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href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Entertainment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Entertainment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Television series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Funerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Etiquette</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etiquette-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etiquette subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_anthem_and_respect_for_the_flag_and_king" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_anthem_and_respect_for_the_flag_and_king"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National anthem and respect for the flag and king</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_anthem_and_respect_for_the_flag_and_king-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clothing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Traditional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cuisine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drinks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Drinks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>National symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_sites_and_Intangible_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_sites_and_Intangible_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>World sites and Intangible cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_sites_and_Intangible_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Pastimes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pastimes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pastimes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pastimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading_and_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_and_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Reading and Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_and_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Thailand</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ثقافة تايلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة تايلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Tailandia" title="Cultura de Tailandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Tailandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فرهنگ در تایلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ در تایلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_tha%C3%AFlandaise" title="Culture thaïlandaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture thaïlandaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="태국의 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태국의 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="थाई संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थाई संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Thailand" title="Budaya Thailand – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Thailand" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტაილანდის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაილანდის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailando_kult%C5%ABra" title="Tailando kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tailando kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaif%C3%B6ld_kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1ja" title="Thaiföld kultúrája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thaiföld kultúrája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="タイの文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タイの文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="د تايلينډ کلتور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د تايلينډ کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%83" title="វប្បធម៌ថៃ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វប្បធម៌ថៃ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Tail%C3%A2ndia" title="Cultura da Tailândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Tailândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-width:22.0em; border: 4px double #003366; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Thailand" title="Category:Culture of Thailand">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture of Thailand</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #003366;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Culture of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Cuisine</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_desserts_and_snacks" title="List of Thai desserts and snacks">Desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_salads" title="Thai salads">Salads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food_of_Thailand" title="Street food of Thailand">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_ingredients" title="List of Thai ingredients">Ingredients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes" title="List of Thai dishes">Dishes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Art & Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Media</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Thailand">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_in_Thailand" title="Category:Radio in Thailand">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Thailand" title="Television in Thailand">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #003366;color:#FFF;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #003366;border-bottom:1px solid #003366;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/48px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/64px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Thailand" title="Template:Culture of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Culture of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Thailand</b> is a unique blend of various influences that have evolved over time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMishra201010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra201010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local customs, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animist beliefs</a>, Buddhist traditions, and regional ethnic and cultural practices have all played a role in shaping Thai culture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thainess" title="Thainess">Thainess</a>, which refers to the distinctive qualities that define the <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, is evident in the country's history, customs, and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> remains the dominant religion in Thailand with more than 40,000 temples,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and other faiths are also practiced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMishra201011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra201011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thailand's historical and cultural heritage has been shaped by interactions with neighboring cultures<sup id="cite_ref-:001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as far-reaching cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Thailand" title="Indians in Thailand">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Thailand" title="Japanese migration to Thailand">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer culture">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese culture">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Thailand" title="Iranians in Thailand">Persian</a>, with the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> serving as a global trade center. Early European visitors also recognized Ayutthaya as one of the great powers of Asia, alongside <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, highlighting the city's importance and influence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20171_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, Thailand's cultural landscape has been shaped by the influence of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">global trends</a>. This includes the adoption of modern educational practices and the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, while also preserving traditional customs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thailand's cultural influence extends beyond its borders, shaping neighboring countries' television programming, dance, films, art, fashion, music, and cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noro_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noro-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYPL_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYPL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's 5F cultural policy, which promotes food, films, fashion, fighting, and festivals, is aimed at becoming an important cultural export to drive economic development and generate income for the countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a> has become an integral part of restaurant menus worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, a traditional Thai martial art, has gained global popularity as a combat sport.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loy_Krathong" title="Loy Krathong">Loy Krathong</a> have also attracted tourists from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai art</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramics">Ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thai_ceramics" title="Thai ceramics">Thai ceramics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B570119-A-0431.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/B570119-A-0431.JPG/220px-B570119-A-0431.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/B570119-A-0431.JPG/330px-B570119-A-0431.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/B570119-A-0431.JPG/440px-B570119-A-0431.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Painted" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted">Painted</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowl" title="Bowl">bowls</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang_archaeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Chiang archaeological site">Ban Chiang archaeological site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg/220px-Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg/330px-Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg/440px-Covered_Bowl_with_Floral_Scrolls_LACMA_M.73.119.4a-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>15th-16th century Sawankhalok stoneware with brown underglaze and pale blue glaze</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand,_Kalong_ware,_15th_century,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand%2C_Kalong_ware%2C_15th_century%2C_HAA.JPG/220px-Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand%2C_Kalong_ware%2C_15th_century%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand%2C_Kalong_ware%2C_15th_century%2C_HAA.JPG/330px-Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand%2C_Kalong_ware%2C_15th_century%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand%2C_Kalong_ware%2C_15th_century%2C_HAA.JPG/440px-Glazed_stoneware_dish_from_Thailand%2C_Kalong_ware%2C_15th_century%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>15th-century Kalong ware glazed stoneware dish</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramic</a> production in Thailand has been traced back to <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times. <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang_archaeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Chiang archaeological site">Ban Chiang archaeological site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Thailand">northeast Thailand</a> is one of the most important prehistoric settlements in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site provides insights into earliest <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical">metallurgical</a> civilizations, especially those that used <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, as well as valuable evidence of early <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, among which the red-on-buff painted pottery is the most well-known.<sup id="cite_ref-sync:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sync:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site also offers evidence of early <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, with domesticated rice and elaborate burial offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, which emerged from the mid-1200s, marked another significant period for <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> production in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The two major centers for ceramic production were <a href="/wiki/Si_Satchanalai_district" title="Si Satchanalai district">Si Satchanalai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mueang_Sukhothai_district" title="Mueang Sukhothai district">Sukhothai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> rose up as a major trading hub located on a navigable river that became the primary route for shipping <a href="/wiki/Sangkhalok_ceramic_ware" title="Sangkhalok ceramic ware">Sawankhalok</a> and Sukhothai ceramics abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPongsripian1983130_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPongsripian1983130-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other areas of Thailand, including <a href="/wiki/Mueang_Suphanburi_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueang Suphanburi district">Suphanburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Kamphaeng_district" title="San Kamphaeng district">San Kamphaeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sing_Buri" title="Sing Buri">Singburi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wiang_Kalong" title="Wiang Kalong">Kalong</a>, also produced ceramics, but they were mainly used within their respective regions and not exported to the same extent as Sawankhalok and Sukhothai ceramics. According to archaeological evidence from various sites, Thai ceramics were generally considered the second most popular type of ceramics after Chinese ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg/220px-Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg/330px-Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg/440px-Benjarong_Thai_19th_cent_Ayuthaya_porcelain_Jim_Thompson_Museum_IMG_7100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2708" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>17th-19th century Benjarong style ceramics from Ayutthaya.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya period</a> and beyond, Thai ceramic continued to develop and evolve. One type of <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> that became especially prominent was <a href="/wiki/Benjarong" title="Benjarong">Benjarong</a>, originally produced in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with Thai-inspired designs. This intricately designed porcelain features five major colors, including black, red, white, yellow, and green. Over time, Thai artisans began producing Benjarong themselves, and it continued to be produced in <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Krung Thonburi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin</a>, with a specific style called Lai nam thong incorporating gold leaf decoration that was mainly used by the aristocracy. Today, Thai ceramics continue to reflect the unique culture and way of life of Thailand, with more than 30 new colors and design styles that are unique to Thai ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting">Painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_(34443939153).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_%2834443939153%29.jpg/220px-016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_%2834443939153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_%2834443939153%29.jpg/330px-016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_%2834443939153%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_%2834443939153%29.jpg/440px-016_The_Marraige_of_King_Suddhodana_and_Queen_Maya_%2834443939153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3365" data-file-height="4705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural painting">Mural painting</a> at Phra Thi Nang Phutthaisawan dates back to the early <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin period</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prehistoric painting can be observed in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a>. Rock art is categorized into two periods: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic">historic</a>. It is often reported that rock art sites date back to around 3,000-5,000 years ago, although many of these sites remain undated. The majority of rock art sites are regarded to be prehistoric, and they can be found throughout the country. Rock art is typically located in <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rock shelters</a> and on cliff faces, with only a few instances found in <a href="/wiki/Deep_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep cave">deep caves</a>. Thailand has the highest number of known and documented rock art sites in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a>, with over 250 sites cataloged.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_(2022-06)_-_img_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_%282022-06%29_-_img_08.jpg/220px-Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_%282022-06%29_-_img_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_%282022-06%29_-_img_08.jpg/330px-Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_%282022-06%29_-_img_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_%282022-06%29_-_img_08.jpg/440px-Wat_Amphawan_Chetiyaram_%282022-06%29_-_img_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural painting">Mural painting</a> in Wat Amphawan Chetiyaram showing the royal cremation ceremony</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:075_Ramakien_Murals_(9148549111).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/075_Ramakien_Murals_%289148549111%29.jpg/220px-075_Ramakien_Murals_%289148549111%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/075_Ramakien_Murals_%289148549111%29.jpg/330px-075_Ramakien_Murals_%289148549111%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/075_Ramakien_Murals_%289148549111%29.jpg/440px-075_Ramakien_Murals_%289148549111%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural painting">Mural painting</a> of the epic <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> enlarging his body to rescue <a href="/wiki/Phra_Ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Ram">Phra Ram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Thai paintings often depict scenes from Buddhist mythology, literature, history, or daily life, blending <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolism</a>. They are mostly found in temples and palaces, where they serve as decorations and illustrations of religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-:el1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:el1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To solve composition problems in empty spaces, <i>Sintao</i> is an important technique used in traditional Thai paintings, which involves dividing the image into sections using secondary elements such as trees, mountains, streams, and rocks, or lines with different patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:p1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91">: 91 </span></sup> In terms of color, initially, Thai artists used a limited palette of mainly <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, collectively known as <i>Aekarong</i>, which were made from natural materials. Later, additional colors became more common, including the five main colors known as <i>Benjarong</i> or <i>Kayarong</i>, which include <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>. This allowed for a wider range of color combinations, leading to the development of <i>Pahurong</i>, which features more diverse colors such as Tangchae green and Lychee red. The early style of Thai painting was flat and <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-dimensional">two-dimensional</a>, with little use of light and shadow. However, with the influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a>, later artists began to incorporate these elements into their work, resulting in a more naturalistic style.<sup id="cite_ref-:p1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrua_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Khrua_09.jpg/220px-Khrua_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Khrua_09.jpg/330px-Khrua_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Khrua_09.jpg/440px-Khrua_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural painting">Mural painting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wat_Borom_Niwat" title="Wat Borom Niwat">Wat Borom Niwat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Khrua_In_Khong" title="Khrua In Khong">Khrua In Khong</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, Thai artists under <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Rama IV">King Rama IV</a> began experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstraction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khrua_In_Khong" title="Khrua In Khong">Khrua In Khong</a> introduced Western techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Linear_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear perspective">linear perspective</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">shading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow">shadow</a> into traditional Thai painting for a more realistic portrayal of space, depth, volume, and form.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silpa_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silpa-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hem_Vejakorn" title="Hem Vejakorn">Hem Vejakorn</a> was another pioneering artist who explored Western techniques in his paintings. <a href="/wiki/Silpa_Bhirasri" title="Silpa Bhirasri">Silpa Bhirasri</a>, an Italian-Thai sculptor who is considered the father of modern art in Thailand, founded <a href="/wiki/Silpakorn_University" title="Silpakorn University">Silpakorn University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> in 1943, which became the leading art school in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-silpa_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silpa-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fua_Hariphitak" class="mw-redirect" title="Fua Hariphitak">Fua Hariphitak</a>, a student of Bhirasri, was an <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> artist who experimented with <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>. His artwork featured thick, bold brushstrokes and vivid colors to convey the essence of different locations and moods.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sawad Tantisuk, a notable artist in the modern Thai painting movement, was recognized for his use of bold colors and geometric shapes to create abstract compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chakrabhand Posayakrit is another artist of note, who fuses traditional Thai painting with modern aesthetics in his work.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Thai painting builds upon the experimentation and incorporation of Western techniques that began in the 19th century. Today, many Thai painters continue to explore new techniques and styles, resulting in a diverse range of approaches and aesthetics. For example, Navin Rawanchaikul's paintings incorporate pop art influences and bright colors, while <a href="/wiki/Natee_Utarit" title="Natee Utarit">Natee Utarit</a>'s surreal and sometimes disturbing images comment on contemporary society. Jirapat Tatsanasomboon draws inspiration from Thai folklore and mythology to create intricate and fantastical works. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Sakarin_Krue-On" title="Sakarin Krue-On">Sakarin Krue-On</a>'s abstract works explore the relationship between art and nature, and Chatchai Puipia's paintings combine figurative and abstract elements to examine the human condition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>, an example of early <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin period</a> architecture located in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>'s historic <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg/220px-Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg/330px-Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg/440px-Amphawa_Rama_II_park_houses_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>A group of traditional Thai houses at <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_II_Memorial_Park" title="King Rama II Memorial Park">King Rama II Memorial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amphawa_district" title="Amphawa district">Amphawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samut_Songkhram" title="Samut Songkhram">Samut Songkhram</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Triple_Building_(9211792183).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/001_Triple_Building_%289211792183%29.jpg/220px-001_Triple_Building_%289211792183%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/001_Triple_Building_%289211792183%29.jpg/330px-001_Triple_Building_%289211792183%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/001_Triple_Building_%289211792183%29.jpg/440px-001_Triple_Building_%289211792183%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Kalae_house" title="Kalae house">Kalae houses</a>, traditional northern Thai house located at <a href="/wiki/Thawan_Duchanee%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawan Duchanee's house">Thawan Duchanee's house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture of Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_house" title="Traditional Thai house">Traditional Thai house</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_house" title="Traditional Thai house">Traditional Thai houses</a> are usually constructed of natural materials such as <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and elevated on <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilts</a> to protect against floods and pests. The steeply gabled roofs facilitate efficient rainwater drainage. Designs vary depending on location, climate, and function, while also emphasizing natural materials and airy designs to create environmentally suitable habitats with good ventilation. The houses often feature high roofs and shaded areas like roof terraces and patio planters.<sup id="cite_ref-trhe_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trhe-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist temples in Thailand">Buddhist temples in Thailand</a> are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">wats</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a> <i>vāṭa</i>, meaning an enclosure. A temple has an enclosing wall that divides it from the secular world. Wat <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> has seen many changes in Thailand in the course of history. Although there are many differences in layout and style, they all adhere to the same principles. </p><p>In contemporary Thai architecture, there has been a fusion of traditional Thai and modern styles. The <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Truth" title="Sanctuary of Truth">Sanctuary of Truth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wat_Rong_Khun" title="Wat Rong Khun">Wat Rong Khun</a> are two popular examples of this fusion. The Sanctuary of Truth is a wooden temple that showcases intricate carvings and sculptures, while Wat Rong Khun is a unique temple designed entirely in white with glass and mirror mosaics. <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Architectures of Thailand</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BOB_3205-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Pho, Bangkok."><img alt="Wat Pho, Bangkok." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BOB_3205-3.jpg/129px-BOB_3205-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BOB_3205-3.jpg/194px-BOB_3205-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BOB_3205-3.jpg/258px-BOB_3205-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_(II).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai, Lamphun."><img alt="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai, Lamphun." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_%28II%29.jpg/293px-Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_%28II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_%28II%29.jpg/440px-Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_%28II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_%28II%29.jpg/585px-Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai_%28II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="3237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_That_Hariphunchai" title="Wat Phra That Hariphunchai">Wat Phra That Hariphunchai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya Ratcha Worawihan, Surat Thani."><img alt="Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya Ratcha Worawihan, Surat Thani." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg/262px-Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg/394px-Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg/525px-Wat_Phra_Borommathat_Chaiya_Ratcha_Worawihan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3707" data-file-height="2756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wat Phra Borommathat Chaiya Ratcha Worawihan, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Mai"><img alt="Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Mai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg/293px-Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg/440px-Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg/585px-Chiang-Mai_Thailand_Wat-Phra-Sing-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6518" data-file-height="4345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Phra Sing">Wat Phra Sing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Sirindhorn Wararam Phu Phrao, Ubon Ratchathani"><img alt="Wat Sirindhorn Wararam Phu Phrao, Ubon Ratchathani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg/295px-Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg/443px-Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg/589px-Sinrinthorn_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wat Sirindhorn Wararam Phu Phrao, <a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani" title="Ubon Ratchathani">Ubon Ratchathani</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, Bangkok."><img alt="Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall, Bangkok." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg/292px-The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg/439px-The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg/584px-The_Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" title="Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat, Bangkok."><img alt="Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat, Bangkok." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg/257px-The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg/386px-The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg/514px-The_Grand_Palace_of_Thailand_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1214" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phra Thinang Chakri Maha Prasat, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanctuary of Truth, Pattaya"><img alt="Sanctuary of Truth, Pattaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg/270px-Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg/406px-Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg/540px-Sanctuary_of_Truth_2016-02-19-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4397" data-file-height="3177" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Truth" title="Sanctuary of Truth">Sanctuary of Truth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Arun, Bangkok"><img alt="Wat Arun, Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg/270px-Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg/405px-Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg/539px-Wat_Arun_Temple_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prathatphanom_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Phra That Phanom, Nakhon Phanom"><img alt="Wat Phra That Phanom, Nakhon Phanom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Prathatphanom_03.jpg/293px-Prathatphanom_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Prathatphanom_03.jpg/440px-Prathatphanom_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Prathatphanom_03.jpg/585px-Prathatphanom_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_That_Phanom" title="Wat Phra That Phanom">Wat Phra That Phanom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom" title="Nakhon Phanom">Nakhon Phanom</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in Thailand">Literature in Thailand</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai literature</a> reflects the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and worldview of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a>, as well as their interactions with other nations and peoples. One of the earliest forms of Thai literature is the stone inscription, which records historical events, royal decrees, religious teachings, and cultural values. The <a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramkhamhaeng inscription">Ramkhamhaeng inscription</a> of 1292, which is considered the first Thai literary work written in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai script</a>, describes matters of faith, feats of kings, and the way of life of commoners.<sup id="cite_ref-tlit_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tlit-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> Another notable work from this period is <i>Traiphummikatha</i>, also known as <i>Trai phum phra ruang</i>. It is a treatise on Buddhist cosmology and traditional worldview and beliefs, and was composed by <a href="/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_I" title="Maha Thammaracha I">King Lithai</a> in 1345.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is recognized as the first Thai Buddhist literary work and the earliest example of a scholarly thesis in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tlit_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tlit-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya period</a>, various literary forms were developed. The earliest known Ayutthaya work was Lilit Ongkan Chaeng Nam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntaraporn200673_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntaraporn200673-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable works from this period include <a href="/wiki/Lilit_Yuan_Phai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilit Yuan Phai">Lilit Yuan Phai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilit_Phra_Lo" title="Lilit Phra Lo">Lilit Phra Lo</a>, Mahachat Kham Luang, <a href="/wiki/Nirat_Hariphunchai" title="Nirat Hariphunchai">Nirat Hariphunchai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khun_Chang_Khun_Phaen" title="Khun Chang Khun Phaen">Khun Chang Khun Phaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Thanonchai" title="Sri Thanonchai">Sri Thanonchai</a>, The Legend of Phra Malai, and <a href="/wiki/Nang_Sib_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Nang Sib Song">Nang Sib Song</a>. The Ayutthaya period ended in 1767, resulting in the loss of literary works. The <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi period</a> was a transitional period until the establishment of a new capital in 1782, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin period</a>. Many classical works, such as <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sang_Thong" title="Sang Thong">Sang Thong</a>, were revived and adapted during this time, along with improvements in prose composition. <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Rama II">King Rama II</a> was responsible for repairing and reviving important literary works. <a href="/wiki/Sunthorn_Phu" title="Sunthorn Phu">Sunthorn Phu</a> was a prominent poet in this period, best known for his epic poem <a href="/wiki/Phra_Aphai_Mani" title="Phra Aphai Mani">Phra Aphai Mani</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Thai poetry</a></div> <p>Thai poetry, includes forms such as <a href="/wiki/Khlong" title="Khlong">khlong</a>, chan, <a href="/wiki/Kap_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kap (poetry)">kap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klon_(poetry)" title="Klon (poetry)">klon</a> and rai, which are based on rhyme, rhythm, tonal patterns, and syllabic structures. Poetry was used to express various themes such as religion, romance, war, and nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai folklore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Dance in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_(47).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_%2847%29.jpg/220px-Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_%2847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_%2847%29.jpg/330px-Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_%2847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_%2847%29.jpg/440px-Khon_in_Winter_Festival_Photographed_by_Trisorn_Triboon_%2847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>The image depicts <a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a>, a traditional dance drama that has been recognized as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> since 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thai classical dance has several main types of dance including Rabam, Ram, Fon/Sueng/<a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Manora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a>, and Lakhon. Within these categories, there are subtypes. The first detailed European record of Thai classical dances was made during the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>, which described a tradition and style that is still seen today. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Narai" class="mw-redirect" title="King Narai">King Narai</a>, Ayutthaya had formal diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, the Sun King of France. In 1687, French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_la_Loub%C3%A8re" title="Simon de la Loubère">Simon de la Loubère</a> was sent to record Ayutthaya Kingdom traditions. In his account, La Loubère described Khon as a figure dance with armed and masked dancers representing combat. He also recorded Lakhon, a three-day epic and dramatic poem sung by several actors, and Rabam, a slow march round dance with contorted body and arm movements. Khon dancers wore gilded paper-bonnets with hanging sides adorned with counterfeit stones and pendants of gilded wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Loubère_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loubère-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p><p>Thai classical dance took a profound influence from neighboring countries such as <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. It is widely regarded as a highly refined and sophisticated art form, with intricate movements, ornate costumes, and complex choreography.<sup id="cite_ref-noro_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noro-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music of Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional Thai musical instruments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_girls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Temple_girls.jpg/220px-Temple_girls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Temple_girls.jpg/330px-Temple_girls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Temple_girls.jpg/440px-Temple_girls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Schoolgirls and boys playing <i><a href="/wiki/Khrueang_sai" title="Khrueang sai">khrueang sai</a></i> in front of a temple</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">music of Thailand</a> can be categorized into two main genres: classical and popular. Thai classical music, also known as Phleng Thai-derm, is the most revered form of Thai music and is considered the pinnacle of the country's unique musical heritage, took profound inspiration from the Pin Peat music of ancient Khmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaryprasith199944_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaryprasith199944-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a history dating back centuries, classical music in Thailand is known for its intricate melodies and use of traditional instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Ranat" title="Ranat">ranat</a> (xylophone), khong (gong), <a href="/wiki/Pi" title="Pi">pi</a> (oboe), <a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">saw</a> (fiddle), <a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">khim</a> (hammered dulcimer), <a href="/wiki/Chakhe" title="Chakhe">chakhe</a> (wooden percussion instrument), <a href="/wiki/Phin_namtao" class="mw-redirect" title="Phin namtao">phin namtao</a> (plucked string instrument), <a href="/wiki/Krachappi" title="Krachappi">krachappi</a> (percussion instrument), <a href="/wiki/Khaen" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaen">khaen</a> (mouth organ), and <a href="/wiki/Khlui" title="Khlui">khlui</a> (flute), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-tcm_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcm-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its importance to Thai culture is reflected in its use in royal ceremonies, religious rituals, and other formal occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-tcm_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcm-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to ensemble genres such as <a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">piphat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khruang_sai" class="mw-redirect" title="Khruang sai">khruang sai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahori" title="Mahori">mahori</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tcm_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcm-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thai classical music includes a total of 981 categorized classical songs.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thai popular music, also known as <a href="/wiki/Phleng_Thai_sakon" title="Phleng Thai sakon">Phleng Thai sakon</a>, on the other hand, can be divided into two categories: traditional country music and modern music. The former includes genres such as <a href="/wiki/Luk_thung" title="Luk thung">luk thung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luk_krung" title="Luk krung">luk krung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mor_lam" title="Mor lam">mor lam</a>, which are associated with country or regional music and are popular domestically. Luk thung, specifically, is a favorite among the majority of Thai citizens throughout the country. The latter category comprises modern music genres that have gained popularity in recent years and are influenced by Western and other Asian music styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Thai_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai pop">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" title="Thai hip hop">hip hop</a>, and rap. These genres often incorporate instruments like the guitar, keyboard, drum, and synthesizer and are frequently sung in standard Thai or English. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Traditional musical instruments of Thailand</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._32).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From upper left to lower right: ranat ek, ranat thum, ranat thong, and ranat lek."><img alt="From upper left to lower right: ranat ek, ranat thum, ranat thong, and ranat lek." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._32%29.jpg/405px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._32%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._32%29.jpg/608px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._32%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._32%29.jpg/810px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._32%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From upper left to lower right: ranat ek, ranat thum, ranat thong, and ranat lek.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._35).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From top to bottom: chongnong, no, khaen, pi so, teng, and rerai."><img alt="From top to bottom: chongnong, no, khaen, pi so, teng, and rerai." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._35%29.jpg/280px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._35%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._35%29.jpg/421px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._35%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._35%29.jpg/561px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._35%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From top to bottom: chongnong, no, khaen, pi so, teng, and rerai.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._30).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From upper left to lower right: bando, krap phuang, khong mong, ching, chap, and krap sepha (two instruments shown)."><img alt="From upper left to lower right: bando, krap phuang, khong mong, ching, chap, and krap sepha (two instruments shown)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._30%29.jpg/274px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._30%29.jpg/412px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._30%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._30%29.jpg/548px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._30%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From upper left to lower right: bando, krap phuang, khong mong, ching, chap, and krap sepha (two instruments shown).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._34).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From left to right: pi chawa, pi chanai, khlui, pi o, pi nai, pi nok."><img alt="From left to right: pi chawa, pi chanai, khlui, pi o, pi nai, pi nok." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._34%29.jpg/281px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._34%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._34%29.jpg/423px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._34%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._34%29.jpg/563px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._34%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From left to right: pi chawa, pi chanai, khlui, pi o, pi nai, pi nok.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._31).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From left to right: khong mong (on stand); and adaptations of khong mong: khong khu (on floor), khong rabeng, and khong wong."><img alt="From left to right: khong mong (on stand); and adaptations of khong mong: khong khu (on floor), khong rabeng, and khong wong." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._31%29.jpg/276px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._31%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._31%29.jpg/415px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._31%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._31%29.jpg/552px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._31%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From left to right: khong mong (on stand); and adaptations of khong mong: khong khu (on floor), khong rabeng, and khong wong.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._33).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From left to right: taphon, klong khaek, klong malayu, poengmang, thon, klong that, rammana, klong chatri."><img alt="From left to right: taphon, klong khaek, klong malayu, poengmang, thon, klong that, rammana, klong chatri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._33%29.jpg/416px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._33%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._33%29.jpg/625px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._33%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._33%29.jpg/832px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._33%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From left to right: taphon, klong khaek, klong malayu, poengmang, thon, klong that, rammana, klong chatri.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_(1930,_p._28).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From left to right: phin namtao, krachappi, and chakhe."><img alt="From left to right: phin namtao, krachappi, and chakhe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._28%29.jpg/420px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._28%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._28%29.jpg/631px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._28%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._28%29.jpg/840px-Khrueang_Mahori_Piphat_%281930%2C_p._28%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From left to right: phin namtao, krachappi, and chakhe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khim"><img alt="Khim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg/260px-Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg/390px-Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg/519px-Kim_Thai_Instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">Khim</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Thai theatre includes various forms such as <a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a> (masked dance-drama), Nang (which encompasses shadow play, including <a href="/wiki/Nang_yai" title="Nang yai">Nang yai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nang_talung" title="Nang talung">Nang talung</a>), Lakhon (classical dance-drama), <a href="/wiki/Likay" title="Likay">Likay</a> (folk theatre), <a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Manora</a> (classical dance-drama), and Hun (puppetry). Each of these forms has its own unique style, costume, and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema of Thailand</a></div> <p>Thailand has a thriving <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a>, with a rich history dating back to the late 19th century when <a href="/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="King Chulalongkorn">King Chulalongkorn</a> first encountered movies and cinema equipment during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-film1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-film1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Since then, Thai cinema has produced a wide range of genres and styles, including horror films about ghosts, spirits, and the supernatural, as well as documentaries, dramas, romance, comedies, and action movies. Major cinema chains in Thailand include <a href="/wiki/Major_Cineplex" title="Major Cineplex">Major Cineplex</a>, the largest with over 828 screens nationwide and overseas,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/SF_Cinema_City" class="mw-redirect" title="SF Cinema City">SF Cinema City</a>, among others. </p><p>Some of the most celebrated Thai <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">directors</a> in the industry include <a href="/wiki/Chatrichalerm_Yukol" title="Chatrichalerm Yukol">Chatrichalerm Yukol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonzee_Nimibutr" title="Nonzee Nimibutr">Nonzee Nimibutr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisit_Sasanatieng" title="Wisit Sasanatieng">Wisit Sasanatieng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjong_Pisanthanakun" title="Banjong Pisanthanakun">Banjong Pisanthanakun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen-Ek_Ratanaruang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen-Ek Ratanaruang">Pen-Ek Ratanaruang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apichatpong_Weerasethakul" title="Apichatpong Weerasethakul">Apichatpong Weerasethakul</a>, while actors and actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Everingham" title="Ananda Everingham">Ananda Everingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mookda_Narinrak" title="Mookda Narinrak">Mookda Narinrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pimchanok_Luevisadpaibul" title="Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul">Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davika_Hoorne" title="Davika Hoorne">Davika Hoorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Maurer" title="Mario Maurer">Mario Maurer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phuwin_Tangsakyuen" title="Phuwin Tangsakyuen">Phuwin Tangsakyuen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naravit_Lertratkosum" title="Naravit Lertratkosum">Naravit Lertratkosum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peechaya_Wattanamontree" class="mw-redirect" title="Peechaya Wattanamontree">Peechaya Wattanamontree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadech_Kugimiya" title="Nadech Kugimiya">Nadech Kugimiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natapohn_Tameeruks" title="Natapohn Tameeruks">Natapohn Tameeruks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranee_Campen" title="Ranee Campen">Ranee Campen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Anne_Woltemas" title="Kimberley Anne Woltemas">Kimberley Anne Woltemas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patcharapa_Chaichua" title="Patcharapa Chaichua">Patcharapa Chaichua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araya_A._Hargate" title="Araya A. Hargate">Araya A. Hargate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hussawee_Pakrapongpisan" title="Hussawee Pakrapongpisan">Hussawee Pakrapongpisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tontawan_Tantivejakul" title="Tontawan Tantivejakul">Tontawan Tantivejakul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korapat_Kirdpan" title="Korapat Kirdpan">Korapat Kirdpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nattawin_Wattanagitiphat" title="Nattawin Wattanagitiphat">Nattawin Wattanagitiphat</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Jirayu" class="mw-redirect" title="James Jirayu">James Jirayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaya_Urassaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaya Urassaya">Yaya Urassaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vachirawit_Chivaaree" title="Vachirawit Chivaaree">Vachirawit Chivaaree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prin_Suparat" title="Prin Suparat">Prin Suparat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanin_Vismitananda" title="Yanin Vismitananda">Yanin Vismitananda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jaa" title="Tony Jaa">Tony Jaa</a> have gained both domestic and international fame. Major film studios in Thailand include <a href="/wiki/GDH_559" title="GDH 559">GDH 559</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahamongkol_Film_International" title="Sahamongkol Film International">Sahamongkol Film International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Production" title="Five Star Production">Five Star Production</a>, with blockbuster films like <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Suriyothai" title="The Legend of Suriyothai">The Legend of Suriyothai</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Ong-Bak:_Muay_Thai_Warrior" title="Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior">Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/Shutter_(2004_film)" title="Shutter (2004 film)">Shutter</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Pee_Mak" title="Pee Mak">Pee Mak</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Bad_Genius" title="Bad Genius">Bad Genius</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Homestay_(film)" title="Homestay (film)">Homestay</a> (2018), and <a href="/wiki/Love_Destiny:_The_Movie" title="Love Destiny: The Movie">Love Destiny: The Movie</a> (2022). The <a href="/wiki/Suphannahong_National_Film_Awards" title="Suphannahong National Film Awards">Suphannahong National Film Awards</a> are the main <a href="/wiki/Film_award" title="Film award">film awards</a> in the Thai film industry. They are presented annually by the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Motion_Pictures_and_Contents_Associations" title="National Federation of Motion Pictures and Contents Associations">National Federation of Motion Pictures and Contents Associations</a> (MPC), and are named after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Barge_Suphannahong" title="Royal Barge Suphannahong"><i>Suphannahong</i></a>, a royal barge whose figurehead is the inspiration for the trophy statuette. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_series">Television series</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Television series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Thai television soap opera</a></div> <p><i>Lakorn</i> is a term used in Thailand to refer to <a href="/wiki/Television_dramas" class="mw-redirect" title="Television dramas">television dramas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">series</a>. It encompasses a wide range of genres and styles, including romantic dramas, historical dramas, and action series. Lakorn productions often reflect Thai culture through their use of music, dance, and clothing, and explore complex social issues such as family conflicts and star-crossed lovers. Lakorn has become popular not only in Thailand, but also internationally,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with shows such as <a href="/wiki/Hormones:_The_Series" title="Hormones: The Series">Hormones: The Series</a> (2013–2015), <a href="/wiki/Love_Destiny_(TV_series)" title="Love Destiny (TV series)">Love Destiny</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/The_Gifted_(Thai_TV_series)" title="The Gifted (Thai TV series)">The Gifted</a> (2018), and <a href="/wiki/Girl_From_Nowhere" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl From Nowhere">Girl From Nowhere</a> (2018-2021), gaining a following overseas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation">Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thai animation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comics">Comics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thai comics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games in Thailand</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_worship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Buddhist_worship.jpg/220px-Buddhist_worship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Buddhist_worship.jpg/330px-Buddhist_worship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Buddhist_worship.jpg/440px-Buddhist_worship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87era" class="mw-redirect" title="Śrāmaṇera">Buddhist novices</a> receiving <a href="/wiki/Joss_sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Joss sticks">joss sticks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thailand allows freedom of religion unless it threatens the security of the state. The government recognizes <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, providing subsidies and tax benefits to these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is predominantly Buddhist (94.6%), followed by Muslims (4.3%), Christians (1%), and followers of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a> observe the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhammayuttika_Nikaya" title="Dhammayuttika Nikaya">Dhammayuttika Nikaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santi_Asoke" title="Santi Asoke">Santi Asoke</a> sects, and an unknown minority belong to the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Buddhism in Thailand is strongly influenced by traditional beliefs regarding ancestral and natural spirits, that have been incorporated into Buddhist cosmology. Most Thai people install spirit houses (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ศาลพระภูมิ</span>; <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn"><i>san phra phum</i></i></span>), miniature houses outside their dwellings, where they believe household spirits live.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT-20190408_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-20190408-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They present offerings of food and drink to these spirits to keep them happy. If these spirits aren't happy, it is believed that they will inhabit the household and cause chaos. These spirit houses can be found in public places and on the streets of Thailand, where the public make offerings.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwell_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwell-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the rise of Theravada Buddhism, both Indian Brahminical religion and Mahayana Buddhism were present in Thailand. Influences from both these traditions can still be seen in present-day <a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai folklore</a>. Brahminical shrines play an important role in Thai <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a>, and the Mahayana Buddhist influence is reflected in the presence of figures like Lokesvara, a form of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a> sometimes incorporated into Thailand's iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornwell_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornwell-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chareonla_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chareonla-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg/220px-Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg/330px-Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg/440px-Thai_wedding_-_conch_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A traditional <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a> in Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg/220px-Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg/330px-Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg/440px-Couple_at_a_pre-wedding_ceremony_in_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4242" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>A wedding ceremony in Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thai Buddhist marriage ceremonies are generally divided into two parts: a Buddhist component, which includes the recitation of prayers and the offering of food and other gifts to monks and images of the Buddha, and a non-Buddhist component rooted in folk traditions, which centers on the couple's families. </p><p>In former times, it was unknown for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monks" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monks">Buddhist monks</a> to be present at any stage of the marriage ceremony itself. As monks were invited to attend to the dead during funerals, their presence at a marriage (which was associated with fertility, and intended to produce children) was considered a bad omen. A couple would seek a blessing from their local temple before or after being married, and might consult some monks for <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a> advice in setting an auspicious date for the wedding. The non-Buddhist portions of the wedding would take place away from the temple, and would often take place on a separate day. </p><p>In modern times, these prohibitions have been significantly relaxed. It is not uncommon for a visit to a temple to be made on the same day as the non-Buddhist portions of a wedding, or even for the wedding to take place within the temple. While a division is still commonly observed between the "religious" and "secular" portions of a wedding service, it may be as simple as the monks present for the Buddhist ceremony departing to take lunch once their role is complete. </p><p>The Thai <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> system is known as the <i>sin sot</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">สินสอด</span>; <small><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: </small><span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn"><i>sin sot</i></i></span>). It roughly translates to "bride price".<sup id="cite_ref-BP-20180729_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20180729-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groom will be expected to pay a sum of money to the family, to compensate them for the loss of a daughter and to demonstrate that the groom is financially capable of taking care of their daughter. Bride prices of 50,000 to 300,000 baht have been documented, but bride prices can sometimes run into the tens of millions of <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BP-20180729_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20180729-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, the bride price is purely symbolic and will be returned to the bride and groom after the wedding has taken place. Whether the practice of sin sot is a tradition or a scam has been debated by critics. One observed, "All that talk of face and argument for cherished tradition? It's a thinly veiled con. Behind that gobbledygook, it's the same old forces of the material world and about the parents getting enough cash to buy a new pickup, pay outstanding debts or acquire something to elevate their status."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actually, in the Thai culture the sin sot is an essential part of the marriage and no man would refuse it to the bride's family.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerals">Funerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Funerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_funeral" title="Thai funeral">Thai funeral</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg/220px-Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg/330px-Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg/440px-Chan_Kusalo_cremation_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Funeral pyre of Chan Kusalo, the patriarch-abbot of northern Thailand.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Thai_funeral" title="Thai funeral">Thai funerals</a> last for at least one week and are focused on making merit for the deceased. Activities include distributing Buddhist scriptures, giving gifts to temples, and inviting monks to chant prayers for the deceased's protection. The corpse is cremated, and the urn is kept in a chedi in the local temple. <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Muslim">Thai Muslim</a> have their own funeral rituals. Pet funerals are also common in Bangkok, with one company cremating up to 400 animals per month.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etiquette">Etiquette</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Etiquette"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%281%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%281%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%281%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thai_greeting" title="Thai greeting">Thai greeting</a>, the smile is an important symbol of refinement in Thai culture.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Thai etiquette</a> was described by <a href="/wiki/Phya_Anuman_Rajadhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phya Anuman Rajadhon">Phya Anuman Rajadhon</a> in the 20th century, during a time when modernity changed Thailand and many traditions disappeared. Refinement and avoiding coarseness are highly valued in Thai culture.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Thai_greeting" title="Thai greeting">wai</a></i> is a prayer-like gesture used in greetings, leave-taking, acknowledgements, or apologies, varying depending on the relative status.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thais tend to use the ubiquitous phrase <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:ไม่เป็นไร">mai pen rai</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (meaning <i>it doesn't matter</i>) to minimize disagreements, mistakes, or misfortunes and avoid conflict. A <a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">smile</a> and <i>mai pen rai</i> indicate that the incident is unimportant, and no conflict or shame is involved. The pleasant attitude conveyed through the wai has earned Thailand the nickname <i>land of smiles</i>. </p><p>A notable <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">social norm</a> holds that the head is the highest and most respected part of the body, while the feet are considered the lowest and dirtiest. As a result, touching someone's head or pointing/touching something with the feet is rude. Placing one's feet above someone else's head is impolite, especially towards the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When sitting on the ground, Thais point their feet away from others or tuck them to the side/behind them. <a href="/wiki/Public_displays_of_affection" class="mw-redirect" title="Public displays of affection">Public displays of affection</a> are not common in traditional Thai society, especially among lovers,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are becoming more accepted among younger generations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Candidate_for_the_Buddhist_novice_in_the_Buddhist_religion_priesthood_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Candidate_for_the_Buddhist_novice_in_the_Buddhist_religion_priesthood_05.jpg/220px-Candidate_for_the_Buddhist_novice_in_the_Buddhist_religion_priesthood_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Candidate_for_the_Buddhist_novice_in_the_Buddhist_religion_priesthood_05.jpg/330px-Candidate_for_the_Buddhist_novice_in_the_Buddhist_religion_priesthood_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Candidate_for_the_Buddhist_novice_in_the_Buddhist_religion_priesthood_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Display of respect of the younger towards the elder is a cornerstone value in Thailand. A family during the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> ceremony for young men who are to be <a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">ordained</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thai culture values serenity and avoids conflict and sudden displays of anger. Visitors should take care not to create conflict and handle disagreements with a smile, without assigning blame. The concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Sanuk_(Thai_culture)" title="Sanuk (Thai culture)">sanuk</a></i> emphasizes that life should be fun, and Thais often display positive emotions in social interactions. Respect for <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a> is essential, and the custom of <i>bun khun</i> highlights indebtedness to parents, guardians, teachers, and caretakers. It involves slow-acting accounting of an exchange based on locally interpreted scales and measures.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">bidet shower</a></i> is common in Thai toilets,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidenced by an uproar by parliamentarians when it was disclosed that the new parliament building was not equipped with <i>bum guns</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thai customs regarding <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">monks</a> prohibit physical contact between them and women, leading to various methods being employed to avoid accidental contact. Women make offerings by placing them at the feet of the monk, on a cloth or table, and blessings are applied using the end of a candle or stick. Laypersons are expected to sit or stand with their heads lower than the monk's. Feet should be pointed away from Buddha images in <a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">temples</a>, and footwear should be removed before entering homes or sacred areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thai dining etiquette has also been influenced by the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">fork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Rama IV">King Rama IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Rama_V" class="mw-redirect" title="King Rama V">King Rama V</a>. These utensils have become the norm for dining in Thailand, as they are better suited for eating Thai food than the traditional fork and <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a>. In addition to using spoons and forks, Thai people also commonly use <a href="/wiki/Chopstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopstick">chopsticks</a>, knives, and their hands to eat, depending on the type of food and the occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sap's-Etiquette_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sap's-Etiquette-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_anthem_and_respect_for_the_flag_and_king">National anthem and respect for the flag and king</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National anthem and respect for the flag and king"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Thai National Anthem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">Sansoen Phra Barami</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv/220px--Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem,_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal,_Bangkok,_Thailand.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem,_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal,_Bangkok,_Thailand.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv/Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv/Standing_for_Thai_National_Anthem%2C_Mo_chit_Bus_Terminal%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Thai people stand for the <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Thailand">national anthem of Thailand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mo_Chit_Bus_Terminal" title="Mo Chit Bus Terminal">Mo Chit Bus Terminal</a> at 6.00 p.m.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv/220px--Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem,_Red_Cross_Fair_2009,_Bangkok,_Thailand.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem,_Red_Cross_Fair_2009,_Bangkok,_Thailand.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv/Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv/Standing_for_Thai_Royal_Anthem%2C_Red_Cross_Fair_2009%2C_Bangkok%2C_Thailand.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Thai people stand for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem of Thailand">royal anthem of Thailand</a> at the 2009 Red Cross Fair, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Plaza_(Bangkok)" title="Royal Plaza (Bangkok)">Royal Plaza (Bangkok)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thailand has a daily <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Thailand">national anthem</a> played by all media outlets at 08:00 and 18:00, during which Thais pay homage to the flag by standing at attention. Students sing the anthem in front of the flag every school day. The practice originated in 1935 and is now mandated by the Flag Act of 1979, which imposes a fine of up to 2,000 baht and one year imprisonment for not observing the custom.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sansoen_Phra_Barami" title="Sansoen Phra Barami">royal anthem of the King of Thailand</a> is also played before movies, concerts, and sporting events, and everyone is expected to stand.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional">Traditional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Traditional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chut_thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chut thai">Chut thai</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG/160px-Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG/240px-Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG/320px-Isan_modifie_dressing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Thai women wearing Isan Modifide <a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">sinh</a> dress for <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Festival" title="Rocket Festival">Boon Bang Fai</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Roi_Et" title="Roi Et">Roi Et</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/140px-Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/210px-Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg/280px-Silk_Loom_Jim_Thompson_House_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Thai women wearing <a href="/wiki/Sabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabai">sabai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House" title="Jim Thompson House">Jim Thompson House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Thai clothing is called <i>chut thai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ชุดไทย</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Thai pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="th-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[tɕʰút.tʰai]</a></span>) which literally means "Thai outfit". It can be worn by men, women, and children. Chut thai for women usually consists of a <a href="/wiki/Pha_nung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pha nung">pha nung</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Chong_kraben" class="mw-redirect" title="Chong kraben">chong kraben</a>, a blouse, and a <a href="/wiki/Sabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabai">sabai</a>. Northern and northeastern women may wear a <a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">sinh</a> instead of a <a href="/wiki/Pha_nung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pha nung">pha nung</a> and an ancient Khmer <a href="/wiki/Chong_kraben" class="mw-redirect" title="Chong kraben">chong kraben</a> pant-like with either a blouse or a <a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">suea pat</a>. Chut thai for men includes a <a href="/wiki/Chong_kraben" class="mw-redirect" title="Chong kraben">chong kraben</a> or pants, a <a href="/wiki/Raj_pattern" title="Raj pattern">Raj pattern</a> shirt, with optional knee-length white socks, and a <a href="/wiki/Sabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabai">sabai</a>. Chut thai for northern Thai men is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Thai_fisherman_pants" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai fisherman pants">sado</a>, a white Manchu styled jacket, and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Khian_hua" class="mw-redirect" title="Khian hua">khian hua</a>. In formal occasions, people may choose to wear a so-called <a href="/wiki/Formal_Thai_national_costume" title="Formal Thai national costume">formal Thai national costume</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thailand is a uniform-wearing society.<sup id="cite_ref-BP-20200208_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-20200208-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From elementary school to university, <a href="/wiki/School_uniforms_in_Thailand" title="School uniforms in Thailand">school uniforms in Thailand</a> are the norm, with few exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teachers at elementary and secondary levels wear uniforms, usually once a week. All civil servants up to ministerial level have uniforms appropriate to their organization and rank and wear them regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thai_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Cuisine">Thai Cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_dishes" title="List of Thai dishes">List of Thai dishes</a></div> <style 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.tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pad_Thai_(2433385864).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pad_Thai_%282433385864%29.jpg/110px-Pad_Thai_%282433385864%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pad_Thai_%282433385864%29.jpg/165px-Pad_Thai_%282433385864%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pad_Thai_%282433385864%29.jpg/220px-Pad_Thai_%282433385864%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg/124px-Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg/186px-Tom_yam_kung_maenam.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94_Tumtaad_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_01.jpg/140px-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94_Tumtaad_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94_Tumtaad_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_01.jpg/210px-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94_Tumtaad_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94_Tumtaad_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_01.jpg/280px-%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94_Tumtaad_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3470" data-file-height="2340" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phanaeng_kai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Phanaeng_kai.jpg/94px-Phanaeng_kai.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Phanaeng_kai.jpg/141px-Phanaeng_kai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Phanaeng_kai.jpg/188px-Phanaeng_kai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/Pad_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pad Thai">Pad Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom yam">Tom yam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Som_tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Som tam">Som tam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phanaeng" title="Phanaeng">Kaeng phanaeng</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai cuisine</a> is known for its diverse range of dishes, which include spicy salads, soups, curries, stir-fries, and desserts. The flavors in Thai cuisine are balanced and often incorporate <a href="/wiki/Sweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet">sweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour">sour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltiness">salty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spicy">spicy</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common ingredients used in Thai cooking are fresh herbs and spices, such as lemongrass, ginger, garlic, and chili peppers, as well as fish sauce, coconut milk, and palm sugar. Thai cuisine varies across regions, with dishes influenced by local traditions and ingredient availability. In central Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">sticky rice</a> is not commonly used as a staple food but is instead used in desserts,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as mango sticky rice, custard sticky rice, durian sticky rice, etc., which are often made with <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>/cream. However, it is still commonly served as a side dish with savory dishes like Gai yang (grilled chicken). The combination of Gai yang and sticky rice is a popular in Thailand, often served with a spicy dipping sauce and a side salad. Therefore, sticky rice is not exclusively a dessert but can also be served as a side dish. </p><p>Thai cuisine has evolved over time due to influences from various cultures. <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Thailand" title="Iranians in Thailand">Persian</a> traders introduced curry dishes and Muslim cooking styles,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> missionaries introduced chilies and other New World crops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaewsangcham20155_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaewsangcham20155-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thai_chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai chinese">Chinese immigrants</a> brought stir-frying techniques and noodles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKanchanakunjaraChantachonKoseyayothinKuljanabhagavad2015_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKanchanakunjaraChantachonKoseyayothinKuljanabhagavad2015-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past decade, Thai cuisine has gained global recognition, with over 11,800 Thai restaurants reported overseas in 2007. The Thai government's <i>Kitchen of the World</i> campaign has further boosted the growing Thai food business.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thai cuisine can be broadly categorized into four types of dishes: Tom (boiled dishes), Yam (spicy salads), Tam (pounded foods), and Kaeng (curries).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cooking techniques, such as deep-frying, stir-frying, and steaming, are influenced by Chinese cuisine. Popular Thai dishes include <a href="/wiki/Tom_yum" title="Tom yum">Tom yum</a> (spicy soup), <a href="/wiki/Pad_thai" title="Pad thai">Pad thai</a> (stir-fried noodles), <a href="/wiki/Som_tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Som tam">Som tam</a> (green papaya salad), Kaeng keow wan gai (green curry chicken), <a href="/wiki/Massaman_curry" title="Massaman curry">Massaman curry</a> (beef curry), and Pad see ew (stir-fried noodles), <a href="/wiki/Phanaeng" title="Phanaeng">Kaeng phanaeng</a> (Panang curry), <a href="/wiki/Tom_kha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom kha">Tom kha</a> (coconut soup), <a href="/wiki/Phat_kaphrao" title="Phat kaphrao">Pad kaphrao</a> (stir-fried Thai basil chicken), <a href="/wiki/Rat_na" title="Rat na">Rad na</a> (stir-fried noodles in gravy), Kuai tiao (noodle soup), and <a href="/wiki/Mu_kratha" title="Mu kratha">Mu kratha</a> (Thai hotpot). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg/220px-Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg/330px-Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg/440px-Culture_and_Felief_of_Thai_desserts._04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Thai desserts</figcaption></figure> <p>Thai desserts are also popular and feature a variety of sweet treats, such as <a href="/wiki/Khanom_chan" title="Khanom chan">Khanom chan</a> (layered pudding), Khanom mo kaeng (mung bean cake), Sangkhaya fak thong (pumpkin custard), Khanom thuai (coconut cream jelly), Khanom krok (coconut-rice pancakes), Khanom bueang (crispy pancakes), Khanom tan (palm cake), <a href="/wiki/Khanom_farang_kudi_chin" title="Khanom farang kudi chin">Khanom farang kudi chin</a> (Portuguese influenced cake), <a href="/wiki/Thong_yip" title="Thong yip">Thong yip</a> (pinched gold egg yolks), <a href="/wiki/Thong_yod" class="mw-redirect" title="Thong yod">Thong yod</a> (drop of gold egg yolks), <a href="/wiki/Foi_thong" class="mw-redirect" title="Foi thong">Foi thong</a> (golden threads egg yolks), Lod chong (pandan noodles in coconut milk), Ruam mit (mixed ingredients in coconut milk), Tako (coconut pudding with jasmine scent), Wun (agar jelly), Tub tim krob (water chestnuts in coconut milk), Chaokuai (Grass jelly), <a href="/wiki/Namkhaeng_sai" title="Namkhaeng sai">Namkhaeng sai</a> (shaved ice dessert with syrup), <a href="/wiki/Khao_niao_mamuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao niao mamuang">Khao niao mamuang</a> (sticky rice with mango), <a href="/wiki/Khao_niao_sangkhaya" title="Khao niao sangkhaya">Khao niao sangkhaya</a> (sticky rice with custard), Khao niao nakrachik (sticky rice with caramlized) and Khao niao durian (sticky rice with durian). </p><p> Thai cuisine also features a range of sauces and condiments, such as <a href="/wiki/Nam_chim" title="Nam chim">Nam chim</a> (dipping sauce), <a href="/wiki/Nam_phrik" title="Nam phrik">Nam phrik</a> (chilli sauce), <a href="/wiki/Nam_pla" class="mw-redirect" title="Nam pla">Nam pla</a> (fish sauce), and <a href="/wiki/Pla_ra" title="Pla ra">Pla ra</a> (fermented fish). These sauces are used to enhance the flavors of various dishes, such as fried rice, noodles, soups, salads, and grilled meats.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Cuisines of Thailand</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_(004).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom tokyo"><img alt="Khanom tokyo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_%28004%29.jpg/260px-Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_%28004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_%28004%29.jpg/391px-Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_%28004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_%28004%29.jpg/520px-Khanom_tokyo_-_Hua_Hin_-_2017-04-15_%28004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khanom_tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanom tokyo">Khanom tokyo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CM_khanom_wun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom wun"><img alt="Khanom wun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CM_khanom_wun.jpg/282px-CM_khanom_wun.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CM_khanom_wun.jpg/424px-CM_khanom_wun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/CM_khanom_wun.jpg/564px-CM_khanom_wun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khanom wun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mango_sticy_rice_(3859549574).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khao niao mamuang"><img alt="Khao niao mamuang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/293px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/440px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg/585px-Mango_sticy_rice_%283859549574%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mango_sticky_rice" title="Mango sticky rice">Khao niao mamuang</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khao niao sangkhaya"><img alt="Khao niao sangkhaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG/295px-Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG" decoding="async" width="197" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG/443px-Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG/589px-Khao_niao_sangkhaya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khao_niao_sangkhaya" title="Khao niao sangkhaya">Khao niao sangkhaya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka-phrao_mu_(basil_fried_pork)_with_rice_%26_egg,_Bangkok,_2019-03-31_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pad kaphrao"><img alt="Pad kaphrao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ka-phrao_mu_%28basil_fried_pork%29_with_rice_%26_egg%2C_Bangkok%2C_2019-03-31_%282%29.jpg/326px-Ka-phrao_mu_%28basil_fried_pork%29_with_rice_%26_egg%2C_Bangkok%2C_2019-03-31_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ka-phrao_mu_%28basil_fried_pork%29_with_rice_%26_egg%2C_Bangkok%2C_2019-03-31_%282%29.jpg/490px-Ka-phrao_mu_%28basil_fried_pork%29_with_rice_%26_egg%2C_Bangkok%2C_2019-03-31_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ka-phrao_mu_%28basil_fried_pork%29_with_rice_%26_egg%2C_Bangkok%2C_2019-03-31_%282%29.jpg/652px-Ka-phrao_mu_%28basil_fried_pork%29_with_rice_%26_egg%2C_Bangkok%2C_2019-03-31_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phat_kaphrao" title="Phat kaphrao">Pad kaphrao</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tom kha"><img alt="Tom kha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg/129px-Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg/194px-Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg/259px-Flickr_preppybyday_4711943668--Tom_kha_gai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="3060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tom_kha_kai" title="Tom kha kai">Tom kha</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khanom chin"><img alt="Khanom chin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/260px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/391px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG/520px-Khanom_Chin_-_Thai_rice_noodles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khanom_chin" title="Khanom chin">Khanom chin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuai tiao nuea"><img alt="Kuai tiao nuea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg/195px-Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg/293px-Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg/390px-Kuai_tiao_nuea_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kuai tiao nuea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaokuai"><img alt="Chaokuai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg/146px-Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg/220px-Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg/292px-Grass_jelly_-_Bangkok_-_2017-07-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chaokuai</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thad_khai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thad khai"><img alt="Thad khai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thad_khai.jpg/195px-Thad_khai.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thad_khai.jpg/293px-Thad_khai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Thad_khai.jpg/390px-Thad_khai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thad khai</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drinks">Drinks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Drinks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cha_yen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cha_yen.JPG/220px-Cha_yen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cha_yen.JPG/330px-Cha_yen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Cha_yen.JPG/440px-Cha_yen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Cha yen, a Thai iced tea</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thai_iced_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai iced tea">Thai iced tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nom_yen" title="Nom yen">Nom yen</a> are popular drinks in Thailand, often sweetened with condensed milk and flavored with cardamom or syrup. <a href="/wiki/Krating_Daeng" title="Krating Daeng">Krating Daeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_Bull" title="Red Bull">Red Bull</a>), <a href="/wiki/M-150_(energy_drink)" title="M-150 (energy drink)">M-150</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carabao_Daeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Carabao Daeng">Carabao Daeng</a> are popular energy drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a wide variety of alcoholic drinks in Thailand, including <a href="/wiki/Mekhong_(spirit)" title="Mekhong (spirit)">Mekhong whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/SangSom" title="SangSom">SangSom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_khao" title="Lao khao">Lao khao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato">Sato</a>, etc. <a href="/wiki/Singha" title="Singha">Singha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chang_(Thai_beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang (Thai beer)">Chang</a> are popular <a href="/wiki/Thai_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai beer">Thai beers</a>, with Singha being the most popular.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thai_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai names">Thai names</a></div> <p>Thai people typically have one or occasionally more short <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknames</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ชื่อเล่น</span> <i>playing name</i>) that they use with friends and family. These nicknames are overwhelmingly one syllable and were traditionally based on animals, fruits, colors, and nature. Nowadays, Thai nicknames tend to be more complex, with an increase in syllables and the addition of foreign influences.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sport in Thailand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_(80668065).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg/220px-Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg/330px-Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg/440px-Muay_Thai_Fight_Us_Vs_Burma_%2880668065%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>Muay Thai match in Bangkok, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg/180px-Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg/270px-Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg/360px-Teerawat_Yioyim_and_Buakaw_Banchamek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buakaw_Banchamek" title="Buakaw Banchamek">Buakaw Banchamek</a>, a famous Muay Thai fighter</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">Futsal</a> are the most popular sports in Thailand for both spectators and players.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, a combat sport, is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a> and is gaining popularity worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It incorporates kicks, punches, knees, and elbow strikes in a ring with gloves similar to those used in Western boxing, and this has led to Thailand gaining medals at the Olympic Games in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Takraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Takraw">Takraw</a>, one of the two national sports, officially known as Sepak takraw, is a sport similar to volleyball but played with the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorsports">motorsports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>. Traditional sports such as long-tail boat racing, long boat racing, <a href="/wiki/Makruk" title="Makruk">makruk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krabi_krabong" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabi krabong">krabi krabong</a>, and dab Thai are still preserved. Thailand has been the most successful <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> country in the <a href="/wiki/SEA_Games" title="SEA Games">SEA Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a>, demonstrating the country's strong sports culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Songkran_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Songkran_012.jpg/200px-Songkran_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Songkran_012.jpg/300px-Songkran_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Songkran_012.jpg/400px-Songkran_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The roads along the old moat of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> are full of vehicles during the <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> water splashing festival.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays in Thailand</a></div> <p>Important <a href="/wiki/Holiday" title="Holiday">holidays</a> in Thai culture include <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a>, the traditional Thai New Year festival, which is celebrated annually from April 13th to 15th. The festival falls at the end of the dry season and during the hot season in Thailand, and in some parts of Thailand, it can last up to a week. The festival's water throwing tradition stemmed from the cleansing rite of washing Buddha images and lightly sprinkling scented water on the hands of elderly people. Small amounts of scented talcum powder were also used in the annual rite. In recent decades, water fights have become increasingly industrialized with the use of hoses, barrels, squirt guns, water-filled surgical tubing, and copious amounts of powder. The festival also includes various activities such as offering merit to relics, pouring water on elders, building sand pagodas, and participating in contests and parades, including the Nang Songkran or Miss Songkran contest.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg/200px-Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg/300px-Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg/400px-Loi_Krathong_2010_John_Shedrick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>People floating krathong rafts during the Loi Krathong festival in Chiang Mai, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fue_un_momento_inolvidable,_de_una_felicidad_desbordada_por_el_asombro,_la_belleza_de_la_sincron%C3%ADa,_la_emoci%C3%B3n_de_los_anhelos_transformados_en_luz,_totalidad_contenida_en_un_instante._(17405204532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fue_un_momento_inolvidable%2C_de_una_felicidad_desbordada_por_el_asombro%2C_la_belleza_de_la_sincron%C3%ADa%2C_la_emoci%C3%B3n_de_los_anhelos_transformados_en_luz%2C_totalidad_contenida_en_un_instante._%2817405204532%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fue_un_momento_inolvidable%2C_de_una_felicidad_desbordada_por_el_asombro%2C_la_belleza_de_la_sincron%C3%ADa%2C_la_emoci%C3%B3n_de_los_anhelos_transformados_en_luz%2C_totalidad_contenida_en_un_instante._%2817405204532%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fue_un_momento_inolvidable%2C_de_una_felicidad_desbordada_por_el_asombro%2C_la_belleza_de_la_sincron%C3%ADa%2C_la_emoci%C3%B3n_de_los_anhelos_transformados_en_luz%2C_totalidad_contenida_en_un_instante._%2817405204532%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Yi Peng, floating lantern festival in Northern Thailand, observed around the same time as Loy Krathong.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Loy_Krathong" title="Loy Krathong">Loy Krathong</a> is another important festival celebrated on the full moon of the 12th <a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar month</a>, which usually falls in November. <i>Loy</i> means to float and a <i>Krathong</i> is a handmade small bowl traditionally made from banana leaves and a section of banana tree trunk. The bowl is decorated with folded (origami) banana leaves, flowers, candles, and incense sticks. During the Loy Krathong night, the moon shines brightly, and the river looks calm. It is a scenic beauty with Krathongs floating on the river. Fireworks are lit as a part of celebration and the act of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yipeng</i>, also known as the Lantern Festival, is another festival celebrated in Northern Thailand around the same time as Loy Krathong. During Yipeng, people release floating lanterns into the sky and make wishes as the lanterns rise into the night. Both Loy Krathong and Yipeng are celebrations of light and symbolize letting go of negative emotions and starting anew.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_Elephant_Day_(Thailand)" title="National Elephant Day (Thailand)">National Elephant Day</a> or Chang Thai Day is a holiday in Thailand, held on March 13, which celebrates the cultural and historical significance of the elephant in Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: National symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">National symbols of Thailand</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">national symbols of Thailand</a> play an important role in representing the country's culture and heritage, and are widely recognized and revered by the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a>. The official symbols of Thailand include the <a href="/wiki/Thai_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai flag">Thai flag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">national emblem</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Krut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Thai National Anthem</a>, and three symbols declared in 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Ratchaphruek</a> or golden shower tree as the <a href="/wiki/National_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="National flower">national flower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Thai elephant</a> as the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Sala Thai</a>, national architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three works of literature have been declared as national literature: Triphumikatha in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a> in 2015, and Mahachat Kham Luang in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other national symbols of Thailand include the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Siamese fireback</a>, declared as the <a href="/wiki/National_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="National bird">national bird</a> in 1985;<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Siamese fighting fish</a>, declared as the <a href="/wiki/National_aquatic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National aquatic animal">national aquatic animal</a> in 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Phaya Nak</a>, declared as the national mythological creature on November 1, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unofficial symbols of Thailand include the <a href="/wiki/Siamese_cat" title="Siamese cat">Siamese cat</a>, known for its distinctive appearance and personality,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traditional sports such as <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takraw" class="mw-redirect" title="Takraw">Takraw</a>, widely recognized and celebrated as national sports.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">National symbols of Thailand</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betta_spelendens_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94)_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siamese fighting fish"><img alt="Siamese fighting fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Betta_spelendens_%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%29_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg/260px-Betta_spelendens_%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%29_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Betta_spelendens_%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%29_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg/391px-Betta_spelendens_%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%29_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Betta_spelendens_%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%29_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg/520px-Betta_spelendens_%28%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%29_Photographs_by_Peak_Hora_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Siamese fighting fish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krut"><img alt="Krut" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/183px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/275px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/366px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Krut</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thai flag"><img alt="Thai flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/293px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/440px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/585px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thai_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai flag">Thai flag</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" style="width:120px;" data-durationhint="45" data-mwtitle="Thai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Thai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ta&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ta" label="தமிழ் ‪(ta)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThai_National_Anthem_-_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Thai National Anthem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Elephants,_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_(25421949020).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thai elephant"><img alt="Thai elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg/293px-Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg/441px-Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg/587px-Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Thai elephant</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassia_Fistula_(Golden_Shower_Tree)_(28993368851).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ratchaphruek"><img alt="Ratchaphruek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cassia_Fistula_%28Golden_Shower_Tree%29_%2828993368851%29.jpg/157px-Cassia_Fistula_%28Golden_Shower_Tree%29_%2828993368851%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cassia_Fistula_%28Golden_Shower_Tree%29_%2828993368851%29.jpg/236px-Cassia_Fistula_%28Golden_Shower_Tree%29_%2828993368851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cassia_Fistula_%28Golden_Shower_Tree%29_%2828993368851%29.jpg/315px-Cassia_Fistula_%28Golden_Shower_Tree%29_%2828993368851%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Ratchaphruek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sala Thai"><img alt="Sala Thai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg/260px-Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg/391px-Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg/520px-Bang_Pa-In_floating_pavilion_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Sala Thai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siamese fireback"><img alt="Siamese fireback" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg/292px-Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg/439px-Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg/585px-Siamese-fireback-Lophura-diardi-khao-yai-national-park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6103" data-file-height="4073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Siamese fireback</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phaya Nak"><img alt="Phaya Nak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg/109px-Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg/165px-Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg/219px-Royal_Barges_National_Museum_-_2014-02-25_-_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Phaya Nak</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:099_Ramakien_Murals_(9150508092).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramakien"><img alt="Ramakien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/099_Ramakien_Murals_%289150508092%29.jpg/260px-099_Ramakien_Murals_%289150508092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/099_Ramakien_Murals_%289150508092%29.jpg/391px-099_Ramakien_Murals_%289150508092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/099_Ramakien_Murals_%289150508092%29.jpg/520px-099_Ramakien_Murals_%289150508092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_sites_and_Intangible_cultural_heritage">World sites and Intangible cultural heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: World sites and Intangible cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand</a></div> <p>Thailand has several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the <a href="/wiki/Historic_City_of_Ayutthaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic City of Ayutthaya">Historic City of Ayutthaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Historic_Town_of_Sukhothai_and_Associated_Historic_Towns" title="Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns">Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns</a>, both recognized in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Chiang Archaeological Site">Ban Chiang Archaeological Site</a> was also recognized in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of natural heritage, <a href="/wiki/Thungyai-Huai_Kha_Khaeng_Wildlife_Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries">Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries</a> were recognized in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Dong_Phayayen-Khao_Yai_Forest_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex">Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex</a> in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kaeng_Krachan_Forest_Complex" title="Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex">Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thailand also has several sites on the Tentative List for UNESCO recognition, including <a href="/wiki/Phu_Phra_Bat_Historical_Park" title="Phu Phra Bat Historical Park">Phuphrabat Historical Park</a> listed in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Mahathat_Woramahawihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan">Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a> listed in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">the Monuments, Sites and Cultural Landscape of Chiang Mai, Capital of Lanna</a> listed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_That_Phanom" title="Wat Phra That Phanom">Phra That Phanom, its related historic buildings, and associated landscape</a> were listed in 2017,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_Historical_Park" title="Phanom Rung Historical Park">Ensemble of Phanom Rung, Muang Tam, and Plai Bat Sanctuaries</a> in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Si_Thep_Historical_Park" title="Si Thep Historical Park">The Ancient Town of Si Thep</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, in terms of natural heritage, the Andaman Sea Nature Reserves of Thailand were added to the Tentative List in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thailand has submitted several elements of its <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> to UNESCO for recognition, such as <a href="/wiki/Menora_(dance)" title="Menora (dance)">Nora</a>, a dance drama in southern Thailand recognized in 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Nuad Thai</a>, traditional Thai massage recognized in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a>, a masked dance drama in Thailand recognized in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran festival</a> has been submitted for UNESCO's consideration as part of Thailand's intangible cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pastimes">Pastimes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pastimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_and_Internet">Reading and Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Reading and Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eighty-eight percent of Thai people read books and spend an average of 28 minutes per day doing so, according to a poll<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted by the Thai Publishers and Booksellers Association (PUBAT) and <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a>'s Faculty of Economics and Research Centre for Social and Business Development. </p><p>A total of 3,432 Thais aged 15–69 in 12 provinces, including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Songkhla, Nakhon Si Thamarat, Nakhon Ratchsima, and Khon Kaen, were interviewed from December 2014 to January 2015. While 88% of Thai respondents said they read books, 12% said they did not. They cited as reasons lack of time, bad eyesight, and dislike of reading. </p><p>Averaged over the entire population, Thais spend 28 minutes a day reading books. The reading sub-set of the population averages 46 minutes a day. Of this group, those aged under 20 spend the most time reading books, 56 minutes a day. That figure shrinks as people age until they reach 61, when people tend to get back into reading. </p><p>By comparison, 71% of Thais use the Internet almost every day for an average of 92 minutes. Those who spend most time on the Internet are people under 20, on average 224 minutes a day, while those over 61 spend ten minutes a day on-line. </p><p>In 2013 the Thai National Statistical Office conducted a reading survey<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that found that Thais aged over six spent an average of 37 minutes a day reading. The survey was not focused specifically on reading books, but also reading journals, the Internet, tablet computers, and smart phones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/32px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/48px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/64px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Thailand portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel_Chewing_In_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel Chewing In Thailand">Betel Chewing In Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist temples in Thailand">Buddhist temples in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Thailand">Folklore of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Ghosts in Thai culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Thailand" title="List of museums in Thailand">List of museums in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Culture (Thailand)">Ministry of Culture (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phya_Anuman_Rajadhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phya Anuman Rajadhon">Phya Anuman Rajadhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flags_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Flags of Thailand">Royal Flags of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Buddhist_sculpture" title="Thai Buddhist sculpture">Thai Buddhist sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_National_Artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Thailand National Artist">Thailand National Artist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra201010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMishra201010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMishra2010">Mishra 2010</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Johns Hopkins University Press: 403–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2022.0026">10.1353/jwh.2022.0026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252356874">252356874</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Seventeenth-Century+Foreign+Lives+of+Ayutthaya%3A+Sources+of+Cross-Cultural+Cooperation+and+Integration+in+the+Asian+Trading+Entrep%C3%B4t&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-428&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2022.0026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252356874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chabrowski&rft.aufirst=Igor+Iwo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F864570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChularatana2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chularatana, Julispong (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jss/article/view/100545/79232">"Indo-Persian Influence on Late Ayutthaya Art, Architecture, and Design"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Siam Society</i>. <b>105</b>: 43–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Indo-Persian+Influence+on+Late+Ayutthaya+Art%2C+Architecture%2C+and+Design&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=43-72&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Chularatana&rft.aufirst=Julispong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso06.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fjss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F100545%2F79232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2012" class="citation cs2">Tan, Heidi (2012), "The Many Streams of Buddhist Art in Thailand", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44396408"><i>Enlightened Ways: The Many Streams of Buddhist Art in Thailand</i></a>, Asian Art Museum of San Francisco, p. 13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Many+Streams+of+Buddhist+Art+in+Thailand&rft.btitle=Enlightened+Ways%3A+The+Many+Streams+of+Buddhist+Art+in+Thailand&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Asian+Art+Museum+of+San+Francisco&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44396408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamgoenDuangkaew2008" class="citation web cs1">Kamgoen, Put; Duangkaew, Ratchadaporn (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=1349789&fileOId=2435108">"How Thai Culture Affects Expatriates' Leadership A Case Study of CBRE, Thailand"</a>. <i>Lund University Publications</i>. pp. 40–41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lund+University+Publications&rft.atitle=How+Thai+Culture+Affects+Expatriates%27+Leadership+A+Case+Study+of+CBRE%2C+Thailand&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Kamgoen&rft.aufirst=Put&rft.au=Duangkaew%2C+Ratchadaporn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D1349789%26fileOId%3D2435108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhumiratana2013" class="citation book cs1">Bhumiratana, Sakorn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137347374_7">"Cultural and Historical Factors Influencing the Development of Higher Education in Thailand"</a>. In Neubauer, Deane E.; Shin, Jung Cheol; Hawkins, John N. (eds.). <i>The Dynamics of Higher Education Development in East Asia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 105–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137347374_7">10.1057/9781137347374_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34736-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-34736-7"><bdi>978-1-137-34736-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+and+Historical+Factors+Influencing+the+Development+of+Higher+Education+in+Thailand&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Higher+Education+Development+in+East+Asia&rft.pages=105-122&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137347374_7&rft.isbn=978-1-137-34736-7&rft.aulast=Bhumiratana&rft.aufirst=Sakorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9781137347374_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSASAGAWA_Hideo2005" class="citation cs2">SASAGAWA Hideo (March 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyoto-seas.org/pdf/42/4/420403.pdf">"Post/colonial Discourses on the Cambodian Court Dance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Southeast Asian Studies</i>, <b>42</b> (4)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Post%2Fcolonial+Discourses+on+the+Cambodian+Court+Dance&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005-03&rft.au=SASAGAWA+Hideo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyoto-seas.org%2Fpdf%2F42%2F4%2F420403.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noro-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noro_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noro_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundsofangkor.org/english/dance-theater/king-norodom-actresses/"><i>King Norodom's actresses (reign 1860-1904), by Émile Gsell</i></a>, April 24, 2021, <q>In the 19th century, after spending 27 years as a captive prince at the Siamese court in Bangkok, King Ang Duong, father of King Norodom, introduced the classical Siamese style of the Rattanakosin period to his court. Royal dancers, under the patronage of the royal court of Siam, are sent to the royal court in Cambodia to teach classical dance to the Khmers. This is why the costumes' style in these photographs is imbued with the Siamese culture. One will also notice the disproportionate length of the dancers' artificial nails. G. Groslier writes: "The Cambodian dancers were so well out of their unfortunate country (after the sack of Angkor) that the last Khmer kings, up to Norodom, had almost entirely Siamese troupes. All the teachers of the five hundred 'lokhon' of Norodom were Siamese. At his death, there were more than three hundred Thai actresses in the palace of Phnom Penh. Even today (under the reign of H. M. Sisowath) all the teachers, minus two, are Siamese! …". (Original in French)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Norodom%27s+actresses+%28reign+1860-1904%29%2C+by+%C3%89mile+Gsell&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundsofangkor.org%2Fenglish%2Fdance-theater%2Fking-norodom-actresses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhaksuchon,_SuraditRungrueang,_Panya2017" class="citation cs2">Phaksuchon, Suradit; Rungrueang, Panya (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333108360">"Yodaya: Thai Classical Music in Myanmar Culture."</a>, <i>Manusya</i>, <b>20</b> (2): 55–76, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26659077-02002003">10.1163/26659077-02002003</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manusya&rft.atitle=Yodaya%3A+Thai+Classical+Music+in+Myanmar+Culture.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-76&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F26659077-02002003&rft.au=Phaksuchon%2C+Suradit&rft.au=Rungrueang%2C+Panya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F333108360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwanjai2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Kwanjai, Mesirin (November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/10443/4460/1/Kwanjai%20M%202018.pdf"><i>Women Watching Television: The Influence of Thai Soap Operas on Lao Women Viewers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Newcastle University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Women+Watching+Television%3A+The+Influence+of+Thai+Soap+Operas+on+Lao+Women+Viewers&rft.degree=Doctor+of+Philosophy&rft.inst=Newcastle+University&rft.date=2018-11&rft.aulast=Kwanjai&rft.aufirst=Mesirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheses.ncl.ac.uk%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10443%2F4460%2F1%2FKwanjai%2520M%25202018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaw_Saesui2018" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skaw Saesui (August 10, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcijthai.com/news/2018/10/scoop/8224"><i>ความนิยมสื่อบันเทิงไทยในอาเซียนยังพุ่ง แม้เคยสร้างความขัดแย้ง กลืนกลายทางวัฒนธรรม</i></a> (in Thai), TCIJ</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87+%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1&rft.pub=TCIJ&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft.au=Skaw+Saesui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcijthai.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F10%2Fscoop%2F8224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvdigitalwatch.com/analysis-by-panta-15-11-62/"><i>ละครไทยสู่ตลาดโลก เริ่มจากไปอาเซียนและจีนแหล่งรายได้ใหม่ ที่ทีวีทุกช่องจับจ้อง</i></a> (in Thai), 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvdigitalwatch.com%2Fanalysis-by-panta-15-11-62%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuppunnarat,_Y.Sangvanich,_K.Laovanich,_V.Achayutthakan,_M.2020" class="citation cs2">Chuppunnarat, Y.; Sangvanich, K.; Laovanich, V.; Achayutthakan, M.; Saibunmi, S.; Suwanphithak, W. (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hasss/article/view/200563">"The Influence of External Cultures on Art, Music, and Dance Education Students: A Case Study of Thailand and Lao PDR. Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies"</a>, <i>Former Name Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts</i>: 600–601</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Former+Name+Silpakorn+University+Journal+of+Social+Sciences%2C+Humanities%2C+and+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+External+Cultures+on+Art%2C+Music%2C+and+Dance+Education+Students%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Thailand+and+Lao+PDR.+Humanities%2C+Arts+and+Social+Sciences+Studies&rft.pages=600-601&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Chuppunnarat%2C+Y.&rft.au=Sangvanich%2C+K.&rft.au=Laovanich%2C+V.&rft.au=Achayutthakan%2C+M.&rft.au=Saibunmi%2C+S.&rft.au=Suwanphithak%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso02.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fhasss%2Farticle%2Fview%2F200563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYPL-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYPL_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigital_Collections,_The_New_York_Public_Library" class="citation web cs1">Digital Collections, The New York Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/87ac1510-343a-0131-7bc9-3c075448cc4b">"(moving image) Interview with HRH Princess Norodom Buppha Devi, (2008)"</a>. The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2023</span>. <q>From the period of Oudong with King Ang Duong to the period of Chatomuk with Kings Norodom and Sisowath, there was a lot of Thai influence because we lacked teachers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28moving+image%29+Interview+with+HRH+Princess+Norodom+Buppha+Devi%2C+%282008%29&rft.pub=The+New+York+Public+Library%2C+Astor%2C+Lenox%2C+and+Tilden+Foundations&rft.au=Digital+Collections%2C+The+New+York+Public+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2F87ac1510-343a-0131-7bc9-3c075448cc4b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotchapakdee,_Pat2014" class="citation cs2">Kotchapakdee, Pat (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/dam/corporate/documents/sydney-southeast-asia-centre/icts-program.pdf"><i>Phi and norng: Thai influence on the Lao Popular Music Industry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 204</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phi+and+norng%3A+Thai+influence+on+the+Lao+Popular+Music+Industry&rft.pages=204&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Kotchapakdee%2C+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sydney.edu.au%2Fdam%2Fcorporate%2Fdocuments%2Fsydney-southeast-asia-centre%2Ficts-program.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong_Kimmarita2022" class="citation cs2">Long Kimmarita (March 10, 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/angkor-vendors-khmer-costumes-must-be-accurate"><i>Angkor vendors of Khmer costumes must be 'accurate'<span></span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor+vendors+of+Khmer+costumes+must+be+%27accurate%27&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.au=Long+Kimmarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phnompenhpost.com%2Fnational%2Fangkor-vendors-khmer-costumes-must-be-accurate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hilight.kapook.com/view/221732"><i>เพจดังไขปมดราม่า กัมพูชาใส่ชุดไทย ที่โดนเคลมสะกดจิตหมู่ว่าเป็นชุดเขมร</i></a> (in Thai), March 10, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2+%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhilight.kapook.com%2Fview%2F221732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.phoenixvoyages.com/newsletter2016/Nov/nl-112016-en-mn.pdf">"Asian Dreams Cambodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phoenix Voyages</i>. 2016-11-01. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span>. <q>Cambodian dishes are less spicy than its neighboring Thailand. It is a blend of traditional dishes influenced by the Thai and Lao.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Voyages&rft.atitle=Asian+Dreams+Cambodia&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.phoenixvoyages.com%2Fnewsletter2016%2FNov%2Fnl-112016-en-mn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/64060"><i>Govt to promote tourism soft power through 5Fs</i></a>, Thaigov, January 23, 2023</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presenting+Thailand%27s+%22Soft+Power%22+through+Entertainment+Media&rft.pub=PRD&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthailand.prd.go.th%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fcategory%2Fdetail%2Fid%2F48%2Fiid%2F168292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thaimediafund.or.th/020366-2/"><i>กระทรวงวัฒนธรรม เดินหน้าผลักดัน SOFT POWER ดึง "เบิร์ด-ธงไชย" ถ่ายทอดเสน่ห์วัฒนธรรม ผ่านบทเพลง "ฟ้อนทั้งน้ำตา"</i></a> (in Thai), Thai Media Fund, March 2, 2023</cite><span 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Why choose Naga (snake) as the national animal?]. <i>The People</i> (in Thai). 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Town+of+Sukhothai+and+Associated+Historic+Towns&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/575">"Ban Chiang Archaeological Site"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Ban+Chiang+Archaeological+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/591">"Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Thungyai-Huai+Kha+Khaeng+Wildlife+Sanctuaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/590">"Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Dong+Phayayen-Khao+Yai+Forest+Complex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1461">"Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 Feb</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thai+PBS&rft.atitle=The+National+Statistical+Office+said+Thai+people+spent+37+minutes+on+reading+in+one+day&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishnews.thaipbs.or.th%2Fthais-spend-time-reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanchanakunjaraChantachonKoseyayothinKuljanabhagavad2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kanchanakunjara, Taddara; Chantachon, Songkoon; Koseyayothin, Marisa; Kuljanabhagavad, Tiwatt (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268210306">"Traditional curry pastes during Sukhothai to Ratthanakosin: The subjective experience of the past and present"</a>. <i>Asian Culture and History</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 175–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Culture+and+History&rft.atitle=Traditional+curry+pastes+during+Sukhothai+to+Ratthanakosin%3A+The+subjective+experience+of+the+past+and+present&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-182&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kanchanakunjara&rft.aufirst=Taddara&rft.au=Chantachon%2C+Songkoon&rft.au=Koseyayothin%2C+Marisa&rft.au=Kuljanabhagavad%2C+Tiwatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F268210306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaewsangcham2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Kaewsangcham, Teerada (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.au.edu/bitstream/6623004553/19958/2/AU-Thesis-Fulltext-19958.PDF"><i>Traditional Thai cuisine heritage</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Ph.D.). Assumption University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Traditional+Thai+cuisine+heritage&rft.inst=Assumption+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kaewsangcham&rft.aufirst=Teerada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.au.edu%2Fbitstream%2F6623004553%2F19958%2F2%2FAU-Thesis-Fulltext-19958.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryprasith1999" class="citation web cs1">Maryprasith, Primrose (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33678835.pdf">"The Effects of Globalization on the Status of Music in Thai Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of London Institute of Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-16</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Globalization+on+the+Status+of+Music+in+Thai+Society&rft.pub=University+of+London+Institute+of+Education&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Maryprasith&rft.aufirst=Primrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F33678835.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntaraporn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Intaraporn, Weerawat (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/mnya/9/3/article-p73_5.pdf">"Aesthetics of Khlong in Thai Poetry: Convention and Creativity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Manusya: Journal of Humanities</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 73–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F26659077-00903005">10.1163/26659077-00903005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194336907">194336907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manusya%3A+Journal+of+Humanities&rft.atitle=Aesthetics+of+Khlong+in+Thai+Poetry%3A+Convention+and+Creativity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=73-87&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F26659077-00903005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194336907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Intaraporn&rft.aufirst=Weerawat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fmnya%2F9%2F3%2Farticle-p73_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPongsripian1983" class="citation thesis cs1">Pongsripian, Winai (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/34506710/544360.pdf"><i>Traditional Thai historiography and its nineteenth century decline</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). University of Bristol<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Traditional+Thai+historiography+and+its+nineteenth+century+decline&rft.inst=University+of+Bristol&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Pongsripian&rft.aufirst=Winai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F34506710%2F544360.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSthapitanondMertens2012" class="citation book cs1">Sthapitanond, Nithi; Mertens, Brian (2012). <i>Architecture of Thailand: A Guide to Traditional and Contemporary Forms</i>. Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814260862" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814260862"><bdi>978-9814260862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Thailand%3A+A+Guide+to+Traditional+and+Contemporary+Forms&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9814260862&rft.aulast=Sthapitanond&rft.aufirst=Nithi&rft.au=Mertens%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2010" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Patit Paban (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzTHaIEduwYC"><i>The history of Thailand</i></a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34091-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34091-8&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Patit+Paban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzTHaIEduwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHiuDgAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19076-4"><bdi>978-1-107-19076-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ayutthaya%3A+Siam+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19076-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHiuDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolkinghornePottierFischer2018" class="citation book cs1">Polkinghorne, Martin; Pottier, Christophe; Fischer, Christian (2018). Woodward, Mark R.; Srisakra Vallibhotama, Sukanya (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323166841"><i>Evidence for the 15th Century Ayutthayan Occupation of Angkor</i></a>. Siam Society. pp. 99–132<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evidence+for+the+15th+Century+Ayutthayan+Occupation+of+Angkor&rft.pages=99-132&rft.pub=Siam+Society&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Polkinghorne&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Pottier%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323166841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeansiri_Vongvipanond2009" class="citation web cs1">Peansiri Vongvipanond (27 Sep 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120062746/http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm">"Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture"</a>. <i>This paper was presented to a workshop of teachers of social science organized by the University of New Orleans (Summer 1994)</i>. Thai Language Audio Resource Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm">the original</a> on 2012-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+paper+was+presented+to+a+workshop+of+teachers+of+social+science+organized+by+the+University+of+New+Orleans+%28Summer+1994%29&rft.atitle=Linguistic+Perspectives+of+Thai+Culture&rft.date=2009-09-27&rft.au=Peansiri+Vongvipanond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthaiarc.tu.ac.th%2Fthai%2Fpeansiri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Thailand" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Thailand" title="Prehistoric Thailand">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Thailand" title="Peopling of Thailand">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand" title="Initial states of Thailand">Initial states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973)" title="History of Thailand (1932–1973)">1932–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="History of Thailand (1973–2001)">1973–2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">since 2001</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Thailand" title="Category:Archaeology of Thailand">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Thailand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Thailand" title="Military history of Thailand">Military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_addressing_system" title="Thai addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Thailand" title="Template:Borders of Thailand">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Thailand">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Thailand" title="List of earthquakes in Thailand">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Thailand" title="List of ecoregions in Thailand">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Thailand" title="Floods in Thailand">Floods in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand" title="List of islands of Thailand">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Thailand" title="List of mountains in Thailand">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Thailand">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_systems_of_Thailand" title="River systems of Thailand">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Thailand" title="List of volcanoes in Thailand">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand" title="List of species native to Thailand">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Thailand" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Thailand">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Thailand" title="Election Commission of Thailand">Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thai_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Thai intelligence agencies">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" title="Law of Thailand">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Localism in Thailand">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministries_of_Thailand" title="List of government ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Thailand">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" title="Royal Thai Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Thailand">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Thailand)" title="House of Representatives (Thailand)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Police" title="Royal Thai Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" title="List of political parties in Thailand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">Baht <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" title="List of banks in Thailand">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" title="Bank of Thailand">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Thailand" title="Energy in Thailand">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturing in Thailand">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones#Thailand" title="List of special economic zones">Special economic zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Eastern Economic Corridor">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Western_Economic_Corridor" title="Central–Western Economic Corridor">CWEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northern Economic Corridor">NEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Economic_Corridor" title="Northeastern Economic Corridor">NEEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Economic_Corridor" title="Southern Economic Corridor">SEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Thai inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_units_of_measurement" title="Thai units of measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Thailand" title="List of airports in Thailand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">Controlled-access highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Thailand" title="Category:Society of Thailand">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Thailand" title="Crime in Thailand">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se_majest%C3%A9_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lèse majesté in Thailand">Lèse majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand" title="List of universities and colleges in Thailand">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Thailand" title="Ethnic groups in Thailand">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Thailand" title="Gambling in Thailand">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Thailand" title="Health in Thailand">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand">COVID-19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Thailand" title="Racism in Thailand">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Water supply and sanitation in Thailand">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Thailand" title="Architecture of Thailand">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_clothing" title="Traditional Thai clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiquette in Thailand">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Asia#Thailand" title="List of festivals in Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_poetry" title="Thai poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts#Thailand" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional musical instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Thailand" title="Sport in Thailand">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Thailand" title="National symbols of Thailand">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fighting_fish" title="Siamese fighting fish">Aquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_fireback" title="Siamese fireback">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga#Thailand" title="Nāga">Mythological creature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_National_Anthem" title="Thai National Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sala Thai">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Thailand" title="Emblem of Thailand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Flower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Solar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_traditional_games" title="Thai traditional games">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Thailand" title="Video games in Thailand">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Thailand" title="Outline of Thailand">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thailand" title="Category:Thailand">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Thailand" title="Portal:Thailand">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Template:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Southeast Asia">Culture of Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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