his advisers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279–280_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279–280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> likely a view espoused by Nanna's priests in <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, and later on in <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013262_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013262-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An Old Babylonian personal name refers to <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> as "Enlil of the gods," possibly reflecting the existence of a similar belief connected to him among his clergy too, though unlike the doctrine of supremacy of the moon god, accepted by <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>, it found no royal support at any point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013262–263_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013262–263-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Zabban, a city in the northeast of Babylonia, <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a> was the head of the pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007142_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007142-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the first millennium BCE <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> became the supreme god in Babylonia, and some late sources omit Anu and Enlil altogether and state that Ea received his position from Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013199_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013199-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some neo-Babylonian inscriptions <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>'s status was equal to that of Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013199_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013199-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Assyria, <a href="/wiki/Assur_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assur (god)">Assur</a> was regarded as the supreme god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013275_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013275-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number seven was extremely important in ancient Mesopotamian cosmology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002424_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002424-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBautsch2003119_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBautsch2003119-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a>, the most powerful and important deities in the pantheon were sometimes called the "seven gods who decree":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963123_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963123-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963122–123_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963122–123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many major deities in Sumerian mythology were associated with specific celestial bodies:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998201–203_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998201–203-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inanna was believed to be the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Utu was believed to be the Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182–184_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182–184-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Nanna was the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, minor deities could be associated with planets too, for example Mars was sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a> was a Venus deity distinct from Inanna in at least some contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Image </th> <th scope="col">Major cult centers </th> <th scope="col">Celestial body </th> <th scope="col">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a><br /><small>Anu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cuneiform sign for &quot;Anu&quot; or &quot;Heaven&quot;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg/70px-Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg/105px-Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg/140px-Cuneiform_sumer_dingir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Equatorial sky<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers199813_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199813-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay2006101_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay2006101-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was the supreme God and "prime mover in creation", embodied by the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is the first and most distant ancestor,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> theologically conceived as the God of Heaven in its "transcendental obscurity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1963140_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1963140-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some theological systems all of the deities were believed to be the offspring of An and his consort <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2003403_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003403-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick19988_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick19988-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However Anu was himself described as the descendant of various primordial beings in various texts (god lists, incantations, etc.), and Enlil was often equipped with his own elaborate family tree separate from Anu's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013405–426_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013405–426-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While An was described as the utmost god,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2013_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> at least by the time of the earliest written records the main god in terms of actual cult was <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201158_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201158-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963118_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963118-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Anu's supremacy was therefore "always somewhat nominal" according to <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Wilfred G. Lambert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013184_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013184-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Luludanitu,</i> a multicolored stone (red, white and black) was associated with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201878_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201878-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a><br /><small>Nunamnir, Ellil<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColemanDavidson2015108_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColemanDavidson2015108-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient Persian cylinder seal dating to between 550 and 330 BC, depicting an unidentified king wearing the horned crown, Enlil&#39;s primary symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg/100px-Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg/150px-Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg/200px-Iranian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42775_-_Side_E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274,_76_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274,_76-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1996231–234_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1996231–234-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Northern sky<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers199813_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199813-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Enlil, later known as Ellil, is the god of wind, air, earth, and storms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColemanDavidson2015108_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColemanDavidson2015108-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the chief of all the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1983115–121_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1983115–121-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Sumerians envisioned Enlil as a benevolent, fatherly deity, who watches over humanity and cares for their well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963119_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963119-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One Sumerian hymn describes Enlil as so glorious that even the other gods could not look upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963121_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963121-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His cult was closely tied to the holy city of Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHallo1996231–234_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHallo1996231–234-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and, after Nippur was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a> in 1230 BC, his cult fell into decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201159_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201159-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was eventually paralleled in his role as chief deity by <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">national god</a> of the Babylonians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201159_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201159-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Assur, who fulfilled an analogous role for the Assyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert20135_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert20135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was associated with <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201878_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201878-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright200234–35_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200234–35-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a><br /><small>Nudimmud, Ninshiku, Ea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enki(Ea).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Detail of Enki from the Adda Seal, an ancient Akkadian cylinder seal dating to circa 2300 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Enki%28Ea%29.jpg/100px-Enki%28Ea%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Enki%28Ea%29.jpg/150px-Enki%28Ea%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Enki%28Ea%29.jpg/200px-Enki%28Ea%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">E-Abzu</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> southern sky<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers199813_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199813-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Enki, later known as Ea, and also occasionally referred to as Nudimmud or Ninšiku, was the god of the subterranean freshwater ocean,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who was also closely associated with wisdom, magic, incantations, arts, and crafts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was either the son of An, or the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is the former case the twin brother of <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Ishkur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Damgalnuna" title="Damgalnuna">Damgalnuna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and his children include the gods <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asarluhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asarluhi">Asarluhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a>, the sage <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>, and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i>, or minister, was the two-faced messenger god <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Enki was the divine benefactor of humanity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who helped humans survive the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Great Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>Enki and the World Order</i>, he organizes "in detail every feature of the civilised world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>Inanna and Enki</i>, he is described as the holder of the sacred <i><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">mes</a></i>, the tablets concerning all aspects of human life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was associated with <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtaç201878_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtaç201878-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright200234–35_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200234–35-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marduk_and_pet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marduk and his dragon Mušḫuššu, from a Babylonian cylinder seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marduk_and_pet.jpg/100px-Marduk_and_pet.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marduk_and_pet.jpg/150px-Marduk_and_pet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Marduk_and_pet.jpg/200px-Marduk_and_pet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201159_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201159-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200120_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200120-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Marduk is the national god of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The expansion of his cult closely paralleled the historical rise of Babylon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201159_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201159-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and, after assimilating various local deities, including a god named <a href="/wiki/Asarluhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asarluhi">Asarluhi</a>, he eventually came to parallel Enlil as the chief of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201159_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201159-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some late sources go as far as omitting Enlil and Anu altogether, and state that Ea received his position from Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013199_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013199-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpānītu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992128-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashur_god.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Neo-Assyrian &quot;feather robed archer&quot; figure, symbolizing Ashur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ashur_god.jpg/100px-Ashur_god.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ashur_god.jpg/150px-Ashur_god.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ashur_god.jpg/200px-Ashur_god.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ashur was the national god of the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that originally he was the deification of the city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a83_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a83-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or perhaps the hill atop which it was built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a85–86_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a85–86-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He initially lacked any connections to other deities, having no parents, spouse or children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The only goddess related to him, though in an unclear way, was <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0erua" title="Šerua">Šerua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later he was syncretized with Enlil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199238_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199238-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert20135_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert20135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and as a result Ninlil was sometimes regarded as his wife, and Ninurta and Zababa as his sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> initiated the trend of writing his name with the same signs as that of Anshar, a primordial being regarded as Anu's father in the theology of Enuma Elish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert20135_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert20135-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He may have originally been a local deity associated with the city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but, with the growth of the Assyrian Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> his cult was introduced to southern Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237–38_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199237–38-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Assyrian texts Bel was a title of Ashur, rather than Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013246_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013246-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud,_Mesopotamia..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of Nabu from his temple at Nimrud, on display at the British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/100px-Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/150px-Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/200px-Attendant_God_from_the_Temple_of_Nabu_at_Nimrud%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Kalhu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nabu was the Mesopotamian god of scribes and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tashmetu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu">Tashmetu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and he may have been associated with the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though the evidence has been described as “circumstantial” by Francesco Pomponio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199822_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199822-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He later became associated with wisdom and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Old Babylonian and early Kassite periods his cult was only popular in central Mesopotamia (Babylon, Sippar, Kish, Dilbat, Lagaba), had a limited extent in peripheral areas (Susa in Elam, Mari in Syria) and there is little to no evidence of it from cities such as Ur and Nippur, in sharp contrast with later evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199818_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199818-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the first millennium BCE he became one of the most prominent gods of Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199818_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199818-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Assyria his prominence grew in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Kalhu and Nineveh he eventually became more common in personal names than the Assyrian head god Ashur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also replaced Ninurta as the main god of Kalhu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Neo-Babylonian periods some inscriptions of kings such as <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> indicate that Nabu could take precedence even over the supreme Babylonian god Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His cult also spread beyond Mesopotamia, to cities such as <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura Europos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199823_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199823-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and to Egypt, as far as <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>, where in sources from the late first millennium BCE he is the most frequently attested foreign god next to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199823_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199823-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a><br /><small>Enzu, Zuen, Suen, Sin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200117–18_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200117–18-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nanna-Suen depicted in a cylinder seal impression" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg/100px-Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg/150px-Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg/200px-Ur-Nammu_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>E-kiš-nu-ğal temple in <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and another temple in <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200117–18_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200117–18-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the son of Enlil and <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a> and one of his most prominent myths was an account of how he was conceived and how he made his way from the Underworld to Nippur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A theological system where Nanna, rather than Enlil, was the king of gods, is known from a text from the Old Babylonian period;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in the preserved fragment Enlil, Anu, Enki and Ninhursag served as his advisers, alongside his children Utu and Inanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279–280_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2011279–280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other references to Nanna holding such a position are known from personal names and various texts, with some going as far as stating he holds "Anuship and Enlilship," and Wilfred G. Lambert assumes that he was regarded as the supreme god by his clergy in Ur and Harran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013262_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013262-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a><br /><small>Shamash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Representation of Shamash from the Tablet of Shamash (c. 888 – 855 BC), showing him sitting on his throne dispensing justice while clutching a rod-and-ring symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tablet_of_Shamash_%282%29.jpg/100px-Tablet_of_Shamash_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tablet_of_Shamash_%282%29.jpg/150px-Tablet_of_Shamash_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Tablet_of_Shamash_%282%29.jpg/200px-Tablet_of_Shamash_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>E-Babbar temples at <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Utu, later known as Shamash, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of the Sun,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who was also revered as the god of truth, justice, and morality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the son of Nanna and the twin brother of Inanna. Utu was believed to see all things that happen during the day<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and to aid mortals in distress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alongside Inanna, Utu was the enforcer of divine justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a><br /><small>Ishtar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Babylonian terracotta relief of Ishtar from Eshnunna (early second millennium BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/100px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/150px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg/200px-Ishtar_Eshnunna_Louvre_AO12456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2065" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Eanna temple in Uruk,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199887_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though she also had temples in <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabalam">Zabalam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199887_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Inanna, later known as Ishtar, is "the most important female deity of ancient Mesopotamia at all periods."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the Sumerian goddess of love, sexuality, prostitution, and war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the divine personification of the planet Venus, the morning and evening star.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Accounts of her parentage vary;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in most myths, she is usually presented as the daughter of Nanna and Ningal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983ix–xi,_xvi_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983ix–xi,_xvi-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but, in other stories, she is the daughter of Enki or An along with an unknown mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Sumerians had more myths about her than any other deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xiii,_xv_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xiii,_xv-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many of the myths involving her revolve around her attempts to usurp control of the other deities' domains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her most famous myth is the story of her <a href="/wiki/Inanna#Descent_into_the_underworld" title="Inanna">descent into the Underworld</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in which she attempts to conquer the Underworld, the domain of her older sister <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but is instead struck dead by the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">seven judges of the Underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is only revived due to Enki's intervention<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> is forced to take her place in the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017102–104_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017102–104-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–89_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–89-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alongside her twin brother Utu, Inanna was the enforcer of <a href="/wiki/Divine_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine judgement">divine justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a><br /><small>Damgalnuna, Ninmah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Akkadian cylinder seal impression depicting a vegetation goddess, possibly Ninhursag, sitting on a throne surrounded by worshippers (circa 2350–2150 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg/100px-Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg/150px-Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg/200px-Mesopotamian_-_Cylinder_Seal_-_Walters_42564_-_Impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>E-Mah temple in <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninhursag ("Mistress of the mountain ranges"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), also known as Damgalnuna, Ninmah, Nintur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013137_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013137-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Aruru,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was the Mesopotamian mother goddess. Her primary functions were related to birth (but generally not to nursing and raising children, with the exception of sources from early <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>) and creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Descriptions of her as "mother" weren't always referring to motherhood in the literal sense or to parentage of other deities, but sometimes instead represented her esteem and authority as a senior deity, similar to references to major male deities such as Enlil or Anu as "fathers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013139–140_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013139–140-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Certain mortal rulers claimed her as their mother,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a phenomenon recorded as early as during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> of Kish (c. 2700 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013138_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013138-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the wife of Enki,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though in some locations (including Nippur) her husband was <a href="/wiki/Shul-pa-e" class="mw-redirect" title="Shul-pa-e">Šulpae</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Initially no city had Ninhursag as its tutelary goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199259_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199259-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later her main temple was the E-Mah in Adab,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> originally dedicated to a minor male deity, <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1gi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ašgi">Ašgi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358–59_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358–59-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also associated with the city of Kesh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> where she replaced the local goddess Nintur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and she was sometimes referred to as the "Bēlet-ilī of Kesh" or "she of Kesh".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible her emblem was a symbol similar to later Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992146_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992146-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a><br /><small>Ninĝírsu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ninurta shown in a palace relief from Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png/100px-Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png/150px-Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png/200px-Cropped_Image_of_Carving_Showing_the_Mesopotamian_God_Ninurta.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>E-šu-me-ša temple in Nippur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138,_142_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138,_142-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2017_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2017-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271,_138_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271,_138-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson2015_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson2015-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase199443_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199443-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200125–26_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200125–26-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> originally Mercury </td> <td>Ninurta, also known as Ningirsu, was a Mesopotamian warrior deity who was worshipped in Sumer from the very earliest times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the champion of the gods against the <a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a> bird after it stole the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Destinies_(mythic_item)" title="Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)">Tablet of Destinies</a> from his father Enlil<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and, in a myth that is alluded to in many works but never fully preserved, he killed a group of warriors known as the "Slain Heroes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ninurta was also an agricultural deity and the patron god of farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Lugal-e" title="Lugal-e">Lugal-e</a></i>, he slays the demon <a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a> and uses stones to build the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rivers to make them useful for irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His major symbols were a perched bird and a plow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142–143_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142–143-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient Parthian carving of the god Nergal from Hatra, dating to the first or second century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg/100px-Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg/150px-Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg/200px-Ancient_Parthian_relief_carving_of_the_god_Nergal_from_Hatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>E-Meslam temple in <a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashkan-shapir" title="Mashkan-shapir">Mashkan-shapir</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200127_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200127-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nergal was associated with the Underworld<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is usually the husband of <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was also associated with forest fires (and identified with the fire-god, <a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200128_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200128-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), fevers, plagues, and war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In myths, he causes destruction and devastation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992136-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the neo-Babylonian period in many official documents Nergal is listed immediately after the supreme gods Marduk and Nabu, and before such prominent deities as Shamash and Sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a><br /><small>Tammuz<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient Sumerian cylinder seal impression showing Dumuzid being tortured in the Underworld by the galla demons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/100px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/150px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/200px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bad-tibira" title="Bad-tibira">Bad-tibira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuara</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Dumuzid, later known by the <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">corrupted form</a> Tammuz, is the ancient Mesopotamian god of shepherds<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the primary consort of the goddess Inanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_131-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His sister is the goddess <a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_131-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to being the god of shepherds, Dumuzid was also an agricultural deity associated with the growth of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ancient Near Eastern peoples associated Dumuzid with the springtime, when the land was fertile and abundant,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but, during the summer months, when the land was dry and barren, it was thought that Dumuzid had "died".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the month of Dumuzid, which fell in the middle of summer, people all across Sumer would mourn over his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An enormous number of popular stories circulated throughout the Near East surrounding his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The &quot;Burney Relief,&quot; which is believed to represent either Ereshkigal or her younger sister Ishtar (c. 19th or 18th century BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg/100px-British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg/150px-British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg/200px-British_Museum_Queen_of_the_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha">Kutha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ereshkigal was the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She lived in a palace known as Ganzir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In early accounts, her husband is <a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whose character is undefined, but later the northern god <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a> was placed in this role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her gatekeeper was the god <a href="/wiki/Neti_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neti (deity)">Neti</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184_141-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and her <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> was <a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the poem <i>Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</i>, Ereshkigal is described as Inanna's "older sister".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the god list <i>An = Anum</i> she opens the section dedicated to underworld deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199724_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199724-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gula_(goddess)" title="Gula (goddess)">Gula</a><br /><small>and <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintinugga" title="Nintinugga">Nintinugga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_goddess_Gula,_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_goddess_Gula%2C_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg/100px-The_goddess_Gula%2C_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_goddess_Gula%2C_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg/150px-The_goddess_Gula%2C_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_goddess_Gula%2C_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg/200px-The_goddess_Gula%2C_known_as_The_Great_Physician._Wellcome_M0006293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2785" data-file-height="4072" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>E-gal-mah temple in <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> and other temples in Nippur, <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>, Assur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sippar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>A prominent place in the Mesopotamian pantheon was occupied by healing goddesses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013242_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013242-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> regarded as divine patronesses of doctors and medicine-workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Multiple such deities existed: <ul><li>Nintinugga, "mistress who revives the dead," worshiped in Ninlil's temple in Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ninisina, who in addition to her primary role was also the goddess of Isin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ninkarrak, most likely of Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> worshiped in Sippar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gula ("the great"), from <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>; possibly initially a title rather than a distinct goddess<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382–83_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382–83-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Eventually Gula became the preeminent healing goddess,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and other healing goddesses were sometimes syncretised with her,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though in the god list <i>An = Anum</i> Gula, Ninkarrak and Nintinugga all figure as separate deities with own courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dogs were associated with many healing goddesses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Gula in particular is often shown in art with a dog sitting beside her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Bau</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg/100px-Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg/150px-Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg/200px-Fragment_Bau_Louvre_AO4572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Lagash, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bau was a prominent goddess of Lagash, and some of its kings regarded her as their divine mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also a healing goddess, though unlike other healing goddesses she only developed such a function at some point in her history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the wife of Ningirsu, and rose to prominence in third millennium BCE in the state of Lagash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> elevated Bau's rank to equal of that of Ningirsu, and called her "Queen who decides the destiny in <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013189_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013189-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This made her the highest ranking goddess of the local pantheon of Lagash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013190_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013190-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> putting her above <a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>, she was the second most notable "divine wife" after <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with some sources (ex. from Nippur) indicating she was exalted above Ningirsu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the original Lagashite cult of Bau declined alongside the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201321–22_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201321–22-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> she continued to be prominent in Kish in northern Babylonia, where she arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The city god of Kish, Zababa, became her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She remained a major goddess of that city as late as the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">neo-Babylonian period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Ishkur</a><br /><small>Adad, Hadad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Assyrian soldiers of Ashurbanipal carrying a statue of Adad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ramman.png/100px-Ramman.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ramman.png/150px-Ramman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ramman.png/200px-Ramman.png 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karkar_(ancient_city)" title="Karkar (ancient city)">Karkar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Assur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kurba'il<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ishkur, later known as Adad or Hadad (from the root *hdd, "to thunder"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), was the Mesopotamian god of storms and rain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In northern Mesopotamia, where agriculture relied heavily on rainfall, he was among the most prominent deities, and even in the south he ranked among the "great gods."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007121_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007121-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In god lists his position is similar to that of Sin, Shamash and Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007145_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007145-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ishkur is already attested as the god of Karkar in the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> however evidence such as theophoric names indicates that the weather god's popularity only grew in later periods under the Akkadian name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hadad is already attested as the name of the weather god in early sources from <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Mesopotamia these two gods started to merge in the Sargonic period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007137_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007137-170"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and it seems it was already impossible to find a clear distinction between them in the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007138_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007138-171"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While northern texts put an emphasis on the benevolent character of the weather god as a bringer of rain, in the south he was often associated with destructive weather phenomena, including dust storms,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007130_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007130-172"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though even there he was credited with making plant growth possible in areas which weren't irrigated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007134_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007134-173"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was regarded as the son of An,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though less commonly he was also referred to as a son of Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007123–133_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007123–133-174"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife was <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while his <i>sukkal</i> was Nimgir, the deified lightning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to being a weather god, Hadad was also a god of law and guardian of oaths,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007139_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007139-176"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as a god of divination (<a href="/wiki/Extispicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Extispicy">extispicy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In these roles he was associated with Shamash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140_164-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Zabban, a city in the northeast of Babylonia, he was regarded as the head of the local pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007142_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007142-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Assyrian sources he was closely connected to military campaigns of the kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kurba'il on the northern frontier of the empire was regarded as his most notable cult center in neo-Assyrian times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In god lists foreign weather gods such as <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> ("Adad of <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Kassite_deities" title="Kassite deities">Kassite</a> Buriyaš or <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> were regarded as his equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007147_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007147-177"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ištaran</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ištaran was a prominent<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> god, who served as the tutelary deity of the Sumerian city-state of <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>, which was located east of the Tigris river on the border between Mesopotamia and Elam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife was the goddess Šarrat-Dēri, whose name means "Queen of Der",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or alternatively <a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a> (goddess of the rainbow),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and his <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> was the snake-god <a href="/wiki/Nirah" title="Nirah">Nirah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was regarded as a divine judge, and kings were said to "render justice like Ištaran."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A text from the late Early Dynastic Period invokes Ištaran to resolve a boundary dispute between the cities of Lagash and <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one of his inscriptions, King <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of Lagash mentions himself having installed a shrine for Ištaran in the temple of <a href="/wiki/Ningirsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningirsu">Ningirsu</a> at <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and describes Ištaran as a god of justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On <i><a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurrus</a></i> (boundary stones), Ištaran is often represented by a serpent, which may be Nirah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or Ištaran himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201786_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201786-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is also possible that he's the god with an ophidian lower body known from cylinder seals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744_178-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a ritual associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> temple in Nippur, Ištaran is a "dying god" and is equated with <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201786_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201786-180"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A reference to Ištaran as a dying god appears also in a late text from <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His national cult fell into decline during the Middle Babylonian Period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though he still appeared in documents such as neo-Assyrian land grants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199743_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199743-181"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, in Der he continued to be venerated in later periods as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199748_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199748-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Babylonian kudurru showing Nanaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/100px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/150px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg/200px-Kudurru_Melishipak_Louvre_Sb23_n02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Uruk and <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corona_Borealis" title="Corona Borealis">Corona Borealis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStol1998147_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol1998147-184"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nanaya was a goddess of love<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008124_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008124-185"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (including erotic love and lust).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008116–117_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008116–117-186"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was commonly invoked in spells connected to this sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200897–98_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200897–98-187"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her worship was widespread, and she appears frequently in the textual record.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013267_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013267-188"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also involved in intercession and was regarded as "lady of lamma," a class of minor protective goddesses capable of interceding on behalf of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201638_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201638-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She shared these roles with Ninshubur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson201638_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson201638-189"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was closely associated with Inanna/Ishtar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz20089_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz20089-190"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though not identical to her as the two often appear side by side in the same texts: for example in Larsa Inanna, Nanaya and Ninsianna all functioned as distinct deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while in god lists Nanaya appears among Inanna's courtiers, usually following Dumuzi and Ninshubur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823–24_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823–24-191"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In late sources Nanaya and Ishtar sometimes appear as goddesses of equal status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200840_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200840-192"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In neo-Babylonian Uruk she was one of the most important deities, and retained this status under Persian rule as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200842–43_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200842–43-193"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is also evidence for her worship continuing in Seleucid and Parthian times, as late as 45 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008160–161_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz2008160–161-194"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/100px-Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/150px-Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/200px-Terracotta_plaque_showing_seated_goddess_Nanshe_and_geese._from_southern_Iraq._2003-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nanshe was a goddess associated with the state of Lagash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013165_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013165-195"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whose cult declined with the loss of political relevance of that city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was a daughter of Enki and sister of <a href="/wiki/Ningirsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningirsu">Ningirsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was associated with <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and the interpretation of dreams, but was also believed to assist the poor and the impoverished and ensure the accuracy of weights and measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also associated with fish and waterfowl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013169_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013169-196"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">First Sealand dynasty</a> revived (or continued) her cult, making her the royal tutelary goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enegi" title="Enegi">Enegi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninazu was a god regarded as either the son of <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a> or of Enlil and Ninil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735_197-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was also the father of <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992137_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992137-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was closely associated with the Underworld,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992137_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992137-198"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and some researchers go as far as proposing he was the oldest Mesopotamian god associated with it,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though it is most likely more accurate to say that there was initially no single universally agreed upon version of relevant mythical and cultic concepts, with various deities, both male and female, ruling over the Underworld in the belief systems of various areas and time periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013288_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013288-199"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ninazu was also a Ninurta-like warrior god,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735_197-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as the "king of snakes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747-200"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> during the third millennium BCE, but he was later supplanted there by <a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a>, who despite foreign origin had a similar character and attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737–38_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737–38-201"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ninazu was also worshipped at Enegi in southern Sumer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735_197-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His divine beast was the <i><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">mušḫuššu</a></i>, a serpentine dragon-like mythical creature, which was later also associated with Tishpak, Marduk (and by extension Nabu) and after <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib's</a> destruction of Babylon also with Ashur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168–169_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168–169-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140–141_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140–141-203"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kish, Ḫursaĝkalama<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013112_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013112-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninlil was the wife of Enlil, the ruler of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was not associated with any city of her own, serving primarily as Enlil's spouse,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013147_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013147-205"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and as such was probably an artificially created deity, invented as a female equivalent to Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was nonetheless regarded as having power on par with Enlil;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick201367_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick201367-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in one poem, Ninlil declares, "As Enlil is your master, so am I also your mistress!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick201367_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick201367-206"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In documents from the Ur III period, Ninlil was believed to be able to determine fates much like husband, and the pair was jointly regarded as the source of royal power by kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sud, the tutelary goddess of <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Šuruppak</a>, came to be regarded as one and the same as Ninlil, and the myth <i>Enlil and Sud</i> explain that Sud was the goddess' name before she married Enlil, receiving the name Ninlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, Sud was originally an independent deity who was close in character to Sudag, an alternate name of the wife of Shamash; the confusion between Sudag and Sud(/Ninlil) is reflected in a myth where <a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Ishum</a>, normally regarded as the son of Shamash and his wife, is instead the son of Ninlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_image_of_Ninshubur_from_an_ancient_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ninshubur depicted in a cylinder seal impression (c. 2334–2154 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cropped_image_of_Ninshubur_from_an_ancient_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg/70px-Cropped_image_of_Ninshubur_from_an_ancient_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cropped_image_of_Ninshubur_from_an_ancient_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg/105px-Cropped_image_of_Ninshubur_from_an_ancient_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Cropped_image_of_Ninshubur_from_an_ancient_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="121" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Akkil;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998491_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998491-207"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> worshipped with Inanna as her <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992141_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992141-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Assyriologists regard Ninshubur as the most commonly worshiped <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> ("vizier"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998497_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998497-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a type of deity serving as another's personal attendant. Her mistress was Inanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many texts indicate they were regarded very close to each other, with one going as far as listing Ninshubur with the title "beloved vizier," before Inanna's relatives other than her husband Dumuzi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228–229_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1988228–229-211"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She consistently appears as the first among Inanna's courtiers in god lists, usually followed by another commonly worshiped deity, Nanaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200823-212"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was portrayed as capable of "appeasing" Inanna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998498_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998498-213"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and as "unshakably loyal" in her devotion to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_210-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Sumerian myth of <i>Inanna and Enki</i>, Ninshubur rescues Inanna from the monsters that Enki sends to capture her,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196167–68_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196167–68-214"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198320–27_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198320–27-215"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_210-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while in <i>Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</i>, she pleads with the gods Enlil, Nanna and finally Enki in effort to persuade them to rescue Inanna from the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196192–94_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196192–94-216"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198361–63_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198361–63-217"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was regarded as a wise adviser<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_210-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> of her divine masters and human rulers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998497_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998497-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to being the sukkal of Inanna, she also served <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201794_210-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201794-210"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the divine assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998496_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998496-218"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In later <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature#Mythology" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian mythology</a>, Ninshubur was syncretized with the male messenger deities <a href="/wiki/Ilabrat" title="Ilabrat">Ilabrat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992141_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992141-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though this process wasn't complete until <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ninshubur was popular<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998497_209-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998497-209"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in the sphere of personal religion, for example as tutelary deity of a specific family, due to the belief she could mediate between humans and higher ranking gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013234_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013234-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_(%3F)_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena,_ruler_of_Lagash,_circa_2430_BC,_chlorite,_Pergamon_Museum,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_%28%3F%29_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena%2C_ruler_of_Lagash%2C_circa_2430_BC%2C_chlorite%2C_Pergamon_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/100px-Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_%28%3F%29_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena%2C_ruler_of_Lagash%2C_circa_2430_BC%2C_chlorite%2C_Pergamon_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_%28%3F%29_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena%2C_ruler_of_Lagash%2C_circa_2430_BC%2C_chlorite%2C_Pergamon_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/150px-Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_%28%3F%29_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena%2C_ruler_of_Lagash%2C_circa_2430_BC%2C_chlorite%2C_Pergamon_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_%28%3F%29_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena%2C_ruler_of_Lagash%2C_circa_2430_BC%2C_chlorite%2C_Pergamon_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/200px-Vessel_fragment_depicting_the_goddess_Nisaba_%28%3F%29_and_an_inscription_from_Entemena%2C_ruler_of_Lagash%2C_circa_2430_BC%2C_chlorite%2C_Pergamon_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="3793" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Salabikh" title="Abu Salabikh">Eresh</a>, later Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nisaba was originally a goddess of grain and agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but, starting in the Early Dynastic Period, she developed into a goddess of writing, accounting, and scribal knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her main cult city, Eresh, was evidently prominent in early periods, but after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> almost entirely disappeared from records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Texts mentioning Nisaba are sporadically attested as far west as <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, though it is uncertain if she was actively venerated further west than <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998577_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998577-222"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nisaba was the mother of the goddess Sud, syncretised with Enlil's wife Ninlil, and as a result she was regarded as his mother in law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013145–146_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013145–146-223"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While a less common tradition identified her as the daughter of Enlil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576_221-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> she was usually regarded as the daughter of Uraš, and references to Anu or Ea as her father are known from first millennium BCE literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576_221-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her husband was the god <a href="/wiki/Haya_(god)" title="Haya (god)">Haya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is little direct evidence for temples (in Nippur she was worshiped in the temple of her daughter Ninlil<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998578_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998578-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) and clergy of Nisaba, but literary texts were commonly ended with the doxology "praise to Nisaba!" or other invocations of her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998578_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998578-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term "house of wisdom of Nisaba" attested in many texts was likely a generic term for institutions connected to writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998578_224-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998578-224"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her importance started to decline (especially outside the scribal circles) after the Old Babylonian period, though attestations as late as from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> are known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998579_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998579-225"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Zababa was a war god who served as the tutelary deity of Kish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His main temple was E-mete-ursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The earliest attestation of him comes from the Early Dynastic Period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187_226-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the reign of Old Babylonian kings such as <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> it was Zababa, rather than Ninurta, who was regarded as the primary war god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017165_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017165-227"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was initially regarded as a son of Enlil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> called him a son of Ashur instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017168_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017168-228"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Initially his wife was Ishtar of Kish (regarded as separate from Ishtar of Uruk), but after the Old Babylonian period she was replaced by Bau in this role, and continued to be worshiped independently from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some texts Zababa uses weapons usually associated with Ninurta and fights his mythical enemies, and on occasion he was called the "Nergal of Kish," but all 3 of these gods were regarded as separate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017167_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017167-229"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one list of deities he is called "Marduk of battle."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187_226-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His primary symbol was a staff with the head of an eagle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187_226-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992187-226"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> was <a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393–94_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393–94-230"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primordial_beings">Primordial beings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Primordial beings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various civilizations over the course of Mesopotamian history had many different <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation stories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–147_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–147-231"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199253–54_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199253–54-232"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The earliest accounts of creation are simple narratives written in Sumerian dating to the late third millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196130–41_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196130–41-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–108_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–108-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are mostly preserved as brief prologues to longer mythographic compositions dealing with other subjects, such as <i>Inanna and the Huluppu Tree</i>, <i>The Creation of the Pickax</i>, and <i>Enki and Ninmah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998134_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998134-235"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196130–41_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196130–41-233"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later accounts are far more elaborate, adding multiple generations of gods and primordial beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–134_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–134-236"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The longest and most famous of these accounts is the Babylonian <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, or <i>Epic of Creation</i>, which is divided into seven tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–108_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–108-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The surviving version of the <i>Enûma Eliš</i> could not have been written any earlier than the late second millennium BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–108_234-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998107–108-234"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but it draws heavily on earlier materials,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998108_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998108-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> including various works written during the Akkadian, Old Babylonian, and <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> periods in the early second millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998108_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorowitz1998108-237"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A category of primordial beings common in incantations were pairs of divine ancestors of Enlil and less commonly of Anu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013405–426_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013405–426-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In at least some cases these elaborate genealogies were assigned to major gods to avoid the implications of divine incest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013389_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013389-238"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figures appearing in theogonies were generally regarded as ancient and no longer active (unlike the regular gods) by the Mesopotamians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013304_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013304-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Image </th> <th scope="col">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>In the Babylonian creation epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, Abzu is primordial undeterminacy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199227_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199227-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the consort of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> who was killed by the god Ea (Enki).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199227_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199227-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Abzu was the personification of the subterranean primeval waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199227_240-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199227-240"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belili#primordial_deity" title="Belili">Belili</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Alala and Belili were ancestors of Anu, usually appearing as the final pair in god lists accepting this tradition of his ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013418_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013418-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Alala was also adopted into <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hittite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite religion">Hittite</a> mythology<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013424_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> under the name <a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alalu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke199822–23_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke199822–23-243"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible Alala and Belili were paired together only because both names are iterative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013425_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013425-244"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name Belili could also refer to a goddess regarded as a sister of <a href="/wiki/Dumuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzi">Dumuzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003160_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003160-245"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been argued that she was one and the same as the primordial deity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992327_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992327-246"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but this view is not universally accepted and Manfred Krebernik argues it cannot be presently established if they were one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003161_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003161-247"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>In some myths and god lists, Anshar and Kishar are a primordial couple, who are male and female respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Babylonian <i>Enûma Eliš</i>, they are the second pair of offspring born from Abzu and Tiamat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the parents of the supreme An.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A partial rewrite of <i>Enûma Eliš</i> from the neo-Assyrian period attempted to merge the roles of Marduk and Anshar, which Wilfred G. Lambert described as "completely superficial in that it leaves the plot in chaos by attributing Marduk's part to his great-grandfather, without making any attempt to iron out the resulting confusion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert20134–5_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert20134–5-248"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In other late sources Anshar was sometimes listed among "conquered" mythical antagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013223_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013223-249"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a fragmentary text from <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> times he is seemingly vanquished by Enki and an otherwise little known goddess Ninamakalla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013316–317_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013316–317-250"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dūri and Dāri </th> <td> </td> <td>Dūri and Dāri (derived from an <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> phrase meaning "forever and ever"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013424_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) were ancestors of Anu according to the so-called "Anu theogony."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013411_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013411-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They represented "eternal time as a prime force in creation,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013418_241-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013418-241"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and it is likely they developed as a personified form of a preexisting cosmological belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013424_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A single text identifies them as ancestors of Enlil instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013411_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013411-251"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They appear for the first time in an incantation from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> (Old Babylonian period).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013424_242-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-242"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enki_and_Ninki" class="mw-redirect" title="Enki and Ninki">Enki and Ninki</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Enki and Ninki were two primordial beings who were regarded as the first generation among the <a href="/wiki/Ancestors_of_Enlil" title="Ancestors of Enlil">ancestors of Enlil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013412_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013412-252"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Enki and Ninki followed by a varying number of pairs of deities whose names start with "En" and "Nin" appear as Enlil's ancestors in various sources: god lists, incantations, liturgical texts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013406_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013406-253"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the Sumerian composition "Death of Gilgamesh," where the eponymous hero encounters these divine ancestors in the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013408_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013408-254"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The oldest document preserving this tradition is the Fara god list (<a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013409_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013409-255"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sometimes all the ancestors were collectively called "the Enkis and the Ninkis."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013416_256-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013416-256"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Enki, the ancestor of Enlil, is not to be confused with the god Enki/Ea, who is a distinct and unrelated figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013417_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ancestral Enki's name means "lord earth," while the meaning of the name of the god of Eridu is uncertain but not the same, as indicated by some writings including an amissable g.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013417_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-257"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Enmesharra was a minor deity of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Seven, eight or fifteen other minor deities were said to be his offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013285_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013285-258"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His symbol was the <i>suššuru</i> (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276_65-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was sometimes regarded as the father of Enlil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013216_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013216-259"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or as his uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013284_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013284-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Texts allude to combat between Enmesharra and Enlil (or perhaps Ninurta), and his subsequent imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013286_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013286-261"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some traditions it was believed that this is how Enlil gained control over destinies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013287_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013287-262"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a late myth he was described as an enemy of Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013281_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013281-263"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lugaldukuga" title="Lugaldukuga">Lugaldukuga</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Lugaldukuga was the father of Enlil in some traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013284_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013284-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though sometimes he was instead referred to as his grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013303_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013303-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Like Enmesharra he was regarded as a vanquished theogonic figure, and sometimes the two were equated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013302_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013302-265"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He might be analogous to Endukuga, another ancestor of Enlil from god lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013303_264-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013303-264"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nammu is the primordial goddess who, in some Sumerian traditions, was said to have given birth to both An and <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She eventually came to be regarded as the mother of Enki<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134_183-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was revered as an important mother goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134_183-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because the cuneiform sign used to write her name is the same as the sign for <i>engur</i>, a synonym for <i><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">abzu</a></i>, it is highly probable that she was originally conceived as the personification of the subterranean primeval waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134_183-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992134-183"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>In the Babylonian creation epic, the <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, after the separation of heaven and earth, the goddess Tiamat and her consort <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a> are the only deities in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A male-female pair, they mate and Tiamat gives birth to the first generation of gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ea (Enki) slays Abzu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Tiamat gives birth to eleven monsters to seek vengeance for her lover's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eventually, Marduk, the son of Enki and the national god of the Babylonians, slays Tiamat and uses her body to create the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Assyrian version of the story, it is Ashur who slays Tiamat instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tiamat was the personification of the primeval waters and it is hard to tell how the author of the <i>Enûma Eliš</i> imagined her appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177_266-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992177-266"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_deities">Minor deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Minor deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Image </th> <th scope="col">Major cult centers </th> <th scope="col">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alammu%C5%A1" title="Alammuš">Alammuš</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>worshiped with Nanna in Ur as his sukkal </td> <td>Alammush was the sukkal of Nanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2016a35_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2016a35-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears very rarely in known literary texts, though in one case, possibly a fragment of a myth about Nanna going on a journey, he is described as "suitable for justice like Utu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2016a35_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2016a35-267"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ama-arhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama-arhus">Ama-arhus</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ama-arhus (Nin-amaʾarḫuššu; "(lady) compassionate mother") was a sparsely attested Mesopotamian divinity, explained as a title of the medicine goddess <a href="/wiki/Gula_(goddess)" title="Gula (goddess)">Gula</a> in one text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998a327_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998a327-269"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that the presence of Ama-Arhus in late theophoric names from Uruk explains why Gula appears to not be attested in them, despite being worshiped in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrul2018353–354_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul2018353–354-270"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible that she was merely viewed as her manifestation or synonym, as she is not otherwise attested in Uruk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrul2018359_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul2018359-271"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Amasagnudi" title="Amasagnudi">Amasagnudi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Amasagnudi was the wife of Papsukkal in the god list <i>An = Anum</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199264_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199264-272"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> Uruk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to one Old Babylonian text she was the <i>sukkal</i> of Anu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and it has been proposed that she was originally an epithet of Ninshubur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265_273-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265-273"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Assyriologist Frans Wiggermann translates her name as "mother who cannot be pushed aside."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998493_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998493-274"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Amashilama </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Amashilama was the daughter of Ninazu and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ningirida" title="Ningirida">Ningirida</a>, and one of the two sisters of Ningishzida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a368_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a368-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is known from the god list <i>An = Anum</i> and a single mythical composition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a368_275-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a368-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Thorkild Jacobsen identifies her as a leech goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen198752_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen198752-276"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As noted by assyriologist Nathan Wasserman, however, leeches are only attested with certainty in late medical texts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman200872_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman200872-277"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the image of a leech in Mesopotamian literature is that of "a non-divine, harmful creature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWasserman200879_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasserman200879-278"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><i>Reš</i> temple complex in Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Antu is a goddess who was invented during the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2334 BC – 2154 BC) as a consort for Anu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2013_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and appears in such a role in the god list <i>An = Anum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182-280"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name is a female version of Anu's own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2013_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was worshiped in the late first miilennium BCE in Uruk in the newly built temple complex dedicated to Anu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her elevation alongside her husband was connected to a theological trend under Achaemenid and Seleucid rule which extended their roles at the expense of Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013125_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013125-282"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> German classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> proposed that the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Dione_(mythology)" title="Dione (mythology)">Dione</a>, mentioned in Book V of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> as the mother of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> for <i>Antu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-283"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anun%C4%ABtu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anunītu">Anunītu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Agade</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35-284"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sippar-Amnanum" title="Sippar-Amnanum">Sippar-Amnanum</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013255_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013255-285"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Annunitum ("the martial one") was initially an epithet of Ishtar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but later a separate goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133-287"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is first attested in documents from the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013286_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013286-288"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was a warrior goddess who shared a number of epithets with Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013260_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013260-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible she was depicted with a trident-like weapon on seals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013261_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013261-290"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In documents from Sippar she sometimes appeared as a divine witness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013262_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013262-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A similarly named and possibly related goddess, Annu, was popular in <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013273_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013273-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Asarluhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asarluhi">Asarluhi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuara</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Asarluhi was originally a local god of the village of Kuara, which was located near the city of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He eventually became regarded as a god of magical knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was thought to be the son of Enki and Ninhursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was later absorbed as an aspect of Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the standard Babylonian magical tradition, the name "Asarluhi" is used as merely an alternative name for Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ashgi" title="Ashgi">Ashgi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ashgi was one of the main gods of Adab in the Early Dynastic and Sargonic periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer200185_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200185-295"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is unclear if he was initially the spouse or the son of the goddess Nintu, analogous to Ninhursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In later periods he was viewed as her son, and her husband <a href="/wiki/Shul-pa-e" class="mw-redirect" title="Shul-pa-e">Shulpa'e</a> is identified as his father in the god list <i>An = Anum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuch-Gutiérrez20056_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuch-Gutiérrez20056-296"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His mother replaced him as the tutelary deity of Adab in later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aruru_(goddess)" title="Aruru (goddess)">Aruru</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kesh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993106_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993106-297"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Aruru was initially a distinct minor goddess, regarded as violent and connected to vegetation;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> however, despite lack of a connection to birth or creation she was later conflated with <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sometimes she was syncretized with <a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a> instead, in which case the conflation was meant to highlight the latter's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201368_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201368-298"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a><br /><small>Sherida, Nin-Aya</small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Sippar and Larsa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999224–225_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999224–225-300"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sherida (Sumerian) or Aya (Akkadian) was the wife of the sun god Utu/Shamash and the goddess of dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her most common epithet was <i>kallatum</i>, which could be understood both as "bride" and "daughter in law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013259_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013259-302"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was especially popular during the Old Babylonian Period<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013251_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013251-303"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Period</a> (626 BC – 539 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%93l-%E1%B9%A3arbi" title="Bēl-ṣarbi">Bēl-ṣarbi</a><br /><small>Lugal-asal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987115_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987115-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Šapazzu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199380_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199380-305"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The name Bēl-ṣarbi means "lord of the poplar" (the tree meant is assumed to be <i><a href="/wiki/Populus_euphratica" title="Populus euphratica">Populus euphratica</a></i>) in Akkadian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987115_304-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987115-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He could also function as one of the gods connected with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987115_304-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987115-304"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Belet-Seri" title="Belet-Seri">Belet-Seri</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199378_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199378-306"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Belet-Seri ("mistress of the steppe")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was a goddess who acted as the scribe of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199337_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199337-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She could be identified with Geshtinanna or with Gubarra, the Sumerian name of the spouse of Amurru, <a href="/wiki/Ashratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashratum">Ashratum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199337–38_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199337–38-308"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Bilgames</a><br /><small>Gilgamesh</small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Possible representation of Gilgamesh as Master of Animals, grasping a lion in his left arm and snake in his right hand, in an Assyrian palace relief, from Dur-Sharrukin, now held in the Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/100px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/150px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg/200px-Hero_lion_Dur-Sharrukin_Louvre_AO19862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, a small village near <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lagash, Girsu, Der, Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003124–125_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003124–125-310"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Most historians generally agree that Gilgamesh was a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198940_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198940-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who probably ruled sometime during the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2900–2350 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198940_311-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198940-311"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is certain that, during the later Early Dynastic Period, Gilgamesh was worshipped as a god at various locations across Sumer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the twenty-first century BC, <a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a>, the king of Uruk adopted Gilgamesh as his patron deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The kings of the Third Dynasty of Ur were especially fond of Gilgamesh, calling him their "divine brother" and "friend".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During this period, a large number of myths and legends developed surrounding him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Probably during the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Middle Babylonian Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1155 BC), a scribe named <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-l%C4%93qi-unninni" title="Sîn-lēqi-unninni">Sîn-lēqi-unninni</a> composed the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> narrating Gilgamesh's heroic exploits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The opening of the poem describes Gilgamesh as "one-third human, two-thirds divine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289-309"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Very little evidence of worship of Gilgamesh comes from times later than the Old Babylonian period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003125–126_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003125–126-312"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A late source states that he was worshiped during ceremonies connected to the dead, alongside Dumuzi and Ninishzida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003126–128_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003126–128-313"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In incantations he commonly appeared alongside minor underworld deities such as Ningishzida, Geshtinanna, or Namtar and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003129_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003129-314"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There are also attestations of Gilgamesh as a servant of Nergal and Ereshkigal, specifically a ferryman of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003130_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003130-315"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Birtum" title="Birtum">Birtum</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Birtum was the husband of the prison goddess Nungal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998617_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998617-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name, which means "fetter" or "shackle" in Akkadian, is grammatically feminine, but designates a male deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998617_316-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998617-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bitu_(god)" title="Bitu (god)">Bitu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Bitu's primary function is that of a gatekeeper (<i>ì-du<sub>8</sub></i>) of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2003174–175_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003174–175-317"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In older publications his name was read as Neti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196187_318-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196187-318"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</i>, he leads Inanna through the seven gates of the underworld, removing one of her garments at each gate so that when she comes before Ereshkigal she is naked and symbolically powerless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983157–159_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983157–159-319"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bizilla" title="Bizilla">Bizilla</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ḫursaĝkalama<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199354_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199354-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Bizilla was a goddess closely associated with Nanaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758–59_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199758–59-321"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is assumed that like her she was a love goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199759_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199759-322"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also most likely regarded as the sukkal of Enlil's wife <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a> in Ḫursaĝkalama, her cult center located near <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199354_320-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199354-320"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013112_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013112-204"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bunene" title="Bunene">Bunene</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Bunene was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> and charioteer of the sun-god Utu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was worshipped at Sippar and Uruk during the Old Babylonian Period<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and later worshipped at Assur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to some accounts, he may have been Utu's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, in Sippar he was regarded as the son in law of Utu's Akkadian counterpart Shamash instead, and the daughter of Shamash and Aya, Mamu (or Mamud) was his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013260_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013260-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Damu" title="Damu">Damu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Isin, Larsa, Ur, and Girsu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Damu was a god who presides over healing and medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257_323-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the son of Ninisina or of Gula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some texts, "Damu" is used as another name for Dumuzid,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but this may be a different word meaning "son".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73_324-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257,_73-324"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another god named "Damu" was also worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257_323-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but this may be a local hero, not the same as the god of healing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257_323-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Alfonso Archi, the Eblaite Damu should be understood as the deified concept of a kinship group rather than a personified deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2015a21–22_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2015a21–22-325"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The official cult of Damu became extinct sometime after the Old Babylonian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257_323-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199257-323"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dingirma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingirma">Dingirma</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kesh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dingirma was a goddess from Kesh regarded as analogous to Ninhursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359–60_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359–60-326"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name means "exalted deity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201359-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While in literary texts the names Dingirma and Ninhursag can alternate, administrative texts from Kesh exclusively use the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dumuzi-abzu" title="Dumuzi-abzu">Dumuzi-abzu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>The state of Lagash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995114_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995114-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> especially Kinunir<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dumuzi-abzu is a local goddess who was the tutelary goddess of Kinunir, a settlement in the territory of the state of Lagash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995114_327-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995114-327"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name, which probably means "good child of the Abzu",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was sometimes abbreviated to <i>Dumuzi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but she has no obvious connection to the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzi">Dumuzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible that in Early Dynastic and Sargonic sources the name Dumuzi often referred to Dumuzi-abzu and not to the husband of Inanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein20101123_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein20101123-328"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is assumed that she belonged to the circle of deities connected to <a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995116_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995116-329"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible Dumuzi-abzu was regarded as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a> in the third millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Duttur" title="Duttur">Duttur</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Duttur was the mother of Dumuzi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013388_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013388-330"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thorkild_Jacobsen" title="Thorkild Jacobsen">Thorkild Jacobsen</a> proposed that she should be understood as a deification of the ewe (adult female <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003162_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003162-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, her name shows no etymological affinity with any attested terms related to sheep, and it has been suggested that while she was definitely a goddess associated with livestock and pastoralism, she was not necessarily exclusively connected with sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003162_331-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2003162-331"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Emesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesh">Emesh</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Emesh is a farmer deity in the Sumerian poem <i><a href="/wiki/Debate_between_Winter_and_Summer" title="Debate between Winter and Summer">Enlil Chooses the Farmer-God</a></i> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section5/tr533.htm">5.3.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507024155/https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section5/tr533.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), which describes how Enlil, hoping "to establish abundance and prosperity", creates two gods: <a href="/wiki/Emesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesh">Emesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enten" class="mw-redirect" title="Enten">Enten</a>, a farmer and a shepherd respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196149–50_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196149–50-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The two gods argue and Emesh lays claim to Enten's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196150_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196150-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They take the dispute before Enlil, who rules in favor of Enten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196151_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196151-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The two gods rejoice and reconcile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196151_334-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196151-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Babylon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199377_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199377-335"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Enbilulu was the god of irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">early dynastic</a> sources the name Ninbilulu is also attested, though it's uncertain if it should be considered an alternate form, or a separate, possibly female, deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The relation between Enbilulu, Ninbilulu and <a href="/wiki/Bilulu" title="Bilulu">Bilulu</a> from the myth <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr144.htm">Inanna and Bilulu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003113427/https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr144.htm">Archived</a> 2021-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> also remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350_336-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201350-336"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>possibly Umma<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1993184_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1993184-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Enkimdu is described as the "lord of dike and canal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276_65-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199276-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His character has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013486_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013486-338"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that he was worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> as the personification of the irrigation system, though the evidence is scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1993184_337-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1993184-337"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ppears in the myth <i>Enkimdu and Dumuzi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200686_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200686-339"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The text has originally been published under the title <i>Inanna prefers the farmer</i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Samuel Noah Kramer</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Initially it was assumed that it would end with Inanna choosing Enkimdu, but this interpretation was abandoned after more editions were compiled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383_340-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383-340"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In laments, he could be associated with <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1997104_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997104-341"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been pointed out that Dumuzi does not appear in any of the texts where Enkimdu occurs alongside Amurru, which might indicate that in this case the latter was meant to serve as a shepherd god contrasted with Enkimdu in a similar way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1997105_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997105-342"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Enlilazi </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur </td> <td>Enlilazi was a minor god regarded as the "superintendent of Ekur."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200660_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200660-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ennugi" title="Ennugi">Ennugi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993137_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993137-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ennugi was a god regarded as "lord of ditch and canal"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013209_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013209-345"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and "chamberlain of Enlil."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013214_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013214-346"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Based on similar meaning of the name <a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a> to the former title, it has been proposed that they might have been analogous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Enten" class="mw-redirect" title="Enten">Enten</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Enten is a shepherd deity in the Sumerian poem <i><a href="/wiki/Debate_between_Winter_and_Summer" title="Debate between Winter and Summer">Enlil Chooses the Farmer-God</a></i> (ETCSL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section5/tr533.htm">5.3.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507024155/https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section5/tr533.htm">Archived</a> 2021-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), which describes how Enlil, hoping "to establish abundance and prosperity", creates two gods: <a href="/wiki/Emesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesh">Emesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enten" class="mw-redirect" title="Enten">Enten</a>, a farmer and a shepherd respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196149–50_332-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196149–50-332"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The two gods argue and Emesh lays claim to Enten's position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196150_333-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196150-333"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They take the dispute before Enlil, who rules in favor of Enten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196151_334-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196151-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The two gods rejoice and reconcile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196151_334-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196151-334"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg/100px-Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg/150px-Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg/200px-Amulet_to_ward_off_plague.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Kutha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993126_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993126-347"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Erra is a warlike god who is associated with pestilence and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is the son of the sky-god An<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and his wife is an obscure, minor goddess named Mami, who is different from the mother goddess with the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201789-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As early as the Akkadian Period, Erra was already associated with <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and he eventually came to be seen as merely an aspect of him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The names came to be used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Erragal" title="Erragal">Erragal</a><br /><small>Errakal</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Erragal, also known as Errakal, is a relatively rarely-attested deity who was usually regarded as a form of Erra,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788-349"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but the two gods are probably of separate origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788–89_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788–89-351"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is connected with storms and the destruction caused by them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201789-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>An = Anum</i> I 316, Erragal is listed as the husband of the goddess Ninisig and is equated with Nergal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201789-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis Epic</a></i>, Errakal is said to "tear up the mooring poles", causing the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Great Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201789-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ezina <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Adab, Lagash, Umma, Ur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shuruppak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ezina, or Ashnan in Akkadian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341_352-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was a goddess of grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341_352-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341-352"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was commonly associated with Kusu, a goddess of purification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Sumerian poem <i><a href="/wiki/Debate_between_sheep_and_grain" title="Debate between sheep and grain">The Dispute between Cattle and Grain</a></i>, she and <a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a> are created by the Anunnaki to provide them with food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They produce large amounts of food,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but become drunk with wine and start to quarrel, so Enki and Enlil intervene, declaring Ashnan the victor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gareus" title="Gareus">Gareus</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Uruk </td> <td>Gareus was a god introduced to Uruk during late antiquity by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who built a small <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Gareus" title="Temple of Gareus">temple</a> to him there in around 100 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736_357-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was a syncretic deity, combining elements of Greco-Roman and Babylonian cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736_357-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736-357"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gazbaba" title="Gazbaba">Gazbaba</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Gazbaba was a goddess closely associated with Nanaya, like her connected with erotic love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0urpu" title="Šurpu">Šurpu</a> describes her as <i>ṣayyaḫatu</i>, "the smiling one," which is likely a reference to the frequent mention of smiles in Akkadian erotic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141_358-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name is derived from the Akkadian word <i>kazbu</i>, which can be translated as "sexual attraction."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141_358-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141-358"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur, Isin, and Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2004_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2004-359"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Geshtinanna was a rural agricultural goddess sometimes associated with <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">dream interpretation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the sister of Dumuzid, the god of shepherds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one myth, she protects her brother when the <i><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a></i> demons come to drag him down to the Underworld by hiding him in successively in four different places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In another myth about Dumuzid's death, she refuses to tell the <i>galla</i> where he is hiding, even after they torture her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i>galla</i> eventually take Dumuzid away after he is betrayed by an unnamed "friend",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but Inanna decrees that he and Geshtinanna will alternate places every six months, each spending half the year in the Underworld while the other stays in Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While she is in the Underworld, Geshtinanna serves as Ereshkigal's scribe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Lagash she was regarded as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a>, and was associated with his symbol, <a href="/wiki/Mushussu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushussu">mushussu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206_361-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206-361"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Julia M. Asher-Greve she was connected in myths to Geshtindudu, another minor goddess, by friendship alone, an uncommon connection between otherwise unrelated Mesopotamian goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_bonfire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large bonfire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Large_bonfire.jpg/100px-Large_bonfire.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Large_bonfire.jpg/150px-Large_bonfire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Large_bonfire.jpg/200px-Large_bonfire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>Gibil is the deification of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(assyriologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremy Black (assyriologist)">Jeremy Black</a> and Anthony Green, he "represented fire in all its aspects: as a destructive force and as the burning heat of the Mesopotamian summer; and as a creative force, the fire in the blacksmith's furnace and the fire in the kiln where bricks are baked, and so as a 'founder of cities'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is traditionally said to be the son of An and <a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but is sometimes the son of <a href="/wiki/Nusku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusku">Nusku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168_363-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168-363"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Gugalanna is the first husband of <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>, the queen of the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His name probably originally meant "canal inspector of An"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and he may be merely an alternative name for <a href="/wiki/Ennugi" title="Ennugi">Ennugi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The son of Ereshkigal and Gugalanna is <a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</i>, Inanna tells the gatekeeper <a href="/wiki/Neti_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neti (deity)">Neti</a> that she is descending to the Underworld to attend the funeral of "Gugalanna, the husband of my elder sister Ereshkigal".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196190_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196190-364"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gunura" title="Gunura">Gunura</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Gunura was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a> and thus sister of Damu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was not associated with other healing goddesses, such as <a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gatumdag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatumdag">Ĝatumdug</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Lagash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ĝatumdug was a goddess from the early pantheon of Lagash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the meaning of her name is unknown, she was described as the city's mother,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201353_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201353-365"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or its founder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367–68_366-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367–68-366"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> she assigned a <i>lamma</i> (tutelary deity) to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013193-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was later equated with Bau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_367-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-367"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Haya_(god)" title="Haya (god)">Haya</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Haya is the husband of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Haya was primarily a god of scribes,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but he may have also been associated with grain and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also served as a doorkeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some texts, he is identified as the father of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was worshipped mostly during the Third Dynasty of Ur, when he had temples in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In later times, he had a temple in the city of <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> and may have had one in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A god named Haya was worshipped at <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, but this may have been a different deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAegir" title="Ḫegir">Ḫegir</a><br /><small>Ḫegirnunna</small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Girsu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993164_369-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993164-369"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ḫegir, later known as Ḫegirnunna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995140_370-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995140-370"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was one of the seven deities referred to as "septuplets of Bau" or "seven <i>lukur</i> priestesses of Ningirsu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995141_371-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995141-371"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name can be translated as "the maid of the (lofty) way" and refers to a route of processions in Girsu in the state of Lagash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995140_370-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995140-370"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Girsu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993165_372-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993165-372"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Hendursaga was a Sumerian god described as "protective god with a friendly face" in inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013234_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013234-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was believed to guard streets and gates at night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013234_220-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013234-220"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of Lagash refers to him as the "herald of the land of Sumer" in one inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002110_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002110-373"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife might have originally been Dumuzi-abzu, though later he was regarded as the husband of Ninmug due to syncretism between him and Ishum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Humhum </th> <td> </td> <td>Dūr-Šarruku<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146_374-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Humhum was a minor god worshiped in Dūr-Šarruku (also known as Sippar-Aruru) in northern Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146_374-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> returned his statue to a temple located there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146_374-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Idlurugu" title="Idlurugu">Idlurugu</a><br /><small>Id<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldt2005124_375-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldt2005124-375"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>375<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Id (modern <a href="/wiki/Hit,_Iraq" title="Hit, Iraq">Hit</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldt2005126_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldt2005126-376"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>376<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Idlurugu was a god who represent the concept of <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, specifically river ordeal. The term <i>i<sub>7</sub>-lú-ru-gú</i>, "the river that receives man"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013430_377-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013430-377"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>377<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or "the river which confronts man," could refer both to him and to the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoldt2005125_378-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoldt2005125-378"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>378<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Igalima" class="mw-redirect" title="Igalima">Igalima</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Lagash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239_379-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Igalima was a son of Bau and <a href="/wiki/Nin%C4%9Dirsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninĝirsu">Ninĝirsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239_379-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In offering lists he appears next to Shulshaga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995145_380-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995145-380"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>380<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ilaba" title="Ilaba">Ilaba</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Agade</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ilaba was briefly a major deity during the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Sargonic period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but seems to have been completely obscure during all other periods of Mesopotamian history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was closely associated with the kings of the Akkadian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ilabrat" title="Ilabrat">Ilabrat</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Assur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeenhof201877_381-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeenhof201877-381"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>381<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a town near Nuzi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998492_382-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998492-382"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>382<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ilabrat was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i>, or personal attendant, of Anu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2013_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065_383-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-383"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears in the myth of <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a> in which he tells Anu that the reason why the south wind does not blow is because Adapa, the priest of Ea in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, has broken its wing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065_383-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-383"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>383<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Shamash's temple Ebabbar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196_384-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in Larsa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358_385-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>One of the 11<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358_385-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358-385"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>385<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "standing gods of Ebabbar," divine judges assisting Shamash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196_384-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as a member of various Assyrian groups of judge deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358–359_386-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008358–359-386"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>386<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While Akkadian in origin (the name means "he (or she) heard the payer),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196_384-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ishmekarab also appears in <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> sources as an assistant of judge god <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a>, both in legal documents<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196_384-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196-384"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>384<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in texts about the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199745_387-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199745-387"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330_388-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ishmekarab's gender is unclear, but <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Wilfred G. Lambert</a> considered it more likely that this deity was male.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196–197_389-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980a196–197-389"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>389<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Irnina" title="Irnina">Irnina</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Irnina was the goddess of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013114_390-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013114-390"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>390<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She could function as an independent deity from the court of Ningishzida, but also as a title of major goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Isimud depicted on the Adda Seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg/80px-Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg/120px-Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg/160px-Cropped_Image_of_Ancient_Akkadian_Cylinder_Seal_Impression_of_the_Two-Faced_God_Isimud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Worshipped with Enki as his <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> </td> <td>Isimud, later known as Usmû, was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i>, or personal attendant, of Enki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His name is related to the word meaning "having two faces"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and he is shown in art with a face on either side of his head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He acts as Enki's messenger in the myths of <i>Enki and Ninhursag</i> and <i>Inanna and Enki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Ishum</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ishum was a popular, but not very prominent god,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who was worshipped from the Early Dynastic Period onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a fragmentary myth, he is described as the son of Shamash and Ninlil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but he was usually the son of Shamash and his wife Aya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The former genealogy was likely the result of confusion between Sud (Ninlil) and Sudag, a title of the sun god's wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was a generally benevolent deity, who served as a night watchman and protector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He may be the same god as the Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a>, because the both of them are said to have been the husband of the goddess Ninmug.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was sometimes associated with the Underworld<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was believed to exert a calming influence on <a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a>, the god of rage and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kabta" title="Kabta">Kabta</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kabta was a deity commonly paired with Ninsianna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199334_392-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199334-392"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>392<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kakka" title="Kakka">Kakka</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Maškan-šarrum<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinkeller1982289_393-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller1982289-393"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>393<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kakka was the <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> of both Anu (in <i>Nergal and Ereshkigal</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002152_394-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002152-394"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>394<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Anshar (in the god list <i>An = Anum</i> and in <i>Enuma Elish</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke199825_395-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke199825-395"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kakka is not to be confused with a different unrelated deity named Kakka, known from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, who was a healing goddess associated with <a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke199825_395-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke199825-395"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>395<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013273_292-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013273-292"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kanisurra" title="Kanisurra">Kanisurra</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Uruk,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kish<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317_397-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kanisurra (also Gansurra, Ganisurra)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317_397-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317-397"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>397<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was a goddess from the entourage of Nanaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316_398-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was known as <i>bēlet kaššāpāti</i>, "lady of the sorceresses."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, her character and functions remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389-396"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>396<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316_398-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316-398"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>398<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that her name was originally a term for a location in the netherworld due to its similarity to the Sumerian word <i>ganzer</i>, the entrance to the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316–317_399-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316–317-399"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>399<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In late theological sources she was regarded as Nanaya's hairdresser and one of the two "daughters of <a href="/wiki/Ezida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezida">Ezida</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003318_400-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003318-400"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>400<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Umma, Lagash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ki was a Sumerian goddess who was the personification of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112-391"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>391<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some Sumerian accounts, she is a primordial being who copulates with An to produce a variety of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112–113_401-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112–113-401"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>401<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An and Ki collectively were an object of worship in Umma and Lagash in the Ur III period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but the evidence for worship of her is scarce and her name was sometimes written without the dingir sign denoting divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013407_402-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013407-402"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>402<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A fragmentary late neo-Assyrian god list appears to consider her and another figure regarded as the wife of Anu, Urash, as one and the same, and refers to "Ki-Urash."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013432–424_403-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013432–424-403"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>403<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kittum" title="Kittum">Kittum</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Bad-Tibira, Rahabu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993156_404-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993156-404"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>404<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kittum was a daughter of Utu and <a href="/wiki/Sherida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherida">Sherida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115_405-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115-405"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name means "Truth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115_405-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115-405"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>405<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kus_(god)" title="Kus (god)">Kus</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kus is a god of herdsmen referenced in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Dunnum" title="Dynasty of Dunnum">Theogony of Dunnu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002168_406-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002168-406"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>406<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kusu_(goddess)" title="Kusu (goddess)">Kusu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Lagash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kusu was a goddess of purification, commonly invoked in Akkadian <i>šuillakku</i>, a type of prayers asking for help with an individual's problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was regarded as the personification of a type of ritual censer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369-353"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A late text states that "the duck is the bird of Kusu."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013224_408-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013224-408"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>408<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1995368_409-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1995368-409"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983418–419_410-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983418–419-410"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>410<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lagamar, whose name means "no mercy" in Akkadian<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983418_411-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983418-411"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was a minor god worshiped in Dilbat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1995368_409-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn1995368-409"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>409<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as the son of the city's tutelary god, <a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Urash</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Urash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urash">earth goddess</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983419_412-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983419-412"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was associated with the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983418_411-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983418-411"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>411<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was also worshiped in Elam, where he was associated with Ishmekarab<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983419_412-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983419-412"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the underworld judge <a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199745_387-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199745-387"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330_388-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Laguda" title="Laguda">Laguda</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nēmed-Laguda<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327_413-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327-413"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Laguda was a god associated with the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327_413-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327-413"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>413<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears in the text <i>Marduk's Address to the Demons</i>, according to which he exalted the eponymous god in the "lower sea."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013247-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He could be associated with other deities with marine associations, such as Sirsir and Lugal'abba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013247-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Lahar was a god associated with sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013524_415-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013524-415"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>415<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Research shows that he was usually regarded as a male deity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013523_416-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013523-416"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though he was initially interpreted as a goddess in Samuel Noah Kramer's translations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013523_416-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013523-416"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Debate_between_sheep_and_grain" title="Debate between sheep and grain">The Dispute between Cattle and Grain</a></i>, Lahar and <a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a> are created by the Anunnaki to provide them with food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221_354-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221-354"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They produce large amounts of food,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222_355-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222-355"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but become drunk with wine and start to quarrel, so Enki and Enlil intervene, declaring Ashnan the victor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222_356-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222-356"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%A3" title="Laṣ">Laṣ</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kutha,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lagaba" title="Lagaba">Lagaba</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeemans1983417_418-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeemans1983417-418"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>418<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Laṣ was one of the goddesses who could be regarded as the wife of Nergal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, she became the goddess most commonly identified as such starting with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507_419-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507-419"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Assyria, an analogous phenomenon is attested from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a> onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507_419-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507-419"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>419<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Old Babylonian period, Nergal's wife was usually <a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mammitum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507_420-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507-420"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that Laṣ was a goddess of healing, as an explanatory version of the Weidner god list equates her with <a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Bau</a>, while other similar documents place her in the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Gula_(goddess)" title="Gula (goddess)">Gula</a>, who were both regarded as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507_420-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507-420"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lisin" title="Lisin">Lisin</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Adab and <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lisin and her brother <a href="/wiki/Ashgi" title="Ashgi">Ashgi</a> were worshipped in Adab and Kesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her husband was the god <a href="/wiki/Ninsikila" title="Ninsikila">Ninsikila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Sumerian times, Lisin was viewed as a mother goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is identified with the star <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">α Scorpionis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later, Ninsikila's and Lisin's genders were swapped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318-421"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lugala%27abba" title="Lugala&#39;abba">Lugala'abba</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013244_422-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013244-422"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>422<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lugala'abba ("Lord of the Sea"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013218_423-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013218-423"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>423<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was a god associated both with the sea and with the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013240–241_424-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013240–241-424"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>424<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuara</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lugalbanda was an early legendary king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who was later declared to be a god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is the husband of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a> and the father of the mortal hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is mentioned as a god alongside Ninsun in a list of deities as early as the Early Dynastic Period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A brief fragment of a myth about him from this same time period is also preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the Third Dynasty of Ur, all the kings would offer sacrifices to Lugalbanda as a god in the holy city of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two epic poems about Lugalbanda describe him successfully crossing dangerous mountains alone, though hindered by severe illness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> makes him a shepherd, who reigned for 1,200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He has a close relationship with the goddess Inanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The constellation Gemini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gemini.gif/100px-Gemini.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gemini.gif/150px-Gemini.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gemini.gif/200px-Gemini.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Kisiga<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea are a set of twin gods who were worshipped in the village of Kisiga, located in northern <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>425<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were regarded as guardians of doorways<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and they may have originally been envisioned as a set of twins guarding the gates of the Underworld, who chopped the dead into pieces as they passed through the gates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123–124_427-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123–124-427"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>427<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the Neo-Assyrian period, small depictions of them would be buried at entrances,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with Lugal-irra always on the left and Meslamta-ea always on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are identical and are shown wearing horned caps and each holding an axe and a mace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are identified with the constellation <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a>, which is named after them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124-426"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>426<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lulal" title="Lulal">Lulal</a><br /><small>Latarak</small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Bad-tibira<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013518_429-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013518-429"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lulal, also known as Latarak in Akkadian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013518_429-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013518-429"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was a god closely associated with Inanna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but their relationship is unclear and ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears in <i>Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He seems to have primarily been a warrior-god,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but he was also associated with domesticated animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One hymn calls him the "master of the open country."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013518_429-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013518-429"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>429<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lumma" title="Lumma">Lumma</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur and Umma<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659_430-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659-430"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Reading of the theonym LUM-ma is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1987168_431-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1987168-431"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>431<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The god bearing it was regarded as a guardian (<i>udug</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a>, Enlil's temple in Nippur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658-432"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or as an underworld demon (<i>gallû</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658-432"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gianni Marchesi describes him as "gendarme demon par excellence."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658-432"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was regarded as a figure of low rank, serving under other deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658-432"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but nonetheless capable of rewarding righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658-432"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>432<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The goddess Ninmug was his mother according to the text of a Sumerian lamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659_430-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659-430"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>430<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been proposed that he was originally a deified human ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200660_343-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200660-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar origin has been proposed for a number of other gods of similar character, such as Ḫadaniš (who shares his name with a king of <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200660_343-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200660-343"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mami_(goddess)" title="Mami (goddess)">Mami</a> <br /><small>Mama</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mami or Mama is a mother goddess whose name means "mother".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She may be the same goddess as Ninhursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mammitum</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kutha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mammitum was one of the goddesses who could be identified as the wife of Nergal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Old Babylonian period, she is the best attested among them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507_420-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507-420"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>420<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible she was originally the wife of <a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a> rather than Nergal, and was only introduced to Kutha alongside him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name might mean "oath" or "frost" (based on similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> word <i>mammû</i>, "ice" or "frost").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987a330_433-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987a330-433"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>433<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As her name is <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophonous</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mami_(goddess)" title="Mami (goddess)">Mami</a>, a goddess of birth or "divine midwife,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387_434-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387-434"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> some researchers assume they are one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, it has been proven that they were separate deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387_434-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387-434"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mamu_(deity)" title="Mamu (deity)">Mamu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Sippar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265-435"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mamu or Mamud was the daughter of Aya and Shamash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013257_436-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013257-436"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>436<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> worshiped in Sippar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265-435"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the goddess of dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013262_291-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013262-291"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her husband was Bunene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013260_289-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013260-289"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mandanu" title="Mandanu">Mandanu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Babylon, Kish<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993137_344-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993137-344"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mandanu was a divine judge, attested after the Old Babylonian period, but absent from older god lists such as the so-called Weidner and Nippur lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356_437-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356-437"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>437<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to assyriologist Manfred Krebernik he can be considered a personification of places of judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356_437-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356-437"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>437<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He belonged to the circle of deities associated with Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013138_438-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013138-438"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>438<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-439"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Manzat ("Rainbow") was the Akkadian goddess of the rainbow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987344_440-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987344-440"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was worshiped in Der,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-439"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was sometimes viewed as the wife of the city's tutelary god, <a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744_178-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her titles, such as "Lady of regulations of heaven" and "Companion of heaven" highlighted her astral character,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987344_440-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987344-440"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>440<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though she was also associated with prosperity of cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987345_441-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987345-441"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Outside Mesopotamia she was also worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, where she was possibly regarded as the wife of <a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987345_441-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987345-441"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Martu</a> <br /><small>Amurru</small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Babylon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993120_442-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993120-442"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>442<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Assur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993134_443-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993134-443"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>443<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Martu, in Akkadian known as Amurru, was the divine personification of the nomads who began to appear on the edges of the Mesopotamian world in the middle of the third millennium BC, initially from the west, but later from the east as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129_444-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129-444"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>444<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was described as a deity who "rages over the land like a storm".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129_444-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129-444"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>444<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One myth describes how the daughter of the god Numušda insists on marrying Martu, despite his unattractive habits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129–130_445-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129–130-445"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>445<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Old Babylonian and Kassite art, Amurru is shown as a god dressed in long robes and carrying a <a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">scimitar</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_crook" title="Shepherd&#39;s crook">shepherd's crook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Misharu" class="mw-redirect" title="Misharu">Misharu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Misharu ("justice") was a son of Adad and Shala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His wife was <a href="/wiki/Ishartu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishartu">Ishartu</a> ("righteousness").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nanibgal </th> <td> </td> <td>Eresh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159_447-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159-447"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nanibgal was initially a title or alternate name of Nisaba, but eventually developed into a distinct goddess attested in the god list <i>An = Anum</i> and in a number of rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576_221-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She had her own spouse, Ennugi, and own distinct role as a courtier of Ninlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576_221-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski1998576-221"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nimintabba" title="Nimintabba">Nimintabba</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235_448-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235-448"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nimintabba was a minor goddess who belonged to the entourage of Nanna, the tutelary god of Ur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235_448-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235-448"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She had a temple in Ur during the reign of king Shulgi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235_448-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235-448"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>448<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible she was initially a deity of greater theological importance, but declined with time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393_449-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393-449"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>449<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nindara" title="Nindara">Nindara</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Girsu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159_447-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159-447"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>447<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ki'eša<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995215_450-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995215-450"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>450<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nindara was the husband of <a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013218_451-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013218-451"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>451<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a><br /><small>Belet Ekallim<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342_452-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342-452"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342_452-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342-452"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Umma,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344_453-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344-453"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>453<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lagash,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344_453-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344-453"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>453<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dilbat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346_454-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346-454"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninegal or Ninegalla, known in Akkadian as Belet Ekallim<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342_452-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342-452"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>452<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (both meaning "lady of the palace")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013111_455-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013111-455"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>455<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was a minor<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343_456-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343-456"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>456<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> goddess regarded as a tutelary deity of palaces of kings and other high-ranking officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343_456-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343-456"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>456<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the wife of Urash, the city god of Dilbat,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was worshiped alongside him and their son Lagamar in some locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346_454-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346-454"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> "Ninegal" could also function as an epithet of other deities, especially Inanna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344_453-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344-453"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>453<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345_457-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345-457"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>457<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Outside Mesopotamia she was popular in <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>, where she served as the tutelary goddess of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346_454-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346-454"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>454<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a><br /><small>Nikkal<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138-458"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ekišnuĝal temple in <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013120_459-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013120-459"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>459<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138-458"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ningal ("great queen"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349_460-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349-460"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>460<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>), later known by the corrupted form Nikkal, was the wife of Nanna-Suen, the god of the moon, and the mother of Utu, the god of the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138-458"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Though she was worshiped in all periods of ancient Mesopotamian history, her role is described as "passive and supportive" by researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349_460-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349-460"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>460<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ningikuga" title="Ningikuga">Ningikuga</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109_461-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109-461"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>461<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ningikuga is a goddess of reeds and marshes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221-462"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name means "Lady of the Pure Reed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221-462"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is the daughter of Anu and <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221-462"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and one of the many consorts of Enki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221-462"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>462<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ningirida" title="Ningirida">Ningirida</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ningirida was the wife of Ninazu and mother of Ningishzida and his two sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a368_275-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a368-275"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A passage describing Ningirida taking care of baby Ningishzida is regarded as one of the only references to deities in their infancy and to goddesses breastfeeding in Mesopotamian literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144_463-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144-463"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>463<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ninhegal </th> <td> </td> <td>Sippar </td> <td>Ninhegal was a goddess of abundance worshiped in Sippar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265-435"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible she can be identified as the goddess depicted with streams of water on seals from that city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265-435"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>435<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninimma" title="Ninimma">Ninimma</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninimma was a courtier of Enlil regarded as his scribe and sometimes as the nurse of his children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013434_464-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013434-464"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>464<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144_463-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144-463"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>463<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Like other goddesses from Enlil's circle she had a temple in Nippur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the myth <i>Enki and Ninmah</i> she's one of the seven birth goddesses,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013506_465-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013506-465"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>465<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the other 6 being Shuzianna, Ninmada, Ninshar, Ninmug, Mumudu and Ninniginna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013337-466"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>466<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her husband was <a href="/wiki/Gu%C5%A1kinbanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Guškinbanda">Guškinbanda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013377_467-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013377-467"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>467<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> called "Ea of the goldsmith" in an explanatory text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013434_464-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013434-464"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>464<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Occasional references to Ninimma as a male deity are also known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201396_468-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201396-468"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>468<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in this context he was called "Ea of the scribe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013434_464-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013434-464"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>464<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Indian grey mongoose, which is found in Mesopotamia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg/100px-Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg/150px-Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg/200px-Herpestes_edwardsii._2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninkilim was a deity who was associated with mongooses, which are common throughout southern Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> popular saying, when a mouse fled from a mongoose into a serpent's hole, it announced, "I bring you greetings from the snake-charmer!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A creature resembling a mongoose also appears in Old Babylonian glyptic art,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but its significance is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ningirima" title="Ningirima">Ningirima</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Muru,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199330_470-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199330-470"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>470<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Girima near Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354_471-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354-471"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>471<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ningirama was a goddess<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354_471-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354-471"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>471<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> associated with incantations, water, and fish,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354_471-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354-471"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>471<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and who was invoked for protection against snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been argued that she was conflated with <a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ningilin</a>, the deity of mongooses, at an early date,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>469<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but she is a distinct deity as late as during the reign of Esarhaddon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110_472-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110-472"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>472<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ningishzida,_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders,_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ningishzida%2C_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders%2C_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg/100px-Ningishzida%2C_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders%2C_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ningishzida%2C_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders%2C_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg/150px-Ningishzida%2C_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders%2C_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ningishzida%2C_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders%2C_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg/200px-Ningishzida%2C_with_snakes_emanating_from_his_shoulders%2C_on_a_relief_of_Gudea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="3208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139_473-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139-473"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>473<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ningishzida is a god who normally lives in the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138-458"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is the son of <a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a> and his name may be etymologically derived from a phrase meaning "Lord of the Good Tree".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138-458"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>458<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Sumerian poem, <i>The Death of Gilgamesh</i>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> dies and meets Ningishzida, along with <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>, in the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139_473-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139-473"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>473<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a>, the Sumerian king of the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, revered Ningishzida as his personal protector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139_473-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139-473"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>473<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the myth of <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>, Dumuzid and Ningishzida are described as guarding the gates of the highest Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139–140_474-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139–140-474"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>474<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ningishzida was associated with the constellation <a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ningublaga" title="Ningublaga">Ningublaga</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kiabrig,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199328_475-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199328-475"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>475<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199386_476-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199386-476"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>476<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Larsa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998375_477-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998375-477"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>477<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ningublaga was associated with cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375_478-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375-478"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>478<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was believed to oversee the herds belonging to the moon god <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200641_479-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200641-479"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>479<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Consumption of beef was regarded as taboo to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375_478-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375-478"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>478<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also had an <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> role, and appears in many incantations, for example against scorpion bite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375_478-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375-478"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>478<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninigizibara" title="Ninigizibara">Ninigizibara</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Umma,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115_480-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115-480"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>480<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126_481-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126-481"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>481<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninigizibara was a deified harp who could be regarded as an advisor of Inanna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115_480-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115-480"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>480<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Shuruppak,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101-407"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>407<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninkasi was the goddess of beer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318-421"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was associated with Širaš, the goddess of brewing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168_482-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168-482"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>482<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one hymn her parents are said to be Enki and Ninti,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168_482-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168-482"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>482<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though it also states she was raised by Ninhursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168_482-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168-482"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>482<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sometimes Ninkasi was viewed as a male deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318-421"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the so-called Weidner god list, Ninkasi appears among chthonic deities alongside the prison goddess <a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616_483-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616-483"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>483<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninkurra" title="Ninkurra">Ninkurra</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninkurra is the daughter of Enki and <a href="/wiki/Ninsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninsar">Ninsar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223_484-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223-484"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>484<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After having sex with her father Enki, Ninkurra gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a>, the goddess of weaving and vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223_484-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223-484"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>484<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninmada" title="Ninmada">Ninmada</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninmada was a god regarded as a brother of Ninazu,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742_179-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who was described as a snake charmer in the service of An or Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742_179-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199742-179"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A goddess bearing the same name appears among the assistants of Ninmah in the myth <i>Enki and Ninmah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013337-466"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>466<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nin-MAR.KI" title="Nin-MAR.KI">Nin-MAR.KI</a> <br /><small>Ninmar?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199336_485-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199336-485"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>485<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ḫurim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199372_486-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199372-486"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>486<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Guabba,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199384_487-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199384-487"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>487<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lagash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346-362"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nin-MAR.KI (reading uncertain) was the daughter of Nanshe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206_361-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206-361"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninmena" title="Ninmena">Ninmena</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Utab<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013129_488-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013129-488"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>488<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninmena was a Sumerian goddess of birth<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201352_489-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201352-489"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>489<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> whose name means "Lady of the Crown".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387_434-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387-434"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>434<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although syncretised with more prominent similar goddesses (like Ninhursag) in literary texts, she never fully merged with them in Sumerian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201390_490-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201390-490"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>490<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninmug" title="Ninmug">Ninmug</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kisiga,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355_491-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355-491"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>491<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shuruppak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninmug was the tutelary goddess of metal workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013222_492-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013222-492"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>492<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the wife of the god <a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Ishum</a>, and by extension also of Hendursaga in later periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninpumuna" title="Ninpumuna">Ninpumuna</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ur, <a href="/wiki/Puzrish-Dagan" title="Puzrish-Dagan">Puzrish-Dagan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232_493-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232-493"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>493<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> possibly Gishbanda<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227_494-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227-494"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>494<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninpumuna was the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Salt_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt springs">salt springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010225_495-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010225-495"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>495<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is only attested in texts from Ur and Puzrish-Dagan from the Ur III period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232_493-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232-493"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>493<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though it is also possible that she was worshiped in Gishbanda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227_494-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227-494"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>494<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nin%C5%A1ar" title="Ninšar">Ninšar</a><br /><small>Ninnisig?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201790_496-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201790-496"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>496<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147_497-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147-497"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>497<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shuruppak<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The reading of the name of this goddess, NIN.SAR (possibly to be understood as "Lady Herbs"), is uncertain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355_491-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355-491"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>491<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> with Ninšar being favored by authors such as Andrew R. George<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147_497-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147-497"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>497<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Wilfred G. Lambert, while Antonie Cavigneaux and Martin Krebernik argue Ninnisig is more likely to be correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201790_496-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201790-496"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>496<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She belonged to the court of Enlil and was regarded as his personal butcher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199324_498-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199324-498"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>498<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her husband was Erragal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201789-350"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the myth <i>Enki and Ninmah</i>, she appears as one of the seven assistants of the eponymous goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013337-466"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>466<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the planet Venus, as seen from earth with the naked eye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/100px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/150px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/200px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>É-ešbarzida temple in Ur and other temples in <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2016-499"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninsianna was the deity of the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2016-499"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ninsiana's gender varied depending on location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is described in one text as the "holy torch who fills the heavens"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2016-499"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was frequently associated with <a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">haruspicy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2016-499"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her worship is first attested during the Third Dynasty of Ur and she continued to be venerated until the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Period</a> (312 BC – 63 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2016-499"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>499<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was sometimes regarded as the astral aspect of Inanna,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345_457-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345-457"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>457<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but in Isin she was instead associated with Ninisina<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386_500-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-500"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>500<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in Larsa Ninsianna and Inanna were separate goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also sometimes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> astral goddess <a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927_501-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927-501"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>501<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninsikila" title="Ninsikila">Ninsikila</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ninsikila was the husband of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Lisin" title="Lisin">Lisin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later their genders were switched around,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318-421"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>421<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> possibly due to confusion between the male Mesopotamian Ninsikila and a similarly named goddess from <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103-502"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragmentary Neo-Sumerian steatite relief showing Ninsun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg/100px-Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg/150px-Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg/200px-Relief_Ninsun_Louvre_AO2761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ninsun was a goddess whose name can be understood as "lady of the wild cows."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147_503-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147-503"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>503<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the divine consort of <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a>, the deified king of Uruk, and the mother of the hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992141_208-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992141-208"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nintu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintu">Nintu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nintu is a Sumerian mother goddess associated with childbirth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132–133_504-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132–133-504"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>504<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name literally means "Lady of Birth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She may just be an aspect of Ninhursag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nirah" title="Nirah">Nirah</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nirah in the form of a snake on upper edge of a kudurru boundary stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg/100px-Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg/150px-Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg/200px-Kudurru_of_Eanna-shum-iddina_BM_K.3401.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="3816" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nirah was the messenger of the god <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ištaran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was identified with snakes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and may appear in the form of a snake on <i><a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurrus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Numushda" title="Numushda">Numushda</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazallu" title="Kazallu">Kazallu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kiritab<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2014291_506-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2014291-506"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>506<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Numushda was a god who was associated with the city of Kazallu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His worship is attested from the Early Dynastic Period,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but his cult seems to have ceased at the end of the Old Babylonian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was believed to be the son of the moon-god Nanna and may have been regarded as a storm deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the myth of <i>The Marriage of Martu</i>, Numushda's unnamed daughter insists on marrying the nomadic desert god <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Martu</a>, despite his unattractive lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a><br /><small>Manungal</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> temple in Nippur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lagash, Sippar, Dilbat<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998617_316-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998617-316"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nungal, also known as Manungal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998615_507-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998615-507"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>507<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was the goddess of prisons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386_500-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-500"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>500<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> also associated with the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009234_508-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009234-508"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>508<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name means "great prince(ss)" in Sumerian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386_500-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-500"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>500<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is rarely attested in literary compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009236_509-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009236-509"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>509<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the so-called Weidner god list she appears among chthonic deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616_483-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616-483"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>483<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and she was sometimes referred to with the epithet Ninkurra, "lady of the underworld."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009236_509-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009236-509"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>509<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to one hymn her mother was <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009236_509-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009236-509"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>509<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her husband was the god Birtum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The name Ninegal was sometimes used as her epithet,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998615_507-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998615-507"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>507<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and it is possible in Dilbat she and the distinct goddess Ninegal were regarded as analogous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998618_510-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998618-510"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>510<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nunusdug </th> <td> </td> <td>Kisiga </td> <td>Nunusdug was a minor goddess from the city of Kisiga, attested only in the Early Dynastic period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201357_511-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201357-511"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>511<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name means "good woman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201357_511-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201357-511"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>511<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nusku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusku">Nusku</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199385_512-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199385-512"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>512<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nusku is the god of fire and light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the son and minister of Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The god <a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a> is sometimes described as his son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nusku's main symbol was a lit <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil lamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was a member of a group of deities that were worshipped in Harran during the Neo-Assyrian Period by the predominately <a href="/wiki/Old_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Aramaic language">Old Aramaic-speaking</a> population there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>505<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsaĝ</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SagittariusCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The constellation Sagittarius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SagittariusCC.jpg/100px-SagittariusCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SagittariusCC.jpg/150px-SagittariusCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SagittariusCC.jpg/200px-SagittariusCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Isin, Nippur, and <a href="/wiki/Larag" class="mw-redirect" title="Larag">Larag</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Pabilshag was a god whose worship is attested from the Early Dynastic Period onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was believed to be the son of Enlil and the husband of <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a>, the patron goddess of Isin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some texts, he is identified with Ninurta or Ningirsu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One Sumerian poem describes Pabilsag's journey to Nippur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pabilsag was believed to be the constellation <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Panigingarra" title="Panigingarra">Panigingarra</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Adab<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005325_513-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005325-513"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>513<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Panigingarra was a god worshiped in Adab who was the son of Ninhursag and Shulpa'e.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005326_514-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005326-514"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>514<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One inscription calls him the "lord of <i>kudurru</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005326_514-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005326-514"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>514<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In late sources he was syncretised with Ninurta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005326_514-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2005326-514"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>514<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears in a poorly preserved myth, <i>Urash and Marduk</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013315_515-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013315-515"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>515<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sadarnunna" title="Sadarnunna">Sadarnunna</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126_481-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126-481"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>481<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sadarnunna was the wife of Nuska.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126_481-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126-481"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>481<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esagil" class="mw-redirect" title="Esagil">Esagil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105-281"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sarpanit was the wife of Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201392-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name was most likely derived from Sarpan, a village near Babylon, which in a myth about her marriage to Marduk was given to her by her father Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013304_239-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013304-239"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arr%C4%81%E1%B8%AB%C4%ABtu" title="Šarrāḫītu">Šarrāḫītu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Babylon, Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201171_516-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201171-516"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>516<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Šarrāḫītu ("The glorified one"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was a goddess worshiped in Babylon during the reign of Esarhaddon and later in Uruk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201171_516-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik201171-516"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>516<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was identified with Ashratum, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131_268-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013131-268"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and a late esoteric text explains her name as<i>Ašrat aḫītu,</i> "Ashratum, the foreigner."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007167_517-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007167-517"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>517<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Uruk she was associated with Belet-Seri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132_219-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132-219"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Šarrat-Dēri </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Šarrat-Dēri was the wife of <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ištaran</a>, the local god of the Sumerian city-state of Der.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name means "Queen of Der".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0erua" title="Šerua">Šerua</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcato2018167_518-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcato2018167-518"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>518<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Šerua was an Assyrian goddess associated with Ashur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was the only deity regarded as related to him for reasons other than syncretism with Enlil,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but Assyrian theological treatises disputed if she was his wife or daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She should not be confused with Erua, an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82_81-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983a82-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a><br /><small>Medimsha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg/100px-Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg/150px-Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg/200px-Syrian_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Worshippers_before_a_Goddess_-_Walters_42450_-_Impression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karkar_(ancient_city)" title="Karkar (ancient city)">Karkar</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-439"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Shala, also known as Medimsha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ("having beautiful limbs")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> was the wife of the weather god Adad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-439"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>439<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was a goddess of rain, and was often depicted naked on cylinder seals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007133-175"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shara_(god)" title="Shara (god)">Shara</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993141_519-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993141-519"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>519<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> possibly <a href="/wiki/Tell_Agrab" title="Tell Agrab">Tell Agrab</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Shara was a local deity associated with the city of Umma, where his main temple was the E-mah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A fragment of a stone bowl inscribed with his name discovered in the rubbish dump at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Agrab" title="Tell Agrab">Tell Agrab</a>, northeast of Babylon, indicates that he may have also been worshipped there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was also a warrior god and is referred to as a "hero of An".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Babylonian myth of Anzû, Shara is one of the warrior gods who is asked to retrieve the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Destinies_(mythic_item)" title="Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)">Tablet of Destinies</a>, but refuses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <i>Inanna's Descent into the Underworld</i>, Shara is one of the three deities who come to greet her upon her return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the myth of <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a> and in a single building inscription from the Third Dynasty of Ur, Shara is described as Inanna's "son",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a tradition which runs directly contrary to the usual portrayal of Inanna as youthful and without offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubula" title="Šubula">Šubula</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ṣupur-Šubula<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn199638_520-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn199638-520"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>520<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Šubula was a minor god most likely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">underworld</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski2013241_521-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski2013241-521"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>521<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is assumed that the name is etymologically connected with the Akkadian word <i>ābalu(m)</i>, "to dry" or "to be dry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009a54_522-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009a54-522"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>522<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A less likely proposal instead derives it from <i>wābalu(m)</i>, "to carry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson200954_523-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson200954-523"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>523<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is sometimes assumed he was Nergal's son.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199337_307-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199337-307"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It has been argued that such a connection could be a reflection of the location of his cult center, Ṣupur-Šubula, in the proximity of Nergal's city, Kutha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn199638_520-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Toorn199638-520"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>520<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, as noted by Jeremiah Peterson, it is unclear if the god list <i>An = Anum</i>, usually used to support this theory, recognizes him as Nergal's son, as the corresponding section contains a lacuna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009a54_522-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009a54-522"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>522<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Another possible restoration would instead make him the son of Ishum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009a54_522-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009a54-522"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>522<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shullat_and_Hanish" title="Shullat and Hanish">Shullat and Hanish</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Shullat and Hanish were a pair of gods regarded as twins, and usually mentioned together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001413_524-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001413-524"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>524<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In tablet XI of the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i> both of them appear in association with Adad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001414_525-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001414-525"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>525<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Their character was regarded as destructive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001414_525-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001414-525"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>525<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They could be associated with Adad, either alone, alongside Shamash, or deities from his circle like <a href="/wiki/Misharu" class="mw-redirect" title="Misharu">Misharu</a> and <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001413–414_526-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001413–414-526"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>526<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Shulgi of Ur built a temple dedicated to them, but its location is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993170_527-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993170-527"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>527<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shulshaga" title="Shulshaga">Shulshaga</a><br /><small>Shulshagana</small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Lagash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239_379-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Šulšagana is the son of <a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Bau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nin%C4%9Dirsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninĝirsu">Ninĝirsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239_379-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199239-379"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>379<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shul-pa-e" class="mw-redirect" title="Shul-pa-e">Shulpa'e</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Shulpa-e's name means "youthful brilliance",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but he was not envisioned as youthful god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to one tradition, he was the consort of Ninhursag, a tradition which contradicts the usual portrayal of Enki as Ninhursag's consort in myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225_528-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225-528"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>528<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one Sumerian poem, offerings are made to Shulpa'e in the Underworld<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and, in later sources, he was one of the demons of the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> No less than ten temples of Shulpa'e are listed in the so-called Canonical Temple List, but their names and locations are not preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993170_527-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993170-527"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>527<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shul-utula" title="Shul-utula">Shul-utula</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Shul-utul,_foundation_peg,_%27Ur-Nanshe,_King_of_Lagash,_son_of_Gunidu,_built_the_shrine_Girsu%27,_probably_Girsu,_Tell_Telloh,_Iraq,_mid_3rd_millenium_BC_-_Harvard_Semitic_Museum_-_Cambridge,_MA_-_DSC06074.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Goddess_Shul-utul%2C_foundation_peg%2C_%27Ur-Nanshe%2C_King_of_Lagash%2C_son_of_Gunidu%2C_built_the_shrine_Girsu%27%2C_probably_Girsu%2C_Tell_Telloh%2C_Iraq%2C_mid_3rd_millenium_BC_-_Harvard_Semitic_Museum_-_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_DSC06074.jpg/100px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Goddess_Shul-utul%2C_foundation_peg%2C_%27Ur-Nanshe%2C_King_of_Lagash%2C_son_of_Gunidu%2C_built_the_shrine_Girsu%27%2C_probably_Girsu%2C_Tell_Telloh%2C_Iraq%2C_mid_3rd_millenium_BC_-_Harvard_Semitic_Museum_-_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_DSC06074.jpg/150px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Goddess_Shul-utul%2C_foundation_peg%2C_%27Ur-Nanshe%2C_King_of_Lagash%2C_son_of_Gunidu%2C_built_the_shrine_Girsu%27%2C_probably_Girsu%2C_Tell_Telloh%2C_Iraq%2C_mid_3rd_millenium_BC_-_Harvard_Semitic_Museum_-_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_DSC06074.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3435" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Girsu, Lagash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995281_529-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995281-529"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>529<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Shul-utul was the tutelary god of the dynasty started by Ur-Nanshe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995279_530-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995279-530"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>530<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shuzianna" title="Shuzianna">Shuzianna</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Shuzianna was a goddess regarded as the second wife of Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She also appears in the myth <i>Enki and Ninmah</i>, where she is one of the seven assistants of the eponymous goddess, alongside Ninimma, Ninmada, Ninšar, Ninmug, Mumudu and Ninnigina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013337-466"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>466<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She could also be addressed as a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013284_260-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013284-260"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sirsir" title="Sirsir">Sirsir</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sirsir was the god of sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013247-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the text <i>Marduk's Address to the Demons</i> he appears alongside <a href="/wiki/Laguda" title="Laguda">Laguda</a>, also argued to be a god associated with the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013247-414"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>414<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Šiduri</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Siduri (or more accurately Šiduri<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149-531"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>531<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was a goddess who according to the Epic of Gilgamesh was believed to keep an alehouse at the edge of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225_528-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225-528"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>528<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Old Babylonian versions, she attempts to dissuade Gilgamesh from his quest for immortality,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131_532-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131-532"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>532<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> instead urging him to be content with the simple pleasures in life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131_532-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131-532"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>532<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The origin of her name is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149-531"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>531<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A personal name understood as "she is my rampart" is attested in Mesopotamian sources from the reign of Third Dynasty of Ur, but the word <i>Šiduri</i> functioned as epithet of deities in Hurrian texts as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149-531"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>531<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0urpu" title="Šurpu">Šurpu</a></i> regards her as a deity connected with wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149-531"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>531<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Silili" title="Silili">Silili</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Silili is an obscure goddess who was apparently the mother of all horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225_528-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225-528"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>528<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is only attested once in the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225_528-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999225-528"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>528<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sumugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumugan">Sumugan</a><br /><small>Šakkan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013513_533-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013513-533"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>533<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sumugan (also spelled Sumuqan) or Šakkan was a god associated with quadrupeds,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013513_533-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013513-533"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>533<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> especially donkeys<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013516_534-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013516-534"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>534<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or alternatively wild sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013517_535-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013517-535"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>535<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In literary texts (such as hymns) he was also tasked with caring for their habitat and plants growing there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013517_535-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013517-535"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>535<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some texts his epithet is "shepherd of everything."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013523_416-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013523-416"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>416<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was sometimes associated with Utu/Shamash, as his son or courtier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013517_535-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013517-535"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>535<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His attribute was likely fleece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013519_536-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013519-536"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>536<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some sources Enkidu was compared with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013519_536-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013519-536"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>536<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tadmu%C5%A1tum" title="Tadmuštum">Tadmuštum</a> <br /><small>Dadamušda<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113_537-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113-537"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>537<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Kutha<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113_537-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113-537"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>537<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Tadmuštum was the daughter of Nergal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>417<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She could be regarded as the wife of Šubula, and like him appears among underworld deities in known sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichalowski2013241_521-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichalowski2013241-521"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>521<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tashmetu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmetu">Tashmetu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>In Assyrian mythology, Tashmetu is the divine consort of <a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a>, the god of scribes and wisdom;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in Babylonian mythology, this role is instead assigned to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tashmetu is associated with wisdom and sexual attractiveness, a quality which she shares with Inanna and Nanaya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A poetic composition from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a> describes how, in one ritual, Nabu and Tashmetu's statues would be brought together for a "marriage ceremony".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One extant letter describes how, after their wedding, Tashmetu and Nabu stayed in the bedchamber for six days and seven nights, during which time they were served an elaborate feast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tashmetu is attested relatively late<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is not mentioned in texts prior to the Old Babylonian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2013_538-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2013-538"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>538<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Mesopotamian_god)" title="Tutu (Mesopotamian god)">Tutu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Borsippa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013483_539-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013483-539"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>539<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Tutu was the tutelary god of Borsippa at least between Ur III<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013485_540-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013485-540"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>540<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and Old Babylonian periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013255_541-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013255-541"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>541<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later he was syncretised with Marduk, and in <i>Enuma Elish</i> "Tutu" is simply one of the names of the latter god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013125_542-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013125-542"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>542<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Uras_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uras (mythology)">Uraš</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nippur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Uraš is the earliest attested consort of Anu, as evidenced by Sumerian texts dating to the third millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2013_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her role as Anu's consort was later ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>, the personification of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2013_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Uraš</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013128_543-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013128-543"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>543<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>While in texts from cities such as Nippur Uraš was an earth goddess, in Dilbat it was the name of an unrelated male god, husband of Ninegal, who served as the city's tutelary deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was regarded as the father of Lagamar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983419_412-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983419-412"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>412<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Urkitum" class="mw-redirect" title="Urkitum">Urkitum</a> <br /><small>Urkayītu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103-502"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103-502"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Urkitum was in origin an epithet of Ishtar meaning "the Urukean," who eventually developed into a separate goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003255_544-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003255-544"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>544<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible she was a <i>theos eponymos</i>, a divine representation of the city of Uruk itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104_279-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104-279"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103-502"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>502<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3ur-am%C4%81ssu" title="Uṣur-amāssu">Uṣur-amāssu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Uruk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003252_545-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003252-545"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>545<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Uṣur-amāssu was one of the deities regarded as children of Adad and Shala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-446"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>446<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While initially viewed as male, she came to be regarded as a goddess and achieved a degree of prominence in Neo-Babylonian Uruk, where she belonged to the entourage of Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer200168–69_546-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200168–69-546"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>546<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Babylon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518_547-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518-547"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>547<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Uttu was the goddess of weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her name was a term for a part of a loom and a cognate of the Sumerian verb <i>tuku</i>, "weaving."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518_547-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518-547"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>547<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While the claim that her name means "spider"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and that she was envisioned as a spider spinning a web<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> can be found in a number of publications, recent research shows that association between Uttu and spiders is limited to a single text (a hemerology), which connects her Sumerian name with the Akkadian word <i>uttutu</i> (spider).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518_547-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518-547"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>547<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was worshiped in E-ešgar ("house of work assignment), part of the <a href="/wiki/Esagil" class="mw-redirect" title="Esagil">Esagil</a> temple complex in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518_547-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518-547"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>547<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She appears in the early myth <i>Enki and Ninhursag</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518_547-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014518-547"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>547<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in which she resists the sexual advances of her father Enki<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184_548-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184-548"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>548<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but he convinces her to let him in using a gift of fresh produce and the promise that he will marry her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184_548-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184-548"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>548<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Enki then intoxicates her with <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rapes</a> her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184_548-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184-548"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>548<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is rescued by Enki's wife Ninhursag,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184_548-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184-548"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>548<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> who removes Enki's <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> from her <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> and plants it in the ground, resulting in the growth of eight new plants, which Enki later eats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184_548-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1987184-548"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>548<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She also appears in the myth <i>Enki and the World Order</i> and in <i>Debate between Sheep and Grain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014519_549-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFechnerTanret2014519-549"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>549<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a><br /><small>Mer, Ber, Iluwer</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Wer was a weather god worshiped chiefly in northern Babylonia and in Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer200827–28_550-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200827–28-550"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>550<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears in an Old Babylonian version of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, which states that the cedar mountain belonged to him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003192–193_551-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003192–193-551"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>551<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and that he appointed <a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a> as its guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003199_552-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003199-552"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>552<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is most likely not the same deity as <a href="/wiki/It%C5%ABr-M%C4%93r" title="Itūr-Mēr">Itūr-Mēr</a> from Mari, assumed to be a deified hero in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer200828–29_553-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200828–29-553"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>553<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monsters_and_apotropaic_spirits">Monsters and apotropaic spirits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Monsters and apotropaic spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Image </th> <th scope="col">Associated god(s) </th> <th scope="col">Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a> <br /><small>Imdugud</small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Relief of Imdugud as a monstrous bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg/100px-Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg/150px-Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg/200px-Relief_Im-dugud_Louvre_AO2783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Ninurta<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Imdugud, later known as Anzû, is an enormous bird-like monster with the head of a lion described as so huge that the flapping of its wings was thought to be the cause of sandstorms and whirlwinds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Imdugud probably originated as the personification of atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some descriptions, he has a "beak like a saw", indicating that he sometimes had the head of a bird.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Sumerian mythology, Imdugud steals the sacred <i><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">mes</a></i> (the clay tablets recording all the aspects of civilization) from Enki.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Akkadian mythology, he steals the <a href="/wiki/Tablet_of_Destinies_(mythic_item)" title="Tablet of Destinies (mythic item)">Tablet of Destinies</a> from Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In both stories, the creature is challenged by Ninurta, who defeats him and returns the stolen property to its rightful owner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107-554"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>554<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Sumerian story of <i><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld" title="Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld">Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld</a></i>, Imdugud is one of several creatures that come to inhabit the <i>huluppu</i> tree planted by Inanna<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107–108_555-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107–108-555"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>555<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34_556-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34-556"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>556<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017153–154_557-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017153–154-557"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>557<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and is driven off by the hero Gilgamesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34_556-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34-556"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>556<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017153–154_557-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017153–154-557"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>557<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ereshkigal, Ninazu, Ningishzida, Tishpak;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199739–40_558-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199739–40-558"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>558<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Išḫara<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274-559"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>559<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Bašmu ("venomous snake") was a mythical horned snake who played an apotropaic role in Mesopotamian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166–167_560-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166–167-560"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>560<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While in some contexts its name can be a generic word designating any mythical snake or dragon, as early as in <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea's</a> inscriptions it was also understood as a specific creature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166_561-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166-561"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>561<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some texts indicate that bašmu possessed forelegs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167-562"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>562<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A largely analogous creature was the muššàtùr, depicted as a horned cobra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168_563-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168-563"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>563<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cylinder seal showing the Bull of Heaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg/100px-Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg/150px-Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg/200px-Near_Eastern_-_Cylinder_Seal_with_Enkidu_Vanquishing_the_Bull_of_Heaven_-_Walters_42786_-_Side_D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>The Bull of Heaven is a mythical beast that Ishtar demands from her father Anu in both the Sumerian poem <i>Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven</i> and in Tablet VI of the Standard Akkadian <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> after <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> repudiates her sexual advances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249-564"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>564<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Anu gives it to her and she unleashes it on the world, causing mass destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249-564"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>564<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gilgamesh and <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a> eventually slay the bull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249-564"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>564<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Bull of Heaven is identified with the constellation <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249-564"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>564<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the reason why Enkidu hurls the bull's thigh at Ishtar in the <i>Epic of Gilgamesh</i> after defeating it may be an effort to explain why the constellation seems to be missing its hind quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249-564"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>564<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Girtablilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Girtablilu">Girtablullu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fragment of a kudurru depicting a girtablullu (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg/100px-Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg/150px-Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg/200px-Nabu-Kudurri-Usur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>/Shamash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180-565"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>565<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Girtablullu were creatures with the upper body of a human (<i>lu-ulu</i>, "untamed man") and the lower body of a scorpion (<i>gir-tab</i>) believed to serve the sun god Utu in Sumerian mythology, and later his Akkadian counterpart Shamash.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180-565"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>565<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Epic of Gilgamesh a scorpionman and a scorpionwoman guard the gate through which the sun rises and sets each day, but it is likely this motif existed earlier independently from this myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180-565"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>565<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unlike most other apotropaic creatures, a male girtablullu was also often accompanied by his feminine counterpart in apotropaic rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180-565"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>565<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hanbi" title="Hanbi">Hanbi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hanbi is the father of the demon-god <a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148-566"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>566<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a> <br /><small>Huwawa<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144_567-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144-567"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>567<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg/100px-Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg/150px-Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg/200px-Humbaba_deamon-AO_9034-IMG_0655-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>Humbaba (also Huwawa, Huppipi, Hubbubu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144–145_568-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144–145-568"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>568<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was a monster residing in the Cedar Forest defeated by Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146_569-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146-569"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>569<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sculptures of Humbaba's head are attested in an apotropaic role from Mesopotamian temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146_569-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146-569"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>569<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Humbaba was commonly referenced in omen texts, which highlighted his unusual appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003145_570-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003145-570"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>570<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His face was frequently compared to entrails of sacrificial animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146_374-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003146-374"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While connections to the minor god Humhum from northern Babylonia, to Elamite god <a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a> and to Combabos mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucian of Samosata">Lucian of Samosata</a> have been proposed in scholarship, they are not regarded as plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147_503-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147-503"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>503<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kilili" title="Kilili">Kilili</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ishtar<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320_571-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320-571"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>571<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kilili was a demon or minor goddess who served as a messenger of Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320_571-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320-571"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>571<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Kingaludda </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kingaludda was a demon whose name means "director of the storm."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603-572"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>572<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the god list <i>An = Anum</i> he is described as <i>ilu lemnu</i>, "evil god,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603-572"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>572<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and his name was written with the <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">divine determinative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603-572"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>572<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears in a lamentation from Ur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603-572"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>572<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kulull%C3%BB" title="Kulullû">Kulullû</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Enki/Ea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183-573"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>573<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kulullu ("fish man") was an apotropaic creature depicted a centaur-like fish-man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182_574-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182-574"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>574<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In one text it has the head of a <i>kissugu</i>, a creature whose identity is currently unknown, rather than a human.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183-573"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>573<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kulullu was described as a servant of Ea who carries a vessel from which it could pour a liquid symbolizing abundance and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183-573"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>573<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kalhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhu">Kalhu</a> a pair of kulullu statues (one male and one female) guarded the temple of Nabu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183-573"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>573<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kusarikku" title="Kusarikku">Kusarikku</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a depiction of kusarikku (right) from Carchemish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG/100px-HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG/150px-HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG/200px-HittiteBasRelief2Detail_AnkaraMuseumAnatolianCivilization.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Utu/Shamash<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176_575-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176-575"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>575<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kusarikku ("bison man") was a creature depicted as a human-faced bison standing on its hind legs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992174_576-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992174-576"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>576<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> associated with the sun god Utu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176_575-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176-575"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>575<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Depictions of kusarikku alongside lahmu were sometimes incorrectly interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> respectively in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992177_577-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992177-577"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>577<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahmu,_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh,_Mesopotamia..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Alabaster bas-relief depicting Lahmu, one of the Assyrian protective spirits from the South-West palace at Nineveh, modern-day Ninawa Governorate, Iraq. Neo-Assyrian period, 700–692 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lahmu%2C_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/100px-Lahmu%2C_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lahmu%2C_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/150px-Lahmu%2C_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lahmu%2C_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG/200px-Lahmu%2C_the_protective_spirit_from_Nineveh%2C_Mesopotamia..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Enki/Ea;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164–165_578-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164–165-578"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>578<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Marduk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115-579"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>579<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lahmu ("hairy one") was a type of apotropaic creature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164_580-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164-580"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>580<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was originally associated with Enki and later with Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115-579"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>579<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On cylinder seals Lahmu was sometimes depicted as a fisherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165_581-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165-581"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>581<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In mythical texts, the god Enki/Ea is sometimes said to have 50 lahmu serving him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165_581-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165-581"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>581<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Period</a> (911 BC – 609 BC), figurines of Lahmu, who is depicted with long hair and a long, curled beard, were placed under the foundations of houses and temples to protect against demons and pestilence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115-579"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>579<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lahmu is closely associated with the <i>kusarikku</i> or "bull-man".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115-579"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>579<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Babylonian <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, a singular Lahmu and his consort Lahamu (whose name is derived from the same root) are a primordial couple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115-579"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>579<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze Neo-Assyrian protection plaque showing Lamashtu as a hideous demon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg/100px-Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg/150px-Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg/200px-Lamashtu_plaque_9165.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>Lamashtu was a goddess with the "head of a lion, the teeth of a donkey, naked breasts, a hairy body, hands stained (with blood?), long fingers and fingernails, and the feet of <a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB" title="Anzû">Anzû</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was believed to feed on the blood of human infants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and was widely blamed as the cause of <a href="/wiki/Miscarriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscarriages">miscarriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudden infant death syndrome">cot deaths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although Lamashtu has traditionally been identified as a demoness,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115–116_582-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115–116-582"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>582<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the fact that she could cause evil on her own without the permission of other deities strongly indicates that she was seen as a goddess in her own right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mesopotamian peoples protected against her using amulets and talismans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was believed to ride in her boat on the river of the Underworld<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and she was associated with donkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was believed to be the daughter of An.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>428<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg/100px-Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg/150px-Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg/200px-Mushussu_terracotta_plaque_103381.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Ninazu, Ningishzida; Tishpak; Marduk, Nabu; Ashur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168–169_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168–169-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mušḫuššu ("furious snake" or "awful snake") was a dragon-like creature (sometimes a lion-dragon hybrid), depicted as a servant of various gods in Mesopotamian art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168_563-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168-563"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>563<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was originally associated with Ninazu and, by extension, with his son Ningishzida (in Lagash); after Tishpak replaced Ninazu as the city god of Eshnunna he also started to be associated with his serpentine symbolic animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168–169_202-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168–169-202"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the Middle Babylonian period Marduk started to be associated with the mušḫuššu, possibly in reflection of Hammurabi's conquest of Eshnunna; his son Nabu was later associated with it too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169-583"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>583<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Marduk's association with it was in turn transferred to Ashur after <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib's</a> destruction of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169-583"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>583<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The apotropaic use of its depictions was likely connected to the belief that it served as a fearless protector of its divine masters, fighting evil on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169-583"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>583<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statuette of Pazuzu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/100px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/150px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg/200px-PazuzuDemonAssyria1stMil_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>Pazuzu is a demonic god who was well known to the Babylonians and Assyrians throughout the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is shown with "a rather canine face with abnormally bulging eyes, a scaly body, a snake-headed penis, the talons of a bird and usually wings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was believed to be the son of the god <a href="/wiki/Hanbi" title="Hanbi">Hanbi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148-566"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>566<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was a beneficent entity who protected against winds bearing pestilence<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and he was thought to be able to force <a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a> back to the Underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147–148_584-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147–148-584"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>584<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Amulets bearing his image were positioned in dwellings to protect infants from Lamashtu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148-566"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>566<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and pregnant women frequently wore amulets with his head on them as protection from her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148-566"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>566<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011459_585-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011459-585"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>585<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>586<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>A group of 7 anthropomorphic<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463_587-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463-587"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>587<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> figures variously described as servants of Nergal, as sons of <a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a>, as gods of foreign nation (<a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a>, etc.) or as astral or atmosphetic spirits serving the gods, or as a combination of some of the above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>586<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Elamite goddess Narundi was regarded as their sister in Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>586<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While destructive, the Sebitti weren't necessarily regarded as evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011461_588-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011461-588"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>588<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They played an apotropaic role, appearing for example in rituals meant to protect houses from demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>586<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In apotropaic contexts they were described as armed with hatchets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011464_589-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011464-589"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>589<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A possibly analogous group, additionally identified with the Pleiades, is described as Inanna's "seven-headed mace" in one text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463_587-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463-587"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>587<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sea_goat" title="Sea goat">Suhurmašu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Enki/Ea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183-573"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>573<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Suhurmašu was a creature likely imagined simply as a type of fish by the Sumerians, but as a fish-goat hybrid by the Akkadians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184-590"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>590<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A Sumerian text refers to it as "the lofty purification priest of the Apsu," and in apotropaic rituals it was associated with exorcisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184-590"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>590<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was also used to symbolically represent Ea on <i><a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurru</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184-590"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>590<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unlike many other apotropaic creatures, it doesn't appear as a member of Tiamat's army defeated by Marduk in Enuma Elish, which might indicate it was viewed as more peaceful than other similar beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184-590"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>590<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ugallu" title="Ugallu">Ugallu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu,_a_lion-headed_man..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu%2C_a_lion-headed_man..JPG/100px-Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu%2C_a_lion-headed_man..JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu%2C_a_lion-headed_man..JPG/150px-Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu%2C_a_lion-headed_man..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu%2C_a_lion-headed_man..JPG/200px-Wall_relief_depicting_a_head_of_an_Uglallu%2C_a_lion-headed_man..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2680" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Ishkur/Adad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169–171_591-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169–171-591"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>591<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ugallu ("big day" or "big weather beast") was a class of beings in Mesopotamian mythology, attested after the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169-583"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>583<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The term <i>ugallu</i> could refer to multiple types of creatures,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169-583"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>583<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and both benevolent and malevolent character was assigned to them in various texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992170_592-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992170-592"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>592<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ugallu was depicted as a "lion demon," with the body of a man, head of a lion and bird-like claws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992170_592-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992170-592"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>592<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This class of beings was likely viewed as enforcers of divine will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992171_593-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992171-593"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>593<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to their fearsome characters they were viewed as a source of protection as well, and as such appear on apotropaic amulets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992172_594-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992172-594"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>594<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar leonine creatures were sometimes depicted or described as servings the gods (notably Ishkur, Ishtar, Marduk and Ninurta) as mounts or pulling their chariots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992171_593-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992171-593"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>593<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Uridimmu" title="Uridimmu">Uridimmu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Marduk and <a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173–174_595-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173–174-595"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>595<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Uridimmu ("mad dog" or "mad lion") was an apotropaic creature in Mesopotamian mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992172_594-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992172-594"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>594<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Next to nothing is known about its history prior the Middle Babylonian period, but in texts from this era it was associated with Marduk and his wife Sarpanit, and was believed to serve as their gatekeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173_596-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173-596"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>596<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An apotropaic ritual involving a figurine of uridimmu made from cedar wood prescribes praying to Marduk and Sarpanit to bestow healing powers upon the representation of the creature, and describes it as their faithful servant capable of interceding with them on behalf of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173–174_595-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173–174-595"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>595<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ritual also states that Sarpanit makes the uridimmu well disposed towards the patient treated with apotropaic magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173_596-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992173-596"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>596<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Urmahlullu" title="Urmahlullu">Urmahlullu</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urmahlullu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Urmahlullu.jpg/100px-Urmahlullu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Urmahlullu.jpg/150px-Urmahlullu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Urmahlullu.jpg/200px-Urmahlullu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td> <td>Urmahlullu was an apotrapaic creature with the lower body of a lion and upper body of a man, attested mostly in Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992181_597-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992181-597"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>597<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Depictions are late (13th century BCE or later) and uncommon, and it is doubtful if any role was assigned to it in mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992181_597-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992181-597"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>597<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apotropaic rituals nonetheless occasionally refer to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182_574-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182-574"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>574<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu" title="Ušumgallu">Ušumgallu</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Nabu;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167-562"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>562<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke1998172_598-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke1998172-598"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>598<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ušumgallu ("prime venomous snake") was an apotropaic snake monster similar to bašmu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167-562"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>562<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the god list <i>An = Anum</i>, it is the <i>sukkal</i> of Ninkilim,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke1998172_598-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke1998172-598"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>598<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while in some later texts it is stated to be Nabu's dragon instead of mušḫuššu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167-562"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>562<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_deities_in_Mesopotamia">Foreign deities in Mesopotamia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign deities in Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Place of origin </th> <th>Details </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_(35).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%2835%29.JPG/100px-Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%2835%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%2835%29.JPG/150px-Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%2835%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%2835%29.JPG/200px-Naqshe_Rostam_Darafsh_Ordibehesht_93_%2835%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> </td> <td>Under <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> rule, a number of <a href="/wiki/Fire_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire temples">fire temples</a> of Ahura Mazda were erected in modern Iraq, for example in <a href="/wiki/Irbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbil">Irbil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada&#39;in">Mada'in</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorony1984283_599-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorony1984283-599"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>599<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Allatum <br /><small><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200299_600-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200299-600"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>600<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg/100px-Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg/150px-Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg/200px-Yazilikaya49_Allani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> areas, possibly <a href="/wiki/Hassum" title="Hassum">Haššum</a> in particular<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200299_600-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200299-600"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>600<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Allani, in Mesopotamia known as Allatum, was the Hurrian goddess of the underworld. She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period as an independent deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2007365_601-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2007365-601"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>601<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She had at least one temple, likely located in Ur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200299_600-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200299-600"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>600<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She continued to be worshiped in the Old Babylonian period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002100_602-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002100-602"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>602<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In later periods she was equated with,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitke1998188_603-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitke1998188-603"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>603<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and eventually fully assimilated into <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-604" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-604"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>604<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some documents associate her with Išḫara;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200299_600-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200299-600"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>600<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in Hurrian sources they are well attested as a pair due to some shared functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009124,_138_605-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009124,_138-605"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>605<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurat2009170_606-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurat2009170-606"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>606<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alla_(Mesopotamian_god)" title="Alla (Mesopotamian god)">Alla</a> or Alla-Gula, <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200299_600-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200299-600"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>600<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anahita_Vessel,_300-500_AD,_Sasanian,_Iran,_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anahita_Vessel%2C_300-500_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG/100px-Anahita_Vessel%2C_300-500_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anahita_Vessel%2C_300-500_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG/150px-Anahita_Vessel%2C_300-500_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Anahita_Vessel%2C_300-500_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG/200px-Anahita_Vessel%2C_300-500_AD%2C_Sasanian%2C_Iran%2C_silver_and_gilt_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC08130.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Persia </td> <td>According to <a href="/wiki/Berossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Berossos">Berossos</a>, the cult of Anahita was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> to many cities in the Mesopotamian part of his empire, including Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaadi-Nejad2021121_607-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaadi-Nejad2021121-607"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>607<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These efforts are thought to have been directed at the Iranian population of the city to tie regional courts to the imperial core rather than as an attempt to impose Persian deities on the Babylonians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillery201446_608-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillery201446-608"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>608<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg/100px-Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg/150px-Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg/200px-Syria_-_king_Antiochos_I_-_280-261_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Antiochos_I_-_Apollon_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18203079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>The Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> kings favoured Apollo as the patron deity of their dynasty and introduced his cult to Mesopotamia. Locally, Apollo was syncretised with Nabu, but the Greek-speaking communities of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_on_the_Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucia on the Tigris">Seleucia on the Tigris</a> built a sanctuary to Apollo <i>Komaios</i> and honoured the god under the name Apollo, using a mixture of Greek and Mesopotamian iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson201151–63_609-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson201151–63-609"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>609<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201413–30_610-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu201413–30-610"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>610<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2017218_611-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2017218-611"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>611<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A cult of Apollo and Artemis <i>Daittai</i> was brought to Seleucia on the Eulaios (the refounded <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>) from Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2017118_612-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2017118-612"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>612<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> reported that a temple of Apollo existed on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Ikaros</a> in the Persian Gulf, which had a garrison who built many structures in the Greek style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2013140_613-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2013140-613"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>613<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece,_Macedonia,_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greece%2C_Macedonia%2C_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Greece%2C_Macedonia%2C_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greece%2C_Macedonia%2C_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Greece%2C_Macedonia%2C_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greece%2C_Macedonia%2C_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Greece%2C_Macedonia%2C_2nd_century_BC_-_Tetradrachm_-_1916.978_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="3128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>In Mesopotamia and Syria, Artemis was identified with the goddess Nanaya. This identification had a long-lasting influence on Nanaya by introducing associations with the moon and archery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirven201421_614-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirven201421-614"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>614<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199787_615-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz199787-615"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>615<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cult of Apollo and Artemis <i>Daittai</i> was brought from Antioch to Seleucia on the Eulaios in Elymais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker2017118_612-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker2017118-612"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>612<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Greek settlers on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka_Island)" title="Ikaros (Failaka Island)">Ikaros</a> had a shrine to Artemis and made dedications to Artemis <i>Soteira</i>; Strabo also reports that an oracle of Artemis <i>Tauropolos</i> was present on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2013140–142_616-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2013140–142-616"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>616<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ashratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashratum">Ashratum</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> areas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007153_617-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007153-617"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>617<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ashratum (or Ashiratum in documents from <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007163_618-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007163-618"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>618<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was an Amorite goddess who in Mesopotamia came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007153_617-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007153-617"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>617<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In addition to being envisioned as a couple, they shared an association with mountains<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007158_619-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007158-619"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>619<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and steppes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007166_620-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007166-620"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>620<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Steve A. Wiggins, while the names of the Mesopotamian Ashratum and <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Athirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirat">Athirat</a> are cognate, they weren't entirely the same deity, but merely developed in parallel from one source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007154_621-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007154-621"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>621<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was described as "daughter in law of the god An."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007155_622-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007155-622"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>622<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A temple dedicated to her, Ehilikalamma ("House of the luxury of the land") existed in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007162_623-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007162-623"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>623<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In past scholarship Ashratu was incorrectly assumed to be connected to Ishtar due to a shared epithet – however, it was applied to a wide variety of gods including Marduk and Nergal, and as such cannot serve as grounds for claims about identification of these two deities with each other, as many epithets were shared between deities not necessarily regarded as analogous to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007156–157_624-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007156–157-624"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>624<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Relief_of_Atargatis_and_Hadad_from_Dura-Europos.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>Worship of the goddess Atargatis is attested from <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> in Upper Mesopotamia in Seleucid and Roman times. In the syncretic environment of the Upper Euphrates in the early centuries CE, Atargatis was associated with Artemis, Athena, and <a href="/wiki/Allat" class="mw-redirect" title="Allat">Allat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBricaultBonnet2013120_625-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBricaultBonnet2013120-625"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>625<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Dura-Europos, she had a temple separate from that of Artemis and shared iconographic similarities with <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1980101–113_626-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrijvers1980101–113-626"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>626<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum,_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_14_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/100px-7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/150px-7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg/200px-7387_-_Piraeus_Arch._Museum%2C_Athens_-_Athena_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_14_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>Terracotta figurines of Athena are known from Seleucid Babylon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2013134_627-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2013134-627"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>627<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and she is also one of the most popular deities depicted on bullae from Seleucid Mesopotamia, which depict Athena of both the <i>Promachos</i> and <i>Parthenos</i> types.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbert2003_628-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert2003-628"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>628<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Leilan" title="Tell Leilan">Shekhna</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002101_629-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002101-629"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>629<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Belet Nagar was the tutelary goddess of the Syrian city of Nagar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002100_602-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002100-602"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>602<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, likely due to her connection to kingship and due to her role as a divine witness to commercial treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten201286–87_630-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten201286–87-630"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>630<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible that "Haburitum" known from similar Mesopotamian sources and the Hurrian Nabarbi are the same goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi20136–7_631-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20136–7-631"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>631<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Belet-%C5%A0u%E1%B8%ABnir_and_Belet-Terraban" title="Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban">Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Šuḫnir and Terraban<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002101–102_632-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002101–102-632"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>632<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban were a pair of goddesses venerated in the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102_633-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102-633"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>633<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were most likely introduced from the area north of <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>, beyond the borders of sphere of direct Mesopotamian influence, where the corresponding cities were located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102_633-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102-633"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>633<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A seal inscription associates both of them with <a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102_633-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102-633"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>633<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Known festivals dedicated to them have been described as "lugubrious" by researchers, and included a "wailing ceremony," "the festival of chains" and a celebration known only as "place of disappearance." It has been proposed that these rituals might reflect an unknown myth about descent to the underworld or perhaps capture of these two deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102_633-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002102-633"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>633<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They almost always appear as a pair, though sporadic references to Belet-Šuḫnir alone are known from Mesopotamian documents,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002103_634-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002103-634"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>634<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while Belet-Terraban is attested on her own in Susa during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez-Mon2018186_635-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez-Mon2018186-635"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>635<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Egyptian amulet of Bes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Egypte_louvre_012.jpg/100px-Egypte_louvre_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Egypte_louvre_012.jpg/150px-Egypte_louvre_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Egypte_louvre_012.jpg/200px-Egypte_louvre_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199241–42_636-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199241–42-636"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>636<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Bes was the Egyptian god of play and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199241_637-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199241-637"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>637<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was envisioned as a "full-faced, bow-legged dwarf with an oversized head, goggle eyes, protruding tongue, bushy tail and usually a large feathered crown as a head-dress."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199241_637-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199241-637"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>637<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Representations of an almost identical dwarf-god became widespread across the Near East during the first millennium BC and are common in Syria, Palestine, and Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199242_638-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199242-638"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>638<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This god's name in Assyrian and Babylonian may have been Pessû.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199242_638-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199242-638"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>638<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bes seems to have been the only Egyptian god who became widely worshipped throughout Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274-559"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>559<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His role in Mesopotamian religion was however closer to that of a type of apotropaic creature (native examples of which include <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">lahmu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kusarikku" title="Kusarikku">kusarikku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushussu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushussu">mushussu</a> etc.) than a deity proper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbelingWiggermann2019223_639-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbelingWiggermann2019223-639"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>639<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuttul" title="Tuttul">Tuttul</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach200295_640-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach200295-640"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>640<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Terqa" title="Terqa">Terqa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004325_641-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004325-641"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>641<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dagan was the main god of the middle Euphrates area, regarded as a god of prosperity<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004332_642-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004332-642"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>642<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and "father of gods."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004324–325_643-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004324–325-643"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>643<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While his cult centers were never major political powers in their own right, he was nonetheless a popular deity<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi20104_644-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20104-644"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>644<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and his cult had international importance in the Ebla period already.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten201298_645-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten201298-645"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>645<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to their analogous position in corresponding pantheons, he and Enlil were partially conflated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004324–325_643-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004324–325-643"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>643<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, Dagan had a distinct purpose in the Mesopotamian pantheon as well, as the god granting rulers control over western lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004322–323_646-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004322–323-646"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>646<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Nippur he shared a temple with Išḫara,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002112_647-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002112-647"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>647<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though contrary to conclusions in older scholarship these two deities were not regarded as a couple, and merely shared a similar area of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004324_648-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004324-648"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>648<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hahharnum_and_Hayyashum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hahharnum and Hayyashum">Hahharnum and Hayyashum</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg/100px-Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg/150px-Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg/200px-Yazilikaya_reliefs_earth_and_heaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Hurrian areas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2007169_649-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007169-649"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>649<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Hahharnum and Hayyashum were the Mesopotamian adaptation of Hurrian words for heaven and earth, <i>eše hawurni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011a672_650-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011a672-650"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>650<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While Hurrians did not worship this pair as personified deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198957_651-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198957-651"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>651<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in Mesopotamia they appear as primordial gods in a handful of texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2007169_649-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007169-649"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>649<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011a672_650-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011a672-650"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>650<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hamurnu (Hahharnum) alone appears in a copy of the god list <i>Anšar = Anum</i>, where he is also explained as a name of Anu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2007169_649-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007169-649"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>649<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prior to the discovery that their names have Hurrian origin, Hahharnum and Hayashum were described as "little known primordial deities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1996302_652-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1996302-652"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>652<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules,_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris,_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Detail%2C_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules%2C_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris%2C_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg/100px-Detail%2C_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules%2C_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris%2C_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Detail%2C_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules%2C_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris%2C_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg/150px-Detail%2C_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules%2C_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris%2C_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Detail%2C_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules%2C_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris%2C_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg/200px-Detail%2C_upper_part_of_a_bronze_statuette_of_Hercules%2C_from_Seleucia_on_the_Tigris%2C_Iraq._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>In Mesopotamia, the cult of Herakles was syncretised with the cults of Nergal and the Persian deity <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>, and he served an apotropaic function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1991_653-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1991-653"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>653<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Figures of Herakles have been found widely in Hatra and the cultic statue of Nergal used the iconography of the Greek god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Salihi1996_654-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Salihi1996-654"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>654<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274-559"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>559<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Humban was an Elamite god associated with the concept of kingship and divine protection (<i>kiten</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008364–366_655-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008364–366-655"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>655<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Mesopotamian sources he appeared only sporadically in the Neo-Assyrian period, and in a commentary on the incantation series Šurpu he is equated with Enlil, most likely based on their shared role as gods who grant authority to human rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008361,_366_656-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008361,_366-656"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>656<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Past researchers sometimes incorrectly assumed he was one and the same as a distinct Elamite god, <a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008354–355_657-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008354–355-657"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>657<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a> shows that his worship was adopted by Persians as well from the Elamites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008353_658-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008353-658"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>658<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While commonly proposed in the past, a connection between Humban and Humbaba is now regarded as implausible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147_503-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147-503"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>503<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAab%C5%ABr%C4%ABtum" title="Ḫabūrītum">Ḫabūrītum</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Sikani<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002104_659-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002104-659"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>659<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ḫabūrītum was a goddess understood as either "she of <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Ḫabur</a>" (either the river or the area surrounding it) or "she of the city Ḫabura."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002103_634-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002103-634"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>634<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The former option is considered more plausible, as her cult center was apparently Sikani, located near the head of the river Khabur, rather than Ḫabura, which was instead located near modern <a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002104_659-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002104-659"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>659<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Mesopotamia she was worshiped alongside other western deities, such as Dagan and Išḫara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002105_660-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002105-660"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>660<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ḫarbe </th> <td> </td> <td>Kassite homeland in the Zagros </td> <td>Ḫarbe was likely the head of the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_deities" title="Kassite deities">Kassite pantheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1980472_661-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkman1980472-661"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>661<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His symbol, known from some Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurru</a> (boundary stones), was a bird with its head turned back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeidl1972114_662-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidl1972114-662"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>662<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg/100px-God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg/150px-God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg/200px-God_golden_hand_Louvre_Sb2823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Elam, especially <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman200860_663-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman200860-663"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>663<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Inshushinak (from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: "Lord of Susa"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199748_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199748-182"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) was one of the main Elamite gods. He was associated with kingship and the underworld,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330_388-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and served as the tutelary god of Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744_178-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199744-178"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In some Mesopotamian texts he appears as an underworld god, for example in the god list <i>An = Anum</i> he can be found among the deities forming the entourage of <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His assistants were Lagamar and Ishmekarab, whose names have Akkadian origin and who were originally worshiped in Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330_388-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008330-388"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>388<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199745_387-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199745-387"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>387<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Frans Wiggermann proposes that Inshushinak and the Mesopotamian gods Ishtaran, Ninazu, Ningishzida and Tishpak can be collectively described as "Transtigridian snake gods" existing on the boundary between Elamite and Mesopotamian culture based on their shared connection to judgment, the afterlife and snakes, as well as similar locations of their major cult centers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747–48_664-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199747–48-664"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>664<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Inzak" title="Inzak">Inzak</a> <br /><small>Enzag</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Sumerians regarded Inzak as the chief god of the Dilmunite pantheon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but the Dilmunites themselves regarded him as a god of <a href="/wiki/Agaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Agaru">Agaru</a>, a land in eastern Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His main cult center was on <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> where a temple was dedicated to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He appears, alongside his wife <a href="/wiki/Meskilak" title="Meskilak">Meskilak</a>, in documents from Nippur and in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0urpu" title="Šurpu">Šurpu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199794_666-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199794-666"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>666<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the Neo-Babylonian Period, Inzak was identified with Nabu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> under the latter's name Mu'ati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199794_666-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199794-666"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>666<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg/100px-Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg/150px-Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg/200px-Yazilikaya50_Ishara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201363_667-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201363-667"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>667<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hurrian areas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi201316_668-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi201316-668"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>668<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>An Eblaite goddess of pre-Semitic and pre-Hurrian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi201314_669-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi201314-669"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>669<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was among the western deities introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period, and shared temples with Belet Nagar in Ur<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371_286-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371-286"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and with Dagan in Nippur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002112_647-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002112-647"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>647<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Due to association with Ishtar she developed into a love goddess,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013134_670-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013134-670"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>670<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> associated with marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Her symbols were <a href="/wiki/Bashmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashmu">bashmu</a>, otherwise mostly a symbol of underworld gods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199739–40_558-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199739–40-558"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>558<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and scorpions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274-559"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>559<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> also associated with marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to a Hurrian source she was viewed as a daughter of Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi201317_671-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi201317-671"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>671<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Elam?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980229_672-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-672"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>672<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>According to Mesopotamian sources, such as the god list <i>An = Anum</i>, Jabru was a god similar to Anu or Enlil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980229_672-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-672"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>672<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While described as Elamite, he is not attested in any sources from Elam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980229_672-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-672"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>672<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Hurrian areas, especially <a href="/wiki/Urkesh" title="Urkesh">Urkesh</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952-673"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>673<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kumarbi was one of the main gods of the Hurrians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi20137_674-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20137-674"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>674<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> regarded as partially analogous to Enlil (and Dagan<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi201312_675-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi201312-675"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>675<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) due to his role as "father of the gods."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi20131_676-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20131-676"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>676<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He had a chthonic character and was associated with grain and prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2004332_642-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2004332-642"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>642<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Mesopotamia he appears in the Assyrian <i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kultu" title="Tākultu">Tākultu</a></i> text as the god of <a href="/wiki/Taite" title="Taite">Taite</a>, alongside Nabarbi and Samnuha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952-673"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>673<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Manziniri </th> <td> </td> <td>Elam<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987a346_677-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987a346-677"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>677<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>An Elamite deity known chiefly from a passage mentioning "the forest of Manziniri."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987a346_677-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987a346-677"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>677<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She appears in a letter of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> addressed to Urtaku, an Elamite ruler, as one of the deities meant to guarantee peace between the two monarchs, alongside Assyrian gods Ashur, Bel, Nabu, Sin, Shamash, Ishtar of Nineveh and Ishtar of Arbela.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarjamovic201252_678-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarjamovic201252-678"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>678<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Wilfred G. Lambert</a> proposed a connection between Manziniri and the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_deities" title="Kassite deities">Kassite goddess</a> Minimzir/Mirizir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987a346_677-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987a346-677"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>677<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Meskilak" title="Meskilak">Meskilak</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Dilmun<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Meskilak was a Dilmunite goddess and the wife of Inzak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199793_679-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199793-679"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>679<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Mesopotamians viewed her as a daughter of Enki and Ninhursag under the name <i>Ninsikila</i>, it is possible that later on she was identified with Nabu's wife <a href="/wiki/Tashmetum" title="Tashmetum">Tashmetum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199794_666-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik199794-666"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>666<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was sometimes referred to as Nin-Dilmun, meaning "Lady of Dilmun".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266_665-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199266-665"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>665<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg/100px-Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg/150px-Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg/200px-Yazilikaya51_Nabarbi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Hurrian areas, especially <a href="/wiki/Taite" title="Taite">Taite</a> </td> <td>Nabarbi ("she of Nawar") was Hurrian goddess possibly analogous to Belet Nagar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi20137_674-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20137-674"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>674<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Mesopotamian sources she is attested in the Assyrian <i>Tākultu</i> text, where she appears alongside Kumarbi and Samnuha as one of the deities of Taite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952-673"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>673<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg/100px-Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg/150px-Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg/200px-Statue_of_the_Goddess_Narundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Susa </td> <td>An Elamite goddess known from Susa who in Mesopotamia was regarded as analogous to Ishtar or <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a> and developed a distinct apotropaic role as early as in the Old Babylonian period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>586<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Mesopotamians viewed her as sister of the <a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a>, equated with "Divine Seven of Elam" – a Mesopotamian grouping of Elamite gods – in god lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>586<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg/100px-OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg/150px-OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg/200px-OTYazilikayaNinattaKulitta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="2669" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Hurrian areas </td> <td>Musician goddesses always mentioned as a pair who were handmaidens of Shaushka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaracha2009123_680-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaracha2009123-680"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>680<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Assyria they were incorporated into Ishtar's entourage in her temple in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Ashur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952-673"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>673<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Elam<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274-559"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>559<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>An Elamite goddess regarded as analogous to Ishtar by modern researchers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199925_681-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199925-681"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>681<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but incorrectly assumed to be an alternate name of <a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a> in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008354_682-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008354-682"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>682<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She was also worshiped by Hurrians in Syria and Anatolia, and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a> proposes that her worship was transmitted there from a Mesopotamian source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927_501-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927-501"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>501<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> An Akkadian god list known from a copy from <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a> indicates she was equated with <a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927_501-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927-501"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>501<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Ebla,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001403_683-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001403-683"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>683<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tuttul<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi2015634_684-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi2015634-684"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>684<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Shalash was the wife of the Syrian god Dagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003288_685-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003288-685"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>685<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She appears with her husband in cylinder seal inscriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003291_686-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003291-686"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>686<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shaushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaushka">Shaushka</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg/100px-Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg/150px-Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg/200px-Shaushka_Yazilikaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuzi" title="Nuzi">Nuzi</a> and other Hurrian centers </td> <td>Shaushka was a Hurrian goddess regarded as analogous to Ishtar ("Ishtar of <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman19982_687-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19982-687"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>687<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or "Ishtar of Nineveh"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002105_660-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002105-660"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>660<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). Despite her origin, the oldest known attestations of both Shaushka and her main cult center, Nineveh, come from Mesopotamian, rather than Hurrian, documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman19981_688-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19981-688"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>688<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is attested in religious documents from the Ur III period, but her worship evidently persisted in later times too, as she appears in a list of offerings from Old Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharlach2002106_689-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharlach2002106-689"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>689<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A temple dedicated to her was located in Babylon as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten201290_690-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongratz-Leisten201290-690"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>690<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She influenced the later Assyrian Ishtar of Nineveh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman19987–8_691-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman19987–8-691"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>691<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> though the latter also shows influence from <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter200441–44_692-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter200441–44-692"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>692<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shuqamuna_and_Shumaliya" title="Shuqamuna and Shumaliya">Shuqamuna and Shumaliya</a> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk,_from_Sippar,_Iraq,_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Detail%2C_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg/100px-Detail%2C_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Detail%2C_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg/150px-Detail%2C_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Detail%2C_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg/200px-Detail%2C_middle_part._Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Kassite homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> </td> <td>Shuqamuna and Shumaliya were a pair of Kassite gods regarded as the tutelary deities of the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite dynasty</a> of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013268_693-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013268-693"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>693<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They were depicted on a number of <i>kudurru</i> in the symbolic form of birds sitting on a perch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199243_694-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199243-694"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>694<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shuwala" title="Shuwala">Shuwala</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardaman" title="Mardaman">Mardaman</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrémouille2013374_695-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrémouille2013374-695"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>695<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Shuwala, the tutelary goddess of Mardaman, a city located in the north of modern Iraq, is attested in sources from the Ur III period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrémouille2013374_695-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrémouille2013374-695"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>695<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> She is assumed to be an underworld deity of Hurrian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrémouille2013374_695-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrémouille2013374-695"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>695<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>Elam<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Simut was an Elamite god associated with Mars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> regarded as herald of the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181_696-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181-696"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>696<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His name was used as a theophoric element in Old Babylonian personal names,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181_696-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181-696"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>696<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> while god lists associate him with Nergal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is possible the Akkadian goddess Manzat, who became a popular deity in Elam, was regarded as his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987345_441-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987345-441"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>441<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> </td> <td>Tishpak was a god who replaced <a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a> as the tutelary deity of Eshnunna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735_197-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199735-197"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He shared most of his functions and attributes (ex. plough, two maces and various snakes and serpentine monsters such as <a href="/wiki/Mushussu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushussu">mushussu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737–39_697-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737–39-697"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>697<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is agreed that he had foreign roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737_698-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737-698"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>698<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While in early scholarly works Hurrian origin (and a connection to <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a>) was proposed for him,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelb197355_699-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelb197355-699"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>699<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> newer sources favor an <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> etymology for his name,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStol201964_700-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStol201964-700"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>700<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as well as for the name of his son Nanshak known from god lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1998152_701-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1998152-701"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>701<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Umbidaki<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>Hurrian areas </td> <td>Umbidaki was a god worshiped in the temple of Ishtar of <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Arbela</a> in neo-Assyrian times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis2020109_702-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis2020109-702"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>702<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is assumed that he was analogous to the Hurrian god Nupatik, possibly introduced to Arbela after a statue of him was seized in a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis2020109_702-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGinnis2020109-702"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>702<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Yah</a></small> </th> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeus_Yahweh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yehud coin possibly depicting Yahweh, the national god of the Israelites" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/100px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/150px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Zeus_Yahweh.jpg/200px-Zeus_Yahweh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110_703-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110-703"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>703<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200215_704-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200215-704"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>704<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2003125_705-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003125-705"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>705<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Yahweh was the national god of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, who originally lived in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> kingdoms of Israel and Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110_703-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110-703"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>703<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200215_704-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200215-704"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>704<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2003125_705-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003125-705"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>705<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 586 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a>, and deported the elite members of Judahite society to Babylon in an event known as the "<a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20102_706-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20102-706"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>706<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Modern scholars generally agree that much of the <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomistic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomistic History">Deuteronomistic History</a> was probably edited and redacted by Judahite priests living in Babylon during the exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001302–305_707-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001302–305-707"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>707<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The works of <a href="/wiki/Second_Isaiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Isaiah">Second Isaiah</a>, also written in Babylon, represent the first unambiguous Judahite declaration of the non-existence of foreign deities and proclamation of Yahweh as the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">sole, supreme God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917_708-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917-708"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>708<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Much of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> was probably written and compiled after the exile, when the Jews were allowed to return to their homeland by the Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum199832–33_709-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum199832–33-709"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>709<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001310–313_710-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001310–313-710"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>710<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elam#List_of_Elamite_gods" title="Elam">List of Elamite deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion#List_of_Hittite_deities" title="Hittite mythology and religion">List of Hittite deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">List of Hurrian deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkal#List_of_sukkals" title="Sukkal">List of sukkals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196132–33_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp.&#160;32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293–94-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199293–94_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130–131_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992130_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199298_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998185_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, p.&#160;185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992102-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992102_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199294_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, p.&#160;186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–187_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, pp.&#160;186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–188-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998186–188_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, pp.&#160;186–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992174-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992174_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199244–45_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199252_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201154-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201154_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201154_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201154_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2011">Schneider 2011</a>, p.&#160;54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2011">Schneider 2011</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201153–54-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider201153–54_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2011">Schneider 2011</a>, pp.&#160;53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201152–53-20"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013199_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013199_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013199_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013275-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013275_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002424-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEvilley2002424_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEvilley2002">McEvilley 2002</a>, p.&#160;424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBautsch2003119-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBautsch2003119_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBautsch2003">Bautsch 2003</a>, p.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963123-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963123_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, p.&#160;123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963122–123-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963122–123_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, pp.&#160;122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998201–203-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998201–203_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, pp.&#160;201–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108–109_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998203_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992135_49-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2011512_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230_52-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199275_74-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992133_85-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPomponio199820_86-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPomponio1998">Pomponio 1998</a>, p.&#160;20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPomponio199822-87"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992182_92-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992184_93-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke201736–37_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, pp.&#160;36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992108_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeick199887-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199887_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeick199887_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeick1998">Leick 1998</a>, p.&#160;87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992109_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983ix–xi,_xvi-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983ix–xi,_xvi_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein &amp; Kramer 1983</a>, pp.&#160;ix–xi, xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xiii,_xv-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer1983xiii,_xv_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein &amp; Kramer 1983</a>, pp.&#160;xiii, xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1961101_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, p.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanstiphout1984225–228_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanstiphout1984">Vanstiphout 1984</a>, pp.&#160;225–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, p.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017101–103_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, pp.&#160;101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196183–96_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp.&#160;83–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198352–71_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein &amp; Kramer 1983</a>, pp.&#160;52–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017102–104-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryke2017102–104_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryke2017">Pryke 2017</a>, pp.&#160;102–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–89-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198371–89_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein &amp; Kramer 1983</a>, pp.&#160;71–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992140_108-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358_109-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201361_111-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201342_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013139–140-113"><span 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href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199259-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199259_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358–59-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201358–59_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, pp.&#160;58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992146-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992146_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992142_119-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138,_142-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138,_142_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;138, 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMark2017-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMark2017_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMark2017">Mark 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271,_138-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199271,_138_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;71, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson2015-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobson2015_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobson2015">Robson 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992143_124-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenglase199443-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenglase199443_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenglase1994">Penglase 1994</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasakVeede200125–26-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199272_131-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198374–84_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein &amp; Kramer 1983</a>, pp.&#160;74–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2006116_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2006">Ackerman 2006</a>, p.&#160;116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200887–88_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp.&#160;87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–84_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp.&#160;83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200883–87_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp.&#160;83–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199273_137-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen200874–84_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2008">Jacobsen 2008</a>, pp.&#160;74–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199734_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1997">Wiggermann 1997</a>, p.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199277_140-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998184_141-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, p.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolksteinKramer198355_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983">Wolkstein &amp; Kramer 1983</a>, p.&#160;55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199724-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199724_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1997">Wiggermann 1997</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992101_144-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013252_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382_146-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013242-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013242_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382–83-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201382–83_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, pp.&#160;82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013100_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201384_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201319_152-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013189-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013189_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013190-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013190_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013205_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201366_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201321–22-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201321–22_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, pp.&#160;21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201378_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESallaberger2017164_159-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSallaberger2017">Sallaberger 2017</a>, p.&#160;164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201377_160-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992110_161-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007131_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992111_163-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007140_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007143_165-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007135_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007121-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007121_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007145-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007145_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007137-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007137_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007138-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007138_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007130-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007130_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007134-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007134_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007123–133-174"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104_279-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013104_279-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998182_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998">Nemet-Nejat 1998</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105_281-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013105_281-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013125-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013125_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkert2005">Burkert 2005</a>, p.&#160;300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234–35_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013255-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013255_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371_286-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201371_286-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013133_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;133.</span> </li> <li 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href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199236_293-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992122_294-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200185-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer200185_295-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2001">Schwemer 2001</a>, p.&#160;85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuch-Gutiérrez20056-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuch-Gutiérrez20056_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuch-Gutiérrez2005">Such-Gutiérrez 2005</a>, p.&#160;6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993106-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993106_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201368-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201368_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992173_299-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999224–225-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1999224–225_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1999">George 1999</a>, pp.&#160;224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013119_301-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013259-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013259_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013251-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013251_303-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199289_309-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003124–125-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003124–125_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, pp.&#160;124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198940-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198940_311-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack200686-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack200686_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2006">Black 2006</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383_340-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMittermayer2015383_340-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMittermayer2015">Mittermayer 2015</a>, p.&#160;383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997104-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1997104_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1997">Klein 1997</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997105-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013209_345-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013214-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013214_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993126-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993126_347-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorry2016-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorry2016_348-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorry2016">Horry 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788_349-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimons2017">Simons 2017</a>, p.&#160;88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201789-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201789_350-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimons2017">Simons 2017</a>, p.&#160;89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201788–89-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201788–89_351-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimons2017">Simons 2017</a>, pp.&#160;88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341_352-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341_352-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201341_352-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201369_353-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221_354-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963220–221_354-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, pp.&#160;220–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222_355-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963221–222_355-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, pp.&#160;221–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222_356-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1963222_356-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, p.&#160;222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736_357-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736_357-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1996736_357-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1996">Armstrong 1996</a>, p.&#160;736.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141_358-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141_358-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZisa2021141_358-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZisa2021">Zisa 2021</a>, p.&#160;141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2004-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter2004_359-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter2004">Richter 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199288_360-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206_361-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013206_361-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201346_362-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992168_363-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196190-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196190_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201353-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201353_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367–68-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201367–68_366-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, pp.&#160;67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_367-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeeden2016_368-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeeden2016">Weeden 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993164-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993164_369-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995140-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995140_370-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112_391-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199334-392"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199334_392-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller1982289-393"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzard1980389_396-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdzard1980">Edzard 1980</a>, p.&#160;389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317-397"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317_397-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317_397-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2003">Beaulieu 2003</a>, p.&#160;317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316-398"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316_398-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316_398-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2003">Beaulieu 2003</a>, p.&#160;316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316–317-399"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003316–317_399-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2003">Beaulieu 2003</a>, pp.&#160;316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003318-400"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003318_400-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2003">Beaulieu 2003</a>, p.&#160;318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112–113-401"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992112–113_401-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;112–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013407-402"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013407_402-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013432–424-403"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013432–424_403-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, pp.&#160;432–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993156-404"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993156_404-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115-405"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115_405-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2009115_405-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolland2009">Holland 2009</a>, p.&#160;115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002168-406"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002168_406-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan2002">Jordan 2002</a>, p.&#160;168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101-407"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013101_407-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013224-408"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983418_411-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1983">Lambert 1983</a>, p.&#160;418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983419-412"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983419_412-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983419_412-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983419_412-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1983">Lambert 1983</a>, p.&#160;419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327-413"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327_413-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199327_413-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013247-414"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013247_414-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013524-415"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013524_415-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013523-416"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013523_416-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013523_416-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013523_416-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220-417"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998b220_417-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1998b">Wiggermann 1998b</a>, p.&#160;220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeemans1983417-418"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeemans1983417_418-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeemans1983">Leemans 1983</a>, p.&#160;417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507-419"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507_419-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b506–507_419-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1983b">Lambert 1983b</a>, pp.&#160;506–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507-420"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507_420-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507_420-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1983b507_420-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1983b">Lambert 1983b</a>, p.&#160;507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318-421"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201318_421-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013244-422"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013244_422-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013218-423"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013218_423-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013240–241-424"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013240–241_424-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, pp.&#160;240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123-425"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123_425-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124-426"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992124_426-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123–124-427"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992123–124_427-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;123–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116-428"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992116_428-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013518-429"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013518_429-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013518_429-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013518_429-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659-430"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659_430-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200659_430-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesi2006">Marchesi 2006</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1987168-431"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer1987168_431-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer1987">Bauer 1987</a>, p.&#160;168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658-432"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200658_432-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesi2006">Marchesi 2006</a>, p.&#160;58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987a330-433"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1987a330_433-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrebernik1987a">Krebernik 1987a</a>, p.&#160;330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387-434"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387_434-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387_434-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201387_434-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265-435"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013265_435-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013257-436"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013257_436-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356-437"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356_437-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2008356_437-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrebernik2008">Krebernik 2008</a>, p.&#160;356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013138-438"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013138_438-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117-439"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013117_439-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987344-440"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987344_440-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987344_440-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1987">Lambert 1987</a>, p.&#160;344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1987345-441"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987345_441-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987345_441-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1987345_441-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1987">Lambert 1987</a>, p.&#160;345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993120-442"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993120_442-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993134-443"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993134_443-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129-444"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129_444-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129_444-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129–130-445"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992129–130_445-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146-446"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007146_446-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwemer2007">Schwemer 2007</a>, p.&#160;146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159-447"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159_447-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993159_447-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235-448"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235_448-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235_448-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013235_448-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393-449"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393_449-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995215-450"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995215_450-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelz1995">Selz 1995</a>, p.&#160;215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013218-451"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013218_451-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342-452"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342_452-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342_452-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998342_452-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrensKlein1998">Behrens &amp; Klein 1998</a>, p.&#160;342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344-453"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344_453-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344_453-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998344_453-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrensKlein1998">Behrens &amp; Klein 1998</a>, p.&#160;344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346-454"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346_454-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346_454-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998346_454-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrensKlein1998">Behrens &amp; Klein 1998</a>, p.&#160;346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013111-455"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013111_455-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343-456"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343_456-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998343_456-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrensKlein1998">Behrens &amp; Klein 1998</a>, p.&#160;343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345-457"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345_457-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrensKlein1998345_457-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrensKlein1998">Behrens &amp; Klein 1998</a>, p.&#160;345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138-458"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992138_458-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013120-459"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013120_459-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349-460"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349_460-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201349_460-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109-461"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013109_461-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221-462"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002221_462-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan2002">Jordan 2002</a>, p.&#160;221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144-463"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144_463-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013144_463-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013434-464"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013434_464-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013434_464-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013434_464-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013506-465"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013506_465-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013337-466"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013337_466-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013377-467"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013377_467-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201396-468"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201396_468-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132-469"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132_469-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199330-470"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199330_470-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354-471"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354_471-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354_471-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201354_471-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110-472"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013110_472-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139-473"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139_473-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139_473-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139_473-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139–140-474"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992139–140_474-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199328-475"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199328_475-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199386-476"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199386_476-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998375-477"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998375_477-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavigneauxKrebernik1998">Cavigneaux &amp; Krebernik 1998</a>, p.&#160;375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375-478"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375_478-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375_478-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998b375_478-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavigneauxKrebernik1998b">Cavigneaux &amp; Krebernik 1998b</a>, p.&#160;375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200641-479"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesi200641_479-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesi2006">Marchesi 2006</a>, p.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115-480"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115_480-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013115_480-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126-481"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126_481-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126_481-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013126_481-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168-482"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168_482-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168_482-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013168_482-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616-483"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616_483-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998616_483-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCavigneauxKrebernik1998">Cavigneaux &amp; Krebernik 1998</a>, p.&#160;616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223-484"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223_484-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan2002223_484-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJordan2002">Jordan 2002</a>, p.&#160;223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199336-485"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199336_485-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199372-486"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199372_486-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199384-487"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199384_487-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013129-488"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013129_488-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201352-489"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201352_489-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201390-490"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201390_490-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355-491"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355_491-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201355_491-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013222-492"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013222_492-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232-493"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232_493-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010232_493-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaiger2010">Staiger 2010</a>, p.&#160;232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227-494"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227_494-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010227_494-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaiger2010">Staiger 2010</a>, p.&#160;227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010225-495"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaiger2010225_495-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaiger2010">Staiger 2010</a>, p.&#160;225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons201790-496"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201790_496-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons201790_496-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimons2017">Simons 2017</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147-497"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147_497-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993147_497-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199324-498"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge199324_498-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge1993">George 1993</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2016-499"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephens2016_499-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephens2016">Stephens 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386-500"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386_500-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386_500-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201386_500-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927-501"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927_501-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927_501-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckman199927_501-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckman1999">Beckman 1999</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103-502"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013103_502-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; Westenholz 2013</a>, p.&#160;103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147-503"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147_503-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147_503-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003147_503-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p.&#160;147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132–133-504"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992132–133_504-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145-505"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992145_505-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelz1995">Selz 1995</a>, p.&#160;281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESelz1995279-530"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESelz1995279_530-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSelz1995">Selz 1995</a>, p.&#160;279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149-531"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003149_531-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p.&#160;149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131-532"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131_532-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2005130–131_532-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckerman2005">Ackerman 2005</a>, pp.&#160;130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013513-533"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013513_533-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013513_533-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013516-534"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013516_534-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013517-535"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013517_535-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013517_535-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013517_535-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013519-536"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013519_536-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013519_536-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p.&#160;519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113-537"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113_537-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013113_537-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013">Asher-Greve &amp; 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107_554-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107–108-555"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992107–108_555-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34-556"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34_556-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer196133–34_556-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp.&#160;33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryke2017153–154-557"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199274_559-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166–167-560"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166–167_560-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, pp.&#160;166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166-561"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992166_561-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167-562"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992167_562-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168-563"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168_563-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992168_563-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249-564"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199249_564-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180-565"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992180_565-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148-566"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992148_566-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144-567"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144_567-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p.&#160;144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144–145-568"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003144–145_568-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, pp.&#160;144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146-569"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146_569-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992146_569-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003145-570"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge2003145_570-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge2003">George 2003</a>, p.&#160;145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320-571"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320_571-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003320_571-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2003">Beaulieu 2003</a>, p.&#160;320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603-572"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdzardLambert1980603_572-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdzardLambert1980">Edzard &amp; Lambert 1980</a>, p.&#160;603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183-573"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992183_573-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182-574"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182_574-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992182_574-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176-575"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176_575-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992176_575-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992174-576"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992174_576-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992177-577"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992177_577-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164–165-578"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164–165_578-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, pp.&#160;164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115-579"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115_579-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, p.&#160;115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164-580"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992164_580-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165-581"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165_581-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992165_581-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115–116-582"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992115–116_582-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169-583"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169_583-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147–148-584"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992147–148_584-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black &amp; Green 1992</a>, pp.&#160;147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011459-585"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011459_585-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann2011">Wiggermann 2011</a>, p.&#160;459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462-586"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011462_586-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann2011">Wiggermann 2011</a>, p.&#160;462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463-587"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463_587-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011463_587-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann2011">Wiggermann 2011</a>, p.&#160;463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011461-588"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011461_588-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann2011">Wiggermann 2011</a>, p.&#160;461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011464-589"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann2011464_589-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann2011">Wiggermann 2011</a>, p.&#160;464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184-590"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992184_590-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, p.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169–171-591"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992169–171_591-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1992">Wiggermann 1992</a>, pp.&#160;169–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992170-592"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980229_672-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1980229_672-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1980">Lambert 1980</a>, p.&#160;229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952-673"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198952_673-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilhelm1989">Wilhelm 1989</a>, p.&#160;52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArchi20137-674"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArchi20137_674-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181-696"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181_696-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley2013181_696-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalley2013">Dalley 2013</a>, p.&#160;181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737–39-697"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737–39_697-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1997">Wiggermann 1997</a>, pp.&#160;37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737-698"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiggermann199737_698-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiggermann1997">Wiggermann 1997</a>, p.&#160;37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelb197355-699"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110-703"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110_703-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1986110_703-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1986">Miller 1986</a>, p.&#160;110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay200215-704"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200215_704-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay200215_704-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay2002">Day 2002</a>, p.&#160;15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003125-705"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2003125_705-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDever2003125_705-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDever2003">Dever 2003</a>, p.&#160;125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20102-706"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe20102_706-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2010">Grabbe 2010</a>, p.&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001302–305-707"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001302–305_707-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein &amp; Silberman 2001</a>, pp.&#160;302–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917-708"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2000917_708-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBetz2000">Betz 2000</a>, p.&#160;917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum199832–33-709"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum199832–33_709-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlum1998">Blum 1998</a>, pp.&#160;32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001310–313-710"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2001310–313_710-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001">Finkelstein &amp; Silberman 2001</a>, pp.&#160;310–313.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2005" class="citation cs2">Ackerman, Susan (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ATKodvnYS4EC&amp;q=siduri+carpe+diem&amp;pg=PA144"><i>When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2006" class="citation cs2">Ackerman, Susan (2006) [1989], Day, Peggy Lynne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38aX_-PqViIC&amp;q=mourning+over+the+death+of+Tammuz&amp;pg=PA116"><i>Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel</i></a>, Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2393-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-2393-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215938/https://books.google.com/books?id=38aX_-PqViIC&amp;q=mourning+over+the+death+of+Tammuz&amp;pg=PA116">archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-30</span></span></cite><span 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Hildesheim: Verlag Franzbecker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88120-868-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88120-868-0"><bdi>978-3-88120-868-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1159428969">1159428969</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728175847/https://www.academia.edu/34551189">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Iraq&amp;rft.atitle=HADDA+OF+%E1%B8%AAALAB+AND+HIS+TEMPLE+IN+THE+EBLA+PERIOD&amp;rft.volume=72&amp;rft.pages=3-17&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.issn=0021-0889&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191962310%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20779017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021088900000565&amp;rft.aulast=Archi&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfonso&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20779017&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchi2013" class="citation book cs1">Archi, Alfonso (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7003610">"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+West+Hurrian+Pantheon+and+Its+Background&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+Hatti%3A+a+tribute+to+Gary+Beckman&amp;rft.place=Atlanta&amp;rft.pub=Lockwood+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882106763&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-937040-11-6&amp;rft.aulast=Archi&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfonso&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7003610&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchi2015" class="citation book cs1">Archi, Alfonso (2015). <i>Ebla and Its Archives</i>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;43–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139136952.004">10.1017/cbo9781139136952.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139136952" title="Special:BookSources/9781139136952"><bdi>9781139136952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Propaganda+and+practice+in+Assyrian+and+Persian+imperial+culture&amp;rft.btitle=Universal+Empire&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pages=43-59&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139136952.004&amp;rft.isbn=9781139136952&amp;rft.aulast=Barjamovic&amp;rft.aufirst=Gojko&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1987" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Josef (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#7316">"LUM-ma"</a>, <i>Archived copy</i>, <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#7316">archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-25</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.aulast=Bauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Josef&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%237316&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBautsch2003" class="citation cs2">Bautsch, Kelly Coblentz (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FPNFEtWNrQC&amp;q=number+seven+in+Mesopotamian+cosmology&amp;pg=PA119">"A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17–19: No One Has Seen What I Have Seen"</a>, <i>Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism</i>, Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston, Massachusetts: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13103-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13103-3"><bdi>978-90-04-13103-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1384-2161">1384-2161</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&amp;rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Geography+of+1+Enoch+17%E2%80%9319%3A+No+One+Has+Seen+What+I+Have+Seen&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.issn=1384-2161&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-13103-3&amp;rft.aulast=Bautsch&amp;rft.aufirst=Kelly+Coblentz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FPNFEtWNrQC%26q%3Dnumber%2Bseven%2Bin%2BMesopotamian%2Bcosmology%26pg%3DPA119&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu1992" class="citation journal cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1233691">"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk"</a>. <i>Acta Sumerologica</i>. <b>14</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921105446/https://www.academia.edu/1233691">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13024-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13024-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51944564">51944564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+pantheon+of+Uruk+during+the+neo-Babylonian+period&amp;rft.place=Leiden+Boston&amp;rft.pub=Brill+STYX&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51944564&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-13024-1&amp;rft.aulast=Beaulieu&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7594480">"Nabû and Apollo: the two faces of Seleucid religious policy"</a>. <i>Orient und Okzident in Hellenistischer Zeit</i>: 13–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063325/https://www.academia.edu/7594480">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Ḫattuša (CTH 644)". <i>Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques</i>. <b>24</b> (1). 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(eds.), <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>, Wm. B. 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Leiden Boston, MA: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13158-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13158-2"><bdi>90-04-13158-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52107444">52107444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+god+Dagan+in+Bronze+Age+Syria&amp;rft.place=Leiden+Boston%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52107444&amp;rft.isbn=90-04-13158-2&amp;rft.aulast=Feliu&amp;rft.aufirst=Llu%C3%ADs&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIN9_IRYKKUMC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation cs2">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&amp;q=The+Bible+Unearthed"><i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts</i></a>, New York City, New York: Simon and Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Sacred+Texts&amp;rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&amp;rft.aulast=Finkelstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Israel&amp;rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu6ywyJr0CMC%26q%3DThe%2BBible%2BUnearthed&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1996" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Benjamin (1996). <i>Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature</i>. Potomac, MD: CDL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883053-23-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-883053-23-4"><bdi>1-883053-23-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34149948">34149948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Before+the+muses%3A+an+anthology+of+Akkadian+literature&amp;rft.place=Potomac%2C+MD&amp;rft.pub=CDL+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34149948&amp;rft.isbn=1-883053-23-4&amp;rft.aulast=Foster&amp;rft.aufirst=Benjamin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontenrose1980" class="citation cs2">Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1980) [1959], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&amp;q=Bel+Enlil&amp;pg=PA440"><i>Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins</i></a>, Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England: The University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04106-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04106-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04106-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Python%3A+A+Study+of+Delphic+Myth+and+Its+Origins&amp;rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+California%2C+and+London%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+California+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-04106-6&amp;rft.aulast=Fontenrose&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+Eddy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqeVv09Y6hIC%26q%3DBel%2BEnlil%26pg%3DPA440&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelb1973" class="citation book cs1">Gelb, Ignace (1973). <i>Hurrians and Subarians</i>. Chicago London: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-62393-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-62393-1"><bdi>978-0-226-62393-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16252979">16252979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hurrians+and+Subarians&amp;rft.place=Chicago+London&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16252979&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-62393-1&amp;rft.aulast=Gelb&amp;rft.aufirst=Ignace&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1992" class="citation book cs1">George, Andrew R. 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M. (2008). <i>The other gods who are: studies in Elamite-Iranian acculturation based on the Persepolis fortification texts</i>. 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C (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0054307.0015.104">"The Hellenistic Archives from Tel Kedesh (Israel) and Seleucia-on-the-Tigris (Iraq)"</a>. <i>Bulletin</i>. <b>15</b>. USA: MI: MPublishing, University of Michigan Library. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0054307.0015.104">2027/spo.0054307.0015.104</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120071430/http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0054307.0015.104">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Van der Sluijs, Marius Anthony (2008), "Ziggurats, Colors, and Planets: Rawlinson Revisited", <i>Journal of Cuneiform Studies</i>, <b>60</b>, The American Schools of Oriental Research: 57–79, <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.36">10.1.1.694.36</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FJCS25608622">10.1086/JCS25608622</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25608622">25608622</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163475560">163475560</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cuneiform+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Ziggurats%2C+Colors%2C+and+Planets%3A+Rawlinson+Revisited&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.pages=57-79&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.36%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163475560%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25608622%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FJCS25608622&amp;rft.aulast=James&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Van+der+Sluijs%2C+Marius+Anthony&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2286620">"Two New Sumerian Texts Involving The Netherworld and Funerary Offerings"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie</i>. <b>99</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FZA.2009.006">10.1515/ZA.2009.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162329196">162329196</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230134029/https://www.academia.edu/2286620">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&amp;rft.atitle=Two+New+Sumerian+Texts+Involving+The+Netherworld+and+Funerary+Offerings&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FZA.2009.006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162329196%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2286620&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2009a" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27631505"><i>God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia</i></a>. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-019-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-019-7"><bdi>978-3-86835-019-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/460044951">460044951</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171252/https://www.academia.edu/27631505">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=God+lists+from+Old+Babylonian+Nippur+in+the+University+Museum%2C+Philadelphia&amp;rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&amp;rft.pub=Ugarit+Verlag&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F460044951&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-86835-019-7&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27631505&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4415247">"Nanna/Suen Convenes in the Divine Assembly as King"</a>. <i>Aula orientalis: Revista de estudios del Próximo Oriente Antiguo</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 279–288. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-5730">0212-5730</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307160159/https://www.academia.edu/4415247">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aula+orientalis%3A+Revista+de+estudios+del+Pr%C3%B3ximo+Oriente+Antiguo&amp;rft.atitle=Nanna%2FSuen+Convenes+in+the+Divine+Assembly+as+King&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=279-288&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.issn=0212-5730&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4415247&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26722300">"UET 6/1, 74, the Hymnic Introduction of a Sumerian Letter-Prayer to Ninšubur"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie</i>. <b>106</b> (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fza-2016-0004">10.1515/za-2016-0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-5299">0084-5299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164470953">164470953</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221175714/https://www.academia.edu/26722300">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&amp;rft.atitle=UET+6%2F1%2C+74%2C+the+Hymnic+Introduction+of+a+Sumerian+Letter-Prayer+to+Nin%C5%A1ubur&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164470953%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0084-5299&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fza-2016-0004&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26722300&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6408238">"Two New Sumerian Texts Involving the Deities Numushda and Gibil"</a>. <i>Studia Mesopotamica: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur. Band 1</i>. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-076-0"><bdi>978-3-86835-076-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952181311">952181311</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209141203/https://www.academia.edu/6408238">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Two+New+Sumerian+Texts+Involving+the+Deities+Numushda+and+Gibil&amp;rft.btitle=Studia+Mesopotamica%3A+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+altorientalische+Geschichte+und+Kultur.+Band+1&amp;rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&amp;rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952181311&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-86835-076-0&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6408238&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2016a" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jeremiah (2016a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27046241">"The Literary Corpus of the Old Babylonian Larsa Dynasties: New Texts, New Readings, and Commentary"</a>. <i>Studia Mesopotamica 3: Jahrbuch für altorientalische Geschichte und Kultur. Band 3</i>. Ugarit-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-202-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-202-3"><bdi>978-3-86835-202-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/954238944">954238944</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213151635/https://www.academia.edu/27046241">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Literary+Corpus+of+the+Old+Babylonian+Larsa+Dynasties%3A+New+Texts%2C+New+Readings%2C+and+Commentary&amp;rft.btitle=Studia+Mesopotamica+3%3A+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+altorientalische+Geschichte+und+Kultur.+Band+3&amp;rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F954238944&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-86835-202-3&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27046241&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomponio1998" class="citation cs2">Pomponio, Francesco (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8125">"Nabû A. Philological"</a>, <i>Archived copy</i>, <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#8125">archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.aulast=Pomponio&amp;rft.aufirst=Francesco&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%238125&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2012" class="citation book cs1">Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7273180">"Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&amp;rft.atitle=The+Storm-Gods+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Summary%2C+Synthesis%2C+Recent+Studies+Part+I&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=121-168&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921207783876404&amp;rft.issn=1569-2116&amp;rft.aulast=Schwemer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F7075%2F1%2FJANER7%253A2offprint.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwemer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schwemer, Daniel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14077557">"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Brill: 1–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921208786182428">10.1163/156921208786182428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2116">1569-2116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212232228/https://www.academia.edu/14077557">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&amp;rft.atitle=The+Storm-Gods+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Summary%2C+Synthesis%2C+Recent+Studies%3A+Part+II&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-44&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921208786182428&amp;rft.issn=1569-2116&amp;rft.aulast=Schwemer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14077557&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidl1972" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seidl, Ursula (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#5109">"Ḫarbe, archäologisch"</a>, <i>Archived copy</i>, <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie</i> (in German), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#5109">archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.aulast=Seidl&amp;rft.aufirst=Ursula&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%235109&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelz1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Selz, Gebhard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1564636"><i>Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš</i></a> (in German). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-924171-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-924171-00-0"><bdi>978-0-924171-00-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33334960">33334960</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628151740/https://www.academia.edu/1564636">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bethesda, Md: CDL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-883053-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-883053-68-4"><bdi>1-883053-68-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48399212">48399212</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221129004222/https://www.academia.edu/36052473">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Foreign+Influences+on+the+Religion+of+the+Ur+III+Court&amp;rft.btitle=General+studies+and+excavations+at+Nuzi+10%2F3&amp;rft.place=Bethesda%2C+Md&amp;rft.pub=CDL+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48399212&amp;rft.isbn=1-883053-68-4&amp;rft.aulast=Sharlach&amp;rft.aufirst=Tonia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36052473&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharlach2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharlach, Tonia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36052634">"Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources"</a>. <i>Ancient Near Eastern art in context: studies in honor of Irene J. Winter</i>. Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2085-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2085-9"><bdi>978-90-474-2085-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648616171">648616171</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313130211/https://www.academia.edu/36052634">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Mesopotamia"</a>, <i>Archived copy</i>, <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606083853/http://publikationen.badw.de/en/rla/index#9280">archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Archived+copy&amp;rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Soldt&amp;rft.aufirst=Wilfred+H.+van&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.badw.de%2Fen%2Frla%2Findex%239280&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaiger2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staiger, Annabelle (2010). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Agriculture+as+Civilization%3A+Sages%2C+Farmers%2C+and+Barbarians&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&amp;rft.pages=662-689&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199557301.013.0031&amp;rft.isbn=978-0199557301&amp;rft.aulast=Wiggermann&amp;rft.aufirst=Frans+A.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2393461&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiggins2007" class="citation book cs1">Wiggins, Steve (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1307031"><i>A reassessment of Asherah: with further considerations of the goddess</i></a>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9"><bdi>978-1-59333-717-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/171049273">171049273</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010112849/https://www.academia.edu/1307031">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+reassessment+of+Asherah%3A+with+further+considerations+of+the+goddess&amp;rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&amp;rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F171049273&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59333-717-9&amp;rft.aulast=Wiggins&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1307031&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/authorsearch/author/Gernot+Wilhelm/start/45/rows/10/docId/7301"><i>The Hurrians</i></a>. Warminster, England: Aris &amp; Phillips. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85668-442-5"><bdi>978-0-85668-442-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21036268">21036268</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312080322/https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/authorsearch/author/Gernot+Wilhelm/start/45/rows/10/docId/7301">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hurrians&amp;rft.place=Warminster%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Aris+%26+Phillips&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21036268&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85668-442-5&amp;rft.aulast=Wilhelm&amp;rft.aufirst=Gernot&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de%2Ffrontdoor%2Findex%2Findex%2Fsearchtype%2Fauthorsearch%2Fauthor%2FGernot%2BWilhelm%2Fstart%2F45%2Frows%2F10%2FdocId%2F7301&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2002" class="citation cs2">Wills, Lawrence Mitchell (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgT06Wdvo5AC&amp;q=Bel+and+the+dragon"><i>Ancient Jewish Novels: An Anthology</i></a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515142-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515142-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ancient+Jewish+Novels%3A+An+Anthology&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-515142-8&amp;rft.aulast=Wills&amp;rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Mitchell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgT06Wdvo5AC%26q%3DBel%2Band%2Bthe%2Bdragon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation cs2">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DF4pNpLmRBUC"><i>Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer</i></a>, New York City, New York: Harper&amp;Row Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&amp;rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Harper%26Row+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wolkstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Diane&amp;rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDF4pNpLmRBUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2002" class="citation cs2">Wright, J. Edward (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC"><i>The Early History of Heaven</i></a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534849-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534849-1"><bdi>978-0-19-534849-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Heaven&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-534849-1&amp;rft.aulast=Wright&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Edward&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlKvMeMorNBEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Mesopotamian+deities" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZisa2021" class="citation book cs1">Zisa, Gioele (2021). <i>The Loss of Male Sexual Desire in Ancient Mesopotamia</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110757262">10.1515/9783110757262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075726-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075726-2"><bdi>978-3-11-075726-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243923454">243923454</a>.</cite><span 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mythological figures">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology#Pantheon" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_mythological_figures" title="List of Australian Aboriginal mythological figures">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basque_mythological_figures" title="List of Basque mythological figures">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_mythology" title="Batak mythology">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Deities" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Chahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Egyptian_mythology_articles" title="Index of Egyptian mythology articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam#List_of_Elamite_gods" title="Elam">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology#Estonian_mythological_and_literary_mythological_beings,_deities_and_legendary_heroes" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Etruscan_mythological_figures" title="List of Etruscan mythological figures">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology#Heroes,_gods_and_spirits" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Saxon_deities" title="List of Anglo-Saxon deities">Anglo-Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mycenaean_deities" title="List of Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Haudenosaunee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_the_Hawaiian_religion" title="List of figures in the Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_mythology_and_folklore" title="Hebridean mythology and folklore">Hebridean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Buddhist_Pantheon" title="Template:Chinese Buddhist Pantheon">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirthankaras">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitei deities">Meitei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_in_Sanamahism" title="List of deities in Sanamahism">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion#List_of_Hittite_deities" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_deities" title="List of Indonesian deities">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_mythological_figures" title="List of Irish mythological figures">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_deities" title="List of Japanese deities">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_deities" title="Kassite deities">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_mythology" title="Komi mythology">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lakota_deities" title="List of Lakota deities">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_gods_and_mythological_figures" title="List of Lithuanian gods and mythological figures">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_deities" title="List of Māori deities">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Māʻohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maya_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Maya gods and supernatural beings">Maya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muskogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">Native American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zapotec_deities" title="List of Zapotec deities">Zapotec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_mythological_figures" title="List of Philippine mythological figures">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_deities" title="Purépecha deities">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities" title="List of Slavic deities">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_mythological_figures" title="List of Turkic mythological figures">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoruba_deities" title="List of Yoruba deities">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deities_by_classification" title="List of deities by classification">By association</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_deities" title="List of agricultural deities">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_deities" title="List of art deities">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_deities" title="List of beauty deities">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_gods" title="Chaos gods">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_deities" title="Dawn deities">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earth_deities" title="List of earth deities">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Fate and Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities" title="List of fertility deities">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_deities" title="List of fire deities">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortune_deities" title="List of fortune deities">Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_deities" title="List of health deities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">King of the gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_knowledge_deities" title="List of knowledge deities">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_deities" title="List of light deities">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminal_deity" title="Liminal deity">Liminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">Love and Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities" title="List of lunar deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nature_deities" title="List of nature deities">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_night_deities" title="List of night deities">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rain_deities" title="List of rain deities">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithing_gods" title="Smithing gods">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_deities" title="List of solar deities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_thunder_gods" title="List of thunder gods">Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tree_deities" title="List of tree deities">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_tricksters" title="List of fictional tricksters">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation_deity" title="Vegetation deity">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_deity" title="Volcano deity">Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_deities" title="List of water deities">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_deities" title="List of wind deities">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spirits" title="Category:Spirits">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐bklvv Cached time: 20241124163736 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 7.797 seconds Real time usage: 8.287 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 102348/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 856283/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 137465/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1005442/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 4.821/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7623553/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 1500 ms 29.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 760 ms 15.0% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 640 ms 12.6% 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;oldid=1249858007">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&amp;oldid=1249858007</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_deities" title="Category:Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_deities" title="Category:Lists of deities">Lists of deities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythology-related_lists" title="Category:Mythology-related lists">Mythology-related lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_religion" title="Category:Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian religion</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_lists" title="Category:Featured lists">Featured lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2022">Articles with dead external links from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 October 2024, at 06:26<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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[\"CITEREFBeaulieu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaulieu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrensKlein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBricaultBonnet2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkman1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrisch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurkert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavigneauxKrebernik1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavigneauxKrebernik1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavigneauxKrebernik1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeccarelli2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColemanDavidson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDever2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillery2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirven2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoniger1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewnowska-Rymarz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrijvers1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbelingWiggermann2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdzard1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdzardLambert1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalkenstein1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFechnerTanret2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeliu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontenrose1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelb1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenkelman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenkelman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorowitz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesVan_der_Sluijs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasakVeede2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik1987a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebernik2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrul2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1980a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1983a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1983b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1987a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaunderville2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeemans1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitke1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutwyche2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGinnis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcato2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchesi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCall1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvilley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalowski1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichalowski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittermayer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorony1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurat2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemet-Nejat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNugent1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenglase1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2016a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPomponio1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaadi-Nejad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaggs1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSallaberger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwemer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwemer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwemer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeidl1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharlach2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharlach2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoldt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaiger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinkeller1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStol1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStol2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuch-Gutiérrez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaracha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrémouille2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanstiphout1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeenhof2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasserman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestenholz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggermann2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiggins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWills2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZisa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Salihi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Toorn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Toorn1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation\"] = 101,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Featured list\"] = 2,\n [\"List of mythological figures by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1539,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","1500","29.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","760","15.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","640","12.6"],["?","480","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","140","2.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","2.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","2.0"],["type","100","2.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","1.6"],["[others]","840","16.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bklvv","timestamp":"20241124163736","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of Mesopotamian deities","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16490393","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16490393","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-01-30T03:46:27Z","dateModified":"2024-10-07T06:26:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>

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