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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;padding:0.8em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" title="Subfields of psychology">Subfields</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li>Theoretical</li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theoretical psychology</b> is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary field</a> with a wide scope of study. </p><p>It focuses on combining and incorporating existing and developing theories of psychology non-experimentally. Theoretical psychology originated from the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> at the base of each new idea. It existed before <a href="/wiki/Empirical_psychology" title="Empirical psychology">empirical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">experimental psychology</a>. Theoretical psychology is an interdisciplinary field involving psychologists specializing in a wide variety of psychological branches. There have been a few prominent pioneers of theoretical psychology such as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>. There has also been a number of notable contributors which include <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gergen" title="Kenneth J. Gergen">Kenneth J. Gergen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a>. These contributors may publish in a variety of journals, including journals for general psychology, like <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i>. There are several journals dedicated specifically to theoretical psychology, like <i><a href="/wiki/Theory_%26_Psychology" title="Theory & Psychology">Theory & Psychology</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theoretical_and_Philosophical_Psychology" title="Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology">Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology</a></i>. Many other organizations are beginning to recognize theoretical psychology as a formal subdivision of psychology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretical psychology emerged from <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, more specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>. Philosophy strives to understand nature and structure of concepts, the laws in which these concepts occur, and the theories that combine the laws together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of these specific branches of philosophy of science is theoretical psychology. Philosophy of science does not use the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to empirically derive ideas about the physical world through conducting experiments and interpreting results. However, it is still about science with an emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a> behind science itself, bringing to light what cannot be explained by empirical measures. It is also <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemologically</a> focused on all humans while incorporating the nature and essence of <a href="/wiki/Human_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Human knowledge">human knowledge</a>. Just as the philosophy of science is to science, theoretical psychology is to psychology in that it is the logic and rationality applied to <a href="/wiki/Concepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Concepts">concepts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories">theories</a>. Theoretical psychology is not in place to discern which theories are more truthful or more correct. Many consider theoretical psychology as the support or rationalization of an "idea" within psychological theory that is more "truthful". However, this is not the case. Theoretical psychology is scientifically grounded in ideas of what is known through epistemology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theoretical psychology existed long before any branches of traditional empirical and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">experimental psychology</a>. As a result, there is much more depth and breadth of knowledge from which to draw, making it less common for new developments to come about in the present day because many "new" approaches are drawing from and revitalizing past theories. In doing so, new knowledge, frames of reference, and mindsets are brought to these foundational theories. This may be due to ideas taking longer to develop and gain momentum than related fields in empirical based psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_philosophy_and_scope">Relationship to philosophy and scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship to philosophy and scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretical psychology is a rational, non-experimental approach to <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. In psychology, as with any field of study, there are three <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> perspectives and methodologies of ways to derive knowledge about the reality of the world. <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a> (use of intellect and reason of the mind), <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a> (use of our individually experienced sensorium), and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> (knowledge beyond mere appearance that is not able to be studied) characterize the three perspectives in understanding theoretical concepts relating to laws which help to understand larger theoretical theories.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the philosophical perspectives, rationalism is the most pertinent to this discipline of psychology. Theoretical psychology is not experimental or clinically based and focuses on non-experimental ways to acquire knowledge about psychological topics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It explores the theoretical knowledge behind its encompassed ideologies. Oftentimes this includes, but is not limited to, non-experimental critiques to different schools of thought, and the usefulness of psychological concepts. Theoretical psychology is a discipline that bases its information through inference, as opposed to empirically acquired information. Hypotheses are then exchanged and further built upon from different perspectives. Theoretical Psychology also deals with manipulating non-scientific, common words (<a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)" title="Construct (philosophy)">hypothetical constructs</a>) into scientifically objective terms (<a href="/wiki/Intervening_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Intervening variable">intervening variables</a>). Theoretical psychology requires full agreement on the different viewpoints to be able to see the point as a theory. As a result, many of its topics remain in continuous debate. </p><p>Theoretical psychology is the <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_reasoning" title="Psychology of reasoning">logic of psychology</a> and all of its components. This means when theories within psychology oppose or compete, theoretical psychology does not select which is correct. It describes the nature and composition of psychology's many ideas. To explain the logic of psychology, there has been a conclusion of the principles belonging to the three classified areas. Psychology is built on the principle of being able to reference <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">observable behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical environment">physical environment</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">physiological states</a>. Theoretical psychology is an important aspect that continues to play a role in modern psychology. While there are some downfalls to theoretical psychology, there are also strengths and benefits it brings to the field.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope that theoretical psychology covers is vast. Professionals have the opportunity to use this method of seeking out theoretical knowledge to begin research in a variety of subjects. This allows for a great deal of knowledge to be explored by means of inference rather than seeking out tangible data to draw ideas. Theoretical psychology is an interdisciplinary field involving psychologists specializing in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perceptual_psychology" title="Perceptual psychology">perceptual psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological psychology">biological psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_psychology" title="Cultural-historical psychology">historical psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic psychology">economic psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">political psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">critical psychology</a>. It is important to acknowledge these fields do not discount empiricism, but rather explore new ideas with a theoretical approach first.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pioneers">Pioneers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg/186px-Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg/280px-Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg/373px-Wilhelm_Wundt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Wilhelm Wundt in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>A brief history into the field of theoretical psychology includes some prominent pioneers. To begin, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> (1874) originally worked as a professor of philosophy. His focus was on the subjective study of an individual's <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, he believed that this was a key factor to the field of psychology. This aspect of psychology was unable to be shown with a large amount of empirical evidence, but remained a theory throughout the history of Psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next, <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1890) worked as a psychologist and a philosopher. His career focused around the idea of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, which is theoretical in nature. He also assisted in forming the <a href="/wiki/James-Lange_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Lange theory">James-Lange theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, which is based upon many theoretical factors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> (1905) was also an important pioneer for theoretical psychology. Freud founded the <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a> of psychology. He did not rely on empirical data when making his theories, but instead looked for philosophical explanations. Freud often shared his view that he did not need empirical evidence for his theory, because he simply knew it is true.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another pioneer was <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1913). Watson founded the theory of <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a> in psychology through the article "Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It". Although Behaviorism has a strong emphasis on empirical psychology, forming the methods cannot be empirically tested, and is therefore considered theoretical psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_contributors">Notable contributors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable contributors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some notable individuals that have, and continue to make a large impact on theoretical psychology. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a>'s (1971) work on <a href="/wiki/Personality_traits" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality traits">personality traits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">temperament</a> could be considered theoretical psychology due to Kagen dedicating much of his work to psychology constructs, specifically to the developmental psychology. As a science gains new empirical procedures it also generates new information.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive%E2%80%93behavioral_therapies" title="List of cognitive–behavioral therapies">Donald Meichenbaum</a> (1977) had work that focused on <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Meichenbaum" title="Donald Meichenbaum">Meichenbaum</a> did the majority of his work in the field of cognitive psychology. He compared his theory to <a href="/wiki/Pandora%27s_box" title="Pandora's box">Pandora's box</a>. Its main focus is connecting <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive processes">cognitive processes</a> and relations to things such as clients' feelings, behavior, and consequences of these. It also factors in physiologic and social cultural processes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a> (1980) had theories that focuses on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as a style in children and adolescence. He focuses on child and adolescent <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathologies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and conduct problems. His writings on research strategies and methods have set a high standard for rigor in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a>'s (1990) main focus revolves around some theoretical idea that include; <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_method" title="Collaborative method">thinking styles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate">hate</a>. Sternberg often includes politically charged articles that focus on admissions testing and general intelligence. He performed both empirically driven and theoretical work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Gergen" title="Kenneth J. Gergen">Kenneth J. Gergen</a>'s (1991) work on social psychology as history was used towards generative theories, realities and relationships, the saturated self, positive aging, and relational being. He included many theoretical ideas such as culture and science, assumptions, views on <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>, and relations. Many of his idea's were theoretical in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a> (1995) has work that's related to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, specifically the idea of <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashbulb memories">flashbulb memories</a>. Although he used empirical data to test this idea, he originally took the concept from theoretical work.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individual's and many others continue to impact psychology with theoretical ideas that may or may not be yet supported by empirical data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_organizational_support">Modern organizational support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern organizational support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> has the division of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology as Division 24. Theoretical Ideas are also associated to the division of <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a> (32). According to the American Psychological Association, "Division 24: Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology encourages and facilitates informed exploration and discussion of psychological theories and issues in both their scientific and philosophical dimensions and interrelationships." The International Society for Theoretical Psychology, the Section of History and Philosophy of Psychology (25) of the Canadian Psychological Society, the Section of History and Philosophy of psychology of the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a>, the International Human Science Conference, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Philosophy_and_Psychology" title="Society for Philosophy and Psychology">Society for Philosophy and Psychology</a> also offer organizational support. Universities that currently have Theoretical Psychology/Human Science programs include <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dallas" title="University of Dallas">University of Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_University" title="Seattle University">Seattle University</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Georgia_College" class="mw-redirect" title="West Georgia College">West Georgia College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_methods">Research methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretical psychology works together with empirical psychology to form a symbiotic relationship. Theoretical psychology is not constrained by empirical research or laboratory studies. It allows for scientists to freely search for knowledge that we have yet to be able to study empirically or are not yet capable of studying empirically. For theoretical psychology, its strength lies in the realm of rationality, focused on big picture ideas. However, on its own it is not a complete way to gain particular knowledge of reality. This is where the empirical based branches of psychology has strength. Theoretical psychology can more heavily rely on an idea about human nature that is universal, even when it is not known why or how this particular trend happens in the world, either individualistically or collectively. <a href="/wiki/Empirical_psychology" title="Empirical psychology">Empirical psychology</a> is what allows for humans to make insights on these big picture ideas at a more palatable, applicable and individualistic and way that gives practical information about reality. Theoretical psychology is not a universal psychological theory able to explain all topics without the use of empirical research. Theoretical psychology is not fundamental or comprehensive theory of psychology, rather, for theoretical psychology to operate correctly it is important to supplement empirical psychology and give reason to topics and produce theories until they can be empirically verified by the other branches of psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_in_methodology_and_practice">Issues in methodology and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Issues in methodology and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">Humans</a> have innate wonder, exploring many topics through experience and perception. From this wonder, individuals rationally reflects on their own experiences about a specific topic. Then the individual practices <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a>, examining what others have said about the topic being explored with the hopes of finding a particular knowledge about the topic. Theoretical psychology serves as the bridge between the philosophical roots of psychology and the present day empirical psychology. This bridge has an emphasis and focus on forming concepts from moments of explicit behavior that are observable, excluding introspective mental events within <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">individual consciousness</a>. Psychological laws are created from these observable behaviors that are derived from one concept that also contain concepts from the individual's environment of internal physiological states. These laws are categorized into <a href="/wiki/Causal" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal">causal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mechanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanistic">mechanistic</a> (nonstatistical) categories which relate simultaneous parallel traits or predict future from present or past respectively. Then these laws are organized into theories based on connections logically deduced together and open to new laws yet to be discovered or empirically verified. The ultimate and logically possible goal of theoretical psychology is to create an exact and comprehensive psychological theory. However, the concepts that are immediately observable are still abstract and difficult to define even in a basic law in an important solid theory as they relate to no physical object we can make sense of or interact with using our sensorium and empirical approaches. They are not instantiated in the world and in virtue of this they are called <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_definition" title="Theoretical definition">theoretical concepts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretical psychology has many aspects that can be viewed as positive or negative, which depends on the interpreter. Theoretical psychology can play an important and also unique role in the field such that almost any claim can be reasonably thought of as true if it is theoretically appealing and empirically supported by research.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theorists must be strategic and knowledgeable when shifting through experimental psychology as the field grows. This can be beneficial in the sense that individuals know theorists have made a deliberated effort when analyzing the research surrounding a theory. However, for those who are not familiar with the theoretical psychology surrounding a theory, the abundant amount of information contributing to a theory can be overwhelming.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, theories can be extremely resistant to change. As theories compete, and different evidence emerges, prior theories can be extremely difficult to change. This can make it difficult for new theories to gain traction within the field of psychology. This <a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">resiliency</a> may in part be due to theories stated in ways that are worded too abstractly, ineffectively, and contradictory at times.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One challenge of theoretical psychology is the difficulty to explain <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>: there are many competing theories revolving around consciousness, and theoretical psychology struggles to fully explain or justify consciousness. Researchers have an extremely difficult time studying it, despite there being an entire field of psychology completely dedicated to consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theoretical psychology can be extremely beneficial because it brings together scientific ideas and philosophical ideas of psychology. Integrating these ideas contributes to the knowledge of psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fields of <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Existential" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential">existential</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social Constructionist perspective</a> of psychology, all have been fundamental to some of the first theoretical ideas as it pertains to modern theoretical psychology. Today, there are many journals that include theoretical articles. These journals include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Theoretical_and_Philosophical_Psychology" title="Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology">Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_and_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory and Psychology">Theory and Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Ideas_in_Psychology" title="New Ideas in Psychology">New Ideas in Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Humanistic_Psychology" title="Journal of Humanistic Psychology">Journal of Humanistic Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic Psychology">Humanistic Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Process" title="Family Process">Family Process</a></i></li> <li><i>Studies in linguistics and Philosophy</i> <span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/series/6556">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ablex_Publishing" title="Ablex Publishing">Theoretical Issues in Cognitive Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Epstein" title="Robert Epstein">Behavior and Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology</a></i></li> <li><i>Annals of Theoretical Psychology</i> <span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/series/5627">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychological_Inquiry" title="Psychological Inquiry">Psychological Inquiry</a></i></li> <li><i>Death and Dying</i> <span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ome.sagepub.com">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mind_and_Behavior" title="Journal of Mind and Behavior">Journal of Mind and Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Psychology">Philosophical Psychology</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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"Ulric Neisser". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>6</b> (67): 492. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029351">10.1037/a0029351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22963415">22963415</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Ulric+Neisser&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=67&rft.pages=492&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029351&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22963415&rft.aulast=Cutting&rft.aufirst=J.E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoretical+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Edelman, S (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387726">"Six Challenges to Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>3</b>: 219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2012.00219">10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387726">3387726</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22783216">22783216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Six+Challenges+to+Theoretical+and+Philosophical+Psychology&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=219&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3387726%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22783216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2012.00219&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3387726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoretical+psychology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_psychology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.ucalgary.ca/istp/">International Society for Theoretical Psychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~garai/Publications.htm#Theor">Laszlo Garai's writings in theoretical psychology, general psychology and brain research.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.uibk.ac.at/~c720126/humanethologie/ws/medicus/block1/inhalt.html">Theory of Psychology and other Human Sciences (Documents No. 9 and 10 in English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.uibk.ac.at/psychologie/humanethologie/einfuehrung-in-die-humanethologie/dateien/medicus_engl_cover.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105534/https://www.uibk.ac.at/psychologie/humanethologie/einfuehrung-in-die-humanethologie/dateien/medicus_engl_cover.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Gerhard Medicus (2017). Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind, Berlin VWB.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25651/1.2022.0005">Gerhard Medicus (2017). Being Human – Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind, Berlin VWB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoreticalpsychology.org/">The Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology (American Psychological Association, Division 24)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ondwelle.com/">The Ondwelle Home-page:- seeking micro-physiological explanations for Piagetian psychology. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case 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href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. 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