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id="toc-Bakgrunn_og_familie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasnost_og_perestrojka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasnost_og_perestrojka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Glasnost og perestrojka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glasnost_og_perestrojka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utenrikspolitikk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utenrikspolitikk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utenrikspolitikk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utenrikspolitikk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-«Gorbimani»" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#«Gorbimani»"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>«Gorbimani»</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-«Gorbimani»-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovjetunionens_oppløsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovjetunionens_oppløsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sovjetunionens oppløsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovjetunionens_oppløsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etter_Sovjetunionen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etter_Sovjetunionen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Etter Sovjetunionen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etter_Sovjetunionen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ettermæle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ettermæle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ettermæle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ettermæle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotnoter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotnoter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fotnoter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotnoter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 154 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatsjov" title="Mikhail Gorbatsjov – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatsjov" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatjov" title="Mikhail Gorbatjov – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatjov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatjov" title="Michail Gorbatjov – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michail Gorbatjov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatjov" title="Mikhail Gorbatjov – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatjov" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkha%C3%ADl_Gorbatsjov" title="Míkhaíl Gorbatsjov – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Míkhaíl Gorbatsjov" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjof" title="Michail Gorbatsjof – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Michail Gorbatsjof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatschow" title="Michail Gorbatschow – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Michail Gorbatschow" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8D_%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A3%E1%89%BE%E1%89%AD" title="ምኻይል ጎርባቾቭ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምኻይል ጎርባቾቭ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D4%A5%D0%B0" title="Горбачиов, Михаил Сергеи-иԥа – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Горбачиов, Михаил Сергеи-иԥа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81" title="ميخائيل غورباتشوف – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميخائيل غورباتشوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatchev" title="Mikhail Gorbatchev – arpitansk" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatchev" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="arpitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD" title="মিখাইল গৰ্বাচেভ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মিখাইল গৰ্বাচেভ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%ADl_Gorbachov" title="Mikhaíl Gorbachov – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mikhaíl Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachov" title="Mikhail Gorbachov – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixail_Qorba%C3%A7ov" title="Mixail Qorbaçov – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mixail Qorbaçov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="میخائیل قورباچوف – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میخائیل قورباچوف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD" title="মিখাইল গর্বাচেভ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিখাইল গর্বাচেভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachyov" title="Mikhail Gorbachyov – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachyov" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Міхаіл Сяргеевіч Гарбачоў – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міхаіл Сяргеевіч Гарбачоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Міхаіл Гарбачоў – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міхаіл Гарбачоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5" title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचोव – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचोव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачов – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Михаил Горбачов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dov" title="Mihail Gorbačov – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mihail Gorbačov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatchev" title="Mikhail Gorbatchev – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatchev" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Gorbatxov" title="Mikhaïl Gorbatxov – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mikhaïl Gorbatxov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorba%C4%8Dov" title="Michail Gorbačov – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michail Gorbačov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_%DA%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%DA%A4" title="ميخايل ڭورباتشوڤ – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميخايل ڭورباتشوڤ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Sergejewitsch_Gorbatschow" title="Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihhail_Gorbat%C5%A1ov" title="Mihhail Gorbatšov – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mihhail Gorbatšov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%86" title="Μιχαήλ Γκορμπατσόφ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιχαήλ Γκορμπατσόφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mija%C3%ADl_Gorbachov" title="Mijaíl Gorbachov – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mijaíl Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%A5ail_Gorba%C4%89ov" title="Miĥail Gorbaĉov – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Miĥail Gorbaĉov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatxov" title="Mikhail Gorbatxov – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatxov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%81" title="میخائیل گورباچف – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میخائیل گورباچف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Gorbatchev" title="Mikhaïl Gorbatchev – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mikhaïl Gorbatchev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%AFl_Gorbatsjov" title="Michaïl Gorbatsjov – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Michaïl Gorbatsjov" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADchail_Gorbaitseov" title="Míchail Gorbaitseov – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Míchail Gorbaitseov" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Mihail Gorbačëv – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mihail Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%96%AC%E5%A4%AB" title="戈爾巴喬夫 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="戈爾巴喬夫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%98%EC%9D%BC_%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EC%B4%88%ED%94%84" title="미하일 고르바초프 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미하일 고르바초프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Միխայիլ Գորբաչով – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միխայիլ Գորբաչով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचेव – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचेव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Sergejewi%C4%8D_Gorba%C4%8Dow" title="Michail Sergejewič Gorbačow – høysorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Michail Sergejewič Gorbačow" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="høysorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dov" title="Mihail Gorbačov – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mihail Gorbačov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Sergeyevich_Gorbachyov" title="Mihail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mihail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachov" title="Mikhail Gorbachov – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82" title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергейы фырт – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергейы фырт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Michail Gorbačëv – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michail Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%91" title="מיכאיל גורבצ'וב – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיכאיל גורבצ'וב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Gorbatchev" title="Mikhaïl Gorbatchev – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mikhaïl Gorbatchev" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಿಖಾಯಿಲ್ ಗೊರ್ಬಚೆವ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿಖಾಯಿಲ್ ಗೊರ್ಬಚೆವ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მიხეილ გორბაჩოვი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიხეილ გორბაჩოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachov" title="Mikhail Gorbachov – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AExa%C3%AEl_Gorba%C3%A7ov" title="Mîxaîl Gorbaçov – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîxaîl Gorbaçov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачёв – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Михаил Горбачёв" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич – vestmarisk" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="vestmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Michael Gorbačëv – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Michael Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihails_Gorba%C4%8Dovs" title="Mihails Gorbačovs – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mihails Gorbačovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Sergejewitsch_Gorbatschow" title="Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michailas_Gorba%C4%8Diovas" title="Michailas Gorbačiovas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Michailas Gorbačiovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjov" title="Michail Gorbatsjov – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Michail Gorbatsjov" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorbatxov" title="Mihail Gorbatxov – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mihail Gorbatxov" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Sergeevi%C4%8D_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Michail Sergeevič Gorbačëv – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Michail Sergeevič Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Szergejevics_Gorbacsov" title="Mihail Szergejevics Gorbacsov – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mihail Szergejevics Gorbacsov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачов – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Михаил Горбачов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="മിഖായേൽ ഗോർബച്ചേവ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിഖായേൽ ഗോർബച്ചേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचेव – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचेव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მიხეილ გორბაჩოვი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიხეილ გორბაჩოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81" title="ميخائيل جورباتشوف – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميخائيل جورباتشوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%81" title="میخائیل گورباچف – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میخائیل گورباچف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Михайила Горбачев – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Михайила Горбачев" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%97%E1%80%BA" title="မစ်ဟေး ဂေါ်ဗာချော့ဗ် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မစ်ဟေး ဂေါ်ဗာချော့ဗ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatsjov" title="Michail Gorbatsjov – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michail Gorbatsjov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD" title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD" title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिखाइल गोर्बाचोभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%95" title="ミハイル・ゴルバチョフ – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミハイル・ゴルバチョフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич – tsjetsjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbatschow" title="Michail Gorbatschow – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Michail Gorbatschow" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikha%C3%AFl_Gorbachov" title="Mikhaïl Gorbachov – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mikhaïl Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич – østmarisk" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="østmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AD" title="ମିଖାଇଲ ଗୋର୍ବାଚୋଭ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମିଖାଇଲ ଗୋର୍ବାଚୋଭ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixail_Gorbachyov" title="Mixail Gorbachyov – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mixail Gorbachyov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਮਿਖਾਇਲ ਗੋਰਬਾਚੇਵ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਖਾਇਲ ਗੋਰਬਾਚੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="میخائل گورباچوف – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میخائل گورباچوف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%81" title="میخایل ګورباچف – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="میخایل ګورباچف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C" title="មីខាអ៊ីល ហ្គ័របាឆូវ – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មីខាអ៊ីល ហ្គ័របាឆូវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Michail Gorbačëv – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Michail Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michai%C5%82_Gorbaczow" title="Michaił Gorbaczow – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michaił Gorbaczow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbatchov" title="Mikhail Gorbatchov – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mikhail Gorbatchov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C3%A7ov" title="Mihail Gorbaçov – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mihail Gorbaçov" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorbaciov" title="Mihail Gorbaciov – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mihail Gorbaciov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachov" title="Mikhail Gorbachov – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachov" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачов – rusinsk" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Михаил Горбачов" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Горбачёв, Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Горбачёв Михаил Сергеевич" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi-ha-yi-e._Ke-pa-ci-hu" title="Mi-ha-yi-e. Ke-pa-ci-hu – sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Mi-ha-yi-e. Ke-pa-ci-hu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D" title="मिखाइल् गोर्बचोफ् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मिखाइल् गोर्बचोफ्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="میخائل گورپاچوف – saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="میخائل گورپاچوف" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Michail Gorbačëv – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Michail Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C3%A7ovi" title="Mihail Gorbaçovi – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mihail Gorbaçovi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorbaciov" title="Michail Gorbaciov – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Michail Gorbaciov" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A" title="මිහායිල් ගොර්බචොෆ් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිහායිල් ගොර්බචොෆ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="ميخائيل گورباچوف – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميخائيل گورباچوف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Sergejevi%C4%8D_Gorba%C4%8Dov" title="Michail Sergejevič Gorbačov – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Michail Sergejevič Gorbačov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dov" title="Mihail Gorbačov – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mihail Gorbačov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michai%C5%82_Gorbaczow" title="Michaił Gorbaczow – schlesisk" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Michaił Gorbaczow" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="schlesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%86%DA%A4" title="میخائیل گۆرباچۆڤ – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میخائیل گۆرباچۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачов – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Михаил Горбачов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C4%8Dov" title="Mihail Gorbačov – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mihail Gorbačov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorbat%C5%A1ov" title="Mihail Gorbatšov – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mihail Gorbatšov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="மிக்கைல் கொர்பச்சோவ் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிக்கைல் கொர்பச்சோவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачёв – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Михаил Горбачёв" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D" title="మిఖాయిల్ గోర్బచేవ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మిఖాయిల్ గోర్బచేవ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F" title="มีฮาอิล กอร์บาชอฟ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มีฮาอิล กอร์บาชอฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%91%D0%B2" title="Михаил Горбачёв – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Михаил Горбачёв" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Gorba%C3%A7ov" title="Mihail Gorbaçov – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mihail Gorbaçov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Горбачов Михайло Сергійович – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Горбачов Михайло Сергійович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="میخائل گورباچوف – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میخائل گورباچوف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Gorba%C4%8D%C3%ABv" title="Michail Gorbačëv – venetiansk" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Michail Gorbačëv" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Sergeyevich_Gorbachyov" title="Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorbat%C5%A1ovi_Mihhail" title="Gorbatšovi Mihhail – sørestisk" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gorbatšovi Mihhail" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="sørestisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixhail_Sergeyevitch_Gorbatchyov" title="Mixhail Sergeyevitch Gorbatchyov – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mixhail Sergeyevitch Gorbatchyov" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%96%AC%E5%A4%AB" title="戈爾巴喬夫 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="戈爾巴喬夫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mikhail Gorbachev" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" title="米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="米哈伊尔·戈尔巴乔夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95" title="מיכאיל גארבאטשאוו – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיכאיל גארבאטשאוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika%E1%BA%B9li_G%E1%BB%8Drbats%E1%BA%B9f" title="Mikaẹli Gọrbatsẹf – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mikaẹli Gọrbatsẹf" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%93%E5%A4%AB" title="戈巴卓夫 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戈巴卓夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97chails_Guorba%C4%8Diovs" title="Mėchails Guorbačiovs – samogitisk" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mėchails Guorbačiovs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%B9%94%E5%A4%AB" 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1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi politiker fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Mikhail Gorbatsjov <br /> Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв<div style="font-size:65%">Mikhail Sergejevitsj Gorbatsjov</div></th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:GorbachevMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/GorbachevMS.jpg/250px-GorbachevMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/GorbachevMS.jpg/375px-GorbachevMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/GorbachevMS.jpg/500px-GorbachevMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="4050" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/2._mars" title="2. mars">2. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-e0adaf9339e5ffe203d38ecf04f7cccdf0396019_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-e0adaf9339e5ffe203d38ecf04f7cccdf0396019-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-99f3095a9a3ef721d1424e6b28fffbd9f571dba2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-99f3095a9a3ef721d1424e6b28fffbd9f571dba2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-18ceb5f533964ccfd0cdc0784f40df677a72749d_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-18ceb5f533964ccfd0cdc0784f40df677a72749d-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br />Privolnoje (North Caucasus Krai, <a href="/wiki/Den_russiske_sovjetiske_f%C3%B8derative_sosialistrepublikk" title="Den russiske sovjetiske føderative sosialistrepublikk">Den russiske sovjetiske føderative sosialistrepublikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/30._august" title="30. august">30. aug.</a> <a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-14f8a2bfdf3f7b8e7aaf7336ecfb0c8fb24c809a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-14f8a2bfdf3f7b8e7aaf7336ecfb0c8fb24c809a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-f194b96ba0d62590c2828fcbe7160cfb47950972_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f194b96ba0d62590c2828fcbe7160cfb47950972-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (91 år)<br />Central Clinical Hospital (<a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-1778fec0941d0dde8d47f8ac30136d793d4cb2cf_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1778fec0941d0dde8d47f8ac30136d793d4cb2cf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-7a8d5a97393df9a5fab6a4d3025b1bd8855669fa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-7a8d5a97393df9a5fab6a4d3025b1bd8855669fa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Politiker" title="Politiker">Politiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, miljøverner, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98konom" title="Økonom">samfunnsøkonom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakf%C3%B8rer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakfører">advokat</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Akademisk grad</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Doktor_nauk" title="Doktor nauk">Doktor nauk</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2">Juridisk fakultet ved Statsuniversitetet i Moskva (–<span title="sluttdato: 1955">1955</span>)<br />Stavropol State Agrarian University (–<span title="sluttdato: 1967">1967</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Statsuniversitetet_i_Moskva" title="Statsuniversitetet i Moskva">Statsuniversitetet i Moskva</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Ektefelle</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbatsjova" title="Raisa Gorbatsjova">Raisa Gorbatsjova</a> (<span title="startdato: 23. sep. 1953">1953</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 20. sep. 1999">1999</span>) (avslutningsårsak: ektefelles død)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-cfd5a02eb83c4b25c2fc4800d5966a62bd7e714c_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-cfd5a02eb83c4b25c2fc4800d5966a62bd7e714c-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Far</th><td colspan="2">Sergey Gorbachev</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Mor</th><td colspan="2">Maria Gorbacheva</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Barn</th><td colspan="2">Irina Virganskaya</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Parti</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_kommunistiske_parti" title="Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti">Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti</a> (<span title="startdato: 1950">1950</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 1991">1991</span>)<br />Russian United Social Democratic Party (–<span title="sluttdato: 2001">2001</span>)<br />Social Democratic Party of Russia (<span title="startdato: 2001">2001</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 2007">2007</span>)<br />Union of Social Democrats (<span title="startdato: 2007">2007</span>–)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a> (<span title="startdato: 26. des. 1991">1991</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 30. aug. 2022">2022</span>) (avslutningsårsak: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8d" title="Død">død</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> (<span title="startdato: 2. mar. 1931">1931</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 26. des. 1991">1991</span>) (avslutningsårsak: <a href="/wiki/Oppl%C3%B8sningen_av_Sovjetunionen" title="Oppløsningen av Sovjetunionen">oppløsningen av Sovjetunionen</a>)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Gravlagt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Novodevitsjijkirkeg%C3%A5rden" title="Novodevitsjijkirkegården">Novodevitsjijkirkegården</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-66431b26030cd92d0904bc7b3ef5ee848cfd3557_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-66431b26030cd92d0904bc7b3ef5ee848cfd3557-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2">Det internasjonale vitenskapsakademiet i San Marino (<span title="startdato: mars 1996">1996</span>–)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-38e6e862c52c2e25f7e8e255cbe13d920d584edc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-38e6e862c52c2e25f7e8e255cbe13d920d584edc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Sentralkomiteen i det sovjetiske kommunistpartiet<sup id="cite_ref-hash-588c8682eeab2e0df32ddcd5fe623ece418c72e3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-588c8682eeab2e0df32ddcd5fe623ece418c72e3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Politbyr%C3%A5et_i_Sovjetunionen" title="Politbyrået i Sovjetunionen">Politbyrået i Sovjetunionen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Romaklubben" title="Romaklubben">Romaklubben</a> (æresmedlem)<br /><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">59 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Nobels_fredspris" title="Nobels fredspris">Nobels fredspris</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1990">1990</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2aadacb799507856faaf0815929ae9a0041615fb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2aadacb799507856faaf0815929ae9a0041615fb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-df0889b4e9d5236ab56b3adf6e32b19c5b96dbe3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-df0889b4e9d5236ab56b3adf6e32b19c5b96dbe3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Kommandør av Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (<span title="tidspunkt: 29. sep. 1997">1997</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-69517612b0e7e391b3ac1070200ba3e7e9973a7d_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-69517612b0e7e391b3ac1070200ba3e7e9973a7d-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Æresborger av Berlin (<span title="tidspunkt: 9. nov. 1992">1992</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-f7b7a4d2580ce104d5e48b85c388a4ae93145162_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f7b7a4d2580ce104d5e48b85c388a4ae93145162-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Æresordenen (<span title="tidspunkt: 28. feb. 2001">2001</span>)<br />Oktoberrevolusjonsordenen (<span title="tidspunkt: 22. feb. 1978">1978</span>)<br />Kjede av Den hvite løves orden<br />Ærestegnets orden (<span title="tidspunkt: 22. mar. 1966">1966</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fyrstinnen_av_Asturias%E2%80%99_pris_for_internasjonalt_samarbeid" title="Fyrstinnen av Asturias’ pris for internasjonalt samarbeid">Fyrstinnen av Asturias' pris for internasjonalt samarbeid</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1989">1989</span>)<br />Philadelphia Liberty Medal<br />Free Your Mind (<span title="tidspunkt: 2008">2008</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nord-S%C3%B8r-prisen" title="Nord-Sør-prisen">Nord-Sør-prisen</a><br />Alexander Men-prisen<br /><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagans_frihetsmedalje" title="Ronald Reagans frihetsmedalje">Ronald Reagans frihetsmedalje</a><br />Delta-prisen for global forståelse<br />Champions of the Earth (<span title="tidspunkt: 2006">2006</span>)<br />Arbeidets røde fanes orden (<span title="tidspunkt: 16. apr. 1949">1949</span>)<br />«Arbeidets helt«-medaljen (<span title="tidspunkt: 11. jan. 1957">1957</span>)<br />Medaljen for styrking av det væpnede brorskap (<span title="tidspunkt: 2. jun. 1980">1980</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harveyprisen" title="Harveyprisen">Harveyprisen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1992">1992</span>) (statsborgerskap: <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-51efaafec572900c79281c3a07f77dd587071f95_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-51efaafec572900c79281c3a07f77dd587071f95-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Otto Hahns fredsmedalje (<span title="tidspunkt: 1989">1989</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-083dfae49474f929058ed245b141cc9cb0973570_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-083dfae49474f929058ed245b141cc9cb0973570-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Medaljen til minne om Kyivs 1500-årsjubileum (<span title="tidspunkt: 1982">1982</span>)<br />Golden Plate Award<br />Weltwirtschaftlicher Preis (<span title="tidspunkt: 2015">2015</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-c2be4fe8d50ea6a0bc563b321d8605d0a90ccbaf_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-c2be4fe8d50ea6a0bc563b321d8605d0a90ccbaf-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-7e85943f1525da9667fb32ff83278054143b22d9_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-7e85943f1525da9667fb32ff83278054143b22d9-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Grawemeyer-prisen (<span title="tidspunkt: 1994">1994</span>)<br />Andreasordenen (<span title="tidspunkt: 2. mar. 2011">2011</span>)<br />Jubileumsmedaljen i anledning av 40-året for seieren i Den store fedrelandskrigen 1941–1945 (<span title="tidspunkt: 23. apr. 1985">1985</span>)<br />Kristoffer Columbus' orden<br />Storkors i særklasse av Forbundsrepublikken Tysklands fortjenstorden (<span title="tidspunkt: 7. nov. 1999">1999</span>)<br />Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children (<span title="tidspunkt: 2004">2004</span>)<br />Æresdoktor ved Universidad Complutense de Madrid (<span title="tidspunkt: 1990">1990</span>)<br />Honorary citizen of Košice (<span title="tidspunkt: 2018">2018</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-33d2b2e4ee075a1e2a266c7a09d34f3e4de7d291_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-33d2b2e4ee075a1e2a266c7a09d34f3e4de7d291-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Sankta Agatas orden<br />Æresdoktor ved Universitetet i Liège<br />Æresdoktor ved Universitetet i Münster<br />Æresdoktor ved Universitetet i Tromsø<br />Point-Alpha-Preis (<span title="tidspunkt: 2005">2005</span>)<br />German Environmental Prize (<span title="tidspunkt: 2010">2010</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-b4d50c12602c81213d4c1adb1ebe92f94d66618a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-b4d50c12602c81213d4c1adb1ebe92f94d66618a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Franz Josef Strauss-prisen (<span title="tidspunkt: 2011">2011</span>)<br />1. klasse av Den hvite løves orden (<span title="tidspunkt: 1999">1999</span>)<br />Storkors av Frihetsordenen (<span title="tidspunkt: 6. sep. 1995">1995</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-8f2a50e0c445c3cd9024e1d142ef752db4cdd3b5_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-8f2a50e0c445c3cd9024e1d142ef752db4cdd3b5-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Leninordenen" title="Leninordenen">Leninordenen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 28. feb. 1981">1981</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leninordenen" title="Leninordenen">Leninordenen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 7. des. 1973">1973</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leninordenen" title="Leninordenen">Leninordenen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 27. aug. 1971">1971</span>)<br />Osgar (<span title="tidspunkt: 2005">2005</span>)<br />Osgar (<span title="tidspunkt: 2009">2009</span>)<br />Årets person i Financial Times (<span title="tidspunkt: 1985">1985</span>)<br />Dr.-Friedrich-Joseph-Haass-Preis (<span title="tidspunkt: 2007">2007</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Den_hvite_l%C3%B8ves_orden" title="Den hvite løves orden">Den hvite løves orden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frihetsordenen_(Portugal)" title="Frihetsordenen (Portugal)">Frihetsordenen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Forbundsrepublikken_Tysklands_fortjenstorden" title="Forbundsrepublikken Tysklands fortjenstorden">Forbundsrepublikken Tysklands fortjenstorden</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fyrstinnen_av_Asturias-prisene" title="Fyrstinnen av Asturias-prisene">Fyrstinnen av Asturias-prisene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a><br />Acqui Award of History<br />Marion Dönhoff Award<br /><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi-prisen" title="Indira Gandhi-prisen">Indira Gandhi-prisen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1987">1987</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Golden Doves for Peace (<span title="tidspunkt: november 1989">1989</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Albert Einsteins fredspris (<span title="tidspunkt: juni 1990">1990</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Æresdoktor ved Sorbonne-universitetet i Paris (<span title="tidspunkt: 12. des. 2001">2001</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-53d42457a7c3f242ca5684ca8f3ede19d1780802_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-53d42457a7c3f242ca5684ca8f3ede19d1780802-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Nettsted</th><td colspan="2"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorby.ru">www<wbr />.gorby<wbr />.ru</a></span> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P856" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionens</a> statsleder</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a href="/wiki/11._mars" title="11. mars">11. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>–<a href="/wiki/25._desember" title="25. desember">25. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Forgjenger</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsjernenko" title="Konstantin Tsjernenko">Konstantin Tsjernenko</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Etterfølger</th><td colspan="2">Ingen</td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a href="/wiki/Generalsekret%C3%A6r" title="Generalsekretær">Generalsekretær</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_kommunistiske_parti" title="Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti">Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a href="/wiki/11._mars" title="11. mars">11. mars</a> <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>–<a href="/wiki/24._august" title="24. august">24. august</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Forgjenger</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsjernenko" title="Konstantin Tsjernenko">Konstantin Tsjernenko</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Etterfølger</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivasjko" title="Vladimir Ivasjko">Vladimir Ivasjko</a> (fungerende)</td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B8verste_sovjet#Presidenter_i_Sovjetunionen" title="Det øverste sovjet">Sovjetunionens president</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center"><a href="/wiki/1._oktober" title="1. oktober">1. oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>–<a href="/wiki/25._desember" title="25. desember">25. desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Visepresident" class="mw-redirect" title="Visepresident">Visepresident</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolij_Lukjanov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolij Lukjanov (ikke skrevet ennå)">Anatolij Lukjanov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gennadij_Janajev" title="Gennadij Janajev">Gennadij Janajev</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Forgjenger</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Gromyko" title="Andrej Gromyko">Andrej Gromyko</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Etterfølger</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gennadij_Janajev" title="Gennadij Janajev">Gennadij Janajev</a> (fungerende kuppmaker, 19.–21. august 1991)</td></tr> <tr class="overskrift" valign="top"><td colspan="4">Signatur</td></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gorbachev_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mikhail Gorbatsjovs signatur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gorbachev_Signature.svg/250px-Gorbachev_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gorbachev_Signature.svg/375px-Gorbachev_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Gorbachev_Signature.svg/500px-Gorbachev_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="50" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mikhail_Gorbachev" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbatsjov på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" align="right" style="margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/85px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/128px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/170px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobels_fredspris" title="Nobels fredspris">Nobels fredspris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mikhail Sergejevitsj Gorbatsjov</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1931–2022) var en <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">russisk</a> og tidligere sovjetisk politiker, som var den siste statslederen i <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a> fra 1985 til 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han styrte som generalsekretær i sentralkomitéen i <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_kommunistiske_parti" title="Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti">Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti</a> fra 1985 til mars 1990 og deretter som Sovjetunionens president fra mars 1990 til desember 1991. Gjennom sin politikk med <i><a href="/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka">perestrojka</a></i> og <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> bidro han til Sovjetunionens sammenbrudd og dermed avslutningen av <a href="/wiki/Den_kalde_krigen" title="Den kalde krigen">den kalde krigen</a>. Gorbatsjov fikk <a href="/wiki/Nobels_fredspris" title="Nobels fredspris">Nobels fredspris</a> i 1990 for sin viktige rolle i omveltningene i østblokken.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobelpris_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobelpris-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans kone Raisa deltok som likeverdig i hans offentlige opptredener noe som var uvanlig for en russisk leder.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakgrunn_og_familie">Bakgrunn og familie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn og familie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn og familie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorbatsjov kom fra landbruksområdet <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_kraj" title="Stavropol kraj">Stavropol kraj</a> i det nordlige <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> og ble født den 2. mars 1931 i Privolnoje i en russisk-ukrainsk familie.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moren var ukrainsk. Familien var fattig.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Som barn opplevde han <a href="/wiki/Hungersn%C3%B8den_i_Sovjetunionen_1932%E2%80%931933" title="Hungersnøden i Sovjetunionen 1932–1933">hungersnøden i Sovjetunionen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han vokste opp i rikt jordbruksdistrikt historiske dominert av kossaker og uten med <a href="/wiki/Livegenskap" title="Livegenskap">livegenskap</a> som i det sentrale Russland. Gorbatsjov hadde praktisk sans og fysisk styrke etter arbeid i landbruket.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Begge bestefedrene hans ble arrestert etter falske anklager i 1930-tallet. Bestefaren hans på farssiden ble sendt i eksil til <a href="/wiki/Sibir" title="Sibir">Sibir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faren tjenestegjorde under andre verdenskrig og ble først meldt, men kom hjem etter fire år ved fronten.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han studerte jus ved <a href="/wiki/Statsuniversitetet_i_Moskva" title="Statsuniversitetet i Moskva">Statsuniversitetet i Moskva</a>, der han ble uteksaminert i 1955. </p><p>Han giftet seg med <a href="/wiki/Raisa_Gorbatsjova" title="Raisa Gorbatsjova">Raisa Titorenko</a> (av ukrainsk bakgrunn) i september 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paret vendte tilbake til Stavropol-regionen, der Gorbatsjov nådde til topps i det lokale kommunistpartiet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1970 ble han partiformann i den nordkaukasiske region og fikk medlemskap i <a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B8verste_sovjet" title="Det øverste sovjet">Det øverste sovjet</a>. Deretter ble han landbrukssekretær. I 1971 ble han valgt inn som medlem av kommunistpartiets sentralkomite og i 1978 ble han valgt til sekretær i sentralkomiteen. På denne tiden flyttet han til <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a>. </p><p>Gorbatsjovs forbilder var særlig de to sosialistiske filosofene <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Herzen" title="Aleksandr Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vissarion_Belinskij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vissarion Belinskij (ikke skrevet ennå)">Vissarion Belinskij</a> som la hovedvekt på individets verdighet.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glasnost_og_perestrojka">Glasnost og perestrojka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Glasnost og perestrojka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Glasnost og perestrojka"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009,_Berlin,_XI._SED-Parteitag,_Gorbatschow,_Honecker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag%2C_Gorbatschow%2C_Honecker.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag%2C_Gorbatschow%2C_Honecker.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag%2C_Gorbatschow%2C_Honecker.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag%2C_Gorbatschow%2C_Honecker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag%2C_Gorbatschow%2C_Honecker.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0421-009%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag%2C_Gorbatschow%2C_Honecker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Gorbatsjov (til venstre) med <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands" title="Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands">SEDs</a> partidag, Berlin, 1986.</figcaption></figure> <p>I 1980 ble han medlem av <a href="/wiki/Politbyr%C3%A5et_i_Sovjetunionen" title="Politbyrået i Sovjetunionen">politbyrået</a>. I den egenskap fikk Gorbatsjov det fulle ansvar for landets økonomi. Etter at først <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Andropov" title="Jurij Andropov">Jurij Andropov</a> og deretter <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsjernenko" title="Konstantin Tsjernenko">Konstantin Tsjernenko</a> døde i henholdsvis 1984 og 1985, ble Gorbatsjov utnevnt til partiets generalsekretær. Han innledet nesten omgående et omfattende politisk og økonomisk reformprogram under parolene «<a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>» (åpenhet; blant annet for at ledelsen skulle få informasjon om problemer i samfunnet) og «<a href="/wiki/Perestrojka" title="Perestrojka">perestrojka</a>» (omstrukturering).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hensikten var å reformere systemet, men det skulle bevares, ikke brytes ned. Systemet var i seg selv godt nok, men det skulle akselereres, og arbeidsdisiplinen skulle forbedres. Perestrojka ble til etter <a href="/wiki/Tsjernobyl-ulykken" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsjernobyl-ulykken">Tsjernobyl-ulykken</a> som avslørte svakhetene og dysfunksjonene i sovjetstaten: Gorbatsjov kritiserte serviliteten og forfølgelse av anderledestenkende. I 1989 ble det for første gang arrangerte en form for frie valg til <a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B8verste_sovjet" title="Det øverste sovjet">det øverste sovjet</a> og innbyggerne fikk der se at <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Sakharov" title="Andrej Sakharov">Andrej Sakharov</a> åpent utfordret Gorbatsjov.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gorbatsjov var 54 år da han kom til makten. Han hadde nye ideer om hvordan Sovjetunionens økonomi skulle reddes fra strukturproblemene den hadde. I motsetning til sine forgjengere hadde Gorbatsjov en energisk og fargerik <a href="/wiki/Karisma" title="Karisma">karisma</a>. Han talte direkte til folket og hørte på deres kommentarer og kritikk. Han elsket å improvisere og forstod å utnytte <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>-mediet på en effektiv måte. Han besøkte fabrikker og arbeidsplasser og fikk på denne måten redusert avstanden til folket. Han mestret alle politikkens fasetter, og med sin populistiske sans var han revolusjonerende i sovjetisk sammenheng. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utenrikspolitikk">Utenrikspolitikk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utenrikspolitikk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utenrikspolitikk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg/150px-RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg/225px-RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg/300px-RIAN_archive_855139_Raisa_Gorbachev_and_Mikhail_Gorbachev_during_the_official_farewell_to_Maumo_Koivisto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Med hustruen Raisa i Finland, 1987.</figcaption></figure> <p>Samtidig med innsatsen innenlands arbeidet Gorbatsjov for internasjonal avspenning og <a href="/wiki/Nedrustning" title="Nedrustning">nedrustning</a>. Han hjemkalte de sovjetiske troppene fra <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> i 1989, fikk slutt på <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5penkappl%C3%B8p" title="Våpenkappløp">våpenkappløpet</a> med <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> (avtale i 1987), og fastslo at det ikke ville bli brukt våpenmakt mot befolkningen i <a href="/wiki/%C3%98st-Europa" title="Øst-Europa">Øst-Europa</a> i 1989. Det var med bakgrunn i dette han mottok <a href="/wiki/Nobels_fredspris" title="Nobels fredspris">Nobels fredspris</a> i 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobelpris_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobelpris-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Berlinmuren falt i 1989 ba KGB-offiseren <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> om militær hjelp mot opphissede folkemassene, uten å få svar fra Moskva.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="«Gorbimani»"><span id=".C2.ABGorbimani.C2.BB"></span>«Gorbimani»</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: «Gorbimani»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen «Gorbimani»"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg/150px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg/225px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg/300px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_George_H._W._Bush_meet_with_Soviet_General_Secretary_Mikhail_Gorbachev_on_Governor%27s_Island_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush">Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> og Gorbatsjov i New York, 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>Mens Gorbatsjov var i USA i desember 1987, for det tredje møtet med president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, opplevde han det som senere har blitt kalt «gorbimani». Den siste dagen Gorbatsjov og hans kone Raisa var i <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> kjørte de med bil gjennom gatene for å se seg rundt. Da han så folkemengden som sto i gatene og jublet til ham, ba Gorbatsjov sjåføren om å stoppe. Han gikk ut av bilen og begynte å hilse på folk med håndtrykk og omfavnelser. Denne opplevelsen satte han stor pris på, for det russiske folket var langt mindre åpenlyst begeistret for hans forsøk på å forandre verden. Gorbimanien kunne sees også andre steder enn i gatene. Sovjetlederen ble feiret med store middager og hyllet i mediene. Magasinet <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magasin)" title="Time (magasin)">Time</a></i> kåret ham til «årets mann» i 1987. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovjetunionens_oppløsning"><span id="Sovjetunionens_oppl.C3.B8sning"></span>Sovjetunionens oppløsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sovjetunionens oppløsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sovjetunionens oppløsning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidlig i 1991 støttet han hardlinere og sendte stridsvogner inn i <a href="/wiki/Litauen" title="Litauen">Litauen</a> i et <a href="/wiki/Januarbegivenhetene_i_Litauen_1991" title="Januarbegivenhetene i Litauen 1991">forsøk på stanse oppløsning av unionen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etter <a href="/wiki/Kuppfors%C3%B8ket_i_Sovjetunionen_i_1991" title="Kuppforsøket i Sovjetunionen i 1991">et mislykket kuppforsøk</a> fra kommunistpartiets harde kjerne, og et vellykket motkupp fra reformfløyen under <a href="/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin">Boris Jeltsin</a>, var Gorbatsjov politisk svekket og måtte være passiv tilskuer til at Sovjetunionen gikk i oppløsning. Da Gorbatsjov returnerte til Moskva etter å ha vært i husarrest på Krim valgte han å se til sin syke kone i stedet for å opptre offentlig. Denne prioriteringen av familie og privatliv gikk helt på tvers av tradisjonen i Russland og Sovjetunionen. Jeltsin konspirerte med lederne i den hviterussiske og den ukrainske ledelsen om en nytt statsforbund til erstatning for Sovjetunionen. Den 25. desember 1991 trakk han seg formelt tilbake fra presidentstillingen for en stat som noen uker tidligere var blitt oppløst.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Etter Sovjetunionens oppløsning utviklet det seg en livlig politisk aktivitet, men det var ikke plass til Gorbatsjov. Han gikk over til å drive privat konsulentvirksomhet i Moskva. </p><p>Det er blitt sagt om Mikhail Gorbatsjov at han, sammen med folk som <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> og <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>, var en av «tilbaketrekningens helter». De har det til felles at de avstod fra å bruke vold, og i stedet valgte en langsom og vanskelig tilbaketrekning fra maktposisjonen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etter_Sovjetunionen">Etter Sovjetunionen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Etter Sovjetunionen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Etter Sovjetunionen"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg/250px-Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg/375px-Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg/500px-Barack_Obama_%26_Joe_Biden_with_Mikhail_Gorbachev_3-20.09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> og Gorbatsjov, Washington D.C., 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Noen av pengene fra fredsprisen i 1990 brukte han til å etablere <i><a href="/wiki/Novaja_Gazeta" title="Novaja Gazeta">Novaja Gazeta</a>,</i> Russlands første liberale avis. Etter at han gikk av som president hadde han lite å leve av og medvirket blant annet i reklamer for <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a> for å skaffe inntekt.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I september 2008 sa Gorbatsjov og oligarken <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Lebedev_(forretningsmann)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Lebedev (forretningsmann) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Aleksandr Lebedev</a> at de skulle gå sammen og lage et politisk parti kalt <i>Russland demokratiske parti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og i mai 2009 var de i ferd med å være klare.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette var Gorbatsjovs tredje forsøk på starte et politisk parti.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han døde den 30. august 2022 på sykehus i Moskva etter lang tids sykeleie.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ettermæle"><span id="Etterm.C3.A6le"></span>Ettermæle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Ettermæle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Ettermæle"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Halvor_Tj%C3%B8nn" title="Halvor Tjønn">Halvor Tjønn</a> beskriver Gorbatsjov som en ærlig og anstendig, men godtroende person. Ifølge Tjønn var Gorbatsjovs største feil at han trodde godt om sovjetsystemet.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jardar_%C3%98stb%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jardar Østbø (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jardar Østbø</a> ved institutt for forsvarsstudier skriver at Gorbatsjov representerte kommunismens utviklingstro og opplysningstanke. Da Gorbatsjov snakket med <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Gromyko" title="Andrej Gromyko">Andrej Gromyko</a> straks etter Tsjernenkos dødsfall sa fikk han Gromyko med på at det var behov for endringer i Sovjetunionen. Ifølg Østbø forsto Gorbatsjov at sovjetsystemet hadde vesentlige svakheter og mangler, men han ville forbedre systemet innenfra og mistet kontrollen over det han satte i gang. Gorbatsjov hadde liten forståelse av nasjonalitetsproblemene i Sovjetunionen generelt og Ukraina spesielt, ifølge Østbø. Da han i 1991 forsto at Sovjetunionen var i oppløsning unnlot han å bruke militærmakt og avverget dermed mulig borgerkrig.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eliten i Russland anså Gorbatsjov som et fjols, eller i verste fall en forræder: Han utløste oppløsningen av Sovjetunionen uten å tjene noe på det selv. Gorbatsjov ønsket ikke selv at Sovjetunionen skulle avsluttes på den måten: Han ønsket å reformere og forbedre Sovjetunionen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fotnoter">Fotnoter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Fotnoter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Fotnoter"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18775549">.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+ol li{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+ol li{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-roman+ol li{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-roman+ol li{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-decimal+ol li{list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:lower-alpha!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:upper-alpha!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-lower-roman+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:lower-roman!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-upper-roman+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:upper-roman!important}.mw-parser-output .following-list-style-type-decimal+.mw-references-wrap>ol.references li{list-style-type:decimal!important}</style><div class="ve-conditional-display-block following-list-style-type-lower-alpha"><b>Type nummerering</b></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">russisk: Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-abc9457dcf728dd069b8ed5b2e1a86035cf2b679_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. april 2014<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-e0adaf9339e5ffe203d38ecf04f7cccdf0396019-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-e0adaf9339e5ffe203d38ecf04f7cccdf0396019_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Michail Gorbatschow</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/julex/article/michail-gorbatschow">brockhaus.de</a>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-99f3095a9a3ef721d1424e6b28fffbd9f571dba2-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-99f3095a9a3ef721d1424e6b28fffbd9f571dba2_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Munzinger Personen</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Michail S. Gorbatschow</span></span>, Munzinger IBA <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000015460">00000015460</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-18ceb5f533964ccfd0cdc0784f40df677a72749d-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-18ceb5f533964ccfd0cdc0784f40df677a72749d_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Proleksis Encyclopedia</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Mihail Sergejevič Gorbačov</span></span>, Proleksis enciklopedija-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/23482">23482</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-14f8a2bfdf3f7b8e7aaf7336ecfb0c8fb24c809a-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-14f8a2bfdf3f7b8e7aaf7336ecfb0c8fb24c809a_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-30/russian-media-ex-soviet-leader-mikhail-gorbachev-dead-at-91">«<span><span><span lang="en">Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet Leader Who Ended Cold War, Dies at 91</span></span></span>»</a>, publisert i <span><span>Bloomberg.com</span></span>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a></span></span>, utgitt 30. august 2022, besøkt 30. august 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-f194b96ba0d62590c2828fcbe7160cfb47950972-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-f194b96ba0d62590c2828fcbe7160cfb47950972_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/08/30/mikhail-gorbachev-soviet-leader-dies/">www.washingtonpost.com</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-1778fec0941d0dde8d47f8ac30136d793d4cb2cf-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-1778fec0941d0dde8d47f8ac30136d793d4cb2cf_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-30/russian-media-ex-soviet-leader-mikhail-gorbachev-dead-at-91">www.bloomberg.com</a>, besøkt 30. august 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-7a8d5a97393df9a5fab6a4d3025b1bd8855669fa-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-7a8d5a97393df9a5fab6a4d3025b1bd8855669fa_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Tsjekkias nasjonale autoritetsdatabase</span></span>, NKC-identifikator <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210249">jn19990210249</a></span></span>, besøkt 29. januar 2023<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-cfd5a02eb83c4b25c2fc4800d5966a62bd7e714c-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-cfd5a02eb83c4b25c2fc4800d5966a62bd7e714c_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>The Cold War: A New History (1 ed.)</span></span>, side(r) <span><span>229</span></span>, kapittel <span><span>6</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-66431b26030cd92d0904bc7b3ef5ee848cfd3557-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-66431b26030cd92d0904bc7b3ef5ee848cfd3557_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Aftonbladet" title="Aftonbladet">Aftonbladet</a></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/4ojmM6/sovjetunionens-enda-president-begravs-i-moskva">www.aftonbladet.se</a>, besøkt 3. september 2022, «<span><span><span lang="sv">Michail Gorbatjov begravs bredvid hustrun Rajsa Gorbatjova på Novodevitjij-kyrkogården i Moskva</span></span></span>»<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-38e6e862c52c2e25f7e8e255cbe13d920d584edc-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-38e6e862c52c2e25f7e8e255cbe13d920d584edc_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Det internasjonale vitenskapsakademiet i San Marino</span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ais-sanmarino.org/pr/en/gaz9609b.html">«<span><span><span lang="en">Mikhail Gorbatchev Accepts International Academy Appointment</span></span></span>»</a>, uttrykt som <span><span>International Academy of the Sciences (AIS) San Marino</span></span>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a></span></span>, uttrykt i referansen som <span><span>Mikhail Gorbatchev</span></span>, arkiv-URL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161210194318/http://www.ais-sanmarino.org/pr/en/gaz9609b.html">web.archive.org</a>, utgitt 4. oktober 1996, «<span><span><span lang="en">"Only from today on I really belong to the AIS", Gorbatchev said referring to the appointing decision of the AIS senate, dating from March 1996.</span></span></span>»<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-588c8682eeab2e0df32ddcd5fe623ece418c72e3-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-588c8682eeab2e0df32ddcd5fe623ece418c72e3_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> YouTube-videoidentifikator <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umGa1f5vrBY">umGa1f5vrBY</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2aadacb799507856faaf0815929ae9a0041615fb-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-2aadacb799507856faaf0815929ae9a0041615fb_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">www.nobelprize.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-df0889b4e9d5236ab56b3adf6e32b19c5b96dbe3-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-df0889b4e9d5236ab56b3adf6e32b19c5b96dbe3_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1990/">www.nobelprize.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-69517612b0e7e391b3ac1070200ba3e7e9973a7d-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-69517612b0e7e391b3ac1070200ba3e7e9973a7d_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfIR.action?irId=FRAN_IR_026438">www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr</a>, besøkt 19. april 2019<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-f7b7a4d2580ce104d5e48b85c388a4ae93145162-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-f7b7a4d2580ce104d5e48b85c388a4ae93145162_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Berlins_parlament" title="Berlins parlament">Berlins parlament</a></span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parlament-berlin.de/Das-Haus/Berliner-Ehrenbuerger/michail-sergejewitsch-gorbatschow">«<span><span><span lang="de">Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow</span></span></span>»</a>, arkiv-URL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806090916/http://www.parlament-berlin.de/Das-Haus/Berliner-Ehrenbuerger/michail-sergejewitsch-gorbatschow">web.archive.org</a>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Tysk" title="Tysk">tysk</a></span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Michail Sergejewitsch Gorbatschow</span></span>, besøkt 2. september 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-51efaafec572900c79281c3a07f77dd587071f95-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-51efaafec572900c79281c3a07f77dd587071f95_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harveypz.net.technion.ac.il/harvey-prize-laureates/">harveypz.net.technion.ac.il</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-083dfae49474f929058ed245b141cc9cb0973570-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-083dfae49474f929058ed245b141cc9cb0973570_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dgvn.berlin/2017/03/01/verleihung-der-otto-hahn-friedensmedaille/">dgvn.berlin</a>, besøkt 28. april 2019<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-c2be4fe8d50ea6a0bc563b321d8605d0a90ccbaf-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-c2be4fe8d50ea6a0bc563b321d8605d0a90ccbaf_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifw-kiel.de/de/institut/veranstaltungen/preisverleihungen/weltwirtschaftlicher-preis/">www.ifw-kiel.de</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-7e85943f1525da9667fb32ff83278054143b22d9-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-7e85943f1525da9667fb32ff83278054143b22d9_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifw-kiel.de/konfer/wwp">www.ifw-kiel.de</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-33d2b2e4ee075a1e2a266c7a09d34f3e4de7d291-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-33d2b2e4ee075a1e2a266c7a09d34f3e4de7d291_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mzv.sk/cestovanie_a_konzularne_info/detail/-/asset_publisher/Iw1ppvnScIPx/content/m-gorbacov-cestny-obcan-mesta-kosice">www.mzv.sk</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-b4d50c12602c81213d4c1adb1ebe92f94d66618a-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-b4d50c12602c81213d4c1adb1ebe92f94d66618a_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbu.de/123artikel30793_2418.html">www.dbu.de</a>, besøkt 5. oktober 2020<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-8f2a50e0c445c3cd9024e1d142ef752db4cdd3b5-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-8f2a50e0c445c3cd9024e1d142ef752db4cdd3b5_23-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154">www.ordens.presidencia.pt</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d-24"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d_24-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d_24-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2c4b9a2ede5aee9ffcb2efa715d0ddd9fe16227d_24-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gorby.ru/gorbachev/awards/">www.gorby.ru</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-53d42457a7c3f242ca5684ca8f3ede19d1780802-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-53d42457a7c3f242ca5684ca8f3ede19d1780802_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/dhc">www.pantheonsorbonne.fr</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-27"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_27-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Espen_Kruse" title="Jan Espen Kruse">Jan Espen Kruse</a> (30. august 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/urix/gorbatsjov-er-dod-_-han-endret-verdenshistorien_-men-ble-aldri-populaer-hjemme-1.14660104">«Gorbatsjov er død – han endret verdenshistorien, men ble aldri populær hjemme»</a>. NRK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 31. august 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.au=Jan+Espen+Kruse&rft.btitle=Gorbatsjov+er+d%C3%B8d+%E2%80%93+han+endret+verdenshistorien%2C+men+ble+aldri+popul%C3%A6r+hjemme&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NRK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Furix%2Fgorbatsjov-er-dod-_-han-endret-verdenshistorien_-men-ble-aldri-populaer-hjemme-1.14660104&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobelpris-28"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobelpris_28-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobelpris_28-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1990/press.html">«Nobels fredspris 1990»</a> (på engelsk). Nobelstiftelsen. 15. oktober 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 11. september 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.btitle=Nobels+fredspris+1990&rft.date=1990-10-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nobelstiftelsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1990%2Fpress.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2021/01/16/the-life-and-love-of-the-soviet-unions-last-leader">«The life and love of the Soviet Union’s last leader»</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16. januar 2021. <a href="/wiki/Internasjonalt_standard_periodikanummer" title="Internasjonalt standard periodikanummer">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 5. mars 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.atitle=The+life+and+love+of+the+Soviet+Union%E2%80%99s+last+leader&rft.date=2021-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F2021%2F01%2F16%2Fthe-life-and-love-of-the-soviet-unions-last-leader&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Gorbachev, Mikhail; Ikeda, Daisaku (22. juli 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=-fKiVBBHB-0C&pg=&dq=&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=&f=false">«Moral Lessons of the Twentieth Century: Gorbachev and Ikeda on Buddhism and Communism»</a> (på engelsk). I.B.Tauris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. oktober 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+Daisaku&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft.aulast=Gorbachev&rft.btitle=Moral+Lessons+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Gorbachev+and+Ikeda+on+Buddhism+and+Communism&rft.date=2005-07-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fKiVBBHB-0C%26pg%3D%26dq%3D%26hl%3Den%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Østbø, Av Jardar; professor; forsvarsstudier, Institutt for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morgenbladet.no/aktuelt/2022/09/02/sjeldent-har-det-vaert-mer-pa-sin-plass-a-si-fred-over-hans-minne/">«Sjelden har det vært mer på sin plass å si: fred over hans minne.»</a>. <i>Morgenbladet</i> (på norsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 25. september 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.atitle=Sjelden+har+det+v%C3%A6rt+mer+p%C3%A5+sin+plass+%C3%A5+si%3A+fred+over+hans+minne.&rft.au=forsvarsstudier%2C+Institutt+for&rft.au=professor&rft.aufirst=Av+Jardar&rft.aulast=%C3%98stb%C3%B8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morgenbladet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morgenbladet.no%2Faktuelt%2F2022%2F09%2F02%2Fsjeldent-har-det-vaert-mer-pa-sin-plass-a-si-fred-over-hans-minne%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich (1. januar 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLQ2RZRtOFkC">«Manifesto for the Earth: Action Now for Peace, Global Justice and a Sustainable Future»</a> (på engelsk). CLAIRVIEW BOOKS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. oktober 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Sergeevich&rft.aulast=Gorbachev&rft.btitle=Manifesto+for+the+Earth%3A+Action+Now+for+Peace%2C+Global+Justice+and+a+Sustainable+Future&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CLAIRVIEW+BOOKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJLQ2RZRtOFkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/obituary/2022/08/30/mikhail-gorbachev-did-not-mean-the-soviet-union-to-end-that-way">«Mikhail Gorbachev did not mean the Soviet Union to end that way»</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 30. august 2022. <a href="/wiki/Internasjonalt_standard_periodikanummer" title="Internasjonalt standard periodikanummer">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 5. mars 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Gorbachev+did+not+mean+the+Soviet+Union+to+end+that+way&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fobituary%2F2022%2F08%2F30%2Fmikhail-gorbachev-did-not-mean-the-soviet-union-to-end-that-way&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorby.ru/en/gorbachev/biography/">«The International Non-Govermental foundation for socio-economic and political studies (The Gorbachev Foundation) - Mikhail Gorbachev - Biography»</a>. <i>Горбачев Фонд</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. oktober 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.atitle=The+International+Non-Govermental+foundation+for+socio-economic+and+political+studies+%28The+Gorbachev+Foundation%29+-+Mikhail+Gorbachev+-+Biography&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gorby.ru%2Fen%2Fgorbachev%2Fbiography%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Gorbatsjov, Mikhail. <i>Gorbachev: On My Country and the World</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. s. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-231-11515-5" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/978-0-231-11515-5">978-0-231-11515-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft.aulast=Gorbatsjov&rft.btitle=Gorbachev%3A+On+My+Country+and+the+World.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11515-5&rft.pages=20&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web">Gray, Sadie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/30/russia">«Gorbachev launches political party with Russian billionaire»</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. oktober 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.atitle=Gorbachev+launches+political+party+with+Russian+billionaire&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fsep%2F30%2Frussia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085011/http://mosnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/gorbiedem/">«Mikhail Gorbachev will found new political party / MosNews.com»</a>. 16. juli 2011. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mosnews.com/politics/2009/05/13/gorbiedem/">originalen</a> 16. juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. oktober 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.btitle=Mikhail+Gorbachev+will+found+new+political+party+%2F+MosNews.com&rft.date=2011-07-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmosnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2F05%2F13%2Fgorbiedem%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7054274.stm">«Gorbachev sets up Russia movement»</a>. 20. oktober 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. oktober 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.btitle=Gorbachev+sets+up+Russia+movement&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7054274.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Tjønn, Halvor (2. september 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagogtid.no/samfunn/ein-arleg-mann-som-tok-feil-6.121.26791.78d143527c">«Ein ærleg mann som tok feil»</a>. <i>www.dagogtid.no</i> (på norsk nynorsk)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 25. september 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.atitle=Ein+%C3%A6rleg+mann+som+tok+feil&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dagogtid.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagogtid.no%2Fsamfunn%2Fein-arleg-mann-som-tok-feil-6.121.26791.78d143527c&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Av Gorbatsjov </p> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Mikhail Gorbatsjov (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007080200071"><i>Perestrojka</i></a>. no#: Hjemmet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8259004798" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8259004798">8259004798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.au=Mikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.btitle=Perestrojka&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8259004798&rft.place=no%23&rft.pub=Hjemmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007080200071&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2007100100082"><i>Kuppet - 3 dager som rystet verden</i></a>. Scanbok. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/8290554508" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/8290554508">8290554508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AMikhail+Gorbatsjov&rft.btitle=Kuppet+-+3+dager+som+rystet+verden&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=8290554508&rft.pub=Scanbok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2007100100082&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p>Biografier </p> <ul><li>William Taubman <i>Gorbachev: His Life and Times</i> 2017 <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780393647013" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0393647013</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gorbatsjov&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gorby.ru">Offisielt nettsted</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p856"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P856" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mikhail_Gorbachev" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" class="extiw" title="commons:Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p935"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P935" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm0329784">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> på <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p345"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P345" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="svensk">(sv)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=205787">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> i <a href="/wiki/Svensk_Filmdatabas" title="Svensk Filmdatabas">Svensk Filmdatabas</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p2168"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P2168" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="dansk">(da)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scope.dk/person/64895">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> på <a href="/wiki/Scope" title="Scope">Scope</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p2519"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P2519" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="fransk">(fr)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=37163.html">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> på Allociné <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p1266"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P1266" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p208691">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> på <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p2019"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P2019" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoviedb.org/person/230551">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> hos <a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Database" title="The Movie Database">The Movie Database</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p4985"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P4985" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/mgorbachev">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> på <a href="/wiki/X_(sosialt_nettverk)" title="X (sosialt nettverk)">X</a> (tidligere <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>) <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p2002"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30487?uselang=nb#P2002" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/summary/">Nobels fredspris 1990</a> hos Nobelprize.org</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="Engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1990/gorbachev/facts/">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> hos Nobelprize.org i forbindelse med tildelingen av Nobels fredspris 1990</li> <li><span class="bjeller" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d); cursor:help;" title="norsk">(no)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/utenriks/1.6242649">NRK: «Gorbatsjov gjør comeback»</a> besøkt 01.10.08</li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a>: <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/no:Mikhail_Gorbatsjov" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:no:Mikhail Gorbatsjov">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> – sitater </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Forgjenger <div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Gromyko" title="Andrej Gromyko">Andrej Gromyko</a></div> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Det_%C3%B8verste_sovjet#Liste_over_presidenter_i_Sovjetunionen" title="Det øverste sovjet">Sovjetunionens president</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>–<a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Etterfølger<div style="font-weight: bold">ingen (Sovjetunionen oppløst)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Forgjenger <div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsjernenko" title="Konstantin Tsjernenko">Konstantin Tsjernenko</a></div> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionens_kommunistiske_parti#Liste_over_generalsekretærer_i_Sovjetunionens_kommunistiske_parti" title="Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti">Generalsekretær i Sovjetunionens kommunistiske parti</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>–<a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Etterfølger<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivasjko" title="Vladimir Ivasjko">Vladimir Ivasjko</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Forgjenger <div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Bresjnev" title="Leonid Bresjnev">Leonid Bresjnev</a></div> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_formenn_av_kommunistpartiet_i_den_Russiske_SFSR" title="Liste over formenn av kommunistpartiet i den Russiske SFSR">Formann i Russlands kommunistparti</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>–<a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Etterfølger<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Polozkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Polozkov (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ivan Polozkov</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Motakkere_av_Nobels_fredspris_1976%E2%80%932000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mal:Motakkere av Nobels fredspris 1976–2000 (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:Motakkere_av_Nobels_fredspris_1976%E2%80%932000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:Motakkere av Nobels fredspris 1976–2000 (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:Motakkere_av_Nobels_fredspris_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Motakkere av Nobels fredspris 1976–2000"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobels_fredsprisvinnere_(1976–2000)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobels_fredspris#Tidligere_mottagere" title="Nobels fredspris">Nobels fredsprisvinnere</a> (1976–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan" title="Mairead Corrigan">Corrigan</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Begin</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moder_Teresa" title="Moder Teresa">Mor Teresa</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Pérez Esquivel</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNs_h%C3%B8ykommiss%C3%A6r_for_flyktninger" title="FNs høykommissær for flyktninger">FNs høykommissær for flyktninger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">García Robles</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Wałęsa</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Tutu</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_internasjonale_legeforening_mot_atomkrig" title="Den internasjonale legeforening mot atomkrig">Den internasjonale legeforening mot atomkrig</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Wiesel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Óscar Arias Sánchez">Arias</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNs_fredsbevarende_styrker" title="FNs fredsbevarende styrker">FNs fredsbevarende styrker</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Tenzin Gyatso">14. Dalai Lama</a> (1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gorbatsjov</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Menchú</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk">F.W. de Klerk</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Arafat" title="Yasir Arafat">Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Rabin</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugwash-bevegelsen" title="Pugwash-bevegelsen">Pugwash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Rotblat</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">Ramos-Horta</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_internasjonale_kampanjen_mot_landminer" title="Den internasjonale kampanjen mot landminer">Kampanjen mot landminer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Williams</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">Trimble</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leger_Uten_Grenser" title="Leger Uten Grenser">Leger Uten Grenser</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_mottakere_av_Nobels_fredspris" title="Liste over mottakere av Nobels fredspris"><b>Komplett liste</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobels_fredsprisvinnere_1901%E2%80%931925" title="Mal:Nobels fredsprisvinnere 1901–1925">(1901–1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobels_fredsprisvinnere_1926%E2%80%931950" title="Mal:Nobels fredsprisvinnere 1926–1950">(1926–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobels_fredsprisvinnere_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Mal:Nobels fredsprisvinnere 1951–1975">(1951–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobels_fredsprisvinnere_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Mal:Nobels fredsprisvinnere 1976–2000">(1976–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Nobels_fredsprisvinnere_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Mal:Nobels fredsprisvinnere 2001–2025">(2001–2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Årets_person_i_Time_1976–2000" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:%C3%85rets_person_%27%27Time%27%27_1976%E2%80%932000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mal:Årets person ''Time'' 1976–2000 (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:%C3%85rets_person_%27%27Time%27%27_1976%E2%80%932000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:Årets person ''Time'' 1976–2000 (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:%C3%85rets_person_%27%27Time%27%27_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Årets person ''Time'' 1976–2000"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Årets_person_i_Time_1976–2000" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Årets person i <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magasin)" title="Time (magasin)">Time</a></i> 1976–2000</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personlig_datamaskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Personlig datamaskin">Datamaskinen</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Andropov" title="Jurij Andropov">Jurij Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Aquino" title="Corazón Aquino">Corazón Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">Jorden i fare</a> (1988)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mikhail Gorbatsjov</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" title="George H.W. Bush">George H.W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li>«The Peacemakers» (1993) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Arafat" title="Yasir Arafat">Yasir Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk" title="Frederik Willem de Klerk">F.W. de Klerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paul_II" title="Johannes Paul II">Pave Johannes Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Ho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Ho (ikke skrevet ennå)">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Grove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Grove (ikke skrevet ennå)">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Starr" title="Kenneth Starr">Kenneth Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeffrey P. Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal:%C3%85rets_person_Time" title="Mal:Årets person Time">Full liste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:%C3%85rets_person_Time_1927%E2%80%931950" title="Mal:Årets person Time 1927–1950">1927–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:%C3%85rets_person_Time_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Mal:Årets person Time 1951–1975">1951–1975</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal:%C3%85rets_person_Time_1976%E2%80%932000" title="Mal:Årets person Time 1976–2000">1976–2000</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:%C3%85rets_person_Time_2001%E2%80%932025" title="Mal:Årets person Time 2001–2025">2001–idag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24561737"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Autoritetsdata" title="Hjelp:Autoritetsdata">Oppslagsverk/autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Mikhail_Gorbatsjov">Store norske leksikon</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Mikhail_Gorbatjov">Store Danske Encyklopædi</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/michail-gorbatschow">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11874660X.html">Deutsche Biographie</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/mikhail-gorbatchev/">Encyclopædia Universalis</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/lång/michail-gorbatjov">Nationalencyklopedin</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibsys-almaprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlSearch.do?institution=BIBSYS&vid=BIBSYS&search_scope=blended_scope&query=lsr39,exact,90559488">BIBSYS</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/profile/index/6000000041539587098">Geni</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Gorbachev-2">WikiTree</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/97859168/">VIAF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11874660X">GND</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85050740">LCCN</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/0000000120966951">ISNI</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12002384m">BNF</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12002384m">BNF (data)</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm13z95702k8tk1">LIBRIS</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028127625">SUDOC</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35782074">NLA</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00441310">NDL</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210249">NKC</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-autori/-/opac-autori/detail/CFIV012078?core=autoriall">ICCU</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX882424">BNE</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00844308">CiNii</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000015460">Munzinger (iba)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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