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<li id="toc-From_509_to_471_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_509_to_471_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>From 509 to 471 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_509_to_471_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_471_to_27_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_471_to_27_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>From 471 to 27 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_471_to_27_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_27_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_27_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>After 27 BC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_27_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Plebeian_Council_and_the_Conflict_of_the_Orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Plebeian_Council_and_the_Conflict_of_the_Orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Plebeian Council and the Conflict of the Orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Plebeian_Council_and_the_Conflict_of_the_Orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_of_the_Plebeian_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_the_Plebeian_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organization of the Plebeian Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_the_Plebeian_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribune_of_the_Plebs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribune_of_the_Plebs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Tribune of the Plebs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribune_of_the_Plebs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comitia_Tributa_Populi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comitia_Tributa_Populi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Comitia Tributa Populi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comitia_Tributa_Populi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_legislative_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_legislative_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legislation and legislative actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_legislative_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rogationes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rogationes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Rogationes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rogationes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plebiscita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plebiscita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Plebiscita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plebiscita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Leges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Legislative actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_source_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_source_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Secondary source material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_source_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejerforsamlingen" title="Plebejerforsamlingen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plebejerforsamlingen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilium_plebis" title="Concilium plebis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Concilium plebis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilio_de_la_plebe" title="Concilio de la plebe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concilio de la plebe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebaj_konsilioj" title="Plebaj konsilioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plebaj konsilioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concile_pl%C3%A9b%C3%A9ien" title="Concile plébéien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concile plébéien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AF%BC%ED%9A%8C" title="플레브스 민회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플레브스 민회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Plebs" title="Dewan Plebs – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Plebs" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concili_della_plebe" title="Concili della plebe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concili della plebe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilium_plebis" title="Concilium plebis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Concilium plebis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A" title="プレブス民会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレブス民会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeierforsamlingen" title="Plebeierforsamlingen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plebeierforsamlingen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilium_plebis" title="Concilium plebis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Concilium plebis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_da_plebe" title="Conselho da plebe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conselho da plebe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concilium_plebis" title="Concilium plebis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Concilium plebis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebejsk%C3%BD_snem" title="Plebejský snem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plebejský snem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleb_Konseyi" title="Pleb Konseyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleb Konseyi" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Concilium Plebis</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <b>Plebeian Council</b>, <b>Plebeian Assembly</b>, <b>People's Assembly</b> or <b>Council of the Plebs</b>) was the principal <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">assembly</a> of the common people of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. It functioned as a legislative/judicial assembly,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through which the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a> (commoners) could pass legislation (called plebiscites), elect <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">plebeian tribunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">plebeian aediles</a>, and try judicial cases. The Plebeian Council was originally organized on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a> but in 471 BC adopted an organizational system based on residential districts or tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plebeian Council usually met in the well of the Comitium and could only be convoked by the tribune of the plebs. The <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> were excluded from the Council. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_509_to_471_BC">From 509 to 471 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: From 509 to 471 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> was founded in 509 BC, the Roman people were divided into a total of thirty curiae. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> believed that these curiae were subdivisions of the three Romulean Tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curiae were organized on the basis of the family, and thus the ethnic structure of early Rome. Each curia even had its own festivals, gods, and religious rites. The thirty curiae gathered into a legislative assembly known as the <i>Comitia Curiata</i> or Curiate Assembly. This assembly was created shortly after the legendary founding of the city in 753 BC, and it formally elected new <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Roman kings</a>. During this time, plebeians had no political rights and were unable to influence Roman Law. Each plebeian family was dependent on a particular patrician family. Accordingly, each plebeian family belonged to the same curia as its patrician patron. While the plebeians each belonged to a particular curia, only patricians could actually vote in the Curiate Assembly. </p><p>The Plebeian Council was originally organized around the office of the Tribunes of the Plebs in 494 BC. Plebeians probably met in their own assembly prior to the establishment of the office of the Tribune of the Plebs, but this assembly would have had no political role. The Offices of the plebeian tribune and plebeian aedile were created in 494 BC following the first plebeian secession. In 494 BC, the plebeians held nightly meetings in some districts, with their earliest attempts at organization focusing on matters relating to their class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these issues included debt, civil and land rights, and military service.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribunes of the Plebs were also charged with protecting the plebeian interests against the patrician oligarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 492 BC, the office of Tribune was acknowledged by the patricians, thereby creating a legitimate assembly of plebeians (C<i>oncilium Plebis).</i><sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 494 BC, a plebeian tribune always presided over the Plebeian Curiate Assembly. This "<i>Plebeian Curiate Assembly"</i> was the original Plebeian Council,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which elected the plebeian Tribunes and Aediles,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_212_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_212-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and passed legislation (<i>plebiscita</i>) that applied only to the plebeians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_471_to_27_BC">From 471 to 27 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From 471 to 27 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, King Servius Tullius enacted a series of <a href="/wiki/Servian_constitution" title="Servian constitution">constitutional reforms</a>. One of these reforms resulted in the creation of a new organizational unit, the tribe, to assist in the reorganization of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_21_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its divisions were not ethnic (as the divisions of the Curia were), but rather geographical. Tullius divided the city into four geographical districts, each encompassing a single tribe. Between the reign of Tullius and the late 3rd century BC, the number of tribes expanded from 4 to 35. By 471 BC, the plebeians decided that organization by tribe granted them a level of political independence from their patrician patrons<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_260_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_260-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the curiae did not. Therefore, around 471 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_196_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_196-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a law was passed to allow the plebeians to begin organizing by tribe. Thus, the "Plebeian Curiate Assembly" began to use tribes, rather than curiae, as its basis for organization. As such, the Plebeian Council changed from a "Plebeian Curiate Assembly" to a "Plebeian Tribal Assembly".<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_261_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_261-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only difference between the Plebeian Council after 471 BC and the ordinary Tribal Assembly (which also organized on the basis of the tribes) was that the tribes of the Plebeian Council included only plebeians, whereas the tribes of the Tribal Assembly included both plebeians and patricians. However, most Romans were plebeians. Therefore, the principal differences between the Plebeian Council and the Tribal Assembly were mostly legal rather than demographic. These legal differences derived from the fact that Roman law did not recognize an assembly consisting only of one group of people (plebeians in this case) from an assembly consisting of all of the <a href="/wiki/Spqr" class="mw-redirect" title="Spqr">People of Rome</a>. Over time, however, these legal differences were mitigated with legislation. The Plebeian Council elected two classes of plebeian officers, the tribunes and the aediles, and thus Roman law classified these two kinds of officers as the elected representatives of the plebeians.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_196_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_196-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they acted as the presiding officers of this assembly. </p><p>The plebeians, through the Plebeian Council, began to gain power during this time. Two secessions in 449 BC and 287 BC brought about increased authority for the plebeian assembly and its leaders, and it was greatly due to concessions made by dictators and consuls that the now mobilized and angry plebeian population began to develop power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 339 BC, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Publilia_(471_BC)" title="Lex Publilia (471 BC)">Lex Publilia</a></i> made plebiscites (plebeian legislation) law,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this was not widely accepted by patricians until the 287 BC <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">Lex Hortensia</a></i>, which definitively gave the council the power to create laws to which both plebeians and patricians would be subject.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, between 291 and 219 BC, the <i>Lex Maenia</i> was passed, which required of the senate to approve any bill put forward by the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 88 BC, <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> introduced measures which transferred all voting power to the <a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Comitia Centuriata</a> from tribal assemblies, therefore rendering the Council of the Plebs virtually powerless.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_27_BC">After 27 BC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: After 27 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Plebeian Council survived the fall of the Roman Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_397_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_397-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it quickly lost its legislative, judicial and electoral powers to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Senate</a>. By virtue of their status as perpetual tribunes, both Julius Caesar and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> always had absolute control over the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_397_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_397-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plebeian Council disappeared shortly after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Plebeian_Council_and_the_Conflict_of_the_Orders">The Plebeian Council and the Conflict of the Orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Plebeian Council and the Conflict of the Orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_constitution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roman_constitution.png/250px-Roman_constitution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roman_constitution.png/375px-Roman_constitution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roman_constitution.png/500px-Roman_constitution.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Chart showing the checks and balances of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The creation of the office of plebeian tribune and plebeian aedile marked the end of the first phase of the struggle between the plebeians and the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a>). The next major development in this conflict occurred through the Plebeian Council. During a modification of the original Valerian law in 449 BC, plebiscites acquired the full force of law, and thus applied to all Romans. Before this time, plebiscites had applied only to plebeians. By the early 4th century BC, the plebeians, who still lacked any real political power,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_35_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_35-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had become exhausted and bitter. In 339 BC they facilitated the passage of a law (the <i>lex Publilia</i>), which brought the Conflict of the Orders closer to a conclusion. Before this time, a bill passed by any assembly could become law only after the patrician senators gave their approval, which came in the form of a decree called the <i>auctoritas patrum</i> ("authority of the fathers" or "authority of the patrician senators"). The <i>lex Publilia</i> required the <i>auctoritas patrum</i> to be passed before a law could be voted on by one of the assemblies, rather than afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_50_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_50-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This modification seems to have made the <i>auctoritas patrum</i> irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_51_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_51-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Plebeian Council became independent of the patrician aristocracy in everything but name. </p><p>By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had deteriorated further. The problem appears to have centered on widespread indebtedness.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_52_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators, most of whom belonged to the creditor class, refused to abide by the plebeians' demands. The plebeians withdrew en masse to the <a href="/wiki/Janiculum" title="Janiculum">Janiculum hill</a>, resulting in the final plebeian secession. To end this movement, a plebeian dictator (<a href="/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius_(dictator)" title="Quintus Hortensius (dictator)">Quintus Hortensius</a>) was appointed, who ultimately passed a law called the "Hortensian Law" (<i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">lex Hortensia</a></i>). The most significant component of this law was its termination of the requirement that <i>auctoritas patrum</i> be obtained before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_52_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_52-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way the law removed from the patrician senators their final check over the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_53_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_53-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>lex Hortensia</i>, however, should not be viewed as the final triumph of democracy over aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_53_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_53-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close relations between the plebeian tribunes and the senate meant that the senate could still exercise a great degree of control over the Plebeian Council. Thus, the ultimate significance of this law was that it robbed the patricians of their final weapon over the plebeians.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott,_53_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott,_53-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ended the Conflict of the Orders, and brought the plebeians to a level of full political equality with the patricians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_the_Plebeian_Council">Organization of the Plebeian Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organization of the Plebeian Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its formation, the Plebeian Council was organized by <i><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curiae</a></i> and served as an electoral council wherein plebeian citizens could vote to pass laws. The Plebeian Council would elect Tribunes of the Plebs to preside over their meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unlikely, however, that the council had any constitutional recognition before the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a> between 451 and 450 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the meetings of the Plebeian Council, they would pass resolutions, conduct trials, and discuss matters pertaining to the condition of the plebeians. Their ability to perform political prosecutions was later restricted by the Twelve Tables.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribal unit organizational system was adopted by the council in 471 BC, although the exact relationship between the Tribunes and tribes is unclear, as the number of Tribunes was not equal to the number of tribes. Additionally, most tribes were located outside of the city, whereas the plebeian Tribunes were exclusive to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg/220px-Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg/330px-Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg/440px-Twelve_Tables_Engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Image depicting the engraving of the Twelve Tables</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Tribal system, the Council of the Plebeians elected Tribunes of the Plebs, who acted as spokespeople for the plebeian citizens. The Tribunes were revered, and plebeians swore an oath to take vengeance on anyone who would bring them harm.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Concilium Plebis became the most effective medium of legislation in the Republic, until the introduction of Sulla’s measures in 88 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribune_of_the_Plebs">Tribune of the Plebs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tribune of the Plebs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tribunes of the Plebs were elected by the Plebeian Council. At first, only 2 to 5 Tribunes were elected until the College of 10 was introduced in 457 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They served as spokespeople for the plebeians of Rome, with a purpose of protecting the interests of the plebeians against patrician supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tribunes could call meetings of the council over which they presided.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since plebeians were not able to take political actions themselves, the Tribunes had the opportunity to make lasting impacts through their political office.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribunes were responsible for organizing support for legislation, organizing <i>contiones,</i> a form of discourse or assembly, as well as prosecute criminals before the council.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their position as leaders of the Plebeian Council gave the Tribunes great control over the city in their ability to organize the plebeians into a political weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comitia_Tributa_Populi">Comitia Tributa Populi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comitia Tributa Populi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_Tributa" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia Tributa">Comitia Tributa</a></i> was a tribal assembly which organized citizens by place of residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>comitia</i> was neuter plural in form, but singular in meaning.) There is confusion concerning the difference between the Plebeian Council and the <i>Comitia Tributa</i>. Some scholars have found reason to believe that the <i>Concilium Plebis</i> became the <i>Comitia Tributa</i> in 339 or 287 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Martino and Von Fritz believe that after the <i>Lex Hortensia</i> of 287 BC, patricians must not have been excluded from the Plebeian Council, as the laws created by the council were now also applicable to the patricians.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others believe that they were separate assemblies. Stavely introduced the possibility that Livy may not have recorded the emergence of the <i>Comitia Tributa</i> due to a lack of importance in terminological differences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Stavely therefore has proposed that the <i>Comitia Tributa</i> was established in 449 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laelius_Felix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laelius Felix (page does not exist)">Laelius Felix</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=G.W._Botsford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G.W. Botsford (page does not exist)">G.W. Botsford</a> have proposed theories which try to distinguish the terms <i>concilium</i> and <i>comitia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felix's theory, although widely followed, is also heavily contested. His theory supposes that a <i>concilium</i> denotes an exclusive assembly which included only a part of the <i>universus populus</i>, whereas a <i>comitia</i> designates a meeting of a whole <i>universus populus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal arguments against his theory are: </p> <ol><li>his definition depends on a distinction between assemblies of the populus and of the plebeians, despite the routine denial of the existence of an assembly consisting solely of plebeians after 287 BC; and</li> <li>there are passages from Roman authors which refer to a plebeian assembly as <i>comitia</i>, as opposed to <i>concilium plebis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This then weakens Felix's proposal that a <i>comitia</i> was an assembly of the <i>universus populus</i>.</li></ol> <p>G. W. Botsford distinguishes these two types of assemblies in terms of their function. In his theory, a <i>comitia</i> refers to an electoral assembly, and a <i>concilium</i> would then be a legislative or judicial assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the theories put forth by Botsford and Felix are different, passages from Cicero and Livy can be found to support both.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>comitia</i> appears to designate an organized voting assembly, and a <i>concilium</i> often indicates a meeting of a certain group which is exclusive in some sense. The <i>Concilium Plebis</i> is definitively a political assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_and_legislative_actions">Legislation and legislative actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legislation and legislative actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were three distinct forms of legislative actions undertaken by the Roman Republic: <i>Rogationes</i>, <i>Plebiscita</i> and <i>Leges</i>. These shed light on Roman political structure and the role of the Plebeian Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rogationes">Rogationes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rogationes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rogationes</i> (sing. <i>rogatio</i>) were proposals for legislation that were created by the Tribunes of the Plebs. <i>Rogationes</i> were incomplete legislation with no legal force, as they had been subject to tribunician veto or rejected by the senate. It is unclear whether <i>Rogationes</i> were presented in a formal meeting or not; however they demonstrate the matters which were of importance to the Tribunes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plebiscita">Plebiscita</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plebiscita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Plebiscita</i> (sing. <i>plebiscitum</i>) were proposals brought forward by the Tribunes of the Plebs that were approved by majority vote of the tribes of the <i>Concilium Plebis</i>. After the <i>Lex Hortensia</i> was introduced in 287 BC, <i>plebiscita</i> became law for the entire Roman population, including patricians. <i>Plebiscita</i> no longer required senatorial or magisterial approval, and were demonstrative of the will of the plebeian class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leges">Leges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Leges</i> (sing. <i>lex</i>) were legislation brought forth by a magistrate and presented to the Roman population, in either the <i>Comitia Tributa</i> or the <i>Comitia Centuriata</i>. A <i>Plebiscitum</i> could become a <i>lex</i> if it was adopted by a magistrate and approved by a majority of tribes or centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of <i>leges</i> introduced which pertained to the Plebeian Council are: </p> <ul><li>Lex Genucia (342 BC), which required that one annual consulship be given to a plebeian.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lex Ogulnia (300 BC), which entitled plebeian citizens to one half of the priesthoods in the colleges of <i>pontifices</i> and <i>augures</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lex Hortensia (287 BC), which made all Roman citizens subject to the laws created by the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lex Maenia (between 291 and 219 BC), which required the senate to approve all bills approved by the Plebeian Council.<sup id="cite_ref-:06_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:06-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Legislative_actions">Legislative actions</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legislative actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legislative actions by the <i>concilium plebis</i> can be categorized into four principal categories based on their purpose: </p> <ol><li>Equality: actions which move to create equality between different groups of people</li> <li>Broadening of participation: actions which aim to increase the political participation of groups which had previously been denied</li> <li>Protection: actions seeking to place limits on arbitrary action of the state, as well as seeking rights (personal rights, rights to property)</li> <li>Mutually binding consultation: actions which aim to solidify and increase the power and authority of the Council of the Plebs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>These categories are based on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Tilly's</a> Dimensions of Democratization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a> – Period of Roman history (c. 753 – c. 509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> – Period of Roman history (c. 509 – 27 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> – Territory ruled by Rome and period of Roman history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> – Legal system of Ancient Rome (c. 449 BC – AD 529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuria" title="Centuria">Centuria</a> – A military unit in Ancient Rome originally consisting of 100 soldiers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a> – Assembly where issues are discussed and decided</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> – Political office in ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a> – Magistrate of the Roman Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Roman censor</a> – Roman magistrate and census administrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a> – Public official in ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictator</a> – Extraordinary magistrate of the Roman Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse" title="Master of the Horse">Master of the Horse</a> – Position of varying importance in several European nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> – Political institution in ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a> – The sequential order of public offices held by politicians in Ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Senate">Byzantine Senate</a> – Political institution of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire from the 4th to 14th centuries<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a> – Chief high priest in ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a> – First member by precedence of the Roman Senate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a> – Position in ancient Rome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Ancient Rome)">Procurator</a> – Administrative title in the Roman Empire<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Senatus" title="Acta Senatus">Acta Senatus</a> – Minutes of the Roman Senate</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). <i>A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions</i>. Elibron Classics (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-92749-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-92749-0">0-543-92749-0</a>).</li> <li>Byrd, Robert (1995). <i>The Senate of the Roman Republic</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103-23.</li> <li>Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841). <i>The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes</i>. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.</li> <li>Develin, R (1975). <i>"Comitia tributa plebis"</i>. Athenaeum; Pavia. <b>53</b>: 302–338 – via Proquest.</li> <li>Drogula, Fred K (2017). <i>"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</i>. Antichthon. <b>51</b>: 110.</li> <li>Farrell, Joseph (1986-01-01). <i> "The Distinction Between Comitia and Concilium". </i> Athenaeum: 407–438.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lintott" title="Andrew Lintott">Lintott, Andrew</a> (1999). <i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Oxford University Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926108-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926108-3">0-19-926108-3</a>).</li> <li>Polybius (1823). <i>The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek</i>. By <a href="/wiki/James_Hampton_(priest)" title="James Hampton (priest)">James Hampton</a>. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol. 2.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lily_Ross_Taylor" title="Lily Ross Taylor">Taylor, Lily Ross</a> (1966). <i>Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar</i>. The University of Michigan Press (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08125-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08125-X">0-472-08125-X</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolters2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Wolters, Eric (2014-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5154"><i>Leges, Plebiscita, et Rogationes: Democratization and Legislative Action, 494–88 BC</i></a> (MA thesis). University of South Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Leges%2C+Plebiscita%2C+et+Rogationes%3A+Democratization+and+Legislative+Action%2C+494%E2%80%9388+BC&rft.inst=University+of+South+Florida&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft.aulast=Wolters&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fetd%2F5154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Joseph (1986-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/137">"The Distinction Between Comitia and Concilium"</a>. <i>Athenaeum</i>. <b>64</b>: 407–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+Comitia+and+Concilium&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=407-438&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fclassics_papers%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolters2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolters2014_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolters2014">Wolters 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Joseph (1986-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/137">"The Distinction Between Comitia and Concilium"</a>. <i>Athenaeum</i>. <b>64</b>: 407–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+Comitia+and+Concilium&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=407-438&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fclassics_papers%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_212-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_212_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_21-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_21_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_260-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_260_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_196-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_196_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_196_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_261-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_261_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevelin1975" class="citation journal cs1">Develin, R (1975). "Comitia tributa plebis". <i>Athenaeum; Pavia</i>. <b>53</b>: 302–338 – via Proquest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum%3B+Pavia&rft.atitle=Comitia+tributa+plebis&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=302-338&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Develin&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Lintott, Andrew. Oxford University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-280-76406-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-280-76406-6"><bdi>1-280-76406-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/814476467">814476467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Roman+Republic.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F814476467&rft.isbn=1-280-76406-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_397-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_397_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_397_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_35-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_35_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_50-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_50_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_51-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_51_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_52-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_52_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_52_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbott,_53-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_53_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_53_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbott,_53_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbott, 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Lintott, Andrew. Oxford University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-280-76406-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-280-76406-6"><bdi>1-280-76406-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/814476467">814476467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Roman+Republic.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F814476467&rft.isbn=1-280-76406-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Constitution of the Roman Republic</i>. Lintott, Andrew. Oxford University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-280-76406-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-280-76406-6"><bdi>1-280-76406-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/814476467">814476467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Roman+Republic.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F814476467&rft.isbn=1-280-76406-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Joseph (1986-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/137">"The Distinction Between Comitia and Concilium"</a>. <i>Athenaeum</i>. <b>64</b>: 407–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+Comitia+and+Concilium&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=407-438&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fclassics_papers%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevelin1975" class="citation journal cs1">Develin, R (1975). "Comitia tributa plebis". <i>Athenaeum; Pavia</i>. <b>53</b>: 302–338 – via Proquest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum%3B+Pavia&rft.atitle=Comitia+tributa+plebis&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=302-338&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Develin&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell1986" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Joseph (1986-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/137">"The Distinction Between Comitia and Concilium"</a>. <i>Athenaeum</i>. <b>64</b>: 407–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=The+Distinction+Between+Comitia+and+Concilium&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=407-438&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fclassics_papers%2F137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:06-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:06_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:06_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2017" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37341322">"Plebeian Tribunes and the Government of Early Rome"</a>. <i>Antichthon</i>. <b>51</b>: 110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fann.2017.8">10.1017/ann.2017.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149208490">149208490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antichthon&rft.atitle=Plebeian+Tribunes+and+the+Government+of+Early+Rome&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fann.2017.8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149208490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37341322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlebeian+council" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Ihne, Wilhelm. <i>Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution</i>. William Pickering. 1853.</li> <li>Johnston, Harold Whetstone. <i>Orations and Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index</i>. Scott, Foresman and Company. 1891.</li> <li>Mommsen, Theodor. <i>Roman Constitutional Law</i>. 1871-1888</li> <li>Tighe, Ambrose. <i>The Development of the Roman Constitution</i>. D. Apple & Co. 1886.</li> <li>Von Fritz, Kurt. <i>The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity</i>. Columbia University Press, New York. 1975.</li> <li><i>The Histories</i> by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li>Cambridge Ancient History, Volumes 9–13.</li> <li>A. Cameron, <i>The Later Roman Empire</i>, (Fontana Press, 1993).</li> <li>M. Crawford, <i>The Roman Republic</i>, (Fontana Press, 1978).</li> <li>E. S. Gruen, "The Last Generation of the Roman Republic" (U California Press, 1974)</li> <li>F. Millar, <i>The Emperor in the Roman World</i>, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).</li> <li>A. Lintott, "The Constitution of the Roman Republic" (Oxford University Press, 1999)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=546&chapter=83299&layout=html&Itemid=27">Cicero's De Re Publica, Book Two</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/ANCIENT/polybius6.html">Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An Analysis of the Roman Government; by Polybius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_source_material">Secondary source material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary source material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailer.fsu.edu/~njumonvi/montesquieu_romans.htm">Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, by Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829134354/http://www.uah.edu/student_life/organizations/SAL/texts/misc/romancon.html">The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/30/opinion/30harris.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">What a Terrorist Incident in Ancient Rome Can Teach Us</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Concilium.html">Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, article <i>Concilium</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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href="/wiki/Executive_Magistrates_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Magistrates of the Roman Republic">Magistrates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">(post Diocletian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">(post Diocletian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Senate of the Roman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Empire">Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Magistrates of the Roman Empire">Magistrates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Obligations_in_Roman_law" title="Template:Obligations in Roman law">Obligation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&oldid=1253951488">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plebeian_council&oldid=1253951488</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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