CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China | Nature Communications</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { connectionDetail.slowConnection = true; } } if (!(connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled || connectionDetail.slowConnection)) { createLink("/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2"); } else { document.documentElement.classList.add('save-data'); } </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"article","legacy":{"webtrendsPrimaryArticleType":"research","webtrendsSubjectTerms":"climate-change-mitigation;climate-change-policy","webtrendsContentCategory":null,"webtrendsContentCollection":null,"webtrendsContentGroup":"Nature Communications","webtrendsContentGroupType":null,"webtrendsContentSubGroup":"Article","status":null}},"article":{"doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y"},"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","copyright":{"open":true,"legacy":{"webtrendsLicenceType":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}}},"contentInfo":{"authors":["Xu Deng","Fei Teng","Minpeng Chen","Zhangliu Du","Bin Wang","Renqiang Li","Pan Wang"],"publishedAt":1707091200,"publishedAtString":"2024-02-05","title":"Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China","legacy":null,"publishedAtTime":null,"documentType":"aplusplus","subjects":"Climate-change mitigation,Climate-change policy"},"journal":{"pcode":"ncomms","title":"nature communications","volume":"15","issue":"1","id":41467,"publishingModel":"Open Access"},"authorization":{"status":true},"features":[{"name":"furtherReadingSection","present":true}],"collection":null},"page":{"category":{"pageType":"article"},"attributes":{"template":"mosaic","featureFlags":[{"name":"nature-onwards-journey","active":false}],"testGroup":null},"search":null},"privacy":{},"version":"1.0.0","product":null,"session":null,"user":null,"backHalfContent":true,"country":"HK","hasBody":true,"uneditedManuscript":false,"twitterId":["o3xnx","o43y9","o3ef7"],"baiduId":"d38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea","japan":false}]; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-ERRNTNZ807', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-71668177-1', twitterId: ['3xnx', 'o43y9', 'o3ef7'], baiduId: 'd38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.nature.com', imprint: 'nature' }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card--major .c-card__title,.c-card__title,.u-h2,.u-h3,h2,h3{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card__title,.u-h3,h3{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4rem}.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h4,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4rem}html{text-size-adjust:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;line-height:1.15;overflow-y:scroll}body{background:#eee;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.76;margin:0;min-height:100%}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a,sup{vertical-align:baseline}a{background-color:transparent;color:#069;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto;word-break:break-word}b{font-weight:bolder}sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-.5em}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input,select{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}h1{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.0390625rem;line-height:2.25rem}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h2,.u-h3,h2{font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h2,h2{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.6rem}.u-h3{font-size:1.25rem}.c-card__title,.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h3,.u-h4,h4,h5,h6{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card__title,h3{font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;font-size:1.25rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,h3{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem;line-height:1.4rem}.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h4,h4{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}button:focus{outline:3px solid #fece3e;will-change:transform}input+label{padding-left:.5em}nav ol,nav ul{list-style:none none}p:empty{display:none}.sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.article-page{background:#fff}.c-article-header{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;margin-bottom:40px}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}.c-article-title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 16px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list svg{margin-left:4px}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#069;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-info-details{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:16px}.c-article-info-details__cite-as{border-left:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-left:8px;padding-left:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}.c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper{margin:16px 0}.c-article-metrics-bar__item{align-items:baseline;border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-right:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar__item:last-child{border-right:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__label{color:#626262;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0 10px 0 5px}.c-article-metrics-bar__details{margin:0}.c-article-main-column{font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;margin-right:8.6%;width:60.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-main-column{margin-right:0;width:100%}}.c-article-extras{float:left;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;width:31.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-extras{display:none}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{border-bottom:2px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1.25rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.24}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title{margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-body p{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-section{clear:both}.c-article-section__content{margin-bottom:40px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-section__content{padding-left:0}}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-article-license__badge,c-card__section{margin-top:8px}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #eee;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#069;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-editorial-summary__container{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content--less{max-height:9.5rem;overflow:hidden}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button{background-color:#fff;border:0;color:#069;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.active,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.hover,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:active,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-context-bar{box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.2);position:relative;width:100%}.c-context-bar__title{display:none}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:389px}.c-reading-companion__scroll-pane{margin:0;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden auto}.c-reading-companion__tabs{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__tabs>li{flex-grow:1}.c-reading-companion__tab{background-color:#eee;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left-width:0;color:#069;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 15px;text-align:left;width:100%}.c-reading-companion__tabs li:first-child .c-reading-companion__tab{border-left-width:1px}.c-reading-companion__tab--active{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#222;font-weight:700}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{list-style:none;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{margin:0 0 8px;min-height:50px}.c-reading-companion__section-item{font-size:1rem;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__section-item a{display:block;line-height:1.5;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 0 8px 16px;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-reading-companion__figure-full-link svg{height:.8em;margin-left:2px}.c-reading-companion__panel{border-top:none;display:none;margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.c-cod,.c-reading-companion__panel--active{display:block}.c-cod{font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-basis:75%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#069;border:1px solid #069;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#069}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:2px}.c-pdf-download{display:flex;margin-bottom:16px;max-height:48px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:48px}}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download__text{text-transform:capitalize}}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:8px}}.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download{display:block;margin-bottom:0;white-space:nowrap}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download .u-sticky-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}}.c-pdf-container{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{display:flex;flex-basis:100%}}.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download{margin-left:16px}.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{width:100%}.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download{margin-left:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download{display:block}}.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:2px solid #00b8b0;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:8px}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card{flex-basis:100%}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image{align-items:baseline;flex:1 1 40%;margin:0 0 0 16px;max-width:150px}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image img{border:1px solid #cedbe0;height:auto;min-height:0;position:static}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image{display:none}}.c-card__layout{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;justify-content:space-between}.c-card__title-recommendation{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:4;display:-webkit-box;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 8px;max-height:5.6em;overflow:hidden!important;text-overflow:ellipsis}.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link{color:inherit}.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-card__title-recommendation .MathJax_Display{display:inline!important}.c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link):before{z-index:1}.c-article-metrics__heading a,.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title a,.c-article-recommendations-card__link{color:inherit}.c-recommendations-column-switch .c-meta{margin-top:auto}.c-article-recommendations-card__meta-type,.c-meta .c-meta__item:first-child{font-weight:700}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title{font-size:1.05rem}.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title+span{color:#6f6f6f;font-size:1rem}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:320px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#ccc;display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-author-list{color:#6f6f6f;font-family:inherit;font-size:1rem;line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-author-list>li,.c-breadcrumbs>li,.c-footer__links>li,.js .c-author-list,.u-list-comma-separated>li,.u-list-inline>li{display:inline}.c-author-list>li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child):before{content:", "}.c-author-list>li:not(:only-child):last-child:before{content:" & "}.c-author-list--compact{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-author-list--truncated>li:not(:only-child):last-child:before{content:" ... "}.js .c-author-list__hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.js .c-author-list__hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.c-meta{color:inherit;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-meta--large{font-size:1rem}.c-meta--large .c-meta__item{margin-bottom:8px}.c-meta__item{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:4px}.c-meta__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-right:4px;padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-meta__item--block-sm-max{display:block}.c-meta__item--block-sm-max:not(:last-child){border-right:none;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-meta__item--block-at-lg{display:block}.c-meta__item--block-at-lg:not(:last-child){border-right:none;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}}.c-meta__type{font-weight:700;text-transform:none}.c-skip-link{background:#069;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:link{color:#fff}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;position:relative;width:100%}.c-card__summary>p:last-child,.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #eee;border-radius:2px;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#000;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#666}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#888;height:10px;margin:4px 4px 0;width:10px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-card{background-color:transparent;border:0;box-shadow:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:14px;min-width:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative}.c-card--no-shape{background:0 0;border:0;box-shadow:none}.c-card__image{display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:56.25%;position:relative}@supports (aspect-ratio:1/1){.c-card__image{padding-bottom:0}}.c-card__image img{left:0;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;position:absolute}@supports ((-o-object-fit:cover) or (object-fit:cover)){.c-card__image img{height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}}.c-card__body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:16px}.c-card--no-shape .c-card__body{padding:0}.c-card--no-shape .c-card__body:not(:first-child){padding-top:16px}.c-card__title{letter-spacing:-.01875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:0}[lang=de] .c-card__title{hyphens:auto}.c-card__summary{line-height:1.4}.c-card__summary>p{margin-bottom:5px}.c-card__summary a{text-decoration:underline}.c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link):before{bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.c-card--flush .c-card__body{padding:0}.c-card--major{font-size:1rem}.c-card--dark{background-color:#29303c;border-width:0;color:#e3e4e5}.c-card--dark .c-card__title{color:#fff}.c-card--dark .c-card__link,.c-card--dark .c-card__summary a{color:inherit}.c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:5px solid #000;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px}.c-header__row{padding:0;position:relative}.c-header__row:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #eee}.c-header__split{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.c-header__logo-container{flex:1 1 0px;line-height:0;margin:8px 24px 8px 0}.c-header__logo{transform:translateZ(0)}.c-header__logo img{max-height:32px}.c-header__container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px}.c-header__menu{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;flex-wrap:wrap;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0 -8px;padding:0}@media print{.c-header__menu{display:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-header__menu--hide-lg-max{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.c-header__menu--global{font-weight:400;justify-content:flex-end}.c-header__menu--global svg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-header__menu--global svg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--global svg{display:block;visibility:visible}}.c-header__menu--journal{font-size:.875rem;margin:8px 0 8px -8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--journal{flex-wrap:nowrap;font-size:1rem}}.c-header__item{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;position:static}.c-header__item--pipe{border-left:2px solid #eee;padding-left:8px}.c-header__item--padding{padding-bottom:8px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__item--dropdown-menu{position:relative}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-header__item--hide-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-header__item--hide-md-max{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-header__item--hide-md-max:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.c-header__link{align-items:center;color:inherit;display:inline-flex;gap:4px 4px;padding:8px;white-space:nowrap}.c-header__link svg{transition-duration:.2s}.c-header__show-text{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__show-text{display:inline;visibility:visible}}.c-header__dropdown{background-color:#000;border-bottom:1px solid #2f2f2f;color:#eee;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.2;padding:16px 0}@media print{.c-header__dropdown{display:none}}.c-header__heading{display:inline-block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:8px}.c-header__heading--keyline{border-top:1px solid;border-color:#2f2f2f;margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;width:100%}.c-header__list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0 16px;list-style:none;margin:0 -8px}.c-header__flush{margin:0 -8px}.c-header__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}.c-header__search-form{margin-bottom:8px}.c-header__search-layout{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 16px}.c-header__search-layout>:first-child{flex:999 1 auto}.c-header__search-layout>*{flex:1 1 auto}.c-header__search-layout--max-width{max-width:720px}.c-header__search-button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.15;margin:0;padding:8px 16px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:100%}.u-button svg,.u-button--primary svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-header__input,.c-header__select{border:1px solid;border-radius:3px;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 16px;width:100%}.c-header__select{-webkit-appearance:none;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' fill='%23333' fill-rule='evenodd' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:right .7em top 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1em;box-shadow:0 1px 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.04);display:block;margin:0;max-width:100%;min-width:150px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{left:auto;right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{left:0;right:auto}}.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{border-bottom:0;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px;left:0;position:absolute;top:100%;transform:translateY(5px);width:100%;z-index:1}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{transform:translateY(8px);width:auto}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{min-width:225px}}.c-header__dropdown--full-width.has-tethered{padding:32px 0 24px;transform:none;width:100%}.has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .c-header__list--js-stack{flex-direction:column}.has-tethered .c-header__item--keyline,.has-tethered .c-header__list~.c-header__list .c-header__item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-top:8px;padding-top:8px}.c-header__item--snid-account-widget{display:flex}.c-header__container{padding:0 4px}.c-header__list{padding:0 12px}.c-header__menu .c-header__link{font-size:14px}.c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link{padding:8px}.c-header__menu--journal{margin-left:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__container{padding:0 16px}.c-header__menu--journal{margin-left:-8px}.c-header__menu .c-header__link{font-size:16px}.c-header__link--search{gap:13px 13px}}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:2px;color:#069;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:8px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button--primary{background-color:#069;background-image:none;border:1px solid #069;color:#fff}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}@media print{.u-hide-print{display:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.u-hide-at-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide-at-lg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.u-clearfix:after,.u-clearfix:before{content:"";display:table}.u-clearfix:after{clear:both}.u-color-open-access{color:#b74616}.u-float-left{float:left}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-full-height{height:100%}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-16{margin-bottom:16px}.u-mb-24{margin-bottom:24px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.c-nature-box svg+.c-article__button-text,.u-ml-8{margin-left:8px}.u-pa-16{padding:16px}html *,html :after,html :before{box-sizing:inherit}.c-article-section__title,.c-article-title{font-weight:700}.c-card__title{line-height:1.4em}.c-article__button{background-color:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px;padding:13px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-article__button,.c-article__button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-article__button--inverted,.c-article__button:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#069}.c-article__button--inverted:hover{background-color:#069;color:#fff}.c-header__link{text-decoration:inherit}.grade-c-hide{display:block}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#ccc;display:none;min-height:137px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}.c-nature-box{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.1);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:24px;padding:16px 16px 3px}.c-nature-box__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-nature-box .c-pdf-download{margin-bottom:16px!important}.c-nature-box--version{background-color:#eee}.c-nature-box__wrapper{transform:translateZ(0)}.c-nature-box__wrapper--placeholder{min-height:165px}.c-pdf-download__link{padding:13px 24px} } </style> <link data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/enhanced-article-nature-branded-68c4876c28.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/enhanced-article-nature-branded-68c4876c28.css" media="only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)"> </noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/article-print-122346e276.css" media="print"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-48x48-b52890008c.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-32x32-3fe59ece92.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-16x16-951651ab72.png> <link rel="manifest" href=/static/manifest.json crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="mask-icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/safari-pinned-tab-69bff48fe6.svg color="#000000"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon.ico> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content=/static/browserconfig.xml> <meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"> <meta name="application-name" content="Nature"> <script> (function () { if ( typeof window.CustomEvent === "function" ) return false; function CustomEvent ( event, params ) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent( 'CustomEvent' ); evt.initCustomEvent( event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail ); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; })(); </script>  <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script>  <script> (function(w,d,t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; if (h.indexOf('preview-www.nature.com') > -1) return; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('nature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('test-www.nature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-68.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-68.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else { e.src = '/static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window,document,'script'); </script> <script id="js-position0"> (function(w, d) { w.idpVerifyPrefix = 'https://verify.nature.com'; w.ra21Host = 'https://wayf.springernature.com'; var moduleSupport = (function() { return 'noModule' in d.createElement('script'); })(); if (w.config.mustardcut === true) { w.loader = { index: 0, registered: [], scripts: [ {src: '/static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-c8a573ca90.js', test: 'global-article-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-d17603b9e9.js', test: 'global-article-js', nomodule: true}, {src: '/static/js/shared-es6-bundle-606cb67187.js', test: 'shared-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/shared-es5-bundle-e919764a53.js', test: 'shared-js', nomodule: true}, {src: '/static/js/header-150-es6-bundle-5bb959eaa1.js', test: 'header-150-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/header-150-es5-bundle-994fde5b1d.js', test: 'header-150-js', nomodule: true} ].filter(function (s) { if (s.src === null) return false; if (moduleSupport && s.nomodule) return false; return !(!moduleSupport && s.module); }), register: function (value) { this.registered.push(value); }, ready: function () { if (this.registered.length === this.scripts.length) { this.registered.forEach(function (fn) { if (typeof fn === 'function') { setTimeout(fn, 0); } }); this.ready = function () {}; } }, insert: function (s) { var t = d.getElementById('js-position' + this.index); if (t && t.insertAdjacentElement) { t.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', s); } else { d.head.appendChild(s); } ++this.index; }, createScript: function (script, beforeLoad) { var s = d.createElement('script'); s.id = 'js-position' + (this.index + 1); s.setAttribute('data-test', script.test); if (beforeLoad) { s.defer = 'defer'; s.onload = function () { if (script.noinit) { loader.register(true); } if (d.readyState === 'interactive' || d.readyState === 'complete') { loader.ready(); } }; } else { s.async = 'async'; } s.src = script.src; return s; }, init: function () { this.scripts.forEach(function (s) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(s, true)); }); d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { loader.ready(); var conditionalScripts; conditionalScripts = [ {match: 'div[data-pan-container]', src: '/static/js/pan-zoom-es6-bundle-464a2af269.js', test: 'pan-zoom-js', module: true }, {match: 'div[data-pan-container]', src: '/static/js/pan-zoom-es5-bundle-98fb9b653b.js', test: 'pan-zoom-js', nomodule: true }, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es6-bundle-23597ae350.js', test: 'math-js', module: true}, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es5-bundle-6532c6f78b.js', test: 'math-js', nomodule: true} ]; if (conditionalScripts) { conditionalScripts.filter(function (script) { return !!document.querySelector(script.match) && !((moduleSupport && script.nomodule) || (!moduleSupport && script.module)); }).forEach(function (script) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(script)); }); } }, false); } }; loader.init(); } })(window, document); </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/search"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/opensearch.xml" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="nature.com"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/request" type="application/sru+xml" title="nature.com"> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China","description":"Limiting global warming to within 1.5 °C might require large-scale deployment of premature negative emission technologies with potentially adverse effects on the key sustainable development goals. Biochar has been proposed as an established technology for carbon sequestration with co-benefits in terms of soil quality and crop yield. However, the considerable uncertainties that exist in the potential, cost, and deployment strategies of biochar systems at national level prevent its deployment in China. Here, we conduct a spatially explicit analysis to investigate the negative emission potential, economics, and priority deployment sites of biochar derived from multiple feedstocks in China. Results show that biochar has negative emission potential of up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, which could satisfy the negative emission demands in most mitigation scenarios compatible with China’s target of carbon neutrality by 2060. Authors analyze the potential of biochar in China, revealing it could sequester up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, supporting carbon neutrality goal by 2060.","datePublished":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"11","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y","keywords":["Climate-change mitigation","Climate-change policy","Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig2_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig3_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig4_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature Communications","issn":["2041-1723"],"volumeNumber":"15","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Xu Deng","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-9614","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University","address":{"name":"Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Fei Teng","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-1142","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University","address":{"name":"Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"tengfei@tsinghua.edu.cn","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Minpeng Chen","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-6213","affiliation":[{"name":"Renmin University of China","address":{"name":"School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Zhangliu Du","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University","address":{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Bin Wang","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","address":{"name":"Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Renqiang Li","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","address":{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Pan Wang","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","address":{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45314-y"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41467"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature Communications 2024 15:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-02-05"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Limiting global warming to within 1.5 °C might require large-scale deployment of premature negative emission technologies with potentially adverse effects on the key sustainable development goals. Biochar has been proposed as an established technology for carbon sequestration with co-benefits in terms of soil quality and crop yield. However, the considerable uncertainties that exist in the potential, cost, and deployment strategies of biochar systems at national level prevent its deployment in China. Here, we conduct a spatially explicit analysis to investigate the negative emission potential, economics, and priority deployment sites of biochar derived from multiple feedstocks in China. Results show that biochar has negative emission potential of up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, which could satisfy the negative emission demands in most mitigation scenarios compatible with China’s target of carbon neutrality by 2060. Authors analyze the potential of biochar in China, revealing it could sequester up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, supporting carbon neutrality goal by 2060."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2041-1723"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature Communications"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-02-05"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="15"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="11"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45314-y.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature Communications"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nat Commun"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2041-1723"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/02/05"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="11"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta name="size" content="184497"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Limiting global warming to within 1.5 °C might require large-scale deployment of premature negative emission technologies with potentially adverse effects on the key sustainable development goals. Biochar has been proposed as an established technology for carbon sequestration with co-benefits in terms of soil quality and crop yield. However, the considerable uncertainties that exist in the potential, cost, and deployment strategies of biochar systems at national level prevent its deployment in China. Here, we conduct a spatially explicit analysis to investigate the negative emission potential, economics, and priority deployment sites of biochar derived from multiple feedstocks in China. Results show that biochar has negative emission potential of up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, which could satisfy the negative emission demands in most mitigation scenarios compatible with China’s target of carbon neutrality by 2060. Authors analyze the potential of biochar in China, revealing it could sequester up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, supporting carbon neutrality goal by 2060."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Deng, Xu"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Teng, Fei"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chen, Minpeng"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Du, Zhangliu"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wang, Bin"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Li, Renqiang"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wang, Pan"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Climate-change mitigation"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Climate-change policy"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Clim. Chang; citation_title=Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period; citation_author=NP Gillett; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=207-212; citation_doi=10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2014)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (Cambridge University Press, 2018)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Clim. Change; citation_title=EMF-33 insights on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS); citation_author=M Muratori; citation_volume=163; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=1621-1637; citation_doi=10.1007/s10584-020-02784-5; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy Econ.; citation_title=The role of BECCS in deep decarbonization of China’s economy: a computable general equilibrium analysis; citation_author=X Huang, S Chang, D Zheng, X Zhang; citation_volume=92; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=104968; citation_doi=10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104968; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Carbon Manag.; citation_title=Emission scenario analysis for China under the global 1.5 °C target; citation_author=K Jiang, C He, H Dai, J Liu, X Xu; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=481-491; citation_doi=10.1080/17583004.2018.1477835; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Res. Lett.; citation_title=The role of biomass in China’s long-term mitigation toward the Paris climate goals; citation_author=X Pan, W Chen, L Wang, L Lin, N Li; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=124028; citation_doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aaf06c; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl. Energy; citation_title=Evaluating the use of BECCS and afforestation under China’s carbon-neutral target for 2060; citation_author=Y Weng, W Cai, C Wang; citation_volume=299; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=117263; citation_doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117263; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Cai, B., Li, Q. & Zhang, X. China Carbon Dioxide Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Annual Report (2021) - China CCUS Pathway Study (Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 2021)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Clim. Chang.; citation_title=A continuing need to revisit BECCS and its potential; citation_author=CS Galik; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=2-3; citation_doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0650-2; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biomass Bioenergy; citation_title=Potential and challenges of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a carbon-negative energy source: a review; citation_author=A Babin, C Vaneeckhaute, MC Iliuta; citation_volume=146; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=105968; citation_doi=10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105968; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Res. Lett.; citation_title=Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects; citation_author=S Fuss; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=063002; citation_doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal; citation_author=C Hepburn; citation_volume=575; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=87-97; citation_doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Joule; citation_title=A process for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere; citation_author=DW Keith, G Holmes, DS Angelo, K Heidel; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1573-1594; citation_doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Clim. Chang; citation_title=Uncertain storage prospects create a conundrum for carbon capture and storage ambitions; citation_author=J Lane, C Greig, A Garnett; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=925-936; citation_doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01175-7; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Clim. Change; citation_title=Land-use transition for bioenergy and climate stabilization: model comparison of drivers, impacts and interactions with other land use based mitigation options; citation_author=A Popp; citation_volume=123; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=495-509; citation_doi=10.1007/s10584-013-0926-x; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=The trouble with negative emissions; citation_author=K Anderson, G Peters; citation_volume=354; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=182-183; citation_doi=10.1126/science.aah4567; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change; citation_author=D Woolf, JE Amonette, FA Street-Perrott, J Lehmann, S Joseph; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_doi=10.1038/ncomms1053; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Agriculture: state-of-the-art soil; citation_author=R Cernansky; citation_volume=517; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=258-260; citation_doi=10.1038/517258a; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Carbon storage with benefits; citation_author=SP Sohi; citation_volume=338; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1034-1035; citation_doi=10.1126/science.1225987; citation_id=CR20"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochar; citation_title=A scientometric review of biochar research in the past 20 years (1998–2018); citation_author=P Wu; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=23-43; citation_doi=10.1007/s42773-019-00002-9; citation_id=CR21"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Environ. Manag.; citation_title=Challenges and opportunities for biochar to promote circular economy and carbon neutrality; citation_author=TA Kurniawan; citation_volume=332; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=117429; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Sci. Technol.; citation_title=Biomass pyrolysis for biochar or energy applications? A life cycle assessment; citation_author=JF Peters, D Iribarren, J Dufour; citation_volume=49; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=5195-5202; citation_doi=10.1021/es5060786; citation_id=CR23"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Geosci.; citation_title=Biochar in climate change mitigation; citation_author=J Lehmann; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=883-892; citation_doi=10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8; citation_id=CR24"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Promotion and Release of the Top Ten Patterns of Straw for Agricultural Use (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2017)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochar; citation_title=Development of the straw biochar returning concept in China; citation_author=J Meng; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=139-149; citation_doi=10.1007/s42773-019-00019-0; citation_id=CR26"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Clim. Chang; citation_title=Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C world; citation_author=S Roe; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=817-828; citation_doi=10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9; citation_id=CR27"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Earth’s Future; citation_title=Potential of land-neutral negative emissions through biochar sequestration; citation_author=C Werner, W Lucht, D Gerten, C Kammann; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=e2021EF002583; citation_doi=10.1029/2021EF002583; citation_id=CR28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochar; citation_title=Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review; citation_author=JA Ippolito; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=421-438; citation_doi=10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Total Environ.; citation_title=Influences of feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar and functionality as adsorbents: a meta-analysis; citation_author=M Hassan; citation_volume=744; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=140714; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140714; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xia, L. et al. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. Nat. Food 4, 236–246 (2023)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl. Energy; citation_title=Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation; citation_author=Q Yang; citation_volume=282; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=116275; citation_doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116275; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China’s 2050 carbon reduction and renewable energy goals; citation_author=Q Yang; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21868-z; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy Fuels; citation_title=Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence times; citation_author=Y Wang, Y Hu, X Zhao, S Wang, G Xing; citation_volume=27; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=5890-5899; citation_doi=10.1021/ef400972z; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energy; citation_title=Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of gas and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of crop residues; citation_author=X He; citation_volume=143; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=746-756; citation_doi=10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.062; citation_id=CR35"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochar; citation_title=Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis; citation_author=H Singh, BK Northup, CW Rice, PVV Prasad; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=8; citation_doi=10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Total Environ.; citation_title=A quantitative understanding of the role of co-composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis; citation_author=Y Wang, MB Villamil, PC Davidson, N Akdeniz; citation_volume=685; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=741-752; citation_doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.244; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=GCB Bioenergy; citation_title=How biochar works, and when it doesn’t: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar; citation_author=S Joseph; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=1731-1764; citation_doi=10.1111/gcbb.12885; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Sci. Technol.; citation_title=Greenhouse gas inventory model for biochar additions to soil; citation_author=D Woolf; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=14795-14805; citation_doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c02425; citation_id=CR39"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=GCB Bioenergy; citation_title=Spatial distribution of usable biomass feedstock and technical bioenergy potential in China; citation_author=Y Nie; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=54-70; citation_doi=10.1111/gcbb.12651; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=Spatially explicit analysis identifies significant potential for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in China; citation_author=X Xing; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_doi=10.1038/s41467-021-23282-x; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=GCB Bioenergy; citation_title=Marginal lands for bioenergy in China; an outlook in status, potential and management; citation_author=MF Qaseem, A-M Wu; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=21-44; citation_doi=10.1111/gcbb.12770; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.; citation_title=Biomass and biofuels in China: toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment; citation_author=Z Qin; citation_volume=82; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=2387-2400; citation_doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.073; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=GCB Bioenergy; citation_title=Modeled spatial assessment of biomass productivity and technical potential of Miscanthus × giganteus, Panicum virgatum L., and Jatropha on marginal land in China; citation_author=B Zhang, A Hastings, JC Clifton-Brown, D Jiang, APC Faaij; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=328-345; citation_doi=10.1111/gcbb.12673; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Clean. Prod.; citation_title=Potential bioethanol production from sweet sorghum on marginal land in China; citation_author=D Jiang, M Hao, J Fu, K Liu, X Yan; citation_volume=220; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=225-234; citation_doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.294; citation_id=CR45"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl. Energy; citation_title=Assessment of the potential and distribution of an energy crop at 1-km resolution from 2010 to 2100 in China – The case of sweet sorghum; citation_author=Y Nie; citation_volume=239; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=395-407; citation_doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.214; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.; citation_title=Assessment of the production potentials of Miscanthus on marginal land in China; citation_author=S Xue, I Lewandowski, X Wang, Z Yi; citation_volume=54; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=932-943; citation_doi=10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.040; citation_id=CR47"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Clim. Chang.; citation_title=Biophysical and economic constraints on China’s natural climate solutions; citation_author=N Lu; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=847-853; citation_doi=10.1038/s41558-022-01432-3; citation_id=CR48"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Carbon Balance Manag.; citation_title=Stand carbon storage and net primary production in China’s subtropical secondary forests are predicted to increase by 2060; citation_author=J Jin; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=6; citation_doi=10.1186/s13021-022-00204-y; citation_id=CR49"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Chin. Geogr. Sci.; citation_title=Carbon dynamics in woody biomass of forest ecosystem in China with forest management practices under future climate change and rising CO2 concentration; citation_author=L Zhou; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=519-536; citation_doi=10.1007/s11769-013-0622-9; citation_id=CR50"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=JFE; citation_title=Global woody biomass harvest volumes and forest area use under different SSP-RCP scenarios; citation_author=P Lauri; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=285-309; citation_doi=10.1561/112.00000504; citation_id=CR51"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Chem. Lett.; citation_title=Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review; citation_author=S Fawzy, AI Osman, H Yang, J Doran, DW Rooney; citation_volume=19; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=3023-3055; citation_doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1; citation_id=CR52"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="IPCC. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2019)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Sci. Technol.; citation_title=Biofuels from pyrolysis in perspective: trade-offs between energy yields and soil-carbon additions; citation_author=D Woolf, J Lehmann, EM Fisher, LT Angenent; citation_volume=48; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=6492-6499; citation_doi=10.1021/es500474q; citation_id=CR54"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Clim. Chang; citation_title=Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries; citation_author=V Heck, D Gerten, W Lucht, A Popp; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=151-155; citation_doi=10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y; citation_id=CR55"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Glob. Change Biol.; citation_title=Which practices co-deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification?; citation_author=P Smith; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=1532-1575; citation_doi=10.1111/gcb.14878; citation_id=CR56"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Res. Lett.; citation_title=Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security?; citation_author=S Frank; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=105004; citation_doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83; citation_id=CR57"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.; citation_title=Spatially explicit analyses of sustainable agricultural residue potential for bioenergy in China under various soil and land management scenarios; citation_author=B Zhang, J Xu, Z Lin, T Lin, APC Faaij; citation_volume=137; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=110614; citation_doi=10.1016/j.rser.2020.110614; citation_id=CR58"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="International Food Policy Research Institute. Global Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data for 2010 Version 2.0. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V (2020)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China Forest Resources Report 2014–2018 (China Forestry Publishing House, 2019)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2018 China Agricultural Yearbook (China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 2019)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Resour. Conserv. Recycl.; citation_title=Estimation of the quantity and availability of forestry residue for bioenergy production in China; citation_author=T Fu, JH Ke, S Zhou, GH Xie; citation_volume=162; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=104993; citation_doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104993; citation_id=CR62"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Xu, X. et al. China’s multi-period land use land cover remote sensing monitoring dataset (CNLUCC). RESDC https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201 (2018)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Running, S. & Zhao, M. MOD17A2HGF MODIS/Terra Gross Primary Productivity Gap-Filled 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006 (2019)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="National Forestry and Grassland Administration. 2018 Annual Report on China’s Forestry and Grassland Development (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2020)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Energies; citation_title=Switchgrass-based bioethanol productivity and potential environmental impact from marginal lands in China; citation_author=X Zhang, J Fu, G Lin, D Jiang, X Yan; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=260; citation_doi=10.3390/en10020260; citation_id=CR66"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. National Report on the Comprehensive Utilization of Crop Straw (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2022)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Fischer, G. et al. Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2. https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/ (2008)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fuel; citation_title=Prediction of higher heating values of biochar from proximate and ultimate analysis; citation_author=C Qian; citation_volume=265; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=116925; citation_doi=10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116925; citation_id=CR69"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Deng, X. et al. DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data: potential of Biochar in China. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10369112 (2023)."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Deng, Xu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Teng, Fei"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chen, Minpeng"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Du, Zhangliu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wang, Bin"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Li, Renqiang"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wang, Pan"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="access_endpoint" content="https://www.nature.com/platform/readcube-access"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@NatureComms"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Nature Communications - Authors analyze the potential of biochar in China, revealing it could sequester up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45314-y"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Nature"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China - Nature Communications"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Authors analyze the potential of biochar in China, revealing it could sequester up to 0.92 billion tons of CO2 per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO2 in a sustainable manner, supporting carbon neutrality goal by 2060."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <script> window.eligibleForRa21 = 'false'; </script> </head> <body class="article-page"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="position-relative cleared z-index-50 background-white" data-test="top-containers"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="c-grade-c-banner u-hide"> <div class="c-grade-c-banner__container"> <p>Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="c-ad c-ad--728x90"> <div class="c-ad__inner" data-container-type="banner-advert"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-top-1" class="div-gpt-ad advert leaderboard js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="top" data-test="top-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/nature_communications/article" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="type=article;pos=top;artid=s41467-024-45314-y;doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y;subjmeta=2175,682,704,844;kwrd=Climate-change+mitigation,Climate-change+policy"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/nature_communications/article&sz=728x90&c=-1812967107&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41467-024-45314-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y%26subjmeta%3D2175,682,704,844%26kwrd%3DClimate-change+mitigation,Climate-change+policy"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature_communications/article&sz=728x90&c=-1812967107&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41467-024-45314-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y%26subjmeta%3D2175,682,704,844%26kwrd%3DClimate-change+mitigation,Climate-change+policy" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"></a> </noscript> </div> </div> </aside> <header class="c-header" id="header" data-header data-track-component="nature-150-split-header" style="border-color:#e63323"> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__split"> <div class="c-header__logo-container"> <a href="/ncomms" data-track="click" data-track-action="home" data-track-label="image"> <picture class="c-header__logo"> <source srcset="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/ncomms/header-03d2e325c0a02f6df509e5730e9be304.svg" media="(min-width: 875px)"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/ncomms/header-7001f06bc3fe2437048388e9f2f44215.svg" height="32" alt="Nature Communications"> </picture> </a> </div> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--global"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--hide-md-max"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-test="siteindex-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open nature research index" data-track-label="link"> <span>View all journals</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--search" href="#search-menu" data-header-expander data-test="search-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open search tray" data-track-label="button"> <svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="22" width="22" viewBox="0 0 18 18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.48 15.455c.283.282.29.749.007 1.032a.738.738 0 01-1.032-.007l-3.045-3.044a7 7 0 111.026-1.026zM8 14A6 6 0 108 2a6 6 0 000 12z"/></svg><span>Search</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--snid-account-widget c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45314-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4e684f37-bde5-4c5e-9bc7-5620e572cb66'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container" data-test="navigation-row"> <div class="c-header__split"> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--journal"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="explore-content-button"> <a href="#explore" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--explore" data-track="click" data-track-action="open explore expander" data-track-label="button"> <span><span class="c-header__show-text">Explore</span> content</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu"> <a href="#about-the-journal" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--about-the-journal" data-track="click" data-track-action="open about the journal expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>About <span class="c-header__show-text">the journal</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="publish-with-us-button"> <a href="#publish-with-us" class="c-header__link c-header__link--dropdown-menu" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--publish" data-track="click" data-track-action="open publish with us expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>Publish <span class="c-header__show-text">with us</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--hide-lg-max"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fmy-account%2Falerts%2Fsubscribe-journal%3Flist-id%3D264%26journal-link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nature.com%252Fncomms%252F" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-label="link (desktop site header)" data-track-external> <span>Sign up for alerts</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#222"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="u-mb-16" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> <div class="u-container"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:nature"><span itemprop="name">nature</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/ncomms" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:nature communications"><span itemprop="name">nature communications</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/ncomms/articles?type=article" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:articles"><span itemprop="name">articles</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb3" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China </div> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-pdf-button__container u-mb-16 u-hide-at-lg js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile"> <div class="c-pdf-container" data-track-context="article body"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2024-02-05">05 February 2024</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Xu-Deng-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Xu-Deng-Aff1" data-author-search="Deng, Xu">Xu Deng</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-9614"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-9614</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Fei-Teng-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Fei-Teng-Aff1" data-author-search="Teng, Fei" data-corresp-id="c1">Fei Teng<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-1142"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-0371-1142</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Minpeng-Chen-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Minpeng-Chen-Aff2" data-author-search="Chen, Minpeng">Minpeng Chen</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-6213"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-6159-6213</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zhangliu-Du-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Zhangliu-Du-Aff3" data-author-search="Du, Zhangliu">Zhangliu Du</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bin-Wang-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Bin-Wang-Aff4" data-author-search="Wang, Bin">Bin Wang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Renqiang-Li-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Renqiang-Li-Aff5" data-author-search="Li, Renqiang">Renqiang Li</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pan-Wang-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-Pan-Wang-Aff5" data-author-search="Wang, Pan">Pan Wang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/ncomms" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Communications</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 15</b>, Article number: <span data-test="article-number">1085</span> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2024</span>) <a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">11k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">15 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">31 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/climate-change-mitigation" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Climate-change mitigation</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/climate-change-policy" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Climate-change policy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Limiting global warming to within 1.5 °C might require large-scale deployment of premature negative emission technologies with potentially adverse effects on the key sustainable development goals. Biochar has been proposed as an established technology for carbon sequestration with co-benefits in terms of soil quality and crop yield. However, the considerable uncertainties that exist in the potential, cost, and deployment strategies of biochar systems at national level prevent its deployment in China. Here, we conduct a spatially explicit analysis to investigate the negative emission potential, economics, and priority deployment sites of biochar derived from multiple feedstocks in China. Results show that biochar has negative emission potential of up to 0.92 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per year with an average net cost of US$90 per ton of CO<sub>2</sub> in a sustainable manner, which could satisfy the negative emission demands in most mitigation scenarios compatible with China’s target of carbon neutrality by 2060.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> </noscript> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41561-021-00852-8/MediaObjects/41561_2021_852_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00852-8?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8">Biochar in climate change mitigation </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">02 December 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43016-023-00694-0/MediaObjects/43016_2023_694_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-023-00694-0?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1038/s43016-023-00694-0">Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">09 February 2023</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-020-76470-y/MediaObjects/41598_2020_76470_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76470-y?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-020-76470-y">Modelling the potential for soil carbon sequestration using biochar from sugarcane residues in Brazil </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">10 November 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732410019, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Anthropogenic forcing caused warming of 0.9–1.3 °C during 2010–2019 relative to the preindustrial period<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Gillett, N. P. et al. Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period. Nat. Clim. Chang 11, 207–212 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e516">1</a></sup>, revealing the scale of the growing challenge in meeting the 1.5 or 2 °C warming climate goals specified in the Paris Agreement<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2014)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e520">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="IPCC. Global Warming of 1.5 °C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5 °C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty (Cambridge University Press, 2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e523">3</a></sup>. To achieve the stated climate goals, mitigation strategies increasingly rely on negative emission technologies (NETs) that can remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Muratori, M. et al. EMF-33 insights on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Clim. Change 163, 1621–1637 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e529">4</a></sup>. For example, for China to reach carbon neutrality, NETs are expected to provide negative emissions of 0.01–2.91 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per year (GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>) between 2050 and 2060, according to climate mitigation scenarios based on leading integrated assessment models (IAMs)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Huang, X., Chang, S., Zheng, D. & Zhang, X. The role of BECCS in deep decarbonization of China’s economy: a computable general equilibrium analysis. Energy Econ. 92, 104968 (2020)." href="#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e540">5</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jiang, K., He, C., Dai, H., Liu, J. & Xu, X. Emission scenario analysis for China under the global 1.5 °C target. Carbon Manag. 9, 481–491 (2018)." href="#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e540_1">6</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Pan, X., Chen, W., Wang, L., Lin, L. & Li, N. The role of biomass in China’s long-term mitigation toward the Paris climate goals. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 124028 (2018)." href="#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e540_2">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Weng, Y., Cai, W. & Wang, C. Evaluating the use of BECCS and afforestation under China’s carbon-neutral target for 2060. Appl. Energy 299, 117263 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e543">8</a></sup>. In addition to the carbon sinks of reforestation and afforestation, these scenarios suggest that such high NET demands rely mostly on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Cai, B., Li, Q. & Zhang, X. China Carbon Dioxide Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Annual Report (2021) - China CCUS Pathway Study (Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e547">9</a></sup>. However, both BECCS and DACCS have financial and technological obstacles that must be overcome before they can be implemented on a broad scale<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Galik, C. S. A continuing need to revisit BECCS and its potential. Nat. Clim. Chang. 10, 2–3 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e551">10</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Babin, A., Vaneeckhaute, C. & Iliuta, M. C. Potential and challenges of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a carbon-negative energy source: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 146, 105968 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e554">11</a></sup>. Specifically, NET costs (levelized cost per ton of CO<sub>2</sub> removed) can exceed US$100 per ton of CO<sub>2</sub> ($ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>) for BECCS and 200 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> for DACCS<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Fuss, S. et al. Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 063002 (2018)." href="#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e571">12</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Hepburn, C. et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature 575, 87–97 (2019)." href="#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e571_1">13</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Keith, D. W., Holmes, G., Angelo, D. S. & Heidel, K. A process for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere. Joule 2, 1573–1594 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e574">14</a></sup>, while resource and geological constraints further limit their deployment<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Lane, J., Greig, C. & Garnett, A. Uncertain storage prospects create a conundrum for carbon capture and storage ambitions. Nat. Clim. Chang 11, 925–936 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e579">15</a></sup>. Moreover, BECCS competes with crop production for both land and water, thereby potentially compromising other sustainable development goals such as food security<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Popp, A. et al. Land-use transition for bioenergy and climate stabilization: model comparison of drivers, impacts and interactions with other land use based mitigation options. Clim. Change 123, 495–509 (2014)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e583">16</a></sup>. Therefore, prior to addressing the major barriers confronting mentioned NETs, alternative solutions are urgently needed to form a feasible NET portfolio capable of achieving climate targets safely and sustainably<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Anderson, K. & Peters, G. The trouble with negative emissions. Science 354, 182–183 (2016)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e587">17</a></sup>.</p><p>Biochar represents a technically proven solution for realizing negative emissions, together with co-benefits in terms of soil fertility and crop productivity<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat. Commun. 1, 56 (2010)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e594">18</a></sup>. Biochar has ancient origins in Amazonian farmlands and it has existed for centuries<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 19" title="Cernansky, R. Agriculture: state-of-the-art soil. Nature 517, 258–260 (2015)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e598">19</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="Sohi, S. P. Carbon storage with benefits. Science 338, 1034–1035 (2012)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e601">20</a></sup>, although it has gained recognition in the field of climate change mitigation in only the previous two decades<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Wu, P. et al. A scientometric review of biochar research in the past 20 years (1998–2018). Biochar 1, 23–43 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e605">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 22" title="Kurniawan, T. A. et al. Challenges and opportunities for biochar to promote circular economy and carbon neutrality. J. Environ. Manag. 332, 117429 (2023)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e608">22</a></sup>. At temperatures between 350 and 900 °C, slow pyrolysis converts biomass into less-degradable biochar, together with by-products such as syngas<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 23" title="Peters, J. F., Iribarren, D. & Dufour, J. Biomass pyrolysis for biochar or energy applications? A life cycle assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49, 5195–5202 (2015)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e612">23</a></sup>. Biochar can then be returned to the soil, which helps sequester carbon, avoid emission of soil greenhouse gases, and improve soil quality and crop yields<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="Lehmann, J. et al. Biochar in climate change mitigation. Nat. Geosci. 14, 883–892 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e616">24</a></sup>. China accords particular importance to practical use of biochar and a number of pilot projects have been conducted since the early 2010s<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Promotion and Release of the Top Ten Patterns of Straw for Agricultural Use (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2017)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e621">25</a></sup>. In recent years, more than 100 companies in China have participated in the biochar business, with demonstration sites selected across the major crop-production areas<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="Meng, J. et al. Development of the straw biochar returning concept in China. Biochar 1, 139–149 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e625">26</a></sup>. However, biochar has largely been viewed as only a green agricultural technology that can reduce fertilizer input, build soil quality, and increase crop yields, and its role in terms of climate mitigation has largely been ignored.</p><p>Global evaluations of biochar’s potential have underscored its critical function as a negative emission technology<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat. Commun. 1, 56 (2010)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e632">18</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Roe, S. et al. Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C world. Nat. Clim. Chang 9, 817–828 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e635">27</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="Werner, C., Lucht, W., Gerten, D. & Kammann, C. Potential of land-neutral negative emissions through biochar sequestration. Earth’s Future 10, e2021EF002583 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e638">28</a></sup>. However, to fully harness its benefits, it is crucial to evaluate the negative emissions potential and economic viability of biochar at regional levels. A comprehensive spatial analysis integrating the latest knowledge on biochar’s role in negative emissions is in need to provide actionable insights for its deployment in the pursuit of carbon neutrality. On one hand, existing experiments tends to narrowly focus on the properties of specific biochar types or their comparative analysis<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Ippolito, J. A. et al. Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review. Biochar 2, 421–438 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e642">29</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 30" title="Hassan, M. et al. Influences of feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar and functionality as adsorbents: a meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 744, 140714 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e645">30</a></sup> without a granular estimation of their potential for negative emissions and economic impact. On the other hand, regional studies often fail to account for the diversity of biomass resources and biochar properties, leading to a flawed foundation for deployment strategies.</p><p>In China, estimates on biochar have predominantly focused on agricultural residues<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Xia, L. et al. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. Nat. Food 4, 236–246 (2023)." href="#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e652">31</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Yang, Q. et al. Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation. Appl. Energy 282, 116275 (2021)." href="#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e652_1">32</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="Yang, Q. et al. Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China’s 2050 carbon reduction and renewable energy goals. Nat. Commun. 12, 1698 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e655">33</a></sup>, neglecting significant contributions from forestry and grass residues, as well as potential energy crops. This oversight results in a chronic underestimation of the country’s total biochar potential. Furthermore, variations in the physicochemical properties of biochar derived from different biomass resources<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, S. & Xing, G. Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence times. Energy Fuels 27, 5890–5899 (2013)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e659">34</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="He, X. et al. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of gas and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of crop residues. Energy 143, 746–756 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e662">35</a></sup> are typically overlooked, leading to inaccuracies in economic and emissions assessments. The heterogeneity of spatial factors, such as soil texture, is also commonly disregarded, resulting in biased crop yield benefit estimates<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Singh, H., Northup, B. K., Rice, C. W. & Prasad, P. V. V. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis. Biochar 4, 8 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e666">36</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Wang, Y., Villamil, M. B., Davidson, P. C. & Akdeniz, N. A quantitative understanding of the role of co-composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 685, 741–752 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e669">37</a></sup> and flawed economic evaluations. Recent advancements in data availability from field experiments<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="Joseph, S. et al. How biochar works, and when it doesn’t: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy 13, 1731–1764 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e673">38</a></sup>, assessment methodologies<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Woolf, D. et al. Greenhouse gas inventory model for biochar additions to soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 14795–14805 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e677">39</a></sup>, and spatial data resolution<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Nie, Y. et al. Spatial distribution of usable biomass feedstock and technical bioenergy potential in China. GCB Bioenergy 12, 54–70 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e682">40</a></sup> now permit the inclusion of biomass and spatial heterogeneity in assessments, facilitating a detailed and location-specific evaluation of biochar’s negative emissions potential and economic implications. Our study leverages the latest scientific progress to present a spatially explicit analysis of biochar potential in China. This analysis recognizes the diversity in biomass types and spatial distribution, addressing the prevalent underestimation of biochar’s potential and providing a detailed, actionable framework for policymakers to guide biochar deployment.</p><p>In this study, we investigate the negative emission potential of biochar produced from multiple feedstocks and identify the most cost-effective biomass types and deployment locations in China. First, we evaluate the magnitude of available biomass feedstocks for biochar production, including biomass residues from agriculture, forest, grassland, and potential energy crops in the marginal land (as shown in the “Methods” section), and develop three scenarios based on various assumptions of biomass availability. Then, we quantify the negative emission potential of biochar using a uniform empirical framework, which takes into account biochar properties and pyrolysis parameters. Second, incorporating both literature-based and practical survey data, we conduct a cost-benefit analysis and construct supply curves of the negative emissions for biochar derived from multiple feedstocks. Finally, we make the spatially explicit analysis of the negative emission potential and economics to prioritize biochar deployment. Results show that biochar can achieve negative emission potential of up to 0.92 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> with an average cost of approximately 90 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> in a sustainable manner. Such potential of biochar could satisfy the negative emission demands in most mitigation scenarios compatible with China’s target of carbon neutrality by 2060. Furthermore, we discover that feedstocks and subregions with high negative emission potential and high economics largely overlap, which could provide guidance for systematic deployment of biochar in China.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec3">Negative emission potential of biochar</h3><p>We construct three scenarios to estimate the potential for biochar to act as a negative emission technology based on various assumptions of biomass availability (refer to the “Methods” section and Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Tab1">1</a>). The first scenario, designated as the ‘Maximum Theoretical Potential’, entails the exploitation of marginal lands for energy crop cultivation and full utilization of available biomass for biochar production, serving as a benchmark compared with other studies investigating biomass potential in China. The ‘Current Technical Potential’ scenario, in contrast, limits biomass access to feedstocks harvestable through current technologies and practices without competing with current usages such as livestock feed and rural energy consumption. Lastly, the ‘Sustainable Technical Potential’ scenario foresees the cultivation of energy crops on marginal lands, a more efficient residue harvesting rate brought about by technological and policy progress, while maintaining current biomass use patterns. Therefore, the ‘Current Technical’ and ‘Sustainable Technical’ scenarios present near-term and sustainable upper limits of biochar’s negative emission potential without compromising food security or habitats. However, it’s crucial to note that both scenarios necessitate progressive policy action to enhance biomass availability beyond current practices. The range of negative emission potentials reported in this paper pertains solely to the scenarios considered and does not reflect constraints imposed by real-world policies.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Potentials of available biomass feedstocks under various scenarios</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Our results indicate that the maximum theoretical potential of biomass feedstocks in China could reach as high as 2.43 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig1">1a</a>). Agricultural residues, predominantly composed of maize straw and cob, rice straw and hull, and wheat straw, contribute 41% or 0.99 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup> of the total feedstocks (Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">9</a>). In addition, 36% of the total feedstocks, equivalent to 0.86 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup>, originate from dedicated energy crops such as miscanthus and sweet sorghum grown in marginal lands. Forestry and grassland contribute equally to the total residues, each offering 0.29 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup>. Compared to existing studies<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Nie, Y. et al. Spatial distribution of usable biomass feedstock and technical bioenergy potential in China. GCB Bioenergy 12, 54–70 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1034">40</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="Xing, X. et al. Spatially explicit analysis identifies significant potential for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in China. Nat. Commun. 12, 3159 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1037">41</a></sup>, our estimation on the maximum theoretical potential of available feedstocks is conservative, because we consider only residues in agriculture and forest biomass, grass in grassland excluding nature reserves, and potential energy crops limited by marginal lands and climatic conditions. Nonetheless, the abundance of biomass feedstocks provides great confidence for biochar preparation.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Available biomass feedstocks and negative emission potential of biochar in China."><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1: Available biomass feedstocks and negative emission potential of biochar in China.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="636"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p><b>a</b> Potentials of available biomass feedstocks under various scenarios, namely, maximum theoretical potential, sustainable technical potential, and current technical potential. These feedstocks include agricultural residues, forestry residues, grass residues, and potential dedicated energy crops. <b>b</b> Negative emission potential of biochar produced from various types of feedstocks. Note that ‘other agricultural residues’ refers to the residues of 13 other types of crops excluding rice, wheat, and maize. <b>c</b> Comparison between negative emission demands in mitigation pathways from previous studies, and the negative emission potential of biochar estimated in this study. Source data are provided as a Source data file.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Considering the competition for biomass from current uses, such as livestock feed, along with ecological constraints, the total available biomass feedstocks under the ‘Sustainable Technical Potential’ scenario are diminished to 1.73 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup>. Specifically, upon factoring in the harvesting rate and subtracting feedstocks utilized for livestock, rural energy consumption, and raw materials, the residue amounts available from agriculture and forestry for biochar production are calculated at 0.79 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup> and 0.23 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively (refer to Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>). Grass residues, extensively used as livestock feed (see the “Methods” section), exhibit a notable reduction in availability. Our results demonstrate that the remaining grass residues have declined to 43 Mt yr<sup>−1</sup>, representing only 15% of the maximum theoretical potential. Furthermore, to avoid ecological harm, this study assumes that dedicated energy crop cultivation is prohibited in intertidal zones, bottomlands, and certain government-designated shrublands. Consequently, the ensuing area for energy crop cultivation is ~50.5 Mhm<sup>2</sup>, yielding 0.66 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup>. These figures align with existing estimates, which range from 3–185 Mhm<sup>2 </sup><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Qaseem, M. F. & Wu, A.-M. Marginal lands for bioenergy in China; an outlook in status, potential and management. GCB Bioenergy 13, 21–44 (2021)." href="#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1089">42</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Qin, Z. et al. Biomass and biofuels in China: toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 2387–2400 (2018)." href="#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1089_1">43</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 44" title="Zhang, B., Hastings, A., Clifton-Brown, J. C., Jiang, D. & Faaij, A. P. C. Modeled spatial assessment of biomass productivity and technical potential of Miscanthus × giganteus, Panicum virgatum L., and Jatropha on marginal land in China. GCB Bioenergy 12, 328–345 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1092">44</a></sup> for area and 0.01 to over 1 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup> <sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Zhang, B., Hastings, A., Clifton-Brown, J. C., Jiang, D. & Faaij, A. P. C. Modeled spatial assessment of biomass productivity and technical potential of Miscanthus × giganteus, Panicum virgatum L., and Jatropha on marginal land in China. GCB Bioenergy 12, 328–345 (2020)." href="#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1098">44</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jiang, D., Hao, M., Fu, J., Liu, K. & Yan, X. Potential bioethanol production from sweet sorghum on marginal land in China. J. Clean. Prod. 220, 225–234 (2019)." href="#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1098_1">45</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Nie, Y. et al. Assessment of the potential and distribution of an energy crop at 1-km resolution from 2010 to 2100 in China – The case of sweet sorghum. Appl. Energy 239, 395–407 (2019)." href="#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1098_2">46</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 47" title="Xue, S., Lewandowski, I., Wang, X. & Yi, Z. Assessment of the production potentials of Miscanthus on marginal land in China. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54, 932–943 (2016)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1101">47</a></sup> for production. Finally, under the ‘Current Technical Potential’ scenario, the available biomass feedstocks amount to 0.81 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup>, comprised of 0.73 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup> from agricultural biomass and 0.08 Gt yr<sup>−1</sup> from forestry residues.</p><p>After pyrolysis, a portion of carbon from the biomass will be sequestered within the biochar and preserved for hundreds of years (Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">3</a>). The potential for negative emissions could reach 1.29 GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> under the maximum theoretical scenario. This capacity nearly fulfils the negative emission requirements across all deep decarbonization pathways in line with the 2 °C target (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig1">1b, c</a>). Under the current technical scenario, the negative emission potential amounts to 0.43 GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>, thereby presenting significant near-term mitigation opportunities. The potential under sustainable technical scenario, meanwhile, could fulfill a negative emission demand of 0.92 GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>. Given that the median projection for negative emission demands in China is 1.43 GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> in 2050 or 2060 (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig1">1c</a>), combined with the carbon sink in managed forests being 0.63Gt CO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> <sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 48" title="Lu, N. et al. Biophysical and economic constraints on China’s natural climate solutions. Nat. Clim. Chang. 12, 847–853 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1146">48</a></sup>, biochar stands to play a significant role in achieving negative emissions in accordance with the 1.5 °C target and carbon neutrality, without deploying premature NETs such as BECCS and DACCS.</p><p>Beyond providing negative emissions through carbon sequestration, biochar application has greater impact on the reduction in total emissions, e.g., by offsetting fossil carbon emissions through use of syngas, as well as avoiding soil greenhouse gas emissions (Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">6</a>). Our study suggests that the total avoidance part is approximately 1.5 times greater than the removal part (Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">12</a>), which indicates that biochar could play a greater role in climate mitigation. We also conducted the uncertainty analysis to show the long-term impact of climate change on the estimation of biochar potential. Without additional consideration for land use pattern, the Monte Carlo analysis suggests a slight growth of the negative emission potential of biochar under all scenarios. This growth is primarily attributable to the rise in forestry residues, which are affected by climate change expected in the second half of the 21st century<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Jin, J. et al. Stand carbon storage and net primary production in China’s subtropical secondary forests are predicted to increase by 2060. Carbon Balance Manag. 17, 6 (2022)." href="#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1160">49</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Zhou, L. et al. Carbon dynamics in woody biomass of forest ecosystem in China with forest management practices under future climate change and rising CO2 concentration. Chin. Geogr. Sci. 23, 519–536 (2013)." href="#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1160_1">50</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 51" title="Lauri, P. et al. Global woody biomass harvest volumes and forest area use under different SSP-RCP scenarios. JFE 34, 285–309 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1163">51</a></sup> (Supplementary Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">13</a>). Socio-economic factors also influence future crop production and, consequently, the availability of crop residues, showing significant variations (Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">7</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Economics of negative emissions from biochar</h3><p>Then, we conduct the cost-benefit analysis on the slow pyrosis (as shown in the “Methods” section) and construct the supply curves for costs and net costs (with by-products and yields increasing co-benefits as income) of negative emissions provided by biochar (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig2">2a, b</a>). The average net negative emission cost of biochar in China is 90 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, ranging from 60-96 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> for biochar derived from agricultural and forestry residues to 101−144 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> for biochar derived from energy crops and grass residues. Accordingly, the net cost of negative emissions for biochar from agricultural and forestry residues is capped at <100 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> in China, while the net cost for BECCS is typically 30–400 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub><sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Fuss, S. et al. Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 063002 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1205">12</a></sup>. Although biochar from energy crops and grass residues is more expensive due to high biomass purchasing cost, they still has an economic advantage over other NETs, such as CO<sub>2</sub> fuels (0–670 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>), DACCS (30–1000 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>), and microalgae (230–920 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>) that might be even more costly<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="Fuss, S. et al. Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 063002 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1224">12</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="Hepburn, C. et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO2 utilization and removal. Nature 575, 87–97 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1227">13</a></sup>. Biochar production technology, particularly the technology of biomass gasification for biochar and syngas co-production that is promoted in China (Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">2</a>), is both commercially mature and economically competitive, as evidenced by our results, suggesting that biochar could be regarded as a relatively cost-effective NET and that it has potential to play a key role in climate mitigation strategies.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Economics of negative emissions from biochar."><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2: Economics of negative emissions from biochar.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="611"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p><b>a</b> The cost curve ($ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>) of the negative emissions of biochar derived from various feedstocks. Costs consist of the cost of feedstock purchasing, feedstock storage, investment, operation and maintenance, transport of biomass and biochar, and biochar application. <b>b</b> The net cost curve ($ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>) of the negative emissions of biochar derived from various feedstocks. Net cost refers to the difference between costs and incomes. Incomes consist of increased yield income and syngas income. <b>c</b> Components of costs and incomes for various types of biochar. Source data are provided as a Source data file.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The relatively low net cost of biochar is achieved owing to the sale of by-products syngas and the co-benefits from improved yields (left half of Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig2">2c</a>). Syngas sales dominate the total revenue and offsets 32% to 57% of total costs. The benefits derived from by-product sales are least for forestry and rice residues. The carbon content of forestry-residue-based biochar is high, indicating that more carbon and heat are sequestered in the biochar rather than in the by-products. The heating value of rice straw and husk is low, indicating less syngas production when compared to other feedstocks (Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">2</a>). In current pilot projects, syngas is used for industrial heat or electricity generation in facilities near the pilot sites (Supplementary Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">9</a>). Therefore, to scale-up the revenues from syngas sales, the expansion and enhancement of related infrastructure, such as improved gas and power grid connectivity, are crucial. Biochar also offers additional application incentives through its ability to bolster crop yields. However, the estimated co-benefits from yield improvements in our study are minor, offsetting only 1% to 23% of costs. This may be due to the prevalent high-rate fertilizer application in Chinese fields, which makes the yield enhancement impact of biochar comparatively less significant than suggested by international studies. For instance, the latest meta-analysis indicates that biochar application only improves major crop yields in China by approximately 10%<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Xia, L. et al. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. Nat. Food 4, 236–246 (2023)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1283">31</a></sup>, a figure significantly lower than the global average of 35%<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Singh, H., Northup, B. K., Rice, C. W. & Prasad, P. V. V. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis. Biochar 4, 8 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1287">36</a></sup>. Conversely, the yield improvement effect is more noticeable for herbaceous-based biochars<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Singh, H., Northup, B. K., Rice, C. W. & Prasad, P. V. V. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis. Biochar 4, 8 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1292">36</a></sup>, such as those derived from miscanthus.</p><p>Without considering the revenue from yield improvements and by-product sales, the economic attractiveness of biochar would be greatly reduced, with negative emission costs rising to 142–273 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig2">2b</a>). The negative emission cost of biochar derived from different feedstocks varies widely owing to differences in the cost of purchasing feedstock, the conversion rate from feedstock to biochar, and the carbon content in the biochar. First, biochar derived from energy crops is more expensive because the purchasing price of energy crops is higher than that of crop residues, since the latter does not include revenue from crop production. Second, a lower conversion rate from biomass to biochar or a lower carbon content in the biochar contributes to a higher total cost per unit of negative emission. For example, the conversion rates from energy crops to biochar are <25% (Supplementary Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">6</a>), resulting in their high negative emission costs of over 200 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>. In contrast, the conversion rates of rice, maize, and wheat residues to biochar are high under the same pyrolysis conditions, and their negative emission costs are 158, 162, and 168 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Owing to the high carbon content of forest-derived biochar (77.2%), the negative emission cost of forestry residues is 142 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, which remains the lowest in all biochar types. Given the high upfront input and uncertain returns, biochar applications could begin with the collection of agricultural and forestry residues characterized by high carbon content and conversion rates.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">Spatial analysis of biochar potential</h3><p>To identify areas suitable for biochar deployment, spatial analysis of negative emission potential under ‘Sustainable Technical Potential’ scenario is performed (see the “Methods” section) and the provinces are divided into six regions, as shown in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig3">3</a>. Because the feedstocks are not distributed uniformly throughout the regions, substantially diverse distribution patterns for negative emission potential are presented. Agricultural residues and energy crops dominate the distribution patterns because they are the most abundant biomass feedstocks. Agricultural residues are primarily distributed in Central and South China (191 Mt yr<sup>−1</sup>), whereas energy crops are primarily distributed in North China (167 Mt yr<sup>−1</sup>) and Southwest China (218 Mt yr<sup>−1</sup>). Northwest China has a significantly lower negative emission potential than other regions because of its large proportion of grassland and absence of agricultural residues. Therefore, Central and South China has the greatest negative emission potential of 207 MtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>, followed by Southwest China (194 MtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>) and North China (161 MtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>) (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig3">3j</a>). Northwest China has the lowest negative emission potential, which is 87 MtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Distribution of biomass feedstocks and negative emission potential under ‘Sustainable Technical’ scenario."><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3: Distribution of biomass feedstocks and negative emission potential under ‘Sustainable Technical’ scenario.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig3_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="539"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p><b>a</b>–<b>d</b> The distribution of agricultural residues, forestry residues, grass residues, and energy crops on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. China is divided into six regions: black for North China, red for Northeast China, orange for East China, yellow for Central and South China, green for Southwest China, and blue for Northwest China. Hongkong, Macau, and Taiwan were not included in our analysis. <b>e</b>–<b>h</b> Available biomass feedstock in the six regions. <b>i</b> Negative emission potential at a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. <b>j</b> Negative emission potential in the six regions. Source data are provided as a Source data file. The shapefile of national and provincial boundaries is quoted from the National Catalogue Service For Geographic Information, accessible at <a href="http://www.webmap.cn">www.webmap.cn</a>.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>Negative emission costs of biochar vary greatly at the regional level from 12−150 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig4">4a</a>) resulting from different feedstock types, biomass abundance, and soil types and PH (see “Methods” section). First, biochar derived from forestry and agricultural residues is the cheapest option for carbon removal. Thus, the cost of biochar is lower in regions rich in agroforestry residues (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig4">4b, c</a>). For example, the share of agroforestry residue in total available biomass feedstocks is 85% in East China and 70% in Central and South China, with low average costs of 77.8 and 78.3 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, respectively (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig4">4d</a>). Remarkably, biochar derived from agricultural sources can even result in net benefits in certain regions (Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig4">4b</a>). This is primarily driven by the substantial yield enhancement benefits when biochar is utilized for high-yield cereals in Shandong and Henan, or other high-yield crops like sugarcane in Guangxi. While economically valuable crops such as tobacco in Yunnan contribute to reduced costs, Southwest China sees a high average cost of negative emissions from biochar (92.5 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>), as this region’s biomass resource predominantly consists of energy crops and grass. For the same reason, the average cost in North China is highest, up to 110.4 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>. Second, the sparser the biomass resource is, the higher the negative emission cost of biochar is. This is because the same pyrolysis plants process less biomass, resulting in a higher unit investment cost (Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">4</a>). Consequently, the negative emission cost of biochar in Northwest China is high, averaging 100.6 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> (blue line in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig4">4d</a>). Finally, yield enhancement co-benefits are more substantial on both coarse-textured (blue pixels, Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">5</a>) and fine-textured soils (brown pixels, Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">5</a>) compared to medium-textured soils. Furthermore, acidic soils (brown pixels in Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">6</a>) yield greater benefits than alkaline soils<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Wang, Y., Villamil, M. B., Davidson, P. C. & Akdeniz, N. A quantitative understanding of the role of co-composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 685, 741–752 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1458">37</a></sup>. Accordingly, regions in the south might benefit most from yield enhancement.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Distribution of net cost of negative emissions under ‘Sustainable Technical Potential’ scenario."><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4: Distribution of net cost of negative emissions under ‘Sustainable Technical Potential’ scenario.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig4_HTML.png?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_Fig4_HTML.png" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="855"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p><b>a</b>–<b>c</b> Net cost of negative emissions on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. Costs are calculated as the weighted average of various feedstocks within the same grid. Note that these net cost estimates differ from those in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig3">3</a> owing to the application of site-specific soil conditions and biomass resource in the spatial analysis, whereas the values in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig3">3</a> are based on national averages. <b>d</b> Net cost curve of negative emissions for various regions. Source data are provided as a Source data file. The shapefile of national and provincial boundaries is quoted from the National Catalogue Service For Geographic Information, accessible at <a href="http://www.webmap.cn">www.webmap.cn</a>.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In summary, Central and South China and East China not only are rich in biomass resources but also have lower costs (yellow and orange lines in Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Fig4">4d</a>), and could be preferentially selected as pilot areas for biochar application. Taking both cost and potential into consideration, Guangxi Province and Henan Province in Central and South China, and Shandong Province in East China could be priority regions for pilot deployment of biochar. Moreover, pilots in these regions could start with collection of agroforestry residues owing to the associated low cost of producing biochar.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec6-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec6">Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec6-content"><p>As the need for negative emissions intensifies in the pursuit of rigorous climate targets, it is imperative to investigate the alternative options to premature NETs. The case for biochar, which has over a decade of practical groundwork in China, is particularly compelling. Our study underscores not only the near-term opportunities but also the sustainable prospects of biochar as an established NET in attaining China’s carbon neutrality target. We find that biochar presents considerable negative emission potential within China, with the current technical and sustainable technical negative emission potential being 0.43 and 0.92 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> per annum, respectively. The average net cost of biochar production stands at around 90 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, ranging from 60 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> of forestry-residue-based biochar to 144 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub> of grass-residue-based biochar. Our spatially explicit analysis highlights that region with high potential and low-cost negative emissions largely coincide, primarily in East China and Central and South China. Remarkably, a few areas have the potential to achieve positive returns due to high crop yields or crop value. By offering estimations of the negative emission potential and the economics of biochar, our study can provide recommendations for structured deployment and graded integration of biochar, and provide regional information for the integration of biochar technology into IAMs.</p><p>In most regions, although the negative emission cost of biochar is lower than other NETs, it remains higher than the carbon prices in the Chinese national carbon market, making it challenging to promote biochar applications in the near term through offset mechanisms. Yet, promising initiatives have been seen in the United States, Finland, and beyond, where organizations have established voluntary carbon removal platforms that incorporate biochar and have started to explore validation and monitoring methodologies<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 52" title="Fawzy, S., Osman, A. I., Yang, H., Doran, J. & Rooney, D. W. Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 19, 3023–3055 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1536">52</a></sup>. These undertakings provide valuable insights for implementing biochar technology in China. Biochar was included in the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="IPCC. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1540">53</a></sup>. However, the development of transparent and locally adapted accounting methods is still in progress and requires further exploration. In order to achieve more ambitious net emission reduction targets, it is imperative to incorporate biochar into national emission trading schemes and Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This would facilitate the more extensive adoption and effective utilization of biochar technologies for negative emissions.</p><p>While this study employs a robust framework and incorporates data from the latest experimental literature and pilot projects, the potential of biochar remains subject to considerable uncertainty. This uncertainty primarily originates from several factors: availability of biomass resources, properties of various biochar types, pyrolysis techniques and conditions, and the impact of biochar application on crop yield. To evaluate this uncertainty, we conduct a Monte Carlo analysis (refer to Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">7</a>). The mean estimate of biochar’s negative emission potential is 1.07 GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> under the sustainable technical scenarios, ranging from 0.68 to 1.46 GtCO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup>. The mean negative emission cost of biochar is 92 $ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>, with a range from −13 to 197$ t<sup>−1</sup>CO<sub>2</sub>. Of all the parameters, those related to by-product income and feedstock purchasing costs are the most sensitive, with the potential to alter biochar cost by approximately 100% (Supplementary Figs. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">13</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">14</a>). Furthermore, the negative emission potential of biochar does not include emission reductions attributable to bioenergy production to offset fossil fuel emissions, and avoidance of soil emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. Both are conceptually different from the negative emission potential but are important factors to consider when assessing the life cycle emissions of biochar. Results indicate that the mitigation potential is 1.5 times greater than the negative emission potential, which are displayed in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">4</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">6</a>. In particular, the negative emission potential and mitigation potential of agricultural residues under the sustainable technical scenario amount to 0.42 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> yr<sup>−1</sup> and 0.76 Gt CO<sub>2</sub>eq yr<sup>−1</sup>, exceeding the estimates in existing studies (0.05-0.7 Gt CO<sub>2</sub>eq yr<sup>−1</sup>)<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Xia, L. et al. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. Nat. Food 4, 236–246 (2023)." href="#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1593">31</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Yang, Q. et al. Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation. Appl. Energy 282, 116275 (2021)." href="#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1593_1">32</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="Yang, Q. et al. Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China’s 2050 carbon reduction and renewable energy goals. Nat. Commun. 12, 1698 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1596">33</a></sup>, mainly due to our consideration of a wider range of crop types. The explosive effect of soil priming caused by the mineralization of native organic matter due to biochar has also received attention but remains highly debated, as discussed in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">4</a>.</p><p>Our study has some limitations. First, our analysis does not encompass all types of biomass resources. We focus on specific feedstocks, leaving out others like livestock manures<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Ippolito, J. A. et al. Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review. Biochar 2, 421–438 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1606">29</a></sup>, which have proven potential for biochar production. Moreover, the biochar co-production technology we employed, while economically viable, does not prioritize biochar yield maximization. As carbon budgets become more restrictive, the balance between negative emissions and energy value in biochar production<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 54" title="Woolf, D., Lehmann, J., Fisher, E. M. & Angenent, L. T. Biofuels from pyrolysis in perspective: trade-offs between energy yields and soil-carbon additions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 6492–6499 (2014)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1610">54</a></sup> warrants careful consideration. These elements might lead to a potential underestimation of negative emission capacities in our study. Second, our research does not fully account for dynamic influences such as technological advancements, economies of scale, and evolving carbon prices, which could all affect biochar’s economic viability and potentially lower its future cost. Lastly, our analysis does not fully address the environmental and socio-economic trade-offs associated with the large-scale deployment of biochar. Increasing biomass demand could potentially result in emissions stemming from land-use changes, intensified competition with food production, and a decline in biodiversity<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 55" title="Heck, V., Gerten, D., Lucht, W. & Popp, A. Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries. Nat. Clim. Chang 8, 151–155 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1614">55</a></sup>. Simultaneously, the application of biochar can also offer additional co-benefits, such as enhanced heavy metal adsorption in soils<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 21" title="Wu, P. et al. A scientometric review of biochar research in the past 20 years (1998–2018). Biochar 1, 23–43 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1618">21</a></sup>. Despite these limitations, our key finding remains that biochar is a promising NET option for achieving carbon neutrality goals in China and should be included in the climate change mitigation toolbox. Future research could aim to explore these potential trade-offs and co-benefits, offering a more holistic understanding of biochar’s role in climate change mitigation<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Roe, S. et al. Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C world. Nat. Clim. Chang 9, 817–828 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1622">27</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 56" title="Smith, P. et al. Which practices co-deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification? Glob. Change Biol. 26, 1532–1575 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1625">56</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 57" title="Frank, S. et al. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security? Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 105004 (2017)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1628">57</a></sup>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec7-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec7">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec7-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Overall approach</h3><p>We estimated the negative emission potential and economics of biochar in China using the following steps. First, we calculated the biomass feedstock of 16 types of agricultural residues, 10 types of forestry residues, grass residues, and potential energy crops in China based on statistical and spatial data, which were then aggerated on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid. Then, we developed three scenarios that present maximum theoretical potential, sustainable technical potential, and current technical potential of available biomass feedstocks, respectively. Second, we estimated the negative emission potential of the biochar based on a unified empirical framework distinguishing property of biochar derived from various types of biomass feedstocks. Third, incorporating data from latest experiments in literature and pilot projects, we calculated the economics of biochar and constructed the supply curve of biochar. Finally, considering factors such as soil texture and pH level that might influence the effectiveness of biochar application, we conducted spatially explicit analysis of the negative emission potential and economics of biochar, and identified the locations suitable for biochar deployment. The framework of our approach has been shown in Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">10</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Agricultural residues</h3><p>With reference to Nie et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Nie, Y. et al. Spatial distribution of usable biomass feedstock and technical bioenergy potential in China. GCB Bioenergy 12, 54–70 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1655">40</a></sup> and Zhang et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 58" title="Zhang, B., Xu, J., Lin, Z., Lin, T. & Faaij, A. P. C. Spatially explicit analyses of sustainable agricultural residue potential for bioenergy in China under various soil and land management scenarios. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 137, 110614 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1659">58</a></sup>, the ‘residue-to-product ratio’ method was adopted in our study for its accuracy in determining the spatial distribution of crops, which incorporated the use of spatial data on crop types, the crop-specific residue-to-product ratio, and the calibration of the result based on national statistics. Here, the residues of 16 types of agricultural crops were considered. Spatial data on various types of crops were obtained from the Harvard Dataverse 2010 with 10-km resolution<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="International Food Policy Research Institute. Global Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data for 2010 Version 2.0. Harvard Dataverse. 
 https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V
 
 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1663">59</a></sup>, which were then mapped and calibrated to the crop yields taken from the 2018 China Statistical Yearbook. Relevant formulas and data can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">Forestry residues</h3><p>To clarify the available forestry residues and their spatial distribution, we started from the statistics on planted areas and production at 2018 level<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 60" title="National Forestry and Grassland Administration. China Forest Resources Report 2014–2018 (China Forestry Publishing House, 2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1678">60</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 61" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. 2018 China Agricultural Yearbook (China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1681">61</a></sup>, and adopted method developed by Fu et al. to calculate 10 types of available forestry residues using processing and trimming coefficients of various types of forestry residues<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="Fu, T., Ke, J. H., Zhou, S. & Xie, G. H. Estimation of the quantity and availability of forestry residue for bioenergy production in China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 162, 104993 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1685">62</a></sup>. Then, available forestry residues were assigned to grids based on land use type and gridded Net Primary Productivity (NPP) in 2018. The spatial data of wooded and other wooded land were selected from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center (RESDC) with resolution of 1 km × 1 km<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="Xu, X. et al. China’s multi-period land use land cover remote sensing monitoring dataset (CNLUCC). RESDC 
 https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201
 
 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1689">63</a></sup>. NPP at the 2018 level was obtained from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product-MOD17A3HGF.006-with resolution of 500 m × 500 m<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="Running, S. & Zhao, M. MOD17A2HGF MODIS/Terra Gross Primary Productivity Gap-Filled 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. 
 https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006
 
 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1693">64</a></sup>. The formula and data sources can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec11">Grass residues</h3><p>First, we sourced statistical data on available grass residues from natural grasslands across the country from the 2018 Annual Report on China’s Forestry and Grassland Development<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 65" title="National Forestry and Grassland Administration. 2018 Annual Report on China’s Forestry and Grassland Development (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1708">65</a></sup>. Then, grass residues was assigned to each grid based on NPP that was obtained from MOD17A3HGF.006<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="Running, S. & Zhao, M. MOD17A2HGF MODIS/Terra Gross Primary Productivity Gap-Filled 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. 
 https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006
 
 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1712">64</a></sup> and spatial land use type data of high-, middle-, and low-coverage grassland were accessed from RESDC<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="Xu, X. et al. China’s multi-period land use land cover remote sensing monitoring dataset (CNLUCC). RESDC 
 https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201
 
 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1716">63</a></sup>. Finally, feedstocks in National Nature Reserves (NNRs) were excluded. The formula used for calculation of grass residues can be seen in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec12">Energy crops</h3><p>Planting sites and production of energy crops were determined based on the area of marginal land, crop type, and corresponding yields. In this study, marginal lands refer to shrub land, the intertidal zone, bottomland, and unused land that includes sandy, Gobi, saline, marshland, bare land, and bare rocky land. These areas were identified on a 1 km × 1 km grid of land use type<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="Xu, X. et al. China’s multi-period land use land cover remote sensing monitoring dataset (CNLUCC). RESDC 
 https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201
 
 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1732">63</a></sup> with NNRs excluded. C4 plants-sweet sorghum, switchgrass, and miscanthus-were chosen as potential energy crops to be planted in the future. Suitable planting sites for each energy crop were determined based on environmental conditions that included temperature, slope, and precipitation. Yields of each energy crop at the provincial level were adopted from earlier studies<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 44" title="Zhang, B., Hastings, A., Clifton-Brown, J. C., Jiang, D. & Faaij, A. P. C. Modeled spatial assessment of biomass productivity and technical potential of Miscanthus × giganteus, Panicum virgatum L., and Jatropha on marginal land in China. GCB Bioenergy 12, 328–345 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1736">44</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 46" title="Nie, Y. et al. Assessment of the potential and distribution of an energy crop at 1-km resolution from 2010 to 2100 in China – The case of sweet sorghum. Appl. Energy 239, 395–407 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1739">46</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 66" title="Zhang, X., Fu, J., Lin, G., Jiang, D. & Yan, X. Switchgrass-based bioethanol productivity and potential environmental impact from marginal lands in China. Energies 10, 260 (2017)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1742">66</a></sup>. Finally, maps of the marginal land and three types of energy crops with information of suitable planting sites and potential yields were overlain to determine the best technology potential for individual grids. Consequently, switchgrass was eliminated because of the relatively low yield. The relevant maps, data, and data sources can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec13">Scenarios development on available biomass feedstocks</h3><p>In this study, we developed three scenarios based on different assumptions on biomass availability: the maximum theoretical potential, sustainable technical potential, and current technical potential. The ‘Maximum Theoretical Potential’ scenario represents the maximum amount of attainable biomass feedstocks, premised on the assumption that all biomass resources can be harvested and not used for other purposes. The ‘Current Technical Potential’ scenario signifies the feedstocks available within the constraints of current technologies and practices, with the assumption that only a fraction of agricultural and forestry residues can be collected—specifically, 88% of agricultural residues<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 67" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. National Report on the Comprehensive Utilization of Crop Straw (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1757">67</a></sup> and 28% of forestry residues<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="Fu, T., Ke, J. H., Zhou, S. & Xie, G. H. Estimation of the quantity and availability of forestry residue for bioenergy production in China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 162, 104993 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1761">62</a></sup> based on the current state of affairs. Contrastingly, the ‘Sustainable Technical Potential’ scenario falls between the maximum theoretical and current technical potentials. This scenario considers the maximum theoretical potential reduced by the biomass required for livestock and traditional fuels while preserving ecological balance. Here, it is assumed that 95% of agricultural residues and 80% of forestry residues can be collected, after which essential uses are deducted<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 18" title="Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat. Commun. 1, 56 (2010)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1765">18</a></sup>. For regions where theoretical livestock carrying capacity on grasslands is lower than the actual livestock load, no available grass residues were assumed to be harnessed for biochar (refer to Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a> for detailed calculations). The provision for energy crops on marginal land considers unused land and shrub land. The intertidal zone and bottomland are excluded to prioritize ecological conservation. The yield of dedicated energy crops was discounted based on soil quality data from the Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 68" title="Fischer, G. et al. Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2. 
 https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/
 
 (2008)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1772">68</a></sup> (Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>).</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec14">Slow pyrolysis</h3><p>We assumed the deployment of pyrolysis plants at the center of each grid, producing both biochar and syngas. To standardize the output derived from varying types of biomass, we adopted a unified accounting framework developed by Woolf et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Woolf, D. et al. Greenhouse gas inventory model for biochar additions to soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 14795–14805 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1788">39</a></sup>, with the empirical foundation rooted in the existing literature. We used the physicochemical properties of various biomass types as inputs, and sets the pyrolysis temperature at 550 °C for this study. Further, we adopted the biomass gasification technology that co-produces biochar and syngas, as generalized in pilot projects and experimental literature. Biochar’s heating value was calculated based on the empirical analyses conducted by Qian et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 69" title="Qian, C. et al. Prediction of higher heating values of biochar from proximate and ultimate analysis. Fuel 265, 116925 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1792">69</a></sup> Syngas production was calculated by following energy balance and was subsequently used for industrial steam generation. Relevant formulas and data can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">2</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec15">Negative emission potential</h3><p>In this study, the negative emission potential of biochar refers to the CO<sub>2</sub> fixed in biomass from the atmosphere through photosynthesis, and then transferred and permanently preserved in biochar. The value was determined based on the quantity of available biomass feedstocks, the weight conversion rate from feedstock to biochar, the carbon content of biochar, and the permanence rate of biochar during 100 years, which were calculated based on accounting framework developed by Woolf et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Woolf, D. et al. Greenhouse gas inventory model for biochar additions to soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 55, 14795–14805 (2021)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1809">39</a></sup> and physicochemical composition of crops planted in China. Relevant formulas and data can be found in Supplementary Notes <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">2</a> and <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">3</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec16">Yield increasing</h3><p>We calculated the benefits of yield improvement brought by biochar at optimal application rate by multiplying gridded crop yield<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="International Food Policy Research Institute. Global Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data for 2010 Version 2.0. Harvard Dataverse. 
 https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V
 
 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1827">59</a></sup>, crop prices, and the rate of yield increase<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Xia, L. et al. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. Nat. Food 4, 236–246 (2023)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1831">31</a></sup>. Subsequently, we computed the benefits brought by biochar at actual application rate, which was determined by the crop yields and the weight conversion rate from biomass to biochar, using the ratio of the actual to the optimal application rate. For conservative estimation purposes, we set the optimal biochar application rate at 20 t ha<sup>−1</sup> <sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Ippolito, J. A. et al. Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review. Biochar 2, 421–438 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1837">29</a></sup>. Relevant formulas and data can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">4</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec17">Economic analysis</h3><p>Cost-benefit analysis was adopted to analyze the economics of biochar, which is one of the commonly used financial assessment method to evaluate the project value by comparing the costs and benefits. Here, the system boundaries were defined as feedstock purchasing, transportation, storage, pyrolysis, biochar transport, application, and effectiveness on crops. It was assumed that feedstock would be transported to a pyrolysis plant located in the center of each grid, while biochar would be returned to the fields in which the feedstock was harvested. First, net present value (NPV) of 20-year project of pyrolysis plant was calculated. NPV includes the initial investment, annual cash inflows and outflows. Annual cash inflows consisted of increasing yield income and syngas income calculated based on the price and production. Annual cash outflows consisted of the cost of feedstock purchasing, feedstock storage, operation and maintenance, transport of biomass and biochar, and biochar application. Then, the cost of negative emission can be defined as the initial investment and cash outflows apportioned to each unit of CO<sub>2</sub> captured in biochar during the whole period. The net cost of negative emission can be considered as the opposite of the NPV apportioned to each unit of CO<sub>2</sub>. Relevant formulas and data can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">5</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec18">Spatially explicit analysis</h3><p>We performed spatially explicit analysis of the negative emission potential and economics. In addition to clarifying the patterns of feedstock distribution, soil texture, PH and biomass abundance in different regions were considered. First, data on soil texture and PH level were adopted from the Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 68" title="Fischer, G. et al. Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2. 
 https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/
 
 (2008)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1868">68</a></sup>. With reference to Singh et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="Singh, H., Northup, B. K., Rice, C. W. & Prasad, P. V. V. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis. Biochar 4, 8 (2022)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1872">36</a></sup> and Wang et al.<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="Wang, Y., Villamil, M. B., Davidson, P. C. & Akdeniz, N. A quantitative understanding of the role of co-composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 685, 741–752 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1876">37</a></sup>, biochar applied to soil with either coarse and fine texture or acidity was assumed more effective in improving crop yields, as shown in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">4</a>. Furthermore, biomass abundance influenced the investment costs allocated to each pyrolyzed feedstock unit, that is, investing in pyrolysis plants in areas with low biomass was considered less cost-effective, as shown in Supplementary Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">4</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec19">Uncertainty analysis</h3><p>Using Monte Carlo simulation, we performed uncertainty analysis on the negative emission potential and economics. Random values were generated according to the triangular distribution and normal distribution. We reported uncertainty as a range after 10,000 iterations. We also performed sensitivity analysis on key parameters that might influence the negative emission potential and economics. Further details can be found in Supplementary Note <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">7</a>.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec20">Reporting summary</h3><p>Further information on research design is available in the <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM3">Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary</a> linked to this article.</p></div></div></section> </div> <div> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Source data have been deposited in Zenodo<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Deng, X. et al. DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data: potential of Biochar in China. Zenodo 
 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10369112
 
 (2023)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1975">70</a></sup> and GitHub [<a href="https://github.com/DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data">https://github.com/DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data</a>]. The data that support the main findings of this study are available in Supplementary Tables <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">1</a>−<a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#MOESM1">13</a>. Raw data on crop spatial distribution, soil, land use type, and NPP used in this study are available in Harvard Dataverse<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="International Food Policy Research Institute. Global Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data for 2010 Version 2.0. Harvard Dataverse. 
 https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V
 
 (2020)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1992">59</a></sup>, Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 68" title="Fischer, G. et al. Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2. 
 https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/
 
 (2008)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e1997">68</a></sup>, RESDC<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="Xu, X. et al. China’s multi-period land use land cover remote sensing monitoring dataset (CNLUCC). RESDC 
 https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201
 
 (2018)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e2001">63</a></sup>, and NASA<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="Running, S. & Zhao, M. MOD17A2HGF MODIS/Terra Gross Primary Productivity Gap-Filled 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. 
 https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006
 
 (2019)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e2005">64</a></sup>, respectively. Other data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="section anchor" href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#Sec22">Source data</a> are provided with this paper.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Code availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability">Code availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content"> <p>The code used to perform the data analysis is available on Zenodo<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Deng, X. et al. DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data: potential of Biochar in China. Zenodo 
 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10369112
 
 (2023)." href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d163916842e2020">70</a></sup> and GitHub [<a href="https://github.com/DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data">https://github.com/DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data</a>].</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Gillett, N. P. et al. Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period. <i>Nat. Clim. Chang</i> <b>11</b>, 207–212 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-020-00965-9" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021NatCC..11..207G" aria-label="ADS reference 1">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Constraining%20human%20contributions%20to%20observed%20warming%20since%20the%20pre-industrial%20period&journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Chang&doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-020-00965-9&volume=11&pages=207-212&publication_year=2021&author=Gillett%2CNP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">IPCC. <i>Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2014).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">IPCC. <i>Global Warming of 1.5</i> <i>°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5</i> <i>°C above Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global Response to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2018).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Muratori, M. et al. EMF-33 insights on bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). <i>Clim. Change</i> <b>163</b>, 1621–1637 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10584-020-02784-5" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10584-020-02784-5" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10584-020-02784-5" aria-label="Article reference 4" data-doi="10.1007/s10584-020-02784-5">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2020ClCh..163.1621M" aria-label="ADS reference 4">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvFSjtrbM" aria-label="CAS reference 4">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=EMF-33%20insights%20on%20bioenergy%20with%20carbon%20capture%20and%20storage%20%28BECCS%29&journal=Clim.%20Change&doi=10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02784-5&volume=163&pages=1621-1637&publication_year=2020&author=Muratori%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Huang, X., Chang, S., Zheng, D. & Zhang, X. The role of BECCS in deep decarbonization of China’s economy: a computable general equilibrium analysis. <i>Energy Econ.</i> <b>92</b>, 104968 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104968" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104968" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2020.104968" aria-label="Article reference 5" data-doi="10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104968">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20role%20of%20BECCS%20in%20deep%20decarbonization%20of%20China%E2%80%99s%20economy%3A%20a%20computable%20general%20equilibrium%20analysis&journal=Energy%20Econ.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2020.104968&volume=92&publication_year=2020&author=Huang%2CX&author=Chang%2CS&author=Zheng%2CD&author=Zhang%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Jiang, K., He, C., Dai, H., Liu, J. & Xu, X. Emission scenario analysis for China under the global 1.5 °C target. <i>Carbon Manag.</i> <b>9</b>, 481–491 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1080/17583004.2018.1477835" data-track-item_id="10.1080/17583004.2018.1477835" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17583004.2018.1477835" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1080/17583004.2018.1477835">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXisVCitLrO" aria-label="CAS reference 6">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Emission%20scenario%20analysis%20for%20China%20under%20the%20global%201.5%E2%80%89%C2%B0C%20target&journal=Carbon%20Manag.&doi=10.1080%2F17583004.2018.1477835&volume=9&pages=481-491&publication_year=2018&author=Jiang%2CK&author=He%2CC&author=Dai%2CH&author=Liu%2CJ&author=Xu%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Pan, X., Chen, W., Wang, L., Lin, L. & Li, N. The role of biomass in China’s long-term mitigation toward the Paris climate goals. <i>Environ. Res. Lett.</i> <b>13</b>, 124028 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1088/1748-9326/aaf06c" data-track-item_id="10.1088/1748-9326/aaf06c" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faaf06c" aria-label="Article reference 7" data-doi="10.1088/1748-9326/aaf06c">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2018ERL....13l4028P" aria-label="ADS reference 7">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsFOjtrfO" aria-label="CAS reference 7">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20role%20of%20biomass%20in%20China%E2%80%99s%20long-term%20mitigation%20toward%20the%20Paris%20climate%20goals&journal=Environ.%20Res.%20Lett.&doi=10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faaf06c&volume=13&publication_year=2018&author=Pan%2CX&author=Chen%2CW&author=Wang%2CL&author=Lin%2CL&author=Li%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Weng, Y., Cai, W. & Wang, C. Evaluating the use of BECCS and afforestation under China’s carbon-neutral target for 2060. <i>Appl. Energy</i> <b>299</b>, 117263 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117263" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117263" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2021.117263" aria-label="Article reference 8" data-doi="10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117263">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Evaluating%20the%20use%20of%20BECCS%20and%20afforestation%20under%20China%E2%80%99s%20carbon-neutral%20target%20for%202060&journal=Appl.%20Energy&doi=10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2021.117263&volume=299&publication_year=2021&author=Weng%2CY&author=Cai%2CW&author=Wang%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Cai, B., Li, Q. & Zhang, X. <i>China Carbon Dioxide Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Annual Report (2021) - China CCUS Pathway Study</i> (Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 2021).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Galik, C. S. A continuing need to revisit BECCS and its potential. <i>Nat. Clim. Chang.</i> <b>10</b>, 2–3 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41558-019-0650-2" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41558-019-0650-2" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-019-0650-2" aria-label="Article reference 10" data-doi="10.1038/s41558-019-0650-2">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019NatCC..10....2G" aria-label="ADS reference 10">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20continuing%20need%20to%20revisit%20BECCS%20and%20its%20potential&journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Chang.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-019-0650-2&volume=10&pages=2-3&publication_year=2020&author=Galik%2CCS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Babin, A., Vaneeckhaute, C. & Iliuta, M. C. Potential and challenges of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage as a carbon-negative energy source: a review. <i>Biomass Bioenergy</i> <b>146</b>, 105968 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105968" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105968" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biombioe.2021.105968" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105968">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht1WrtLzM" aria-label="CAS reference 11">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Potential%20and%20challenges%20of%20bioenergy%20with%20carbon%20capture%20and%20storage%20as%20a%20carbon-negative%20energy%20source%3A%20a%20review&journal=Biomass%20Bioenergy&doi=10.1016%2Fj.biombioe.2021.105968&volume=146&publication_year=2021&author=Babin%2CA&author=Vaneeckhaute%2CC&author=Iliuta%2CMC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Fuss, S. et al. Negative emissions—Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects. <i>Environ. Res. Lett.</i> <b>13</b>, 063002 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f" data-track-item_id="10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faabf9f" aria-label="Article reference 12" data-doi="10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2018ERL....13f3002F" aria-label="ADS reference 12">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Negative%20emissions%E2%80%94Part%202%3A%20Costs%2C%20potentials%20and%20side%20effects&journal=Environ.%20Res.%20Lett.&doi=10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faabf9f&volume=13&publication_year=2018&author=Fuss%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Hepburn, C. et al. The technological and economic prospects for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization and removal. <i>Nature</i> <b>575</b>, 87–97 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1681-6" aria-label="Article reference 13" data-doi="10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019Natur.575...87H" aria-label="ADS reference 13">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitFWnurrJ" aria-label="CAS reference 13">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31695213" aria-label="PubMed reference 13">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20technological%20and%20economic%20prospects%20for%20CO2%20utilization%20and%20removal&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1681-6&volume=575&pages=87-97&publication_year=2019&author=Hepburn%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Keith, D. W., Holmes, G., Angelo, D. S. & Heidel, K. A process for capturing CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere. <i>Joule</i> <b>2</b>, 1573–1594 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2018.05.006" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1016/j.joule.2018.05.006">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhsFGjs7fL" aria-label="CAS reference 14">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20process%20for%20capturing%20CO2%20from%20the%20atmosphere&journal=Joule&doi=10.1016%2Fj.joule.2018.05.006&volume=2&pages=1573-1594&publication_year=2018&author=Keith%2CDW&author=Holmes%2CG&author=Angelo%2CDS&author=Heidel%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Lane, J., Greig, C. & Garnett, A. Uncertain storage prospects create a conundrum for carbon capture and storage ambitions. <i>Nat. Clim. Chang</i> <b>11</b>, 925–936 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41558-021-01175-7" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41558-021-01175-7" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-021-01175-7" aria-label="Article reference 15" data-doi="10.1038/s41558-021-01175-7">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021NatCC..11..925L" aria-label="ADS reference 15">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Uncertain%20storage%20prospects%20create%20a%20conundrum%20for%20carbon%20capture%20and%20storage%20ambitions&journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Chang&doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-021-01175-7&volume=11&pages=925-936&publication_year=2021&author=Lane%2CJ&author=Greig%2CC&author=Garnett%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Popp, A. et al. Land-use transition for bioenergy and climate stabilization: model comparison of drivers, impacts and interactions with other land use based mitigation options. <i>Clim. Change</i> <b>123</b>, 495–509 (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10584-013-0926-x" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10584-013-0926-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10584-013-0926-x" aria-label="Article reference 16" data-doi="10.1007/s10584-013-0926-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2014ClCh..123..495P" aria-label="ADS reference 16">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Land-use%20transition%20for%20bioenergy%20and%20climate%20stabilization%3A%20model%20comparison%20of%20drivers%2C%20impacts%20and%20interactions%20with%20other%20land%20use%20based%20mitigation%20options&journal=Clim.%20Change&doi=10.1007%2Fs10584-013-0926-x&volume=123&pages=495-509&publication_year=2014&author=Popp%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="17."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Anderson, K. & Peters, G. The trouble with negative emissions. <i>Science</i> <b>354</b>, 182–183 (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.aah4567" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.aah4567" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aah4567" aria-label="Article reference 17" data-doi="10.1126/science.aah4567">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2016Sci...354..182A" aria-label="ADS reference 17">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslensL%2FP" aria-label="CAS reference 17">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27738161" aria-label="PubMed reference 17">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20trouble%20with%20negative%20emissions&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aah4567&volume=354&pages=182-183&publication_year=2016&author=Anderson%2CK&author=Peters%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="18."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Woolf, D., Amonette, J. E., Street-Perrott, F. A., Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>1</b>, 56 (2010).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/ncomms1053" data-track-item_id="10.1038/ncomms1053" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1053" aria-label="Article reference 18" data-doi="10.1038/ncomms1053">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2010NatCo...1...56W" aria-label="ADS reference 18">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20975722" aria-label="PubMed reference 18">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Sustainable%20biochar%20to%20mitigate%20global%20climate%20change&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&doi=10.1038%2Fncomms1053&volume=1&publication_year=2010&author=Woolf%2CD&author=Amonette%2CJE&author=Street-Perrott%2CFA&author=Lehmann%2CJ&author=Joseph%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="19."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Cernansky, R. Agriculture: state-of-the-art soil. <i>Nature</i> <b>517</b>, 258–260 (2015).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/517258a" data-track-item_id="10.1038/517258a" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F517258a" aria-label="Article reference 19" data-doi="10.1038/517258a">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2015Natur.517..258C" aria-label="ADS reference 19">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXpvV2msg%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 19">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25592517" aria-label="PubMed reference 19">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Agriculture%3A%20state-of-the-art%20soil&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2F517258a&volume=517&pages=258-260&publication_year=2015&author=Cernansky%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="20."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Sohi, S. P. Carbon storage with benefits. <i>Science</i> <b>338</b>, 1034–1035 (2012).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1126/science.1225987" data-track-item_id="10.1126/science.1225987" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1225987" aria-label="Article reference 20" data-doi="10.1126/science.1225987">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2012Sci...338.1034S" aria-label="ADS reference 20">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhvVCjtbnP" aria-label="CAS reference 20">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23180849" aria-label="PubMed reference 20">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Carbon%20storage%20with%20benefits&journal=Science&doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1225987&volume=338&pages=1034-1035&publication_year=2012&author=Sohi%2CSP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="21."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Wu, P. et al. A scientometric review of biochar research in the past 20 years (1998–2018). <i>Biochar</i> <b>1</b>, 23–43 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s42773-019-00002-9" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s42773-019-00002-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s42773-019-00002-9" aria-label="Article reference 21" data-doi="10.1007/s42773-019-00002-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019BioCh...1...23W" aria-label="ADS reference 21">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20scientometric%20review%20of%20biochar%20research%20in%20the%20past%2020%20years%20%281998%E2%80%932018%29&journal=Biochar&doi=10.1007%2Fs42773-019-00002-9&volume=1&pages=23-43&publication_year=2019&author=Wu%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="22."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Kurniawan, T. A. et al. Challenges and opportunities for biochar to promote circular economy and carbon neutrality. <i>J. Environ. Manag.</i> <b>332</b>, 117429 (2023).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2023.117429" aria-label="Article reference 22" data-doi="10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117429">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXjtVaksr4%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 22">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Challenges%20and%20opportunities%20for%20biochar%20to%20promote%20circular%20economy%20and%20carbon%20neutrality&journal=J.%20Environ.%20Manag.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2023.117429&volume=332&publication_year=2023&author=Kurniawan%2CTA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="23."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Peters, J. F., Iribarren, D. & Dufour, J. Biomass pyrolysis for biochar or energy applications? A life cycle assessment. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol.</i> <b>49</b>, 5195–5202 (2015).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/es5060786" data-track-item_id="10.1021/es5060786" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes5060786" aria-label="Article reference 23" data-doi="10.1021/es5060786">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2015EnST...49.5195P" aria-label="ADS reference 23">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXls1Cqtb4%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 23">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25830564" aria-label="PubMed reference 23">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biomass%20pyrolysis%20for%20biochar%20or%20energy%20applications%3F%20A%20life%20cycle%20assessment&journal=Environ.%20Sci.%20Technol.&doi=10.1021%2Fes5060786&volume=49&pages=5195-5202&publication_year=2015&author=Peters%2CJF&author=Iribarren%2CD&author=Dufour%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="24."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Lehmann, J. et al. Biochar in climate change mitigation. <i>Nat. Geosci.</i> <b>14</b>, 883–892 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-021-00852-8" aria-label="Article reference 24" data-doi="10.1038/s41561-021-00852-8">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021NatGe..14..883L" aria-label="ADS reference 24">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXis1Kmtr%2FE" aria-label="CAS reference 24">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biochar%20in%20climate%20change%20mitigation&journal=Nat.%20Geosci.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41561-021-00852-8&volume=14&pages=883-892&publication_year=2021&author=Lehmann%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="25."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. <i>Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Promotion and Release of the Top Ten Patterns of Straw for Agricultural Use</i> (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2017).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="26."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Meng, J. et al. Development of the straw biochar returning concept in China. <i>Biochar</i> <b>1</b>, 139–149 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s42773-019-00019-0" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s42773-019-00019-0" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s42773-019-00019-0" aria-label="Article reference 26" data-doi="10.1007/s42773-019-00019-0">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019BioCh...1..139M" aria-label="ADS reference 26">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 26" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Development%20of%20the%20straw%20biochar%20returning%20concept%20in%20China&journal=Biochar&doi=10.1007%2Fs42773-019-00019-0&volume=1&pages=139-149&publication_year=2019&author=Meng%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="27."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Roe, S. et al. Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C world. <i>Nat. Clim. Chang</i> <b>9</b>, 817–828 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-019-0591-9" aria-label="Article reference 27" data-doi="10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019NatCC...9..817R" aria-label="ADS reference 27">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 27" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Contribution%20of%20the%20land%20sector%20to%20a%201.5%E2%80%89%C2%B0C%20world&journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Chang&doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-019-0591-9&volume=9&pages=817-828&publication_year=2019&author=Roe%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="28."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Werner, C., Lucht, W., Gerten, D. & Kammann, C. Potential of land-neutral negative emissions through biochar sequestration. <i>Earth’s Future</i> <b>10</b>, e2021EF002583 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1029/2021EF002583" data-track-item_id="10.1029/2021EF002583" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2021EF002583" aria-label="Article reference 28" data-doi="10.1029/2021EF002583">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022EaFut..1002583W" aria-label="ADS reference 28">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvFOgsLnN" aria-label="CAS reference 28">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Potential%20of%20land-neutral%20negative%20emissions%20through%20biochar%20sequestration&journal=Earth%E2%80%99s%20Future&doi=10.1029%2F2021EF002583&volume=10&publication_year=2022&author=Werner%2CC&author=Lucht%2CW&author=Gerten%2CD&author=Kammann%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="29."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Ippolito, J. A. et al. Feedstock choice, pyrolysis temperature and type influence biochar characteristics: a comprehensive meta-data analysis review. <i>Biochar</i> <b>2</b>, 421–438 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x" aria-label="Article reference 29" data-doi="10.1007/s42773-020-00067-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2020BioCh...2..421I" aria-label="ADS reference 29">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Feedstock%20choice%2C%20pyrolysis%20temperature%20and%20type%20influence%20biochar%20characteristics%3A%20a%20comprehensive%20meta-data%20analysis%20review&journal=Biochar&doi=10.1007%2Fs42773-020-00067-x&volume=2&pages=421-438&publication_year=2020&author=Ippolito%2CJA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="30."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Hassan, M. et al. Influences of feedstock sources and pyrolysis temperature on the properties of biochar and functionality as adsorbents: a meta-analysis. <i>Sci. Total Environ.</i> <b>744</b>, 140714 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140714" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140714" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.140714" aria-label="Article reference 30" data-doi="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140714">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2020ScTEn.744n0714H" aria-label="ADS reference 30">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVyju7vE" aria-label="CAS reference 30">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32717463" aria-label="PubMed reference 30">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Influences%20of%20feedstock%20sources%20and%20pyrolysis%20temperature%20on%20the%20properties%20of%20biochar%20and%20functionality%20as%20adsorbents%3A%20a%20meta-analysis&journal=Sci.%20Total%20Environ.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.140714&volume=744&publication_year=2020&author=Hassan%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="31."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Xia, L. et al. Integrated biochar solutions can achieve carbon-neutral staple crop production. <i>Nat. Food</i> <b>4</b>, 236–246 (2023).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="32."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Yang, Q. et al. Country-level potential of carbon sequestration and environmental benefits by utilizing crop residues for biochar implementation. <i>Appl. Energy</i> <b>282</b>, 116275 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116275" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116275" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2020.116275" aria-label="Article reference 32" data-doi="10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116275">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXlt12rtb8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 32">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Country-level%20potential%20of%20carbon%20sequestration%20and%20environmental%20benefits%20by%20utilizing%20crop%20residues%20for%20biochar%20implementation&journal=Appl.%20Energy&doi=10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2020.116275&volume=282&publication_year=2021&author=Yang%2CQ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="33."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Yang, Q. et al. Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China’s 2050 carbon reduction and renewable energy goals. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>12</b>, 1698 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-021-21868-z" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41467-021-21868-z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21868-z" aria-label="Article reference 33" data-doi="10.1038/s41467-021-21868-z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021NatCo..12.1698Y" aria-label="ADS reference 33">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXmvVOmtb8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 33">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33727563" aria-label="PubMed reference 33">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7966788" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 33">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Prospective%20contributions%20of%20biomass%20pyrolysis%20to%20China%E2%80%99s%202050%20carbon%20reduction%20and%20renewable%20energy%20goals&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21868-z&volume=12&publication_year=2021&author=Yang%2CQ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="34."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, S. & Xing, G. Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence times. <i>Energy Fuels</i> <b>27</b>, 5890–5899 (2013).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/ef400972z" data-track-item_id="10.1021/ef400972z" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fef400972z" aria-label="Article reference 34" data-doi="10.1021/ef400972z">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVSls7jP" aria-label="CAS reference 34">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Comparisons%20of%20biochar%20properties%20from%20wood%20material%20and%20crop%20residues%20at%20different%20temperatures%20and%20residence%20times&journal=Energy%20Fuels&doi=10.1021%2Fef400972z&volume=27&pages=5890-5899&publication_year=2013&author=Wang%2CY&author=Hu%2CY&author=Zhao%2CX&author=Wang%2CS&author=Xing%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="35."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">He, X. et al. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of gas and biochar obtained from pyrolysis of crop residues. <i>Energy</i> <b>143</b>, 746–756 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.062" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.062" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2017.11.062" aria-label="Article reference 35" data-doi="10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.062">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhvVartbjM" aria-label="CAS reference 35">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 35" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Effects%20of%20pyrolysis%20temperature%20on%20the%20physicochemical%20properties%20of%20gas%20and%20biochar%20obtained%20from%20pyrolysis%20of%20crop%20residues&journal=Energy&doi=10.1016%2Fj.energy.2017.11.062&volume=143&pages=746-756&publication_year=2018&author=He%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="36."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Singh, H., Northup, B. K., Rice, C. W. & Prasad, P. V. V. Biochar applications influence soil physical and chemical properties, microbial diversity, and crop productivity: a meta-analysis. <i>Biochar</i> <b>4</b>, 8 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1" aria-label="Article reference 36" data-doi="10.1007/s42773-022-00138-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022BioCh...4....8S" aria-label="ADS reference 36">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xht1CntrfE" aria-label="CAS reference 36">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biochar%20applications%20influence%20soil%20physical%20and%20chemical%20properties%2C%20microbial%20diversity%2C%20and%20crop%20productivity%3A%20a%20meta-analysis&journal=Biochar&doi=10.1007%2Fs42773-022-00138-1&volume=4&publication_year=2022&author=Singh%2CH&author=Northup%2CBK&author=Rice%2CCW&author=Prasad%2CPVV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="37."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Wang, Y., Villamil, M. B., Davidson, P. C. & Akdeniz, N. A quantitative understanding of the role of co-composted biochar in plant growth using meta-analysis. <i>Sci. Total Environ.</i> <b>685</b>, 741–752 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.244" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.244" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.06.244" aria-label="Article reference 37" data-doi="10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.244">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019ScTEn.685..741W" aria-label="ADS reference 37">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXht1ektbzN" aria-label="CAS reference 37">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31234136" aria-label="PubMed reference 37">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20quantitative%20understanding%20of%20the%20role%20of%20co-composted%20biochar%20in%20plant%20growth%20using%20meta-analysis&journal=Sci.%20Total%20Environ.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.06.244&volume=685&pages=741-752&publication_year=2019&author=Wang%2CY&author=Villamil%2CMB&author=Davidson%2CPC&author=Akdeniz%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="38."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Joseph, S. et al. How biochar works, and when it doesn’t: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. <i>GCB Bioenergy</i> <b>13</b>, 1731–1764 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/gcbb.12885" data-track-item_id="10.1111/gcbb.12885" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcbb.12885" aria-label="Article reference 38" data-doi="10.1111/gcbb.12885">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXit1elurbM" aria-label="CAS reference 38">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=How%20biochar%20works%2C%20and%20when%20it%20doesn%E2%80%99t%3A%20A%20review%20of%20mechanisms%20controlling%20soil%20and%20plant%20responses%20to%20biochar&journal=GCB%20Bioenergy&doi=10.1111%2Fgcbb.12885&volume=13&pages=1731-1764&publication_year=2021&author=Joseph%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="39."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Woolf, D. et al. Greenhouse gas inventory model for biochar additions to soil. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol.</i> <b>55</b>, 14795–14805 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/acs.est.1c02425" data-track-item_id="10.1021/acs.est.1c02425" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.1c02425" aria-label="Article reference 39" data-doi="10.1021/acs.est.1c02425">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021EnST...5514795W" aria-label="ADS reference 39">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXit1Wmsr3F" aria-label="CAS reference 39">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34637286" aria-label="PubMed reference 39">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8567415" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 39">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 39" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Greenhouse%20gas%20inventory%20model%20for%20biochar%20additions%20to%20soil&journal=Environ.%20Sci.%20Technol.&doi=10.1021%2Facs.est.1c02425&volume=55&pages=14795-14805&publication_year=2021&author=Woolf%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="40."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Nie, Y. et al. Spatial distribution of usable biomass feedstock and technical bioenergy potential in China. <i>GCB Bioenergy</i> <b>12</b>, 54–70 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/gcbb.12651" data-track-item_id="10.1111/gcbb.12651" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcbb.12651" aria-label="Article reference 40" data-doi="10.1111/gcbb.12651">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spatial%20distribution%20of%20usable%20biomass%20feedstock%20and%20technical%20bioenergy%20potential%20in%20China&journal=GCB%20Bioenergy&doi=10.1111%2Fgcbb.12651&volume=12&pages=54-70&publication_year=2020&author=Nie%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="41."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Xing, X. et al. Spatially explicit analysis identifies significant potential for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in China. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>12</b>, 3159 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41467-021-23282-x" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41467-021-23282-x" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-23282-x" aria-label="Article reference 41" data-doi="10.1038/s41467-021-23282-x">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2021NatCo..12.3159X" aria-label="ADS reference 41">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXht1Smur%2FF" aria-label="CAS reference 41">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=34039971" aria-label="PubMed reference 41">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8154910" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 41">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spatially%20explicit%20analysis%20identifies%20significant%20potential%20for%20bioenergy%20with%20carbon%20capture%20and%20storage%20in%20China&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-23282-x&volume=12&publication_year=2021&author=Xing%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="42."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Qaseem, M. F. & Wu, A.-M. Marginal lands for bioenergy in China; an outlook in status, potential and management. <i>GCB Bioenergy</i> <b>13</b>, 21–44 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/gcbb.12770" data-track-item_id="10.1111/gcbb.12770" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcbb.12770" aria-label="Article reference 42" data-doi="10.1111/gcbb.12770">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtFyktLo%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 42">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Marginal%20lands%20for%20bioenergy%20in%20China%3B%20an%20outlook%20in%20status%2C%20potential%20and%20management&journal=GCB%20Bioenergy&doi=10.1111%2Fgcbb.12770&volume=13&pages=21-44&publication_year=2021&author=Qaseem%2CMF&author=Wu%2CA-M"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="43."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Qin, Z. et al. Biomass and biofuels in China: toward bioenergy resource potentials and their impacts on the environment. <i>Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.</i> <b>82</b>, 2387–2400 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.073" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.073" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.08.073" aria-label="Article reference 43" data-doi="10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.073">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biomass%20and%20biofuels%20in%20China%3A%20toward%20bioenergy%20resource%20potentials%20and%20their%20impacts%20on%20the%20environment&journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.08.073&volume=82&pages=2387-2400&publication_year=2018&author=Qin%2CZ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="44."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Zhang, B., Hastings, A., Clifton-Brown, J. C., Jiang, D. & Faaij, A. P. C. Modeled spatial assessment of biomass productivity and technical potential of Miscanthus × giganteus, Panicum virgatum L., and Jatropha on marginal land in China. <i>GCB Bioenergy</i> <b>12</b>, 328–345 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/gcbb.12673" data-track-item_id="10.1111/gcbb.12673" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcbb.12673" aria-label="Article reference 44" data-doi="10.1111/gcbb.12673">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Modeled%20spatial%20assessment%20of%20biomass%20productivity%20and%20technical%20potential%20of%20Miscanthus%20%C3%97%20giganteus%2C%20Panicum%20virgatum%20L.%2C%20and%20Jatropha%20on%20marginal%20land%20in%20China&journal=GCB%20Bioenergy&doi=10.1111%2Fgcbb.12673&volume=12&pages=328-345&publication_year=2020&author=Zhang%2CB&author=Hastings%2CA&author=Clifton-Brown%2CJC&author=Jiang%2CD&author=Faaij%2CAPC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="45."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Jiang, D., Hao, M., Fu, J., Liu, K. & Yan, X. Potential bioethanol production from sweet sorghum on marginal land in China. <i>J. Clean. Prod.</i> <b>220</b>, 225–234 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.294" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.294" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.01.294" aria-label="Article reference 45" data-doi="10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.294">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Potential%20bioethanol%20production%20from%20sweet%20sorghum%20on%20marginal%20land%20in%20China&journal=J.%20Clean.%20Prod.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.jclepro.2019.01.294&volume=220&pages=225-234&publication_year=2019&author=Jiang%2CD&author=Hao%2CM&author=Fu%2CJ&author=Liu%2CK&author=Yan%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="46."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Nie, Y. et al. Assessment of the potential and distribution of an energy crop at 1-km resolution from 2010 to 2100 in China – The case of sweet sorghum. <i>Appl. Energy</i> <b>239</b>, 395–407 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.214" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.214" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2019.01.214" aria-label="Article reference 46" data-doi="10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.214">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2019ApEn..239..395N" aria-label="ADS reference 46">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Assessment%20of%20the%20potential%20and%20distribution%20of%20an%20energy%20crop%20at%201-km%20resolution%20from%202010%20to%202100%20in%20China%20%E2%80%93%20The%20case%20of%20sweet%20sorghum&journal=Appl.%20Energy&doi=10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2019.01.214&volume=239&pages=395-407&publication_year=2019&author=Nie%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="47."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Xue, S., Lewandowski, I., Wang, X. & Yi, Z. Assessment of the production potentials of Miscanthus on marginal land in China. <i>Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.</i> <b>54</b>, 932–943 (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.040" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.040" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2015.10.040" aria-label="Article reference 47" data-doi="10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.040">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 47" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Assessment%20of%20the%20production%20potentials%20of%20Miscanthus%20on%20marginal%20land%20in%20China&journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2015.10.040&volume=54&pages=932-943&publication_year=2016&author=Xue%2CS&author=Lewandowski%2CI&author=Wang%2CX&author=Yi%2CZ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="48."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Lu, N. et al. Biophysical and economic constraints on China’s natural climate solutions. <i>Nat. Clim. Chang.</i> <b>12</b>, 847–853 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41558-022-01432-3" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41558-022-01432-3" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01432-3" aria-label="Article reference 48" data-doi="10.1038/s41558-022-01432-3">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2022NatCC..12..847L" aria-label="ADS reference 48">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biophysical%20and%20economic%20constraints%20on%20China%E2%80%99s%20natural%20climate%20solutions&journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Chang.&doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01432-3&volume=12&pages=847-853&publication_year=2022&author=Lu%2CN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="49."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Jin, J. et al. Stand carbon storage and net primary production in China’s subtropical secondary forests are predicted to increase by 2060. <i>Carbon Balance Manag.</i> <b>17</b>, 6 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/s13021-022-00204-y" data-track-item_id="10.1186/s13021-022-00204-y" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/s13021-022-00204-y" aria-label="Article reference 49" data-doi="10.1186/s13021-022-00204-y">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35616781" aria-label="PubMed reference 49">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9134694" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 49">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Stand%20carbon%20storage%20and%20net%20primary%20production%20in%20China%E2%80%99s%20subtropical%20secondary%20forests%20are%20predicted%20to%20increase%20by%202060&journal=Carbon%20Balance%20Manag.&doi=10.1186%2Fs13021-022-00204-y&volume=17&publication_year=2022&author=Jin%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="50."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Zhou, L. et al. Carbon dynamics in woody biomass of forest ecosystem in China with forest management practices under future climate change and rising CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. <i>Chin. Geogr. Sci.</i> <b>23</b>, 519–536 (2013).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s11769-013-0622-9" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s11769-013-0622-9" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s11769-013-0622-9" aria-label="Article reference 50" data-doi="10.1007/s11769-013-0622-9">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 50" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Carbon%20dynamics%20in%20woody%20biomass%20of%20forest%20ecosystem%20in%20China%20with%20forest%20management%20practices%20under%20future%20climate%20change%20and%20rising%20CO2%20concentration&journal=Chin.%20Geogr.%20Sci.&doi=10.1007%2Fs11769-013-0622-9&volume=23&pages=519-536&publication_year=2013&author=Zhou%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="51."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Lauri, P. et al. Global woody biomass harvest volumes and forest area use under different SSP-RCP scenarios. <i>JFE</i> <b>34</b>, 285–309 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1561/112.00000504" data-track-item_id="10.1561/112.00000504" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1561%2F112.00000504" aria-label="Article reference 51" data-doi="10.1561/112.00000504">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 51" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Global%20woody%20biomass%20harvest%20volumes%20and%20forest%20area%20use%20under%20different%20SSP-RCP%20scenarios&journal=JFE&doi=10.1561%2F112.00000504&volume=34&pages=285-309&publication_year=2019&author=Lauri%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="52."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Fawzy, S., Osman, A. I., Yang, H., Doran, J. & Rooney, D. W. Industrial biochar systems for atmospheric carbon removal: a review. <i>Environ. Chem. Lett.</i> <b>19</b>, 3023–3055 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1" data-track-item_id="10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1" aria-label="Article reference 52" data-doi="10.1007/s10311-021-01210-1">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXmtlOqu70%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 52">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 52" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Industrial%20biochar%20systems%20for%20atmospheric%20carbon%20removal%3A%20a%20review&journal=Environ.%20Chem.%20Lett.&doi=10.1007%2Fs10311-021-01210-1&volume=19&pages=3023-3055&publication_year=2021&author=Fawzy%2CS&author=Osman%2CAI&author=Yang%2CH&author=Doran%2CJ&author=Rooney%2CDW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="53."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">IPCC. <i>2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories</i> (IPCC, 2019).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="54."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Woolf, D., Lehmann, J., Fisher, E. M. & Angenent, L. T. Biofuels from pyrolysis in perspective: trade-offs between energy yields and soil-carbon additions. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol.</i> <b>48</b>, 6492–6499 (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1021/es500474q" data-track-item_id="10.1021/es500474q" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes500474q" aria-label="Article reference 54" data-doi="10.1021/es500474q">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2014EnST...48.6492W" aria-label="ADS reference 54">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXntFOmtr4%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 54">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24787482" aria-label="PubMed reference 54">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 54" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biofuels%20from%20pyrolysis%20in%20perspective%3A%20trade-offs%20between%20energy%20yields%20and%20soil-carbon%20additions&journal=Environ.%20Sci.%20Technol.&doi=10.1021%2Fes500474q&volume=48&pages=6492-6499&publication_year=2014&author=Woolf%2CD&author=Lehmann%2CJ&author=Fisher%2CEM&author=Angenent%2CLT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="55."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Heck, V., Gerten, D., Lucht, W. & Popp, A. Biomass-based negative emissions difficult to reconcile with planetary boundaries. <i>Nat. Clim. Chang</i> <b>8</b>, 151–155 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y" data-track-item_id="10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y" aria-label="Article reference 55" data-doi="10.1038/s41558-017-0064-y">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2018NatCC...8..151H" aria-label="ADS reference 55">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXjs1OmsLs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 55">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 55" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biomass-based%20negative%20emissions%20difficult%20to%20reconcile%20with%20planetary%20boundaries&journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Chang&doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-017-0064-y&volume=8&pages=151-155&publication_year=2018&author=Heck%2CV&author=Gerten%2CD&author=Lucht%2CW&author=Popp%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="56."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Smith, P. et al. Which practices co-deliver food security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and combat land degradation and desertification? <i>Glob. Change Biol.</i> <b>26</b>, 1532–1575 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1111/gcb.14878" data-track-item_id="10.1111/gcb.14878" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgcb.14878" aria-label="Article reference 56" data-doi="10.1111/gcb.14878">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2020GCBio..26.1532S" aria-label="ADS reference 56">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 56" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Which%20practices%20co-deliver%20food%20security%2C%20climate%20change%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation%2C%20and%20combat%20land%20degradation%20and%20desertification%3F&journal=Glob.%20Change%20Biol.&doi=10.1111%2Fgcb.14878&volume=26&pages=1532-1575&publication_year=2020&author=Smith%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="57."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57">Frank, S. et al. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture without compromising food security? <i>Environ. Res. Lett.</i> <b>12</b>, 105004 (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83" data-track-item_id="10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa8c83" aria-label="Article reference 57" data-doi="10.1088/1748-9326/aa8c83">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="ads reference" data-track-action="ads reference" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2017ERL....12j5004F" aria-label="ADS reference 57">ADS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 57" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Reducing%20greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20in%20agriculture%20without%20compromising%20food%20security%3F&journal=Environ.%20Res.%20Lett.&doi=10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa8c83&volume=12&publication_year=2017&author=Frank%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="58."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Zhang, B., Xu, J., Lin, Z., Lin, T. & Faaij, A. P. C. Spatially explicit analyses of sustainable agricultural residue potential for bioenergy in China under various soil and land management scenarios. <i>Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.</i> <b>137</b>, 110614 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.rser.2020.110614" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.rser.2020.110614" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2020.110614" aria-label="Article reference 58" data-doi="10.1016/j.rser.2020.110614">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXkt1CitQ%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 58">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Spatially%20explicit%20analyses%20of%20sustainable%20agricultural%20residue%20potential%20for%20bioenergy%20in%20China%20under%20various%20soil%20and%20land%20management%20scenarios&journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2020.110614&volume=137&publication_year=2021&author=Zhang%2CB&author=Xu%2CJ&author=Lin%2CZ&author=Lin%2CT&author=Faaij%2CAPC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="59."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">International Food Policy Research Institute. Global Spatially-Disaggregated Crop Production Statistics Data for 2010 Version 2.0. Harvard Dataverse. <a href="https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V">https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/PRFF8V</a> (2020).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="60."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60">National Forestry and Grassland Administration. <i>China Forest Resources Report 2014–2018</i> (China Forestry Publishing House, 2019).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="61."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. <i>2018 China Agricultural Yearbook</i> (China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 2019).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="62."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62">Fu, T., Ke, J. H., Zhou, S. & Xie, G. H. Estimation of the quantity and availability of forestry residue for bioenergy production in China. <i>Resour. Conserv. Recycl.</i> <b>162</b>, 104993 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104993" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104993" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104993" aria-label="Article reference 62" data-doi="10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104993">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 62" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Estimation%20of%20the%20quantity%20and%20availability%20of%20forestry%20residue%20for%20bioenergy%20production%20in%20China&journal=Resour.%20Conserv.%20Recycl.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2020.104993&volume=162&publication_year=2020&author=Fu%2CT&author=Ke%2CJH&author=Zhou%2CS&author=Xie%2CGH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="63."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63">Xu, X. et al. China’s multi-period land use land cover remote sensing monitoring dataset (CNLUCC). RESDC <a href="https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.12078/2018070201">https://doi.org/10.12078/2018070201</a> (2018).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="64."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64">Running, S. & Zhao, M. MOD17A2HGF MODIS/Terra Gross Primary Productivity Gap-Filled 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006">https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD17A2HGF.006</a> (2019).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="65."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65">National Forestry and Grassland Administration. <i>2018 Annual Report on China’s Forestry and Grassland Development</i> (National Forestry and Grassland Administration, 2020).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="66."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66">Zhang, X., Fu, J., Lin, G., Jiang, D. & Yan, X. Switchgrass-based bioethanol productivity and potential environmental impact from marginal lands in China. <i>Energies</i> <b>10</b>, 260 (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.3390/en10020260" data-track-item_id="10.3390/en10020260" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fen10020260" aria-label="Article reference 66" data-doi="10.3390/en10020260">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 66" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Switchgrass-based%20bioethanol%20productivity%20and%20potential%20environmental%20impact%20from%20marginal%20lands%20in%20China&journal=Energies&doi=10.3390%2Fen10020260&volume=10&publication_year=2017&author=Zhang%2CX&author=Fu%2CJ&author=Lin%2CG&author=Jiang%2CD&author=Yan%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="67."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67">Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. <i>National Report on the Comprehensive Utilization of Crop Straw</i> (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 2022).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="68."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68">Fischer, G. et al. Global Agro-ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture (GAEZ 2008). Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2. <a href="https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/">https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/data-hub/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12/en/</a> (2008).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="69."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69">Qian, C. et al. Prediction of higher heating values of biochar from proximate and ultimate analysis. <i>Fuel</i> <b>265</b>, 116925 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116925" data-track-item_id="10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116925" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2019.116925" aria-label="Article reference 69" data-doi="10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116925">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXisVyqurnE" aria-label="CAS reference 69">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 69" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Prediction%20of%20higher%20heating%20values%20of%20biochar%20from%20proximate%20and%20ultimate%20analysis&journal=Fuel&doi=10.1016%2Fj.fuel.2019.116925&volume=265&publication_year=2020&author=Qian%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="70."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR70">Deng, X. et al. DXDX97/Biochar_code_and_data: potential of Biochar in China. Zenodo <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10369112" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.5281/zenodo.10369112">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10369112</a> (2023).</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>We acknowledge the financial support of National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFE0209200), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72140003,71673162), and Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Energy, Environment and Economy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Xu Deng & Fei Teng</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Minpeng Chen</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Zhangliu Du</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Bin Wang</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Renqiang Li & Pan Wang</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Xu-Deng-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Xu Deng</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Xu%20Deng" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Xu%20Deng" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Xu%20Deng%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Fei-Teng-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Fei Teng</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Fei%20Teng" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Fei%20Teng" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Fei%20Teng%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Minpeng-Chen-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Minpeng Chen</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Minpeng%20Chen" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Minpeng%20Chen" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Minpeng%20Chen%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Zhangliu-Du-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zhangliu Du</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Zhangliu%20Du" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zhangliu%20Du" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zhangliu%20Du%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Bin-Wang-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Bin Wang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Bin%20Wang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Bin%20Wang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Bin%20Wang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Renqiang-Li-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Renqiang Li</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Renqiang%20Li" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Renqiang%20Li" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Renqiang%20Li%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Pan-Wang-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Pan Wang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Pan%20Wang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Pan%20Wang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Pan%20Wang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>X.D. and F.T. conceived the idea for the work. F.T. guided this study. X.D. collected the data, built the research methodology and performed all calculations. F.T. and M.C. gave important guidance on the framework development. Z.D. gave important guidance on the data collection from literatures and pilot projects. R.L. and P.W. offered support and guidance on the calculation of biomass feedstocks. X.D., F.T., M.C., Z.D., and B.W. discussed the results and contributed to writing the paper.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:tengfei@tsinghua.edu.cn">Fei Teng</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature Communications</i> thanks Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan and the other anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec21-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec21">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec21-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="peer review file" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Peer Review File</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporting summary" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_MOESM3_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Reporting Summary</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Source data"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec22-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec22">Source data</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec22-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM4"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="source data" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y/MediaObjects/41467_2024_45314_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx" data-supp-info-image="">Source Data</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Exploring%20negative%20emission%20potential%20of%20biochar%20to%20achieve%20carbon%20neutrality%20goal%20in%20China&author=Xu%20Deng%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45314-y&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=2041-1723&publicationDate=2024-02-05&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Deng, X., Teng, F., Chen, M. <i>et al.</i> Exploring negative emission potential of biochar to achieve carbon neutrality goal in China. <i>Nat Commun</i> <b>15</b>, 1085 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-11-11">11 November 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-01-19">19 January 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2024-02-05">05 February 2024</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> <section> <div class="c-article-section js-article-section" id="further-reading-section" data-test="further-reading-section"> <h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="further-reading">This article is cited by</h2> <div class="c-article-section__content js-collapsible-section" id="further-reading-content"> <ul class="c-article-further-reading__list" id="further-reading-list"> <li class="c-article-further-reading__item js-ref-item"> <h3 class="c-article-further-reading__title" data-test="article-title"> <a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view further reading article" data-track-label="link:A new scheme for low-carbon recycling of urban and rural organic waste based on carbon footprint assessment: A case study in China" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44264-024-00019-z"> A new scheme for low-carbon recycling of urban and rural organic waste based on carbon footprint assessment: A case study in China </a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated u-sans-serif u-mb-4 u-mt-auto"> <li>Kai Zhou</li><li>Yongze Li</li><li>Chao He</li> </ul> <p class="c-article-further-reading__journal-title"><i>npj Sustainable Agriculture</i> (2024)</p> </li> <li class="c-article-further-reading__item js-ref-item"> <h3 class="c-article-further-reading__title" data-test="article-title"> <a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view further reading article" data-track-label="link:Nexus of biochar production and processes for mitigating soil-based greenhouse gas emissions: a comprehensive review on long and short-term strategies" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05789-7"> Nexus of biochar production and processes for mitigating soil-based greenhouse gas emissions: a comprehensive review on long and short-term strategies </a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated u-sans-serif u-mb-4 u-mt-auto"> <li>Muhammad Saif Ullah</li><li>Aitazaz A. Farooque</li><li>Mazhar Rafique</li> </ul> <p class="c-article-further-reading__journal-title"><i>Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery</i> (2024)</p> </li> <li class="c-article-further-reading__item js-ref-item"> <h3 class="c-article-further-reading__title" data-test="article-title"> <a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view further reading article" data-track-label="link:Biochar technology cannot offset land carbon emissions in Guangdong province, China" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-024-00140-1"> Biochar technology cannot offset land carbon emissions in Guangdong province, China </a> </h3> <ul data-test="author-list" class="c-author-list c-author-list--compact c-author-list--truncated u-sans-serif u-mb-4 u-mt-auto"> <li>Funing Wang</li><li>Wenneng Zhou</li><li>Mengjie Han</li> </ul> <p class="c-article-further-reading__journal-title"><i>Carbon Research</i> (2024)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div> </article> </main> <aside class="c-article-extras u-hide-print" aria-label="Article navigation" data-component-reading-companion data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-desktop" data-track-context="reading companion"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both js-pdf-download"> <a href="/articles/s41467-024-45314-y.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="download-pdf" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu> <div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-right-2" class="div-gpt-ad advert medium-rectangle js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="right" data-test="right-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/nature_communications/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-gpt-targeting="type=article;pos=right;artid=s41467-024-45314-y;doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y;subjmeta=2175,682,704,844;kwrd=Climate-change+mitigation,Climate-change+policy"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/nature_communications/article&sz=300x250&c=897344565&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41467-024-45314-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y%26subjmeta%3D2175,682,704,844%26kwrd%3DClimate-change+mitigation,Climate-change+policy"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/nature_communications/article&sz=300x250&c=897344565&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41467-024-45314-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y%26subjmeta%3D2175,682,704,844%26kwrd%3DClimate-change+mitigation,Climate-change+policy" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"></a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Explore-content" data-test="Explore-content" id="explore" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Explore-content" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Explore content</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/research-articles" data-track="click" data-track-action="research articles" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Research articles </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/reviews-and-analysis" data-track="click" data-track-action="reviews & analysis" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Reviews & Analysis </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/news-and-comment" data-track="click" data-track-action="news & comment" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> News & Comment </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/video" data-track="click" data-track-action="videos" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Videos </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/collections" data-track="click" data-track-action="collections" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Collections </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/browse-subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="subjects" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Subjects </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.facebook.com/NatureCommunications" data-track="click" data-track-action="facebook" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Facebook </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://twitter.com/NatureComms" data-track="click" data-track-action="twitter" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Twitter </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/my-account/alerts/subscribe-journal?list-id=264" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-external data-track-label="link (mobile dropdown)">Sign up for alerts<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/ncomms.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="About-the-journal" id="about-the-journal" data-test="about-the-journal" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="About-the-journal" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">About the journal</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/aims" data-track="click" data-track-action="aims & scope" data-track-label="link"> Aims & Scope </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="editors" data-track-label="link"> Editors </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/journal-information" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal information" data-track-label="link"> Journal Information </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access fees and funding" data-track-label="link"> Open Access Fees and Funding </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/calls-for-papers" data-track="click" data-track-action="calls for papers" data-track-label="link"> Calls for Papers </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/editorial-values-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial values statement" data-track-label="link"> Editorial Values Statement </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/journal-impact" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal metrics" data-track-label="link"> Journal Metrics </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/editorshighlights" data-track="click" data-track-action="editors' highlights" data-track-label="link"> Editors' Highlights </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact" data-track-label="link"> Contact </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link"> Editorial policies </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/top-articles" data-track="click" data-track-action="top articles" data-track-label="link"> Top Articles </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Publish-with-us-label" id="publish-with-us" data-test="publish-with-us" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Publish-with-us-label" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Publish with us</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/submit" data-track="click" data-track-action="for authors" data-track-label="link"> For authors </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/ncomms/for-reviewers" data-track="click" data-track-action="for reviewers" data-track-label="link"> For Reviewers </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" data-test="nature-author-services" data-track="nav_language_services" data-track-context="header publish with us dropdown menu" data-track-action="manuscript author services" data-track-label="link manuscript author services" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=For+Authors&utm_medium=Website_Nature&utm_campaign=Platform+Experimentation+2022&utm_id=PE2022"> Language editing services </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--keyline"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="submit link in Nature header dropdown menu" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link (publish with us dropdown menu)" data-track-external>Submit manuscript<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v5.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-5.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h7.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-7.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-.5442863 8.18867991 3.3545404 3.35454039c.2508994.2508994.2538696.6596433.0035959.909917-.2429543.2429542-.6561449.2462671-.9065387-.0089489l-2.2609825-2.3045251.0010427 7.2231989c0 .3569916-.2898381.6371378-.6473715.6371378-.3470771 0-.6473715-.2852563-.6473715-.6371378l-.0010428-7.2231995-2.2611222 2.3046654c-.2531661.2580415-.6562868.2592444-.9065605.0089707-.24295423-.2429542-.24865597-.6576651.0036132-.9099343l3.3546673-3.35466731c.2509089-.25090888.6612706-.25227691.9135302-.00001728zm-.9557137-3.18867991c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-8.5-3.587-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1zm8.5 1.587c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="search-menu" class="c-header__dropdown c-header__dropdown--full-width" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 class="c-header__visually-hidden">Search</h2> <form class="c-header__search-form" action="/search" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off" data-test="inline-search"> <label class="c-header__heading" for="keywords">Search articles by subject, keyword or author</label> <div class="c-header__search-layout c-header__search-layout--max-width"> <div> <input type="text" required="" class="c-header__input" id="keywords" name="q" value=""> </div> <div class="c-header__search-layout"> <div> <label for="results-from" class="c-header__visually-hidden">Show results from</label> <select id="results-from" name="journal" class="c-header__select"> <option value="" selected>All journals</option> <option value="ncomms">This journal</option> </select> </div> <div> <button type="submit" class="c-header__search-button">Search</button> </div> </div> </div> </form> <div class="c-header__flush"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/search/advanced" data-track="click" data-track-action="advanced search" data-track-label="link"> Advanced search </a> </div> <h3 class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--keyline">Quick links</h3> <ul class="c-header__list"> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="explore articles by subject" data-track-label="link">Explore articles by subject</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/naturecareers" data-track="click" data-track-action="find a job" data-track-label="link">Find a job</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="guide to authors" data-track-label="link">Guide to authors</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/editorial_policies/" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link">Editorial policies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer class="composite-layer" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"> <meta itemprop="publisher" content="Springer Nature"> <div class="u-mt-16 u-mb-16"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-wrap u-justify-content-space-between"> <p class="c-meta u-ma-0 u-flex-shrink"> <span class="c-meta__item"> Nature Communications (<i>Nat Commun</i>) </span> <span class="c-meta__item"> <abbr title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</abbr> <span itemprop="onlineIssn">2041-1723</span> (online) </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer"> <div class="u-hide-print" data-track-component="footer"> <h2 class="u-visually-hidden">nature.com sitemap</h2> <div class="c-footer__container"> <div class="c-footer__grid c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">About Nature Portfolio</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="about us" data-track-label="link">About us</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/press_room/press_releases.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="press releases" data-track-label="link">Press releases</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://press.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="press office" data-track-label="link">Press office</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://support.nature.com/support/home" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact us" data-track-label="link">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Discover content</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-track="click" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="article by subject" data-track-label="link">Articles by subject</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.protocols.io/" data-track="click" data-track-action="protocols.io" data-track-label="link">protocols.io</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureindex.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature index" data-track-label="link">Nature Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Publishing policies</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="Nature portfolio policies" data-track-label="link">Nature portfolio policies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-research/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">Open access</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Author & Researcher services</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/reprints" data-track="click" data-track-action="reprints and permissions" data-track-label="link">Reprints & permissions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data" data-track="click" data-track-action="data research service" data-track-label="link">Research data</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/language-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="language editing" data-track-label="link">Language editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="scientific editing" data-track-label="link">Scientific editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://masterclasses.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature masterclasses" data-track-label="link">Nature Masterclasses</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://solutions.springernature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="research solutions" data-track-label="link">Research Solutions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Libraries & institutions</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/tools-services" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian service and tools" data-track-label="link">Librarian service & tools</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/manage-your-account/librarianportal" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian portal" data-track-label="link">Librarian portal</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/openresearch/about-open-access/information-for-institutions" data-track="click" data-track-action="open research" data-track-label="link">Open research</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/recommend-to-your-library" data-track="click" data-track-action="Recommend to library" data-track-label="link">Recommend to library</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Advertising & partnerships</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/digital-advertising/" data-track="click" data-track-action="advertising" data-track-label="link">Advertising</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="partnerships and services" data-track-label="link">Partnerships & Services</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/media-kits/" data-track="click" data-track-action="media kits" data-track-label="link">Media kits</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/branded-content-native-advertising/" data-track-action="branded content" data-track-label="link">Branded content</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Professional development</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature careers" data-track-label="link">Nature Careers</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://conferences.nature.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature conferences" data-track-label="link">Nature<span class="u-visually-hidden"> </span> Conferences</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Regional websites</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natafrica" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature africa" data-track-label="link">Nature Africa</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="http://www.naturechina.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature china" data-track-label="link">Nature China</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nindia" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature india" data-track-label="link">Nature India</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natitaly" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature Italy" data-track-label="link">Nature Italy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature japan" data-track-label="link">Nature Japan</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nmiddleeast" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature middle east" data-track-label="link">Nature Middle East</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <ul class="c-footer__links"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy" data-track="click" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-label="link">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/cookies" data-track="click" data-track-action="use of cookies" data-track-label="link">Use of cookies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"> <button class="optanon-toggle-display c-footer__link" onclick="javascript:;" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="click" data-track-action="manage cookies" data-track-label="link">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies </button> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/legal-notice" data-track="click" data-track-action="legal notice" data-track-label="link">Legal notice</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/accessibility-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/terms-and-conditions" data-track="click" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-label="link">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/ccpa" data-track="click" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="c-footer__link"> <img src="/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature Limited</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .74h56.72v55.24H0z"/></defs><symbol id="icon-access" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m14 8c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v7h2.5c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5v1.5h-18v-1.5c0-.2761424.22385763-.5.5-.5h2.5v-7c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1s1 .44771525 1 1v6.9996556h8v-6.9996556c0-.55228475.4477153-1 1-1zm-8 0 2 1v5l-2 1zm6 0v7l-2-1v-5zm-2.42653766-7.59857636 7.03554716 4.92488299c.4162533.29137735.5174853.86502537.226108 1.28127873-.1721584.24594054-.4534847.39241464-.7536934.39241464h-14.16284822c-.50810197 0-.92-.41189803-.92-.92 0-.30020869.1464741-.58153499.39241464-.75369337l7.03554714-4.92488299c.34432015-.2410241.80260453-.2410241 1.14692468 0zm-.57346234 2.03988748-3.65526982 2.55868888h7.31053962z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-account" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.2379028 16.9048051c1.3083556-.2032362 2.5118471-.7235183 3.5294683-1.4798399-.8731327-2.5141501-2.0638925-3.935978-3.7673711-4.3188248v-1.27684611c1.1651924-.41183641 2-1.52307546 2-2.82929429 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.30621883.83480763 2.41745788 2 2.82929429v1.27684611c-1.70347856.3828468-2.89423845 1.8046747-3.76737114 4.3188248 1.01762123.7563216 2.22111275 1.2766037 3.52946833 1.4798399.40563808.0629726.81921174.0951949 1.23790281.0951949s.83226473-.0322223 1.2379028-.0951949zm4.3421782-2.1721994c1.4927655-1.4532925 2.419919-3.484675 2.419919-5.7326057 0-4.418278-3.581722-8-8-8s-8 3.581722-8 8c0 2.2479307.92715352 4.2793132 2.41991895 5.7326057.75688473-2.0164459 1.83949951-3.6071894 3.48926591-4.3218837-1.14534283-.70360829-1.90918486-1.96796271-1.90918486-3.410722 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.44275929-.763842 2.70711371-1.9091849 3.410722 1.6497664.7146943 2.7323812 2.3054378 3.4892659 4.3218837zm-5.580081 3.2673943c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-alert" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-broad" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.10307866 2.97190702v7.69043288l2.44965196-2.44676915c.38776071-.38730439 1.0088052-.39493524 1.38498697-.01919617.38609051.38563612.38643641 1.01053024-.00013864 1.39665039l-4.12239817 4.11754683c-.38616704.3857126-1.01187344.3861062-1.39846576-.0000311l-4.12258206-4.11773056c-.38618426-.38572979-.39254614-1.00476697-.01636437-1.38050605.38609047-.38563611 1.01018509-.38751562 1.4012233.00306241l2.44985644 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983.43698413-.98042709.98493125-.98159081l7.89910522-.0043627c.5451687 0 .9871152.44142642.9871152.98595351s-.4419465.98595351-.9871152.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 14 15)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m3.28337502 11.5302405 4.03074001 4.176208c.37758093.3912076.98937525.3916069 1.367372-.0000316l4.03091977-4.1763942c.3775978-.3912252.3838182-1.0190815.0160006-1.4001736-.3775061-.39113013-.9877245-.39303641-1.3700683.003106l-2.39538585 2.4818345v-11.6147896l-.00649339-.11662112c-.055753-.49733869-.46370161-.88337888-.95867408-.88337888-.49497246 0-.90292107.38604019-.95867408.88337888l-.00649338.11662112v11.6147896l-2.39518594-2.4816273c-.37913917-.39282218-.98637524-.40056175-1.35419292-.0194697-.37750607.3911302-.37784433 1.0249269.00013556 1.4165479z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m4.46975946 3.28337502-4.17620792 4.03074001c-.39120768.37758093-.39160691.98937525.0000316 1.367372l4.1763942 4.03091977c.39122514.3775978 1.01908149.3838182 1.40017357.0160006.39113012-.3775061.3930364-.9877245-.00310603-1.3700683l-2.48183446-2.39538585h11.61478958l.1166211-.00649339c.4973387-.055753.8833789-.46370161.8833789-.95867408 0-.49497246-.3860402-.90292107-.8833789-.95867408l-.1166211-.00649338h-11.61478958l2.4816273-2.39518594c.39282216-.37913917.40056173-.98637524.01946965-1.35419292-.39113012-.37750607-1.02492687-.37784433-1.41654791.00013556z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m11.5302405 12.716625 4.176208-4.03074003c.3912076-.37758093.3916069-.98937525-.0000316-1.367372l-4.1763942-4.03091981c-.3912252-.37759778-1.0190815-.38381821-1.4001736-.01600053-.39113013.37750607-.39303641.98772445.003106 1.37006824l2.4818345 2.39538588h-11.6147896l-.11662112.00649339c-.49733869.055753-.88337888.46370161-.88337888.95867408 0 .49497246.38604019.90292107.88337888.95867408l.11662112.00649338h11.6147896l-2.4816273 2.39518592c-.39282218.3791392-.40056175.9863753-.0194697 1.3541929.3911302.3775061 1.0249269.3778444 1.4165479-.0001355z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-sub" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.89692134 4.97190702v7.69043288l-2.44965196-2.4467692c-.38776071-.38730434-1.0088052-.39493519-1.38498697-.0191961-.38609047.3856361-.38643643 1.0105302.00013864 1.3966504l4.12239817 4.1175468c.38616704.3857126 1.01187344.3861062 1.39846576-.0000311l4.12258202-4.1177306c.3861843-.3857298.3925462-1.0047669.0163644-1.380506-.3860905-.38563612-1.0101851-.38751563-1.4012233.0030624l-2.44985643 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983-.43698413-.98042709-.98493125-.98159081l-7.89910525-.0043627c-.54516866 0-.98711517.44142642-.98711517.98595351s.44194651.98595351.98711517.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.716625 4.46975946-4.03074003-4.17620792c-.37758093-.39120768-.98937525-.39160691-1.367372.0000316l-4.03091981 4.1763942c-.37759778.39122514-.38381821 1.01908149-.01600053 1.40017357.37750607.39113012.98772445.3930364 1.37006824-.00310603l2.39538588-2.48183446v11.61478958l.00649339.1166211c.055753.4973387.46370161.8833789.95867408.8833789.49497246 0 .90292107-.3860402.95867408-.8833789l.00649338-.1166211v-11.61478958l2.39518592 2.4816273c.3791392.39282216.9863753.40056173 1.3541929.01946965.3775061-.39113012.3778444-1.02492687-.0001355-1.41654791z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-article" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13 15v-12.9906311c0-.0073595-.0019884-.0093689.0014977-.0093689l-11.00158888.00087166v13.00506804c0 .5482678.44615281.9940603.99415146.9940603h10.27350412c-.1701701-.2941734-.2675644-.6357129-.2675644-1zm-12 .0059397v-13.00506804c0-.5562408.44704472-1.00087166.99850233-1.00087166h11.00299537c.5510129 0 .9985023.45190985.9985023 1.0093689v2.9906311h3v9.9914698c0 1.1065798-.8927712 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.09954652 0-1.99406028-.8927712-1.99406028-1.9940603zm13-9.0059397v9c0 .5522847.4477153 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-9zm-10-2h7v4h-7zm1 1v2h5v-2zm-1 4h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-audio" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13.0957477 13.5588459c-.195279.1937043-.5119137.193729-.7072234.0000551-.1953098-.193674-.1953346-.5077061-.0000556-.7014104 1.0251004-1.0168342 1.6108711-2.3905226 1.6108711-3.85745208 0-1.46604976-.5850634-2.83898246-1.6090736-3.85566829-.1951894-.19379323-.1950192-.50782531.0003802-.70141028.1953993-.19358497.512034-.19341614.7072234.00037709 1.2094886 1.20083761 1.901635 2.8250555 1.901635 4.55670148 0 1.73268608-.6929822 3.35779608-1.9037571 4.55880738zm2.1233994 2.1025159c-.195234.193749-.5118687.1938462-.7072235.0002171-.1953548-.1936292-.1954528-.5076613-.0002189-.7014104 1.5832215-1.5711805 2.4881302-3.6939808 2.4881302-5.96012998 0-2.26581266-.9046382-4.3883241-2.487443-5.95944795-.1952117-.19377107-.1950777-.50780316.0002993-.70141031s.5120117-.19347426.7072234.00029682c1.7683321 1.75528196 2.7800854 4.12911258 2.7800854 6.66056144 0 2.53182498-1.0120556 4.90597838-2.7808529 6.66132328zm-14.21898205-3.6854911c-.5523759 0-1.00016505-.4441085-1.00016505-.991944v-3.96777631c0-.54783558.44778915-.99194407 1.00016505-.99194407h2.0003301l5.41965617-3.8393633c.44948677-.31842296 1.07413994-.21516983 1.39520191.23062232.12116339.16823446.18629727.36981184.18629727.57655577v12.01603479c0 .5478356-.44778914.9919441-1.00016505.9919441-.20845738 0-.41170538-.0645985-.58133413-.184766l-5.41965617-3.8393633zm0-.991944h2.32084805l5.68047235 4.0241292v-12.01603479l-5.68047235 4.02412928h-2.32084805z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-book" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 13v-11h1v11h11v-11h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v10.2675644c.29417337-.1701701.63571286-.2675644 1-.2675644zm12 1h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1h13zm0 3h-13c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-12c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h13c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v14c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1zm-8.5-13h6c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1 2h4c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-broad" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.18274226 7.81v7.7999954l2.48162734-2.4816273c.3928221-.3928221 1.0219731-.4005617 1.4030652-.0194696.3911301.3911301.3914806 1.0249268-.0001404 1.4165479l-4.17620796 4.1762079c-.39120769.3912077-1.02508144.3916069-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.1763942-4.1763942c-.39122514-.3912251-.39767006-1.0190815-.01657798-1.4001736.39113012-.3911301 1.02337106-.3930364 1.41951349.0031061l2.48183446 2.4818344v-8.7999954c0-.54911294.4426881-.99439484.99778758-.99557515l8.00221246-.00442485c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1s-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 20.182742 24.805206)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-calendar" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 0c.2761424 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h2c1.1072288 0 2 .89451376 2 2v12c0 1.1072288-.8945138 2-2 2h-12c-1.1072288 0-2-.8945138-2-2v-12c0-1.1072288.89451376-2 2-2h1v1h-1c-.55393837 0-1 .44579254-1 1v3h14v-3c0-.55393837-.4457925-1-1-1h-2v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.2319336.49047852-.5.49047852-.2761424 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.2319336-.49047852.5-.49047852zm3.5 7h-14v8c0 .5539384.44579254 1 1 1h12c.5539384 0 1-.4457925 1-1zm-11 6v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm-6-2v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-3-2v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-5.5-9c.27614237 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h5v1h-5v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.23193359.49047852-.5.49047852-.27614237 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.23193359-.49047852.5-.49047852z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-cart" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m5 14c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm10 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm-10 1c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.44771525-1-1-1zm10 0c-.5522847 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1zm-12.82032249-15c.47691417 0 .88746157.33678127.98070211.80449199l.23823144 1.19501025 13.36277974.00045554c.5522847.00001882.9999659.44774934.9999659 1.00004222 0 .07084994-.0075361.14150708-.022474.2107727l-1.2908094 5.98534344c-.1007861.46742419-.5432548.80388386-1.0571651.80388386h-10.24805106c-.59173366 0-1.07142857.4477153-1.07142857 1 0 .5128358.41361449.9355072.94647737.9932723l.1249512.0067277h10.35933776c.2749512 0 .4979349.2228539.4979349.4978051 0 .2749417-.2227336.4978951-.4976753.4980063l-10.35959736.0041886c-1.18346732 0-2.14285714-.8954305-2.14285714-2 0-.6625717.34520317-1.24989198.87690425-1.61383592l-1.63768102-8.19004794c-.01312273-.06561364-.01950005-.131011-.0196107-.19547395l-1.71961253-.00064219c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385762-.5-.5 0-.27614237.22385763-.5.5-.5zm14.53193359 2.99950224h-13.11300004l1.20580469 6.02530174c.11024034-.0163252.22327998-.02480398.33844139-.02480398h10.27064786z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-less" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 4-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 -1 0 9 9)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-more" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 6-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle-fill" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 14c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 12c2.209139 0 4-1.790861 4-4s-1.790861-4-4-4-4 1.790861-4 4 1.790861 4 4 4zm0 2c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-citation" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.63593473 5.99995183c2.20913897 0 3.99999997 1.79084375 3.99999997 3.99996146 0 1.40730761-.7267788 2.64486871-1.8254829 3.35783281 1.6240224.6764218 2.8754442 2.0093871 3.4610603 3.6412466l-1.0763845.000006c-.5310008-1.2078237-1.5108121-2.1940153-2.7691712-2.7181346l-.79002167-.329052v-1.023992l.63016577-.4089232c.8482885-.5504661 1.3698342-1.4895187 1.3698342-2.51898361 0-1.65683828-1.3431457-2.99996146-2.99999997-2.99996146-1.65685425 0-3 1.34312318-3 2.99996146 0 1.02946491.52154569 1.96851751 1.36983419 2.51898361l.63016581.4089232v1.023992l-.79002171.329052c-1.25835905.5241193-2.23817037 1.5103109-2.76917113 2.7181346l-1.07638453-.000006c.58561612-1.6318595 1.8370379-2.9648248 3.46106024-3.6412466-1.09870405-.7129641-1.82548287-1.9505252-1.82548287-3.35783281 0-2.20911771 1.790861-3.99996146 4-3.99996146zm7.36897597-4.99995183c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89353404 1.9950893 2.00274083v5.994422c0 1.10608317-.8926228 2.00274087-1.9950893 2.00274087l-3.0049107-.0009037v-1l3.0049107.00091329c.5490631 0 .9950893-.44783123.9950893-1.00275046v-5.994422c0-.55646537-.4450595-1.00275046-.9950893-1.00275046h-14.00982141c-.54906309 0-.99508929.44783123-.99508929 1.00275046v5.9971821c0 .66666024.33333333.99999036 1 .99999036l2-.00091329v1l-2 .0009037c-1 0-2-.99999041-2-1.99998077v-5.9971821c0-1.10608322.8926228-2.00274083 1.99508929-2.00274083zm-8.5049107 2.9999711c.27614237 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm3 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm4 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.2238576-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-collections" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 4c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2h1c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-1v-1zm-4-3c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-9c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2zm0 1h-8c-.51283584 0-.93550716.38604019-.99327227.88337887l-.00672773.11662113v9c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227zm-1.5 7c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-compare" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12 3c3.3137085 0 6 2.6862915 6 6s-2.6862915 6-6 6c-1.0928452 0-2.11744941-.2921742-2.99996061-.8026704-.88181407.5102749-1.90678042.8026704-3.00003939.8026704-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6c1.09325897 0 2.11822532.29239547 3.00096303.80325037.88158756-.51107621 1.90619177-.80325037 2.99903697-.80325037zm-6 1c-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5 0 2.7614237 2.23857625 5 5 5 .74397391 0 1.44999672-.162488 2.08451611-.4539116-1.27652344-1.1000812-2.08451611-2.7287264-2.08451611-4.5460884s.80799267-3.44600721 2.08434391-4.5463015c-.63434719-.29121054-1.34037-.4536985-2.08434391-.4536985zm6 0c-.7439739 0-1.4499967.16248796-2.08451611.45391156 1.27652341 1.10008123 2.08451611 2.72872644 2.08451611 4.54608844s-.8079927 3.4460072-2.08434391 4.5463015c.63434721.2912105 1.34037001.4536985 2.08434391.4536985 2.7614237 0 5-2.2385763 5-5 0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5zm-1.4162763 7.0005324h-3.16744736c.15614659.3572676.35283837.6927622.58425872 1.0006671h1.99892988c.23142036-.3079049.42811216-.6433995.58425876-1.0006671zm.4162763-2.0005324h-4c0 .34288501.0345146.67770871.10025909 1.0011864h3.79948181c.0657445-.32347769.1002591-.65830139.1002591-1.0011864zm-.4158423-1.99953894h-3.16831543c-.13859957.31730812-.24521946.651783-.31578599.99935097h3.79988742c-.0705665-.34756797-.1771864-.68204285-.315786-.99935097zm-1.58295822-1.999926-.08316107.06199199c-.34550042.27081213-.65446126.58611297-.91825862.93727862h2.00044041c-.28418626-.37830727-.6207872-.71499149-.99902072-.99927061z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-file" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.5046024 4c.27614237 0 .5.21637201.5.49209595v6.14827645l1.7462789-1.77990922c.1933927-.1971171.5125222-.19455839.7001689-.0069117.1932998.19329992.1910058.50899492-.0027774.70277812l-2.59089271 2.5908927c-.19483374.1948337-.51177825.1937771-.70556873-.0000133l-2.59099079-2.5909908c-.19484111-.1948411-.19043735-.5151448-.00279066-.70279146.19329987-.19329987.50465175-.19237083.70018565.00692852l1.74638684 1.78001764v-6.14827695c0-.27177709.23193359-.49209595.5-.49209595z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-editors" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.72592184 2.54588137c-.48811714-.34391207-1.08343326-.54588137-1.72592184-.54588137-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400182l-.79002171.32905522c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.79153984 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4 1.09079823 0 2.07961816.43662103 2.80122451 1.1446278-.37707584.09278571-.7373238.22835063-1.07530267.40125357zm-2.72592184 14.45411863h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.7915398 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.40732121-.7267788 2.64489414-1.8254829 3.3578652 2.2799093.9496145 3.8254829 3.1931829 3.8254829 5.7411543v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.1155483-1.2760206-4.0125067-3.2099783-4.8180274l-.7900217-.3290552v-1.02400184l.6301658-.40892721c.8482885-.55047139 1.3698342-1.489533 1.3698342-2.51900785 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400184l-.79002171.3290552c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-.0049107 2.55749512v1.44250488l-7 4-7-4v-1.44250488l7 4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-error" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm2.8630343 4.71100931-2.8630343 2.86303426-2.86303426-2.86303426c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.4265779-.00062147-.39651227.39651226-.39348876 1.03246767.00062147 1.4265779l2.86303426 2.86303426-2.86303426 2.8630343c-.39658757.3965875-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062147 1.4265779.39651226.3965122 1.03246767.3934887 1.4265779-.0006215l2.86303426-2.8630343 2.8630343 2.8630343c.3965875.3965876 1.0328109.3943885 1.4265779.0006215.3965122-.3965123.3934887-1.0324677-.0006215-1.4265779l-2.8630343-2.8630343 2.8630343-2.86303426c.3965876-.39658757.3943885-1.03281091.0006215-1.4265779-.3965123-.39651227-1.0324677-.39348876-1.4265779.00062147z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ethics" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.76384967 1.41421356.83301651-.8330165c.77492941-.77492941 2.03133823-.77492941 2.80626762 0l.8330165.8330165c.3750728.37507276.8837806.58578644 1.4142136.58578644h1.3496361c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v1.34963611c0 .53043298.2107137 1.03914081.5857864 1.41421356l.8330165.83301651c.7749295.77492941.7749295 2.03133823 0 2.80626762l-.8330165.8330165c-.3750727.3750728-.5857864.8837806-.5857864 1.4142136v1.3496361c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-1.3496361c-.530433 0-1.0391408.2107137-1.4142136.5857864l-.8330165.8330165c-.77492939.7749295-2.03133821.7749295-2.80626762 0l-.83301651-.8330165c-.37507275-.3750727-.88378058-.5857864-1.41421356-.5857864h-1.34963611c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-1.3496361c0-.530433-.21071368-1.0391408-.58578644-1.4142136l-.8330165-.8330165c-.77492941-.77492939-.77492941-2.03133821 0-2.80626762l.8330165-.83301651c.37507276-.37507275.58578644-.88378058.58578644-1.41421356v-1.34963611c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h1.34963611c.53043298 0 1.03914081-.21071368 1.41421356-.58578644zm-1.41421356 1.58578644h-1.34963611c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v1.34963611c0 .79564947-.31607052 1.55871121-.87867966 2.12132034l-.8330165.83301651c-.38440512.38440512-.38440512 1.00764896 0 1.39205408l.8330165.83301646c.56260914.5626092.87867966 1.3256709.87867966 2.1213204v1.3496361c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h1.34963611c.79564947 0 1.55871121.3160705 2.12132034.8786797l.83301651.8330165c.38440512.3844051 1.00764896.3844051 1.39205408 0l.83301646-.8330165c.5626092-.5626092 1.3256709-.8786797 2.1213204-.8786797h1.3496361c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1.3496361c0-.7956495.3160705-1.5587112.8786797-2.1213204l.8330165-.83301646c.3844051-.38440512.3844051-1.00764896 0-1.39205408l-.8330165-.83301651c-.5626092-.56260913-.8786797-1.32567087-.8786797-2.12132034v-1.34963611c0-.55228475-.4477153-1-1-1h-1.3496361c-.7956495 0-1.5587112-.31607052-2.1213204-.87867966l-.83301646-.8330165c-.38440512-.38440512-1.00764896-.38440512-1.39205408 0l-.83301651.8330165c-.56260913.56260914-1.32567087.87867966-2.12132034.87867966zm3.58698944 11.4960218c-.02081224.002155-.04199226.0030286-.06345763.002542-.98766446-.0223875-1.93408568-.3063547-2.75885125-.8155622-.23496767-.1450683-.30784554-.4531483-.16277726-.688116.14506827-.2349677.45314827-.3078455.68811595-.1627773.67447084.4164161 1.44758575.6483839 2.25617384.6667123.01759529.0003988.03495764.0017019.05204365.0038639.01713363-.0017748.03452416-.0026845.05212715-.0026845 2.4852814 0 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5 0-1.04888973-.3593547-2.04134635-1.0074477-2.83787157-.1742817-.21419731-.1419238-.5291218.0722736-.70340353.2141973-.17428173.5291218-.14192375.7034035.07227357.7919032.97327203 1.2317706 2.18808682 1.2317706 3.46900153 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-.02146768 0-.04261937-.0013529-.06337445-.0039782zm1.57975095-10.78419583c.2654788.07599731.419084.35281842.3430867.61829728-.0759973.26547885-.3528185.419084-.6182973.3430867-.37560116-.10752146-.76586237-.16587951-1.15568824-.17249193-2.5587807-.00064534-4.58547766 2.00216524-4.58547766 4.49928198 0 .62691557.12797645 1.23496.37274865 1.7964426.11035133.2531347-.0053975.5477984-.25853224.6581497-.25313473.1103514-.54779841-.0053975-.65814974-.2585322-.29947131-.6869568-.45606667-1.43097603-.45606667-2.1960601 0-3.05211432 2.47714695-5.50006595 5.59399617-5.49921198.48576182.00815502.96289603.0795037 1.42238033.21103795zm-1.9766658 6.41091303 2.69835-2.94655317c.1788432-.21040373.4943901-.23598862.7047939-.05714545.2104037.17884318.2359886.49439014.0571454.70479387l-3.01637681 3.34277395c-.18039088.1999106-.48669547.2210637-.69285412.0478478l-1.93095347-1.62240047c-.21213845-.17678204-.24080048-.49206439-.06401844-.70420284.17678204-.21213844.49206439-.24080048.70420284-.06401844z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand"><path d="M7.498 11.918a.997.997 0 0 0-.003-1.411.995.995 0 0 0-1.412-.003l-4.102 4.102v-3.51A1 1 0 0 0 .98 10.09.992.992 0 0 0 0 11.092V17c0 .554.448 1.002 1.002 1.002h5.907c.554 0 1.002-.45 1.002-1.003 0-.539-.45-.978-1.006-.978h-3.51zm3.005-5.835a.997.997 0 0 0 .003 1.412.995.995 0 0 0 1.411.003l4.103-4.103v3.51a1 1 0 0 0 1.001 1.006A.992.992 0 0 0 18 6.91V1.002A1 1 0 0 0 17 0h-5.907a1.003 1.003 0 0 0-1.002 1.003c0 .539.45.978 1.006.978h3.51z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-explore" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 17c4.418278 0 8-3.581722 8-8s-3.581722-8-8-8-8 3.581722-8 8 3.581722 8 8 8zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9zm0-2.5c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5c2.969509 0 5.400504-2.3575119 5.497023-5.31714844.0090007-.27599565.2400359-.49243782.5160315-.48343711.2759957.0090007.4924378.2400359.4834371.51603155-.114093 3.4985237-2.9869632 6.284554-6.4964916 6.284554zm-.29090657-12.99359748c.27587424-.01216621.50937715.20161139.52154336.47748563.01216621.27587423-.20161139.50937715-.47748563.52154336-2.93195733.12930094-5.25315116 2.54886451-5.25315116 5.49456849 0 .27614237-.22385763.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5c0-3.48142406 2.74307146-6.34074398 6.20909343-6.49359748zm1.13784138 8.04763908-1.2004882-1.20048821c-.19526215-.19526215-.19526215-.51184463 0-.70710678s.51184463-.19526215.70710678 0l1.20048821 1.2004882 1.6006509-4.00162734-4.50670359 1.80268144-1.80268144 4.50670359zm4.10281269-6.50378907-2.6692597 6.67314927c-.1016411.2541026-.3029834.4554449-.557086.557086l-6.67314927 2.6692597 2.66925969-6.67314926c.10164107-.25410266.30298336-.45544495.55708602-.55708602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-filter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m14.9738641 0c.5667192 0 1.0261359.4477136 1.0261359 1 0 .24221858-.0902161.47620768-.2538899.65849851l-5.6938314 6.34147206v5.49997973c0 .3147562-.1520673.6111434-.4104543.7999971l-2.05227171 1.4999945c-.45337535.3313696-1.09655869.2418269-1.4365902-.1999993-.13321514-.1730955-.20522717-.3836284-.20522717-.5999978v-6.99997423l-5.69383133-6.34147206c-.3731872-.41563511-.32996891-1.0473954.09653074-1.41107611.18705584-.15950448.42716133-.2474224.67571519-.2474224zm-5.9218641 8.5h-2.105v6.491l.01238459.0070843.02053271.0015705.01955278-.0070558 2.0532976-1.4990996zm-8.02585008-7.5-.01564945.00240169 5.83249953 6.49759831h2.313l5.836-6.499z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-home" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 5-6 6v5h4v-4h4v4h4v-5zm7 6.5857864v4.4142136c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-5v-4h-2v4h-5c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-4.4142136c-.25592232 0-.51184464-.097631-.70710678-.2928932l-.58578644-.5857864c-.39052429-.3905243-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358l8.29289322-8.29289322 8.2928932 8.29289322c.3905243.39052429.3905243 1.02368928 0 1.41421358l-.5857864.5857864c-.1952622.1952622-.4511845.2928932-.7071068.2928932zm-7-9.17157284-7.58578644 7.58578644.58578644.5857864 7-6.99999996 7 6.99999996.5857864-.5857864z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm-3.49645283 10.1752453-3.89407257 6.7495552c.11705545.048464.24538859.0751995.37998328.0751995h10.60290092l-2.4329715-4.2154691-1.57494129 2.7288098zm8.49779013 6.8247547c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v13.98991071l4.50814957-7.81026689 3.08089884 5.33809539 1.57494129-2.7288097 3.5875735 6.2159812zm-3.0059397-11c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm0 1c-.5522847 0-1 .44771525-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.44771525 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-info" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-institution" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7 16.9998189v-2.0003623h4v2.0003623h2v-3.0005434h-8v3.0005434zm-3-10.00181122h-1.52632364c-.27614237 0-.5-.22389817-.5-.50009056 0-.13995446.05863589-.27350497.16166338-.36820841l1.23156713-1.13206327h-2.36690687v12.00217346h3v-2.0003623h-3v-1.0001811h3v-1.0001811h1v-4.00072448h-1zm10 0v2.00036224h-1v4.00072448h1v1.0001811h3v1.0001811h-3v2.0003623h3v-12.00217346h-2.3695309l1.2315671 1.13206327c.2033191.186892.2166633.50325042.0298051.70660631-.0946863.10304615-.2282126.16169266-.3681417.16169266zm3-3.00054336c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v13.00235456h-18v-13.00235456c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112h3.45499992l4.20535144-3.86558216c.19129876-.17584288.48537447-.17584288.67667324 0l4.2053514 3.86558216zm-4 3.00054336h-8v1.00018112h8zm-2 6.00108672h1v-4.00072448h-1zm-1 0v-4.00072448h-2v4.00072448zm-3 0v-4.00072448h-1v4.00072448zm8-4.00072448c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.4477153-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm-12 0c.55228475 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm5.99868798-7.81907007-5.24205601 4.81852671h10.48411203zm.00131202 3.81834559c-.55228475 0-1-.44779634-1-1.00018112s.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112-.44771525 1.00018112-1 1.00018112zm-1 11.00199236v1.0001811h2v-1.0001811z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-location" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9.39521328 16.2688008c.79596342-.7770119 1.59208152-1.6299956 2.33285652-2.5295081 1.4020032-1.7024324 2.4323601-3.3624519 2.9354918-4.871847.2228715-.66861448.3364384-1.29323246.3364384-1.8674457 0-3.3137085-2.6862915-6-6-6-3.36356866 0-6 2.60156856-6 6 0 .57421324.11356691 1.19883122.3364384 1.8674457.50313169 1.5093951 1.53348863 3.1694146 2.93549184 4.871847.74077492.8995125 1.53689309 1.7524962 2.33285648 2.5295081.13694479.1336842.26895677.2602648.39521328.3793207.12625651-.1190559.25826849-.2456365.39521328-.3793207zm-.39521328 1.7311992s-7-6-7-11c0-4 3.13400675-7 7-7 3.8659932 0 7 3.13400675 7 7 0 5-7 11-7 11zm0-8c-1.65685425 0-3-1.34314575-3-3s1.34314575-3 3-3c1.6568542 0 3 1.34314575 3 3s-1.3431458 3-3 3zm0-1c1.1045695 0 2-.8954305 2-2s-.8954305-2-2-2-2 .8954305-2 2 .8954305 2 2 2z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-minus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-newsletter" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.8482489 2-1.1428571v-1.7053918h-4v1.7053918zm-3-1.7142857v-2.1339632h6v2.1339632l3-1.71428574v-6.41967746h-12v6.41967746zm10-5.3839632 1.5299989.95624934c.2923814.18273835.4700011.50320827.4700011.8479983v8.44575236c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-8.44575236c0-.34479003.1776197-.66525995.47000106-.8479983l1.52999894-.95624934v-2.75c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h12c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm0 1.17924764v3.07075236l-7 4-7-4v-3.07075236l-1 .625v8.44575236c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-8.44575236zm-10-1.92924764h6v1h-6zm-1 2h8v1h-8z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 1c4.418278 0 8 3.581722 8 8s-3.581722 8-8 8-8-3.581722-8-8 3.581722-8 8-8zm-2.90107518 5.2732337h-1.41865256v7.1712107h1.41865256zm4.55867178.02508949h-2.99247027v7.14612121h2.91062487c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.85942385 0-.68545815-.1602789-1.30270225-.4808414-1.85175082-.3205625-.54904856-.7707074-.97532211-1.3504481-1.27883343-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1892674 1.07933542c.7877654 0 1.4143875.22336734 1.8798852.67010873.4654977.44674138.698243 1.05546001.698243 1.82617415 0 .74343221-.2310402 1.34447791-.6931277 1.80315511-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124h-1.46810075v-4.98745039zm-5.08652545-3.71099194c-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437s-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-plus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-print" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 5h-14.00982141c-.54941618 0-.99508929.4467783-.99508929.99961498v6.00077002c0 .5570958.44271433.999615.99508929.999615h1.00491071v-3h12v3h1.0049107c.5494162 0 .9950893-.4467783.9950893-.999615v-6.00077002c0-.55709576-.4427143-.99961498-.9950893-.99961498zm-2.0049107-1v-2.00208688c0-.54777062-.4519464-.99791312-1.0085302-.99791312h-7.9829396c-.55661731 0-1.0085302.44910695-1.0085302.99791312v2.00208688zm1 10v2.0018986c0 1.103521-.9019504 1.9981014-2.0085302 1.9981014h-7.9829396c-1.1092806 0-2.0085302-.8867064-2.0085302-1.9981014v-2.0018986h-1.00491071c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8874333-1.99508929-1.999615v-6.00077002c0-1.10435686.8926228-1.99961498 1.99508929-1.99961498h1.00491071v-2.00208688c0-1.10341695.90195036-1.99791312 2.0085302-1.99791312h7.9829396c1.1092806 0 2.0085302.89826062 2.0085302 1.99791312v2.00208688h1.0049107c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.88743329 1.9950893 1.99961498v6.00077002c0 1.1043569-.8926228 1.999615-1.9950893 1.999615zm-1-3h-10v5.0018986c0 .5546075.44702548.9981014 1.0085302.9981014h7.9829396c.5565964 0 1.0085302-.4491701 1.0085302-.9981014zm-9 1h8v1h-8zm0 2h5v1h-5zm9-5c-.5522847 0-1-.44771525-1-1s.4477153-1 1-1 1 .44771525 1 1-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M21.697 20.261a1.028 1.028 0 01.01 1.448 1.034 1.034 0 01-1.448-.01l-4.267-4.267A9.812 9.811 0 010 9.812a9.812 9.811 0 1117.43 6.182zM9.812 18.222A8.41 8.41 0 109.81 1.403a8.41 8.41 0 000 16.82z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m6.00368507 20c-1.10660471 0-2.00368507-.8945138-2.00368507-1.9940603v-12.01187942c0-1.10128908.89451376-1.99406028 1.99406028-1.99406028h12.01187942c1.1012891 0 1.9940603.89451376 1.9940603 1.99406028v12.01187942c0 1.1012891-.88679 1.9940603-2.0032184 1.9940603h-2.9570132v-6.1960818h2.0797387l.3114113-2.414723h-2.39115v-1.54164807c0-.69911803.1941355-1.1755439 1.1966615-1.1755439l1.2786739-.00055875v-2.15974763l-.2339477-.02492088c-.3441234-.03134957-.9500153-.07025255-1.6293054-.07025255-1.8435726 0-3.1057323 1.12531866-3.1057323 3.19187953v1.78079225h-2.0850778v2.414723h2.0850778v6.1960818z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m18.8767135 6.87445248c.7638174-.46908424 1.351611-1.21167363 1.6250764-2.09636345-.7135248.43394112-1.50406.74870123-2.3464594.91677702-.6695189-.73342162-1.6297913-1.19486605-2.6922204-1.19486605-2.0399895 0-3.6933555 1.69603749-3.6933555 3.78628909 0 .29642457.0314329.58673729.0942985.8617704-3.06469922-.15890802-5.78835241-1.66547825-7.60988389-3.9574208-.3174714.56076194-.49978171 1.21167363-.49978171 1.90536824 0 1.31404706.65223085 2.47224203 1.64236444 3.15218497-.60350999-.0198635-1.17401554-.1925232-1.67222562-.47366811v.04583885c0 1.83355406 1.27302891 3.36609966 2.96411421 3.71294696-.31118484.0886217-.63651445.1329326-.97441718.1329326-.2357461 0-.47149219-.0229194-.69466516-.0672303.47149219 1.5065703 1.83253297 2.6036468 3.44975116 2.632678-1.2651707 1.0160946-2.85724264 1.6196394-4.5891906 1.6196394-.29861172 0-.59093688-.0152796-.88011875-.0504227 1.63450624 1.0726291 3.57548241 1.6990934 5.66104951 1.6990934 6.79263079 0 10.50641749-5.7711113 10.50641749-10.7751859l-.0094298-.48894775c.7229547-.53478659 1.3516109-1.20250585 1.8419628-1.96190282-.6632323.30100846-1.3751855.50422736-2.1217148.59590507z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m10.1415 14.3973208-.0005625-5.19318431 4.863375 2.60554491zm9.963-7.92753362c-.6845625-.73643756-1.4518125-.73990314-1.803375-.7826454-2.518875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-.007875 0-3.7861875 0-6.3050625.18714178-.352125.04274226-1.1188125.04620784-1.8039375.7826454-.5394375.56084773-.7149375 1.8344515-.7149375 1.8344515s-.18 1.49597903-.18 2.99138042v1.4024082c0 1.495979.18 2.9913804.18 2.9913804s.1755 1.2736038.7149375 1.8344515c.685125.7364376 1.5845625.7133337 1.9850625.7901542 1.44.1420891 6.12.1859866 6.12.1859866s3.78225-.005776 6.301125-.1929178c.3515625-.0433198 1.1188125-.0467854 1.803375-.783223.5394375-.5608477.7155-1.8344515.7155-1.8344515s.18-1.4954014.18-2.9913804v-1.4024082c0-1.49540139-.18-2.99138042-.18-2.99138042s-.1760625-1.27360377-.7155-1.8344515z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-subject-medicine" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 8h-6.5c-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3v1c0 1.6568542 1.34314575 3 3 3h1v-2h-.5c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5h1.5 2 1 2c1.6568542 0 3-1.34314575 3-3v-1c0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3h-2v2h1.5c.8284271 0 1.5.67157288 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5zm-5.5-1v-1h-3.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.11928813-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5h1.02786405c.46573528 0 .92507448.10843528 1.34164078.31671843l1.13382424.56691212c.06026365-1.05041141.93116291-1.88363055 1.99667093-1.88363055 1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2h2c2.209139 0 4 1.790861 4 4v1c0 2.209139-1.790861 4-4 4h-2v1h2c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2h-2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2s-2-.8954305-2-2h-1c-2.209139 0-4-1.790861-4-4v-1c0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4zm0-2v-2.05652691c-.14564246-.03538148-.28733393-.08714006-.42229124-.15461871l-1.15541752-.57770876c-.27771087-.13885544-.583937-.21114562-.89442719-.21114562h-1.02786405c-.82842712 0-1.5.67157288-1.5 1.5s.67157288 1.5 1.5 1.5zm4 1v1h1.5c.2761424 0 .5-.22385763.5-.5s-.2238576-.5-.5-.5zm-1 1v-5c0-.55228475-.44771525-1-1-1s-1 .44771525-1 1v5zm-2 4v5c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-5zm3 2v2h2c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1s-.4477153-1-1-1zm-4-1v-1h-.5c-.27614237 0-.5.2238576-.5.5s.22385763.5.5.5zm-3.5-9h1c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-success" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm3.4860198 4.98163161-4.71802968 5.50657859-2.62834168-2.02300024c-.42862421-.36730544-1.06564993-.30775346-1.42283677.13301307-.35718685.44076653-.29927542 1.0958383.12934879 1.46314377l3.40735508 2.7323063c.42215801.3385221 1.03700951.2798252 1.38749189-.1324571l5.38450527-6.33394549c.3613513-.43716226.3096573-1.09278382-.115462-1.46437175-.4251192-.37158792-1.0626796-.31842941-1.4240309.11873285z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-table" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587l-4.0059107-.001.001.001h-1l-.001-.001h-5l.001.001h-1l-.001-.001-3.00391071.001c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm-11.0059107 5h-3.999v6.9941413c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h3.00391071zm6 0h-5v8h5zm5.0059107-4h-4.0059107v3h5.001v1h-5.001v7.999l4.0059107.001c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-12.5049107 9c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1.499-5h-5v3h5zm-6 0h-3.00391071c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v1.99414134h3.999z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 2c5.5228475 0 10 4.4771525 10 10s-4.4771525 10-10 10-10-4.4771525-10-10 4.4771525-10 10-10zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9 4.02943725-9 9 0 4.9705627 4.02943725 9 9 9 4.9705627 0 9-4.0294373 9-9 0-4.97056275-4.0294373-9-9-9zm4.2199868 5.36606669c.3613514-.43716226.9989118-.49032077 1.424031-.11873285s.4768133 1.02720949.115462 1.46437175l-6.093335 6.94397871c-.3622945.4128716-.9897871.4562317-1.4054264.0971157l-3.89719065-3.3672071c-.42862421-.3673054-.48653564-1.0223772-.1293488-1.4631437s.99421256-.5003185 1.42283677-.1330131l3.11097438 2.6987741z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.76799012 9.21106946-3.1109744-2.58349728c-.42862421-.35161617-1.06564993-.29460792-1.42283677.12733148s-.29927541 1.04903009.1293488 1.40064626l3.91576307 3.23873978c.41034319.3393961 1.01467563.2976897 1.37450571-.0948578l6.10568327-6.660841c.3613513-.41848908.3096572-1.04610608-.115462-1.4018218-.4251192-.35571573-1.0626796-.30482786-1.424031.11366122z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-update" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m1 13v1c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1h-1v-10h-14v10zm16-1h1v2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-2h1v-9c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h14c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm-1 0v1h-4.5857864l-1 1h-2.82842716l-1-1h-4.58578644v-1h5l1 1h2l1-1zm-13-8h12v7h-12zm1 1v5h10v-5zm1 1h4v1h-4zm0 2h4v1h-4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-upload" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.85576936 4.14572769c.19483374-.19483375.51177826-.19377714.70556874.00001334l2.59099082 2.59099079c.1948411.19484112.1904373.51514474.0027906.70279143-.1932998.19329987-.5046517.19237083-.7001856-.00692852l-1.74638687-1.7800176v6.14827687c0 .2717771-.23193359.492096-.5.492096-.27614237 0-.5-.216372-.5-.492096v-6.14827641l-1.74627892 1.77990922c-.1933927.1971171-.51252214.19455839-.70016883.0069117-.19329987-.19329988-.19100584-.50899493.00277731-.70277808z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-video" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-8.30912922 2.24944486 4.60460462 2.73982242c.9365543.55726659.9290753 1.46522435 0 2.01804082l-4.60460462 2.7398224c-.93655425.5572666-1.69578148.1645632-1.69578148-.8937585v-5.71016863c0-1.05087579.76670616-1.446575 1.69578148-.89375851zm-.67492769.96085624v5.5750128c0 .2995102-.10753745.2442517.16578928.0847713l4.58452283-2.67497259c.3050619-.17799716.3051624-.21655446 0-.39461026l-4.58452283-2.67497264c-.26630747-.15538481-.16578928-.20699944-.16578928.08477139z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-warning" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-checklist-banner" viewBox="0 0 56.69 56.69"><path style="fill:none" d="M0 0h56.69v56.69H0z"/><clipPath id="b"><use xlink:href="#a" style="overflow:visible"/></clipPath><path d="M21.14 34.46c0-6.77 5.48-12.26 12.24-12.26s12.24 5.49 12.24 12.26-5.48 12.26-12.24 12.26c-6.76-.01-12.24-5.49-12.24-12.26zm19.33 10.66 10.23 9.22s1.21 1.09 2.3-.12l2.09-2.32s1.09-1.21-.12-2.3l-10.23-9.22m-19.29-5.92c0-4.38 3.55-7.94 7.93-7.94s7.93 3.55 7.93 7.94c0 4.38-3.55 7.94-7.93 7.94-4.38-.01-7.93-3.56-7.93-7.94zm17.58 12.99 4.14-4.81" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round"/><path d="M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5m14.42-5.2V4.86s0-2.93-2.93-2.93H4.13s-2.93 0-2.93 2.93v37.57s0 2.93 2.93 2.93h15.01M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.462 0c1.413 0 2.538 1.184 2.538 2.619v12.762c0 1.435-1.125 2.619-2.538 2.619h-16.924c-1.413 0-2.538-1.184-2.538-2.619v-12.762c0-1.435 1.125-2.619 2.538-2.619zm.538 5.158-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1 -3.253-.008l-7.369-6.248v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619zm-.538-3.158h-16.924c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7.49754099 11.9178212c.38955542-.3895554.38761957-1.0207846-.00290473-1.4113089-.39324695-.3932469-1.02238878-.3918247-1.41130883-.0029047l-4.10273549 4.1027355.00055454-3.5103985c.00008852-.5603185-.44832171-1.006032-1.00155062-1.0059446-.53903074.0000852-.97857527.4487442-.97866268 1.0021075l-.00093318 5.9072465c-.00008751.553948.44841131 1.001882 1.00174994 1.0017946l5.906983-.0009331c.5539233-.0000875 1.00197907-.4486389 1.00206646-1.0018679.00008515-.5390307-.45026621-.9784332-1.00588841-.9783454l-3.51010549.0005545zm3.00571741-5.83449376c-.3895554.38955541-.3876196 1.02078454.0029047 1.41130883.393247.39324696 1.0223888.39182478 1.4113089.00290473l4.1027355-4.10273549-.0005546 3.5103985c-.0000885.56031852.4483217 1.006032 1.0015506 1.00594461.5390308-.00008516.9785753-.44874418.9786627-1.00210749l.0009332-5.9072465c.0000875-.553948-.4484113-1.00188204-1.0017499-1.00179463l-5.906983.00093313c-.5539233.00008751-1.0019791.44863892-1.0020665 1.00186784-.0000852.53903074.4502662.97843325 1.0058884.97834547l3.5101055-.00055449z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M48.854 0C21.839 0 0 22 0 49.217c0 21.756 13.993 40.172 33.405 46.69 2.427.49 3.316-1.059 3.316-2.362 0-1.141-.08-5.052-.08-9.127-13.59 2.934-16.42-5.867-16.42-5.867-2.184-5.704-5.42-7.17-5.42-7.17-4.448-3.015.324-3.015.324-3.015 4.934.326 7.523 5.052 7.523 5.052 4.367 7.496 11.404 5.378 14.235 4.074.404-3.178 1.699-5.378 3.074-6.6-10.839-1.141-22.243-5.378-22.243-24.283 0-5.378 1.94-9.778 5.014-13.2-.485-1.222-2.184-6.275.486-13.038 0 0 4.125-1.304 13.426 5.052a46.97 46.97 0 0 1 12.214-1.63c4.125 0 8.33.571 12.213 1.63 9.302-6.356 13.427-5.052 13.427-5.052 2.67 6.763.97 11.816.485 13.038 3.155 3.422 5.015 7.822 5.015 13.2 0 18.905-11.404 23.06-22.324 24.283 1.78 1.548 3.316 4.481 3.316 9.126 0 6.6-.08 11.897-.08 13.526 0 1.304.89 2.853 3.316 2.364 19.412-6.52 33.405-24.935 33.405-46.691C97.707 22 75.788 0 48.854 0z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-left"><path d="M15 7a1 1 0 000-2H3.385l2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 00.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 00-1.417 0L.294 5.292a1.001 1.001 0 000 1.416l4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 001.4.016 1 1 0 00-.003-1.42L3.385 7H15z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-right"><path d="M1 7a1 1 0 010-2h11.615l-2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 01-.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L12.615 7H1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-open" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path d="M12 0c1.10457 0 2 .895431 2 2v5c0 .276142-.223858.5-.5.5S13 7.276142 13 7V2c0-.512836-.38604-.935507-.883379-.993272L12 1H6v3c0 1.10457-.89543 2-2 2H1v8c0 .512836.38604.935507.883379.993272L2 15h6.5c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H2c-1.104569 0-2-.89543-2-2V5.828427c0-.530433.210714-1.039141.585786-1.414213L4.414214.585786C4.789286.210714 5.297994 0 5.828427 0H12Zm3.41 11.14c.250899.250899.250274.659726 0 .91-.242954.242954-.649606.245216-.9-.01l-1.863671-1.900337.001043 5.869492c0 .356992-.289839.637138-.647372.637138-.347077 0-.647371-.285256-.647371-.637138l-.001043-5.869492L9.5 12.04c-.253166.258042-.649726.260274-.9.01-.242954-.242954-.252269-.657731 0-.91l2.942184-2.951303c.250908-.250909.66127-.252277.91353-.000017L15.41 11.14ZM5 1.413 1.413 5H4c.552285 0 1-.447715 1-1V1.413ZM11 3c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Zm0 2c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></symbol></svg> </div> </footer> <div class="c-site-messages message u-hide u-hide-print c-site-messages--nature-briefing c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 sans-serif " data-component-id="nature-briefing-banner" data-component-expirydays="30" data-component-trigger-scroll-percentage="15" data-track="in-view" data-track-action="in-view" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner visible: Flagship"> <div class="c-site-messages__banner-large"> <div class="c-site-messages__close-container"> <button class="c-site-messages__close" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner dismiss: Flagship"> <svg width="25px" height="25px" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 25 25" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Close banner</title> <defs></defs> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <rect opacity="0" x="0" y="0" width="25" height="25"></rect> <path d="M6.29679575,16.2772478 C5.90020818,16.6738354 5.90240728,17.3100587 6.29617427,17.7038257 C6.69268654,18.100338 7.32864195,18.0973145 7.72275218,17.7032043 L12,13.4259564 L16.2772478,17.7032043 C16.6738354,18.0997918 17.3100587,18.0975927 17.7038257,17.7038257 C18.100338,17.3073135 18.0973145,16.671358 17.7032043,16.2772478 L13.4259564,12 L17.7032043,7.72275218 C18.0997918,7.32616461 18.0975927,6.68994127 17.7038257,6.29617427 C17.3073135,5.89966201 16.671358,5.90268552 16.2772478,6.29679575 L12,10.5740436 L7.72275218,6.29679575 C7.32616461,5.90020818 6.68994127,5.90240728 6.29617427,6.29617427 C5.89966201,6.69268654 5.90268552,7.32864195 6.29679575,7.72275218 L10.5740436,12 L6.29679575,16.2772478 Z" fill="#ffffff"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__form-container"> <div class="grid grid-12 last"> <div class="grid grid-4"> <img alt="Nature Briefing" src="/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-n150-white-d81c9da3ec.svg" width="250" height="40"> <p class="c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline extra-tight-line-height">Sign up for the <em>Nature Briefing</em> newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.</p> </div> <div class="grid grid-8 last"> <form action="https://www.nature.com/briefing/briefing" method="post" data-location="banner" data-track="signup_nature_briefing_banner" data-track-action="transmit-form" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner submit: Flagship"> <input id="briefing-banner-signup-form-input-track-originReferralPoint" type="hidden" name="track_originReferralPoint" value="MainBriefingBanner"> <input id="briefing-banner-signup-form-input-track-formType" type="hidden" name="track_formType" value="DirectEmailBanner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="gdpr_tick" id="gdpr_tick_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="marketing" id="marketing_input_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="marketing_tick" id="marketing_tick_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="MainBriefingBanner" name="brieferEntryPoint" id="brieferEntryPoint_banner"> <label class="nature-briefing-banner__email-label" for="emailAddress">Email address</label> <div class="nature-briefing-banner__email-wrapper"> <input class="nature-briefing-banner__email-input box-sizing text14" type="email" id="emailAddress" name="emailAddress" value="" placeholder="e.g. jo.smith@university.ac.uk" required data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-email-input"> <input type="hidden" value="true" name="N:nature_briefing_daily" id="defaultNewsletter_banner"> <button type="submit" class="nature-briefing-banner__submit-button box-sizing text14" data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-signup-button">Sign up</button> </div> <div class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-wrapper grid grid-12 last"> <input class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-checkbox" id="gdpr-briefing-banner-checkbox" type="checkbox" name="gdpr" value="true" data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-gdpr-checkbox" required> <label class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label box-sizing text13 sans-serif block tighten-line-height" for="gdpr-briefing-banner-checkbox">I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the <em>Nature</em> and Springer Nature Limited <a href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>.</label> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__banner-small"> <div class="c-site-messages__close-container"> <button class="c-site-messages__close" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner dismiss: Flagship"> <svg width="25px" height="25px" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 25 25" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Close banner</title> <defs></defs> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <rect opacity="0" x="0" y="0" width="25" height="25"></rect> <path d="M6.29679575,16.2772478 C5.90020818,16.6738354 5.90240728,17.3100587 6.29617427,17.7038257 C6.69268654,18.100338 7.32864195,18.0973145 7.72275218,17.7032043 L12,13.4259564 L16.2772478,17.7032043 C16.6738354,18.0997918 17.3100587,18.0975927 17.7038257,17.7038257 C18.100338,17.3073135 18.0973145,16.671358 17.7032043,16.2772478 L13.4259564,12 L17.7032043,7.72275218 C18.0997918,7.32616461 18.0975927,6.68994127 17.7038257,6.29617427 C17.3073135,5.89966201 16.671358,5.90268552 16.2772478,6.29679575 L12,10.5740436 L7.72275218,6.29679575 C7.32616461,5.90020818 6.68994127,5.90240728 6.29617427,6.29617427 C5.89966201,6.69268654 5.90268552,7.32864195 6.29679575,7.72275218 L10.5740436,12 L6.29679575,16.2772478 Z" fill="#ffffff"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__content text14"> <span class="c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline strong">Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.</span> <a class="nature-briefing__link text14 sans-serif" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Small-screen banner CTA to site" data-test-element="briefing-banner-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.nature.com/briefing/signup/?brieferEntryPoint=MainBriefingBanner">Sign up for Nature Briefing </a> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <img hidden src="https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png" width="0" height="0" style="display: none" alt=""> </noscript> <script src="//content.readcube.com/ping?doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45314-y&format=js&last_modified=2024-02-05" async></script> </body> </html>