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id="toc-Oldtid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_Nubien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_Nubien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Moderne Nubien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_Nubien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nubien</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 78 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB" title="Nubië – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nubië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="النوبة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النوبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="بلاد النوبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلاد النوبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiya" title="Nubiya – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nubiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нубія – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нубія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нубія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нубія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নুবিয়া – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নুবিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbie" title="Núbie – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Núbie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Нуби – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуби" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubien" title="Nubien – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nubien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νουβία – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νουβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubio" title="Nubio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nubio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuubia" title="Nuubia – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nuubia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87)" title="نوبه (منطقه) – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوبه (منطقه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nubie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuubien" title="Nuubien – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuubien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="נוביה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="नुबिया – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नुबिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նուբիա – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուբիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAb%C3%ADa" title="Núbía – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Núbía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8C%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ヌビア – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヌビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნუბია – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუბია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%84%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="누비아 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="누비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%ABbija" title="Nūbija – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nūbija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobia" title="Nobia – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nobia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нубија – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нубија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubi%C3%AB" title="Nubië – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nubië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAbia" title="Núbia – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Núbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubija" title="Nubija – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nubija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubhia" title="Nubhia – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nubhia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нубија – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нубија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubien" title="Nubien – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nubien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நூபியா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூபியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="นิวเบีย – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCbye" title="Nübye – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nübye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нубия – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Нубия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нубія – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нубія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81" title="نوبہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubiya" title="Nubiya – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nubiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nubia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="努比亚 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="努比亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნუბია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნუბია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="努比亚 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="努比亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="努比亞 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="努比亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135028#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nubien" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Nubien" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">dansk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nubien"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=history" title="Tidligere versioner af denne side [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Værktøjer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Værktøjer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nubien"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=history"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/Nubien" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvad henviser hertil</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Relaterede_%C3%A6ndringer/Nubien" rel="nofollow" title="Seneste ændringer af sider som denne side henviser til [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Beslægtede ændringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=da&campaign=dk" title="Upload filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Specialsider" title="Liste over alle specialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Specialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&oldid=11616391" title="Permanent link til denne version af denne side"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=info" title="Yderligere oplysninger om denne side"><span>Sideinformation</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Citer&page=Nubien&id=11616391&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information om, hvordan man kan citere denne side"><span>Referer til denne side</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNubien"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fda.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNubien"><span>Download QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Organisation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Organisation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Organisation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kontakt_Wikipedia"><span>Kontakt Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikimedia-Danmark" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://dk.wikimedia.org/wiki/"><span>Wikimedia Danmark</span></a></li><li id="n-GLAM" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GLAM"><span>GLAM</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Udskriv/eksportér </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Bog&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Nubien"><span>Lav en bog</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nubien&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&printable=yes" title="Printervenlig udgave af denne side [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Udskriftsvenlig udgave</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nubia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135028" title="Link til tilknyttet emne i Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" 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class="latitude">18°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°16′Ø</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted">18.95°N 32.26°Ø</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.95; 32.26</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/19px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/29px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/38px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <i>Denne artikel bør gennemlæses af en person med fagkendskab for at sikre den faglige korrekthed.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Statue,_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Statue%2C_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg/220px-Statue%2C_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Statue%2C_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg/330px-Statue%2C_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Statue%2C_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg/440px-Statue%2C_claimed_to_depict_Natakamani_found_in_Tabo_on_the_isle_of_Argo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption>Statue af en <a href="/wiki/Kush" title="Kush">kushisk</a> konge, måske Natakamani (regerede ca. 1 fvt. - 20 evt.)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nubien</b> er i dag et område i det sydlige <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a> og det nordlige <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> langs <a href="/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen">Nilen</a>. Nubien var tidligere et uafhængigt kongedømme. </p><p>De første spor efter Nubien kan føres tilbage til <a href="/w/index.php?title=3100_f.Kr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3100 f.Kr. (ikke skrevet endnu)">3100 f.kr.</a> og bestod af semi-nomadiske stammer, der levede af at holde geder, får og kvæg. Flere kulturer fulgte efter, og området handlede med Egypten. Egypten ekspanderede mod syd fra <a href="/wiki/1600%27erne_f.Kr." title="1600'erne f.Kr.">1600 f.kr.</a>, og i <a href="/w/index.php?title=1520_f.Kr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1520 f.Kr. (ikke skrevet endnu)">1520 f.kr.</a> var hele det nordlige Nubien under egyptisk kontrol. Egypterne trak sig dog senere ud, og kongedømmet <a href="/wiki/Kush" title="Kush">Kush</a> blev skabt. Kush overtog mange skikke fra egypterne bl.a. <a href="/wiki/Nubiske_pyramider" title="Nubiske pyramider">pyramidebyggeri</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser"><span title="Dette udsagn mangler reference til pålidelige kilder. (siden september 2015)">kilde mangler</span></a></i>]</sup> Kush erobrede Egypten i <a href="/wiki/8._%C3%A5rhundrede_f.Kr." title="8. århundrede f.Kr.">8. århundrede f.kr.</a> og konger fra Kush regerede som <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">faraoer</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptens_25._dynasti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyptens 25. dynasti (ikke skrevet endnu)">Egyptens 25. dynasti</a> i et århundrede. Omkring år <a href="/wiki/350" title="350">350</a> blev kongedømmet invaderet af det <a href="/wiki/Ethiopien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopien">etiopiske</a> kongedømme <a href="/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum">Aksum</a>, og riget kollapsede. I de følgende århundreder blev området <a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">kristent</a>. Efter <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islams</a> ekspansion efter år <a href="/wiki/700" title="700">700</a> blev de kristne isoleret, den afsidesliggende ø <a href="/wiki/Kulubnarti" title="Kulubnarti">Kulubnarti</a> var det sidste kendte tilflugtssted for kristne i Nubien, og gradvis blev indbyggerne omvendt til Islam. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oldtid">Oldtid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Oldtid" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Oldtid"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Tools,_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_(6000-5500_BC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg/220px-Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg/330px-Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg/440px-Tools%2C_Weapons_and_adornments_from_el-Barga_%286000-5500_BC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Værktøjer, våben og pynt fra El-Barga (6000–5500 f.Kr.).</figcaption></figure> <p>Tidlige bosættelser fremspirede i både Øvre og Nedre Nubien. Egypterne omtalte Nubien som "Ta-Seti" eller "Landets bue", da nubierne var kendt for at være eksperter i <a href="/wiki/Bue_(v%C3%A5ben)" title="Bue (våben)">bueskydning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emberling_2011_8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moderne lærde refererer typisk til befolkningen fra dette område som "A-gruppe"-kulturen. Frugtbar landbrugsjord lige syd for den tredje katarakt kendt som "præ-Kerma"-kulturen i Ovre Nubien, da de er deres forfædre.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser"><span title="Dette udsagn mangler reference til pålidelige kilder. (siden november 2023)">kilde mangler</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikler_hvor_enkelte_passager_beh%C3%B8ver_uddybning" title="Kategori:Artikler hvor enkelte passager behøver uddybning"><span title="Tekst i omegnen af dette skilt behøver uddybning eller fjernelse af specialjargon (siden 2023)">bør uddybes</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Det neolitiske folk i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nildalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nildalen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nildalen</a> kom sandsynligvis fra <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> såvel som <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, og der var en fælles kultur i de to områder og med <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gypten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ægypten">Ægypten</a> i denne periode.<sup id="cite_ref-Keita_1990_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keita_1990-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ved det 5. årtusinde f. Kr. deltog de mennesker, der beboede det, der nu kaldes Nubien, i den <a href="/wiki/Neolitiske_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitiske revolution">neolitiske revolution</a>. Sahara-klipperelieffer viser scener, der er blevet antaget at tyde på en kvægkultur, typisk for dem, der ses over dele af det østlige Afrika og Nildalen indtil nutiden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit">Megalitter</a>, der blev opdaget i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabta_Playa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabta Playa (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nabta Playa</a>, er tidlige eksempler på, hvad der ser ud til at være et af verdens første <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomiske</a> apparater, omtrent 2.000 år ældre end <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne kompleksitet, som blev observeret ved Nabta Playa, og som den udtrykkes af forskellige niveauer af autoritet i samfundet der, dannede sandsynligvis grundlaget for strukturen i både det neolitiske samfund i Nabta og det gamle rige af Egypten.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omkring 3500 f.Kr. opstod den anden "Nubian" -kultur, benævnt A-gruppen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det var samtidig med og etnisk og kulturelt meget lig politikken i det prædynastiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naqada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naqada (ikke skrevet endnu)">Naqada</a> i Øvre Egypten.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keita_further_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keita_further-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A-gruppens folk var engageret i handel med egypterne. Denne handel er arkæologisk påvist ved store mængder egyptiske råvarer deponerede i A-gruppens grave. Importen bestod af <a href="/wiki/Guld" title="Guld">guldgenstande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">kobberværktøjer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fajance" title="Fajance">fajance</a>-amuletter og <a href="/wiki/Perle" title="Perle">perler</a>, segl, <a href="/wiki/Skifer" title="Skifer">skiferpaletter</a>, stenkar og en række forskellige <a href="/wiki/Gryde" title="Gryde">gryder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nubian._Female_Figurine,_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg/220px-Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg/330px-Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg/440px-Nubian._Female_Figurine%2C_ca._3500-3100_B.C.E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Nubisk kvindelig terracotta-figur fra den neolitiske periode ca. 3.500–3.100 f.Kr. Brooklyn Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Omkring 3300 f.Kr. er der beviser for et samlet rige, som vist ved fundene i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qustul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qustul (ikke skrevet endnu)">Qustul</a>, der havde betydelige forbindelser (både kulturelle og genetiske) med kulturen i Naqadan i Øvre Egypten. Den nubiske kultur har måske endda bidraget til foreningen af Nildalen. </p><p>Toby Wilkinson skrev, baseret på værker af Bruce Williams i 1980'erne, at "Den hvide krone, der i historisk tid er forbundet med Øvre Egypten, attesteres først senere end den røde krone, men er direkte forbundet med herskeren noget tidligere. Den første gengivelse af en vid krone er på en ceremoniel <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8gelse" title="Røgelse">røgelsesbrænder</a> fra kirkegården ved Qustul i Nedre Nubien".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_1999_8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1999_8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baseret på en udgravningsrapport fra 1998 har Jane Roy skrevet, at "På tidspunktet for Williams 'argumentation var Qustul-kirkegården og den "kongelige" <a href="/wiki/Ikonografi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikonografi">ikonografi</a>, der blev fundet der, dateret til Naqada IIIA-perioden, hvilket således er tidligere end kongelige kirkegårde i Egypten af Naqada IIIB. Nye beviser fra <a href="/wiki/Abydos" title="Abydos">Abydos</a>, dog især udgravningen af Kirkegården U og graven Uj, der dateres til Naqada IIIA, har vist, at denne ikonografi forekommer tidligere i Egypten."<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nubian_A_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nubian_A_group.jpg/220px-Nubian_A_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nubian_A_group.jpg/330px-Nubian_A_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nubian_A_group.jpg/440px-Nubian_A_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Keramik fra den nubiske A-gruppe, Musee du Louvre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Omkring starten af den protodynastiske periode synes Naqada i sit forsøg på at erobre og forene hele Nildalen at have erobret <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta-Seti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta-Seti (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ta-Seti</a> (kongeriget, hvor Qustul befandt sig) og harmoniseret det med den egyptiske stat. Således blev Nubien det første navn på Øvre Egypten. På tidspunktet for det første dynasti ser det ud til, at A-gruppe-området var blevet fuldstændigt affolket,<sup id="cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emberling_2011_8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mest sandsynligt på grund af udvandring til områder vest og syd. </p><p>Denne kultur begyndte at svækkes i det tidlige 28. århundrede f.Kr. George Reisner antydede, at det blev efterfulgt af en kultur, som han kaldte "B-gruppen", men de fleste arkæologer mener i dag, at denne kultur aldrig eksisterede, og at området blev affolket fra ca. 3.000 f.Kr. til ca. 2500, da en gruppe efterkommere vendte tilbage til området.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Årsagerne til dette er usikre, men det var måske forårsaget af egyptiske invasioner og plyndringer, der begyndte på dette tidspunkt. Det antages, at Nubien har fungeret som en handelskorridor mellem Egypten og det tropiske Afrika længe før 3.100 f.Kr. Egyptiske håndværkere i perioden brugte <a href="/wiki/Elfenben" title="Elfenben">elfenben</a> og <a href="/wiki/Ibenholt" title="Ibenholt">ibenholt</a> træ fra det tropiske Afrika, der kom gennem Nubien. </p><p>I 2300 f.Kr. blev Nubia for første gang nævnt i det gamle kongeriges egyptiske beretninger om handelsmissioner. Fra <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, lige over den første <a href="/wiki/Nilens_katarakter" title="Nilens katarakter">katarakt</a>, der udgjorde den sydlige grænse for egyptisk kontrol på dette tidspunkt, importerede egypterne guld, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8gelse" title="Røgelse">røgelse</a>, ibenholt, kobber, elfenben og eksotiske dyr fra det tropiske Afrika gennem Nubien. Efterhånden, som handelen mellem Egypten og Nubien voksede, voksede tillige dets rigdom og stabilitet. Under det egyptiske 6. dynasti blev Nubien opdelt i en række små kongeriger. Der er en debat om, hvorvidt disse C-gruppere,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der blomstrede fra ca. 2.500 f.Kr. til ca. 1.500 f.Kr. var en anden intern evolution eller omfattede indvandrere. Der er klare ligheder mellem keramik i A-gruppen og C-gruppen, så det kan være en tilbagevenden af den udstødte gruppe A, eller en intern genoplivning af mistet en ellers forsvundet kunst. På dette tidspunkt blev <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>-<a href="/wiki/%C3%98rken" title="Ørken">ørkenen</a> for tør til at støtte mennesker, og det er muligt, at der pludselig var en tilstrømning af <a href="/wiki/Nomade" title="Nomade">nomader</a> fra Sahara. C-Group keramik er kendetegnet ved dækkendre mønstre af geometriske linjer med hvide udfyldninger og imponerede efterligninger af kurvefletning. </p><p>Under det egyptiske <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mellemste_Egyptiske_Kongerige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mellemste Egyptiske Kongerige (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mellemste Egyptiske Kongerige</a> (ca. 2.040–1.640 f.Kr.) begyndte Egypten at sprede sig til Nubien for at få mere kontrol over handelsruterne i det nordlige Nubien og direkte adgang til handel med det sydlige Nubien. Egypten etablerede en kæde af forter ned ad Nilen syd for Anden Katarakt. Disse <a href="/wiki/Garnison" title="Garnison">garnisoner</a> syntes at have fredelige forbindelser med det lokale nubiske folk, men kun lidt interaktion i perioden.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En samtidig, men særskilt kultur fra C-Group var Pan Grave-kulturen, kaldet således på grund af deres lavbundede grave. Pan Gravene er forbundet med den østlige bred af Nilen, men Pan Gravene og C-Group interagerede utvivlsomt. Deres keramik er kendetegnet ved snittede linjer af en mere begrænset karakter end dem i C-gruppen, som generelt har ispeddede ikke-dekorerede rum inden for de geometriske mønstre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_Nubien">Moderne Nubien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Moderne Nubien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne Nubien"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I det tidlige <a href="/wiki/19._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="19. århundrede">1800-tal</a> kom hele regionen under egyptisk kontrol, og senere blev det et fælles engelsk-egyptisk <a href="/wiki/Kondominium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondominium">kondominium</a>. Da kolonitiden endte blev området delt mellem Egypten og Sudan. </p><p>Mange egyptiske nubiere blev tvangsforflyttet da konstruktionen af <a href="/wiki/Nassers%C3%B8en" title="Nassersøen">Nassersøen</a> begyndte. Nubiske landsbyer kan nu findes nord for <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a> og på den vestlige bred af Nilen, samt på øen <a href="/wiki/Elefantine" title="Elefantine">Elefantine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter">Noter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Noter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Emberling_2011_8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emberling_2011_8_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmberling2011" class="citation book cs1">Emberling, Geoff (2011). <i>Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa</i>. New York: Institute for the study of the ancient world. s. 8. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-615-48102-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-615-48102-9"><bdi>978-0-615-48102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nubia%3A+Ancient+Kingdoms+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Institute+for+the+study+of+the+ancient+world&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-615-48102-9&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keita_1990-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keita_1990_2-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Studies of Ancient Crania From Northern Africa".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Studies+of+Ancient+Crania+From+Northern+Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal kræver <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#missing_periodical" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span> – S.O.Y. Keita, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Physical_Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Physical Anthropology (ikke skrevet endnu)">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a></i> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html">"Dr. Stuart Tyson Smith"</a>. <i>ucsb.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Dr.+Stuart+Tyson+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anth.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fstsmith%2Fresearch%2Fnubia_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetquest.org/learn/nabta.html">PlanetQuest: The History of Astronomy</a> – hentet 2007-08-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806140123/http://www.comp-archaeology.org/WendorfSAA98.html">Late Neolithic megalithic structures at Nabta Playa</a> – by Fred Wendorf (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, red. (2002). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Wiley. s. 433. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/hierakonpolis/nubian.html">Hunting for the Elusive Nubian A-Group People</a> – by Maria Gatto, archaeology.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keita_further-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Keita_further_8-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Further Studies of Crania From Ancient Northern Africa: An Analysis of Crania From First Dynasty Egyptian Tombs, using Multiple Discriminant Functions".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Further+Studies+of+Crania+From+Ancient+Northern+Africa%3A+An+Analysis+of+Crania+From+First+Dynasty+Egyptian+Tombs%2C+using+Multiple+Discriminant+Functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">Cite journal kræver <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:CS1-fejl#missing_periodical" title="Hjælp:CS1-fejl">hjælp</a>)</span> – American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 87: 245–254 (1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2386738/Hierarchy_and_heterarchy_-_the_earliest_cross-cultural_trade_along_the_Nile">"Hierarchy and heterarchy – the earliest cross-cultural trade along the Nile"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2016-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=Hierarchy+and+heterarchy+%E2%80%93+the+earliest+cross-cultural+trade+along+the+Nile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2386738%2FHierarchy_and_heterarchy_-_the_earliest_cross-cultural_trade_along_the_Nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson_1999_8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_1999_8_10-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFEmberling1999" class="citation book cs1">Emberling, Geoff (1999). <i>Early Dynastic Egypt</i>. London: Routledge. s. 165. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-415-18633-1" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-415-18633-1"><bdi>0-415-18633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Dynastic+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-18633-1&rft.aulast=Emberling&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_11-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2011" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Jane (februar 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9En6tzUJCXkC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&dq=white+crown+incense+burner+from+Cemetery+at+Qustul&source=bl&ots=KwMLLUQEkH&sig=zfnyeei7Zv9AMpHc4WP1P4wjvRg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCGoVChMIvZn7sb-UxgIVoRbbCh1CnADk#v=onepage&q=white%20crown%20incense%20burner%20from%20Cemetery%20at%20Qustul&f=false"><i>The Politics of Trade:Egypt and Lower Nubia in the 4th Millennium BC</i></a>. Brill. s. 215. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/9789004196117" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/9789004196117"><bdi>9789004196117</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 16. juni 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Trade%3AEgypt+and+Lower+Nubia+in+the+4th+Millennium+BC&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=9789004196117&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9En6tzUJCXkC%26pg%3DPA215%26lpg%3DPA215%26dq%3Dwhite%2Bcrown%2Bincense%2Bburner%2Bfrom%2BCemetery%2Bat%2BQustul%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DKwMLLUQEkH%26sig%3Dzfnyeei7Zv9AMpHc4WP1P4wjvRg%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CEcQ6AEwCGoVChMIvZn7sb-UxgIVoRbbCh1CnADk%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dwhite%2520crown%2520incense%2520burner%2520from%2520Cemetery%2520at%2520Qustul%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2002" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, red. (2002). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Wiley. s. 115. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-0-631-23583-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-0-631-23583-5"><bdi>978-0-631-23583-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23583-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2008" class="citation book cs1">Török, László (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00trkl"><i>Between Two Worlds:The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia and Egypt 3700 BC – 500AD</i></a>. Brill. s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00trkl/page/53">53</a>–54. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/9789004171978" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/9789004171978"><bdi>9789004171978</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds%3AThe+Frontier+Region+between+Ancient+Nubia+and+Egypt+3700+BC+%E2%80%93+500AD&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004171978&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbetweentwoworlds00trkl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2394005/The_C-Group_people_in_Lower_Nubia_2500_-_1500_BC._Cattle_pastoralists_in_a_multicultural_setting">"The C-Group people in Lower Nubia, 2500 – 1500 BC. Cattle pastoralists in a multicultural setting"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2016-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=The+C-Group+people+in+Lower+Nubia%2C+2500+%E2%80%93+1500+BC.+Cattle+pastoralists+in+a+multicultural+setting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2394005%2FThe_C-Group_people_in_Lower_Nubia_2500_-_1500_BC._Cattle_pastoralists_in_a_multicultural_setting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2393840/Between_Kush_and_Egypt_The_C-Group_people_of_Lower_Nubia_during_the_Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period">"Between Kush and Egypt: The C-Group people of Lower Nubia during the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period"</a>. <i>www.academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2016-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academia.edu&rft.atitle=Between+Kush+and+Egypt%3A+The+C-Group+people+of+Lower+Nubia+during+the+Middle+Kingdom+and+Second+Intermediate+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2393840%2FBetween_Kush_and_Egypt_The_C-Group_people_of_Lower_Nubia_during_the_Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ANubien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nubien&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> har flere filer relateret til <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nubia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nubia">Nubien</a></b> </div></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Højkulturer_(12.500_til_200_f.Kr.)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11746895">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/wiki/Skabelondiskussion:H%C3%B8jkulturer" title="Skabelondiskussion:Højkulturer"><abbr title="Diskuter denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:H%C3%B8jkulturer" title="Speciel:EditPage/Skabelon:Højkulturer"><abbr title="Rediger denne skabelon" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Højkulturer_(12.500_til_200_f.Kr.)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8jkultur" title="Højkultur">Højkulturer</a> (<a href="/wiki/3._%C3%A5rtusinde_f.Kr." title="3. årtusinde f.Kr.">12.500</a> til <a href="/wiki/200_f.Kr." title="200 f.Kr.">200 f.Kr.</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Frugtbare_halvm%C3%A5ne" title="Frugtbare halvmåne">Frugtbare halvmåne</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natufisk_kultur" title="Natufisk kultur">Natufisk kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna-kulturen" title="Hassuna-kulturen">Hassuna-kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra-kulturen" title="Samarra-kulturen">Samarra-kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halafperioden" title="Halafperioden">Halafperioden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid" title="Ubaid">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk-kulturen" title="Uruk-kulturen">Uruk-kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeriko" title="Jeriko">Jeriko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish" title="Kish">Kish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_(oldtidsrige)" title="Mari (oldtidsrige)">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar" title="Nagar">Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umma_(by)" title="Umma (by)">Umma</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Babylonlion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/150px-Babylonlion.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG/225px-Babylonlion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Babylonlion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Det_gamle_Egypten" title="Det gamle Egypten">Det gamle Egypten</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaton" title="Akhenaton">Akhnaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">Farao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havfolkene" title="Havfolkene">Havfolkene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kush" title="Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_hieroglyf" title="Egyptisk hieroglyf">Hieroglyffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keops" title="Keops">Kheops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongernes_Dal" title="Kongernes Dal">Kongernes dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilen" title="Nilen">Nilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">Mastaba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nubien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_pyramide" title="Egyptisk pyramide">Pyramider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_2." title="Ramses 2.">Ramses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theben_(Egypten)" title="Theben (Egypten)">Theben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptisk_religion" title="Egyptisk religion">Egyptisk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina" title="Palæstina">Palæstina</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kong_David" title="Kong David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon" title="Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomos_Tempel" title="Salomos Tempel">Salomos Tempel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikien" title="Fønikien">Fønikien</a></b>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikere" title="Fønikere">Fønikere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8nikiske_alfabet" title="Fønikiske alfabet">Fønikisk skrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanonceder" title="Libanonceder">Libanon-Ceder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthago" title="Karthago">Karthago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpur" title="Purpur">Purpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Kreta" title="Kreta">Kreta</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros" title="Ikaros">Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrint" title="Labyrint">Labyrint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoisk_kultur" title="Minoisk kultur">Minoisk kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotauros" title="Minotauros">Minotauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykene" title="Mykene">Mykene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassokrati" title="Thalassokrati">Thalassokrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Thera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolien" title="Anatolien">Anatolien</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frygere" title="Frygere">Frygere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattusas" title="Hattusas">Hattusas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitter" title="Hittitter">Hittitterne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A6iske_sprog" title="Indoeuropæiske sprog">Indoeuropæisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanesh" title="Kanesh">Kanesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B8sus" title="Krøsus">Krøsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisk" title="Luvisk">Luvierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien">Lyderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lykien" title="Lykien">Lykierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troja" title="Troja">Troja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamien" title="Mesopotamien">Mesopotamien</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerisk_mytologi" title="Sumerisk mytologi">Sumerisk mytologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerisk_(sprog)" title="Sumerisk (sprog)">Sumerisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad" title="Akkad">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrien" title="Assyrien">Assyrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadiske_imperium" title="Akkadiske imperium">Akkadiske imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineve" title="Nineve">Ninive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonien" title="Babylonien">Babylonien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylons_h%C3%A6ngende_haver" title="Babylons hængende haver">Hængende haver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elish" title="Enuma Elish">Enuma Elish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittani" title="Mittani">Mittani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassitter" title="Kassitter">Kassitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(oldtidsby)" title="Ur (oldtidsby)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriske_paladsrelieffer" title="Assyriske paladsrelieffer">Assyriske paladsrelieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konger_af_Assyrien" title="Konger af Assyrien">Konger af Assyrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriologi" title="Assyriologi">Assyriologi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Den_Persiske_Bugt" title="Den Persiske Bugt">Den Persiske Bugt</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikaros_(Failaka)" title="Ikaros (Failaka)">Ikaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan" title="Makan">Makan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba" title="Saba">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronningen_af_Saba" title="Dronningen af Saba">Dronningen af Saba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persien</a></b>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Golan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Golan (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chogha Golan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Bonut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Bonut (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chogha Bonut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chogha_Mish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chogha Mish (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chogha Mish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kura%E2%80%93Araxes-kultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kura–Araxes-kultur (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kura–Araxes-kultur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiroft-kulturen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiroft-kulturen (ikke skrevet endnu)">Jiroft-kulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrierne" title="Hurrierne">Hurrierne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrisk_(sprog)" title="Hurrisk (sprog)">Hurrisk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a>:<b></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedisk_religion" title="Vedisk religion">Vedisk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induskulturen" title="Induskulturen">Induskulturen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-arier" title="Indo-arier">Indo-ariere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-Daro" title="Mohenjo-Daro">Mohenjo-Daro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Oldtidens_Kina" title="Oldtidens Kina">Kina</a>:</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia-dynastiet" title="Xia-dynastiet">Xia-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang-dynastiet" title="Shang-dynastiet">Shang-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou-dynastiet" title="Zhou-dynastiet">Zhou-dynastiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_skrift" title="Kinesisk skrift">Kinesisk skrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfutse" title="Konfutse">Kon-fu-tse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-tse" title="Lao-tse">Lao-tse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Relaterede emner:</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Den_neolitiske_revolution" title="Den neolitiske revolution">Den neolitiske revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kareze" title="Kareze">Kunstvanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticering" title="Domesticering">Domesticering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat">Bystat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tid" title="Tid">Tidsregning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndflod" title="Syndflod">Syndflod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kileskrift" title="Kileskrift">Kileskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rullesegl" title="Rullesegl">Rullesegl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lert%C3%B8j" title="Lertøj">Lertøj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobberalder" title="Kobberalder">Kobberalder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jernfremstilling" title="Jernfremstilling">Jernfremstilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stridsvogn" title="Stridsvogn">Stridsvogn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Se også: <a href="/wiki/Portal:Historie" title="Portal:Historie">Andre indgange til historien</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11755137">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=da&pagename=Nubien&params=18.95_N_32.26_E_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted"><span class="latitude">18°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">32°16′Ø</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kort, flyfoto og andre data for dette sted">18.95°N 32.26°Ø</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.95; 32.26</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11759279"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752089"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritetsdata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritetsdata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoritetsdata" title="Autoritetsdata">Autoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/127854022">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127854022">127854022</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81103291">n81103291</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4042734-1">4042734-1</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="LIBRIS (bibliotekskatalog)">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/auth/155387">155387</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027243656">027243656</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske_Encyklop%C3%A6di" title="Den Store Danske Encyklopædi">DSD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//denstoredanske.lex.dk/Nubien">Nubien</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- 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