CINXE.COM

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It is also the study of drug sources and their intrinsic properties. Most drugs act on defined pharmacological targets in order to exert their effects. The term drug is intended to mean any substance that alters normal biochemical function. Drugs with medicinal properties are termed pharmaceuticals. </p> <p>Tocris products are categorised according to pharmacological activity. Click on any link below for further information.</p></p> <div class="pharm_sub_cats"><h3>Products for Pharmacology</h3><ul class="tile_column_1"><li><a href="/pharmacology/enzyme-linked-receptors" title="Browse products for Enzyme-Linked Receptors">Enzyme-Linked Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/enzymes" title="Browse products for Enzymes">Enzymes</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/7-tm-receptors" title="Browse products for GPCRs / 7-TM Receptors">GPCRs / 7-TM Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/ion-channels" title="Browse products for Ion Channels">Ion Channels</a></li></ul><ul class="tile_column_2"><li><a href="/pharmacology/nuclear-receptors" title="Browse products for Nuclear Receptors">Nuclear Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/other-pharmacology" title="Browse products for Other Pharmacology">Other Pharmacology</a></li><li><a href="/pharmacology/transporters" title="Browse products for Transporters">Transporters</a></li></ul></div> <div class="pharm_rel_cats"><h3>Related Targets</h3><ul class="tile_column_1"><li><a href="/product-type/optopharmacology" title="Browse products for Optopharmacology">Optopharmacology</a></li></ul><ul class="tile_column_2"></ul></div> <div class="pharm_long_desc"><h3>Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics</h3> <p>Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the two main areas of pharmacology. Pharmacodynamics is broadly the investigation of effects of a drug (e.g. <a href='/product-type/small-molecules'>small molecules</a> or <a href='/product-type/peptides'>peptides</a>) on biological systems. This includes the drug mechanism of action and relationship between concentration and biological response. Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body effects a drug; and encompasses drug uptake, distribution around the body, and chemical metabolism and clearance.</p> <h3>Tocris History and Product Ranges</h3> <p>Tocris started out as pharmacology company in 1982, when Professor Jeff Watkins from the pharmacology department at the University of Bristol, UK, made <a href='/pharmacology/glutamate-ionotropic-receptors'>glutamate</a> compounds commercially available to the research community. Among the first were <a href='/products/dl-ap4_0101'>DL-AP4</a> (Cat. No. 0101), a broad spectrum excitatory amino acid (EAA) ligand, and its two isomers <a href='/products/d-ap4_0102'>D-AP4</a> (Cat. No. 0102) and <a href='/products/l-ap4_0103'>L-AP4</a> (Cat.No. 0103).</p> <p>Since then Tocris has expanded to provide pharmacological research tools for all the main research areas including <a href='/research-area/cancer-research'>cancer</a>, <a href='/research-area/cardiovascular-system-research'>cardiovascular system</a>, <a href='/research-area/cell-and-gene-therapy'>cell and gene therapy</a>, <a href='/research-area/endocrinology-research'>endocrinology</a>, <a href='/research-area/immunology-research'>immunology</a>, <a href='/research-area/neuroscience-research'>neuroscience</a>, <a href='/research-area/pain-and-inflammation-research'>pain and inflammation</a> and <a href='/research-area/respiratory-system-research'>respiratory systems</a>. The Tocris range includes tools for 30 <a href='/pharmacology/7-tm-receptors'>GPCRs</a> targets, 25 <a href='/pharmacology/enzymes'>enzyme</a> targets, 10 <a href='/pharmacology/ion-channels'>ion channel</a> targets and more. As well as an expansive range of gold standard research tools and reagents, Tocris strives to be first to market with cutting edge products such as <a href='/product-type/dreadd-ligands'>DREADD ligands</a>, <a href='/product-type/psems'>PSEMs</a>, <a href='/product-type/photoswitchable-ligands'>photoswitchable ligands</a> and <a href='/product-type/protein-degraders'>protein degraders</a> (part of the <a href='/product-type/targeted-protein-degradation'>PROTAC<sup>®</sup> Degraders & Targeted Protein Degradation</a> portfolio).</p> <h3>Pharmacology Resources</h3> <p>Tocris provides popular pharmacology <a href='/resources'>resources</a> including our <a href='/resources/molarity-calculator'>molarity calculator</a>, <a href='/resources/dilution-calculator'>dilution calculator</a>, <a href='/resources/reconstitution-calculator'>reconstitution calculator</a>, <a href='/resources/pharmacological-glossary'>pharmacology glossary</a> and <a href='/resources/peptide-nomenclature-guide'>peptide nomenclature guide</a>. Our glossary gives clear definitions of commonly used pharmacology terms such as efficacy, allosteric modulator and pKB.</p> <h3>Pharmacology Literature</h3> <p>Tocris also produces a range of <a href='/literature/life-science-posters'>scientific posters</a>, <a href='/literature/scientific-reviews'>reviews</a> and <a href='/literature/product-guides'>product guides</a>, free to request or download. Authored by experts in their field, two of our newest posters highlight some of the most recent advances in pharmacological theory. <a href='/literature/life-science-posters/allosteric-gpcr-pharmacology'>Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology</a> authored by Professor Arthur Christopoulos, covers GPCR allosteric mechanisms and their applications in therapy. Written by Professor Patrick Sexton <em>et al</em>, <a href='/literature/life-science-posters/gpcr-efficacy-and-biased-agonism'>GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism</a> discusses cutting edge GPCR signaling pharmacology and highlights therapeutic applications of biased agonism, PAMS, NAMs and ligands with different efficacies.</p> <hr> <h3>GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism Poster</h3> <img src='https://resources.tocris.com/images/targets/gpcr-efficacy-biased-agonism-poster.jpg' alt='GPCR Signaling' style='max-width:100%; margin:20px 0 10px 0'> <p><a href='/literature/life-science-posters/gpcr-efficacy-and-biased-agonism' title='Request or download your copy today!'> <strong>Request or download your copy today!</strong></a></p></div> </div> <div id="sidebar" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-3 col-lg-3 col-xl-3"> <div class="resources_sidebar_container"> <div class="fp_four_box"> <div class="fp_box_wrapper"><h3>Featured New Products</h3> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/vu-0542270_8151">8151 | VU 0542270</a><br /> Selective inhibitor of K<sub>ir</sub>6.1 K<sub>ATP</sub> channels</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/rna-imaging-probe-1c_8813">8813 | RNA Imaging Probe 1c</a><br /> Fluorogenic RNA imaging probe</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/lsn-3318839_7959">7959 | LSN 3318839</a><br /> Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor <br />(GLP1-R) positive allosteric modulator</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/chir-99021-in-solution_8170">8170 | CHIR 99021 in solution</a><br /> Sterile-filtered 10 mM solution of CHIR 99021 pre-dissolved in DMSO</div> <div class="fp_featured_product"><a href="/products/bi-3231_8039">8039 | BI 3231</a><br /> Potent and selective hydroxysteroid 17尾 dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) inhibitor</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="distributor_region"></div> <div class="widget"> <div class="widget_title">Literature in this Area</div> <div class="widget_content carousel slide" id="ds_literature_scroller" data-ride="carousel" data-interval="8000">  <div class="carousel-inner"><div class="item active"><div class="highlight">5-HT Scientific Review</div> <a href="/literature/scientific-reviews/5-ht-receptors"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/reviews/regular/234525.jpg?v=2" alt="5-HT Receptors Scientific Review"></a><p class="small">Our 5-HT review summarizes the serotonin receptor subtypes and highlights their importance in mediating various physiological & pharmacological processes.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/234525" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the 5-HT Receptors Scientific Review">Request copy</a><a class="btn btn-quinary request-pdf" href="/literature/literature-request/p234525" rel="nofollow" title="Request PDF of the 5-HT Receptors Scientific Review">Request PDF<div class="lit_request_pdf"></div></a></div><div class="item"><div class="highlight">mGlu Receptors Scientific Review</div> <a href="/literature/scientific-reviews/metabotropic-glutamate-receptors"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/reviews/regular/234517.jpg?v=2" alt="Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Scientific Review"></a><p class="small">Our Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor review gives an overview of the pharmacological ligands used to study the mGlu receptors.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/234517" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Scientific Review">Request copy</a><a class="btn btn-quinary request-pdf" href="/literature/literature-request/p234517" rel="nofollow" title="Request PDF of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Scientific Review">Request PDF<div class="lit_request_pdf"></div></a></div><div class="item"><div class="highlight">Chemogenetics Research Bulletin</div> <a href="/literature/research-bulletins/chemogenetics"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/research-bulletins/regular/594240.jpg?v=1" alt="Chemogenetics Research Bulletin"></a><p class="small">The chemogenetics research bulletin provides introduction to chemogenetic methods to manipulate neuronal activity.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary request-pdf" href="/literature/literature-request/p594240" rel="nofollow" title="Request PDF of the Chemogenetics Research Bulletin">Request PDF<div class="lit_request_pdf"></div></a></div><div class="item"><div class="highlight">Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology Poster</div><h5>Written by Arthur Christopoulos, David Thal, Denise Wootten and Patrick M. Sexton</h5> <a href="/literature/life-science-posters/allosteric-gpcr-pharmacology"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/636206.jpg" alt="Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology Poster"></a><p class="small">Our Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology Poster discusses key facets of GPCR allostery and highlights therapeutic applications of allosteric modulators.</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/636206" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology Poster">Request copy</a><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/allosteric-gpcr-pharmacology-poster-2019.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/allosteric-gpcr-pharmacology-poster-2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology Poster" data-title="Allosteric GPCR Pharmacology Poster">Download PDF<div class="lit_pdf"></div></a></div><div class="item"><div class="highlight">GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism Life Science Poster</div><h5>Written by Patrick M. Sexton, Arthur Christopoulos and Denise Wootten</h5> <a href="/literature/life-science-posters/gpcr-efficacy-and-biased-agonism"><img loading="lazy" src="https://resources.tocris.com/images/literature/posters/regular/629782.jpg" alt="GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism Poster"></a><p class="small">Our GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism discusses cutting edge GPCR signaling pharmacology and highlights therapeutic applications of biased agonism</p><a class="btn btn-quinary" href="/literature/literature-request/629782" rel="nofollow" title="Request copy of the GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism Poster">Request copy</a><a class="btn btn-quinary pdf-download" href="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/gpcr-efficacy-biased-agonism-poster-v1-2019.pdf" download="https://resources.tocris.com/pdfs/literature/posters/gpcr-efficacy-biased-agonism-poster-v1-2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="Download PDF of the GPCR Efficacy and Biased Agonism Poster" data-title="GPCR Efficacy 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