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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTA_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="OTA (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OTA (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_(programov%C3%A1n%C3%AD)" title="Over-the-air (programování) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Over-the-air (programování)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-Air-Update" title="Over-the-Air-Update – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Over-the-Air-Update" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programaci%C3%B3n_inal%C3%A1mbrica_(OTA)" title="Programación inalámbrica (OTA) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Programación inalámbrica (OTA)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="به روزرسانی از طریق هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="به روزرسانی از طریق هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air_programming" title="Over-the-air programming – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Over-the-air programming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%84_%EB%94%94_%EC%97%90%EC%96%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%EB%B0%8D" title="오버 디 에어 프로그래밍 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오버 디 에어 프로그래밍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemrograman_melalui_udara" title="Pemrograman melalui udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemrograman melalui udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air" title="Over-the-air – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Over-the-air" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC-%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓവർ-ദി-എയർ പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓവർ-ദി-എയർ പ്രോഗ്രാമിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_The_Air" title="Over The Air – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Over The Air" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-the-air" title="Over-the-air – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Over-the-air" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83" title="Обновление по воздуху – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обновление по воздуху" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Оновлення по повітрю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wireless delivery of software updates</div> <p> An <b>over-the-air update</b> (or <b>OTA update</b>), also known as <b>over-the-air programming</b> (or <b>OTA programming</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an update to an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a> that is delivered through a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These embedded systems include <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a>. OTA updates for cars and <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">internet of things</a> devices can also be called <b>firmware over-the-air</b> (<b>FOTA</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various components may be updated OTA, including the device's operating system, applications, configuration settings, or parameters like <a href="/wiki/Over_the_Air_Rekeying" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the Air Rekeying">encryption keys</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>over-the-air update</i> applies specifically to <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than non-embedded systems like computers. Before OTA updates, embedded devices could only be <a href="/wiki/Firmware#Flashing" title="Firmware">flashed</a> through direct physical access (with a <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a>) or wired connections (usually through <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over-the-air delivery may allow updates to be distributed at larger scales, reduce the cost of delivering updates,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or increase the <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate of adoption">rate of adoption</a> of these updates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distributor of these updates can decide whether users are allowed to decline these updates, and may choose to disable certain features on end-user devices until an update is applied. Users may be unable to revert an update after it is installed. </p><p>OTA updates are designed to be as small as possible in order to minimize energy consumption, network usage, and storage space. This is achieved by only transferring the differences between the old firmware and the new firmware, rather than transmitting the entire firmware. A <a href="/wiki/Delta_encoding" title="Delta encoding">delta</a> of the old and new firmware is produced through a process called <a href="/wiki/Data_differencing" title="Data differencing">diffing</a>; then, the delta file is distributed to the end-device, which uses the delta file to update itself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industries">Industries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smartphones">Smartphones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Smartphones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, tablets, and other devices, an over-the-air update is a firmware or <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> update that is downloaded by the device over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>. Previously, users had to connect these devices to a computer over <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> to perform an update. These updates may add features, patch <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">security vulnerabilities</a>, or fix <a href="/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">software bugs</a>. The two main mobile operating systems are <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>. </p><p>iOS gained support for over-the-air updates in <a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">iOS 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iOS updates are distributed exclusively by Apple, resulting in wide availability and relatively high adoption rates. Major iOS releases are usually installed on 60%–70% of iPhones within a few months of the update's release.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mearian2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mearian2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Android OTA updates are not distributed directly by Google, but by <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEMs</a> (like Samsung) and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">wireless carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to inconsistent availability of updates, and to <a href="/wiki/Android_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Android fragmentation">Android fragmentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mearian2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mearian2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans2013_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, fragmentation increased the complexity of developing third-party apps for Android (due to inconsistent availability of the latest <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">software frameworks</a> on users' phones),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to security concerns due to delays in the distribution of security updates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google has reduced Android fragmentation through the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Project_Treble" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Treble">Project Treble</a>, which allows OEMs to release OS updates without needing to re-test hardware drivers for each version, <sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2019 Project Mainline, which allows Google to update Android components<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deliver security patches<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through its <a href="/wiki/Play_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Play Store">Play Store</a>, without requiring a full OS update.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project Mainline significantly lowers the role of middlemen in delivering OTA updates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Android 8.0</a>, Android OTA updates follow an A/B <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">partition</a> scheme, in which an update is installed to a second ("B") partition in the background, and the phone switches to that partition the next time it is rebooted; this reduces the time taken to install updates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cars can support OTA updates to their <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">in-car entertainment</a> system, navigation map, <a href="/wiki/Telematic_control_unit" title="Telematic control unit">telematic control unit</a>, or their <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">electronic control units</a> (the onboard computers responsible for most of the car's operation).<sup id="cite_ref-Halder2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halder2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cars, the telematic control unit is in charge of downloading and installing updates,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OTA updates are downloaded through cellular networks, like smartphones. Cars cannot be driven while an OTA update is being installed. Before an update, the car checks that the update is genuine, and after the update completes, it verifies the integrity of all affected systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Halder2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halder2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OTA updates provide several benefits. In the past, Volkswagen had to recall 11 million vehicles to fix an issue with its cars' emissions control software, and other manufacturers have instituted recalls due to software bugs affecting the brakes, or the airbags, requiring all affected customers to travel to dealership to receive updates. OTA updates would have removed the need to go through dealerships, leading to lower warranty costs for manufacturers and lower downtime for customers. OTA updates also allow manufacturers to <a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">deploy</a> potential new features and bug fixes more quickly, making their cars more competitive in the market, and resulting in an increased pace of product improvements for consumers. For example, OTA updates can deliver improvements to a car's <a href="/wiki/Advanced_driver-assistance_system" title="Advanced driver-assistance system">driver assistance systems</a> and improve the car's safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 138–139">: 138–139 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halder2020_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halder2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, OTA updates can also present a new <a href="/wiki/Attack_vector" title="Attack vector">attack vector</a> for hackers, since security vulnerabilities in the update process could be used by hackers to remotely take control of cars. Hackers have discovered such vulnerabilities in the past, and many car manufacturers have responded by instituting vulnerability disclosure programs (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Bug_bounty_program" title="Bug bounty program">bug bounty programs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Halder2020_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halder2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attack vectors specific to OTA updates include "<a href="/wiki/Spoofing_attack" title="Spoofing attack">spoofing</a>, tampering, repudiation [attacks], <a href="/wiki/Information_leakage" title="Information leakage">information leakage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service</a>," <a href="/wiki/Replay_attack" title="Replay attack">replay attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> attacks. Example scenarios include a hacker successfully interrupting an ongoing update (deemed a "flashing fail"), which may corrupt the car's computer systems and make the car malfunction later on; another scenario is "arbitrary flashings", in which hackers trick the car into installing a malicious OTA update.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 141–142">: 141–142 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_of_things_(IoT)"><span id="Internet_of_things_.28IoT.29"></span>Internet of things (IoT)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internet of things (IoT)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, with the new concepts of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Sensor_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Sensor Networks">Wireless Sensor Networks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT), where the networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes, OTA is taken to a new direction: for the first time OTA is applied using unlicensed frequency bands (868 MHz, 900 MHz, 2400 MHz) and with low consumption and low data rate transmission using protocols such as <a href="/wiki/802.15.4" class="mw-redirect" title="802.15.4">802.15.4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sensor_node" title="Sensor node">Sensor nodes</a> are often located in places that are either remote or difficult to access. As an example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libelium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libelium (page does not exist)">Libelium</a> has implemented an OTA programming system for Zigbee WSN devices. This system enables <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> upgrades without the need of physical access, saving time and money if the nodes must be re-programmed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_routers">Internet routers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internet routers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OTA is similar to firmware distribution methods used by other mass-produced <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modems</a>, which use <a href="/wiki/TFTP" class="mw-redirect" title="TFTP">TFTP</a> as a way to remotely receive new programming, thus reducing the amount of time spent by both the owner and the user of the device on maintenance. </p><p>Over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) is also available in wireless environments (though it is disabled by default for security reasons). It allows an access point (AP) to discover the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> of its controller. When enabled, the controller tells the other APs to include additional information in the Radio Resource Management Packets (RRM) that would assist a new access point in learning of the controller. It is sent in plain text however, which would make it vulnerable to sniffing. That is why it is disabled by default. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_networks">Cellular networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cellular networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Over-the-air provisioning</b> (OTAP) is a form of OTA update by which <a href="/wiki/Mobile_network_operator" title="Mobile network operator">cellular network operators</a> can remotely <a href="/wiki/Provisioning_(telecommunications)#Mobile_subscriber_provisioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisioning (telecommunications)">provision</a> a mobile phone (termed a <i>client</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_station" title="Mobile station">mobile station</a></i> in industry parlance) and update the cellular network settings stored on its <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a>. This can occur at any time while a phone is turned on. The term <i>over-the-air parameter administration</i> (OTAPA) is synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-Raghunandan2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghunandan2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snyder2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OTA provisioning allows mobile phones to remain properly configured when cellular network operators make changes to their networks. It also configures phones with the settings required to access certain features, like <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a> (an early incarnation of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">mobile web</a>), <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a> messaging, and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_data_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular data network">cellular data</a> (which requires the configuration of an <a href="/wiki/Access_Point_Name" title="Access Point Name">Access Point Name</a>). </p><p>The similar term <i>over-the-air service provisioning</i> (OTASP) specifically refers to the wireless initial provisioning ("activation") of a phone. During activation, a mobile phone is provisioned with parameters like its phone number, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_identification_number" title="Mobile identification number">mobile identification number</a>, and <a href="/wiki/System_identification_number" title="System identification number">system ID</a>, granting it initial access to the cellular network. OTASP is sometimes called <i>over-the-air activation</i> or <i>over-the-air bootstrapping</i>. The alternative to OTA bootstrapping is SIM bootstrapping, where the phone reads the network settings stored on a <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a>. SIM bootstrapping has limitations: settings stored on a SIM card may become stale between the time the SIM is manufactured and the time it is used; also, some phones (and other cellular client equipment) do not use SIM cards.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder2001_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brenner2008_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various standards bodies have issued OTA provisioning standards. In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/WAP_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="WAP Forum">WAP Forum</a> published the WAP Client Provisioning standard. After the <a href="/wiki/Open_Mobile_Alliance" title="Open Mobile Alliance">Open Mobile Alliance</a> subsumed the WAP Forum, this standard became known as <a href="/wiki/OMA_Client_Provisioning" class="mw-redirect" title="OMA Client Provisioning">OMA Client Provisioning</a> (OMA CP). In OMA CP, phones are provisioned by "invisible" SMS messages sent by the cellular network, which contain the requisite settings. OMA CP was followed by a newer standard, <a href="/wiki/OMA_Device_Management" title="OMA Device Management">OMA Device Management</a> (OMA DM), which use a different form of SMS-based provisioning (called "OMA Push"). OMA DM sessions are always client-initiated. The "invisible" SMS does not contain configuration settings; instead, it tells the phone (the "DM Client") to connect to a DM Server (operated by the cellular network provider); once connected, the DM Server sends configuration commands to the client.<sup id="cite_ref-Brenner2008_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner2008-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="OTA_standards">OTA standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: OTA standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of standards that describe OTA functions. One of the first was the <a href="/wiki/GSM_03.48" title="GSM 03.48">GSM 03.48</a> series. The Zigbee suite of standards includes the Zigbee Over-the-Air Upgrading Cluster which is part of the Zigbee Smart Energy Profile and provides an interoperable (vendor-independent) way of updating device firmware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png/42px-Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png/56px-Crystal_Clear_device_cdrom_unmount.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Software">Software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Phone-as-Modem (PAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Point_Name" title="Access Point Name">Access Point Name (APN)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Over-the-air_update&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Elecia (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI8w17SyNdYC"><i>Making Embedded Systems: Design Patterns for Great Software</i></a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-0214-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-0214-6"><bdi>978-1-4493-0214-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Embedded+Systems%3A+Design+Patterns+for+Great+Software&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2011-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-0214-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Elecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbI8w17SyNdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/ota">"Definition of OTA"</a>. <i>PCMag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gartner&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Over+The+Air&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gartner.com%2Fen%2Finformation-technology%2Fglossary%2Fota-over-the-air&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathireshNeelaveni2021" class="citation book cs1">Kathiresh, M.; Neelaveni, R. (2021-04-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyMrEAAAQBAJ"><i>Automotive Embedded Systems: Key Technologies, Innovations, and Applications</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-59897-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-59897-6"><bdi>978-3-030-59897-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automotive+Embedded+Systems%3A+Key+Technologies%2C+Innovations%2C+and+Applications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-04-24&rft.isbn=978-3-030-59897-6&rft.aulast=Kathiresh&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Neelaveni%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyMrEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaglarasKantzavelou2021" class="citation book cs1">Maglaras, Leandros; Kantzavelou, Ioanna (2021-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QiRAEAAAQBAJ"><i>Cybersecurity Issues in Emerging Technologies</i></a>. CRC Press (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781003109952">10.1201/9781003109952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367626174" title="Special:BookSources/9780367626174"><bdi>9780367626174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cybersecurity+Issues+in+Emerging+Technologies&rft.pub=CRC+Press+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=2021-10-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9781003109952&rft.isbn=9780367626174&rft.aulast=Maglaras&rft.aufirst=Leandros&rft.au=Kantzavelou%2C+Ioanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQiRAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayesSalam2019" class="citation book cs1">Rayes, Ammar; Salam, Samer (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-99516-8"><i>Internet of Things From Hype to Reality: The Road to Digitization</i></a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-99516-8">10.1007/978-3-319-99516-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-99515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-99515-1"><bdi>978-3-319-99515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+of+Things+From+Hype+to+Reality%3A+The+Road+to+Digitization&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-99516-8&rft.isbn=978-3-319-99515-1&rft.aulast=Rayes&rft.aufirst=Ammar&rft.au=Salam%2C+Samer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-99516-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://connectedmobility.co/what-are-ota-updates/">"What are OTA Updates?"</a>. <i>Mobility Connected</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Apple%27s+iOS+5%3A+all+the+details&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.aulast=Savov&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2011-06-06-apples-ios-5-all-the-details.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossignol" class="citation web cs1">Rossignol, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrumors.com/2023/02/16/ios-16-adoption-stats-from-apple/">"Apple Reveals How Many iPhones and iPads Are Running iOS 16 and iPadOS 16"</a>. <i>MacRumors</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Cham. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-92188-0">10.1007/978-3-030-92188-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-92187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-92187-3"><bdi>978-3-030-92187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Wireless+Communications+and+Networks%3A+A+Practical+Perspective&rft.series=Textbooks+in+Telecommunication+Engineering&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-92188-0&rft.isbn=978-3-030-92187-3&rft.aulast=Raghunandan&rft.aufirst=Krishnamurthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-92188-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder2001-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder2001_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder2001_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderGallagher2001" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Randall A.; Gallagher, Michael D. 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McGraw Hill Professional. pp. <span class="nowrap">374–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138358-5"><bdi>978-0-07-138358-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Telecommunications+Networking+with+ANSI-41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Professional&rft.date=2001-04-05&rft.isbn=978-0-07-138358-5&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Randall+A.&rft.au=Gallagher%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCBENX_edL0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenner2008-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner2008_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brenner2008_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennerUnmehopa2008" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Michael; Unmehopa, Musa (2008-02-28). <i>The Open Mobile Alliance: Delivering Service Enablers for Next-Generation Applications</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">273–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51918-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51918-9"><bdi>978-0-470-51918-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Mobile+Alliance%3A+Delivering+Service+Enablers+for+Next-Generation+Applications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-470-51918-9&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Unmehopa%2C+Musa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOver-the-air+update" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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network">platforms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_store" title="App store">App store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Digital distribution of video games</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Over-the-air update</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_distribution" title="Software distribution">Software distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">List of mobile app distribution platforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_app_stores" title="List of Android app stores">Android</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal <br /> computers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Digital Game Store">Amazon Digital Game Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle.net" title="Battle.net">Battle.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish_Games" title="Big Fish Games">Big Fish Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_River" title="Digital River">Digital River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2Drive" title="Direct2Drive">Direct2Drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discord (software)">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Gear" title="KDE Gear">Discover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMM_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="DMM Games">DMM Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA_(service)" title="EA (service)">EA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathub" class="mw-redirect" title="Flathub">Flathub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameHouse" title="GameHouse">GameHouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GamersGate" title="GamersGate">GamersGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamesplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesplanet">Gamesplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Jolt" title="Game Jolt">Game Jolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Software" title="GNOME Software">GNOME Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOG.com" title="GOG.com">GOG.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humble_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Humble Store">Humble Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndieGala" title="IndieGala">IndieGala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itch.io" title="Itch.io">itch.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Mac_Games" title="Inside Mac Games">MacGameStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacUpdate" title="MacUpdate">MacUpdate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Games" title="MSN Games">MSN Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogo.com" title="Pogo.com">Pogo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokki" title="Pokki">Pokki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Cache" title="Robot Cache">Robot Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Games_Social_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockstar Games Social Club">Rockstar Games Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap Store">Snap Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Connect" title="Ubisoft Connect">Ubisoft Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeGame" title="WeGame">WeGame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildTangent" title="WildTangent">WildTangent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Consoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Store" title="PlayStation Store">PlayStation Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile <br /> devices</a> §</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Appstore" title="Amazon Appstore">Amazon Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">Apple App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appland" title="Appland">Appland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptoide" title="Aptoide">Aptoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafe_Bazaar" title="Cafe Bazaar">Cafe Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydia" title="Cydia">Cydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLsite" title="DLsite">DLsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_Store" title="Epic Games Store">Epic Games Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Store" title="Galaxy Store">Galaxy Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GetJar" title="GetJar">GetJar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_AppGallery" title="Huawei AppGallery">Huawei AppGallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Horizon_Store" title="Meta Horizon Store">Meta Horizon Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiKandi" title="MiKandi">MiKandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutaku" title="Nutaku">Nutaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">OpenStore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureOS" title="PureOS">PureOS Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_Appstore" title="Tencent Appstore">Tencent Appstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlideME" class="mw-redirect" title="SlideME">SlideME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TapTap" title="TapTap">TapTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveport" class="mw-redirect" title="Viveport">Viveport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game#Technology" title="Arcade video game">Arcade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALL.Net" title="ALL.Net">ALL.Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESiCAxLive" title="NESiCAxLive">NESiCAxLive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allmyapps" title="Allmyapps">Allmyapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_World" title="BlackBerry World">BlackBerry World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Nokia" title="Club Nokia">Club Nokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desura" title="Desura">Desura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download!" title="Download!">Download!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameAgent" title="GameAgent">GameAgent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameShadow" title="GameShadow">GameShadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameTap" title="GameTap">GameTap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Games for Windows Marketplace">Games for Windows Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handango" title="Handango">Handango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse_(software)" title="Impulse (software)">Impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_AppUp" title="Intel AppUp">Intel AppUp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartridge">Kartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Gage_(service)" title="N-Gage (service)">N-Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Store">Nokia Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Mobile_Store" title="Opera Mobile Store">Opera Mobile Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playism" title="Playism">Playism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayNow_Arena" title="PlayNow Arena">PlayNow Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardock_Central" title="Stardock Central">Stardock Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(content_delivery)" title="Triton (content delivery)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu App Store">Ubuntu App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Software_Center" title="Ubuntu Software Center">Ubuntu Software Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodafone_live!" 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