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id="toc-Definition_and_scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religious sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cosmology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maat_(cosmic_order)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maat_(cosmic_order)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Maat (cosmic order)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maat_(cosmic_order)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Universe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firmament_and_course_of_the_sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firmament_and_course_of_the_sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Firmament and course of the sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firmament_and_course_of_the_sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmic_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmic_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cosmic center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmic_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Foreign nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major myths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_myths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major myths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_reign_of_the_sun_god" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_reign_of_the_sun_god"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The reign of the sun god</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_reign_of_the_sun_god-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osiris_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osiris_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Osiris myth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osiris_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_royal_child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_royal_child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Birth of the royal child</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_royal_child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_journey_of_the_sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_journey_of_the_sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>The journey of the sun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_journey_of_the_sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>End of the universe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_Egyptian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_Egyptian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence in Egyptian culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_in_Egyptian_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence in Egyptian culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_Egyptian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Egyptian mythology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptiese_mitologie" title="Egiptiese mitologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egiptiese mitologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أساطير مصرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أساطير مصرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ইজিপ্টৰ শ্ৰুতিকথা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইজিপ্টৰ শ্ৰুতিকথা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolox%C3%ADa_exipciana" title="Mitoloxía exipciana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mitoloxía exipciana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misir_mifologiyas%C4%B1" title="Misir mifologiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Misir mifologiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египетска митология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египетска митология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatska_mitologija" title="Egipatska mitologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egipatska mitologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologia_eg%C3%ADpcia" title="Mitologia egípcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mitologia egípcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptsk%C3%A1_mytologie" title="Egyptská mytologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egyptská mytologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Mythologie" title="Ägyptische Mythologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ägyptische Mythologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaegiptuse_m%C3%BCtoloogia" title="Vanaegiptuse mütoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanaegiptuse mütoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αιγυπτιακή μυθολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιγυπτιακή μυθολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolog%C3%ADa_egipcia" title="Mitología egipcia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mitología egipcia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipta_Mitologio" title="Egipta Mitologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egipta Mitologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_mitologia" title="Egiptoko mitologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko mitologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="اسطوره‌شناسی مصری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسطوره‌شناسی مصری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Mythologie égyptienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mythologie égyptienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotaseola%C3%ADocht_na_h%C3%89igipte" title="Miotaseolaíocht na hÉigipte – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Miotaseolaíocht na hÉigipte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolox%C3%ADa_exipcia" title="Mitoloxía exipcia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mitoloxía exipcia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94" title="이집트 신화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 신화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հին Եգիպտոսի դիցաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Եգիպտոսի դիցաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatska_mitologija" title="Egipatska mitologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egipatska mitologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologi_Mesir" title="Mitologi Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mitologi Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologia_egyptian" title="Mythologia egyptian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mythologia egyptian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מיתולוגיה מצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתולוגיה מצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ძველი ეგვიპტის მითოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი ეგვიპტის მითოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEtolojiya_misir%C3%AE" title="Mîtolojiya misirî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîtolojiya misirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologia_Aegyptia" title="Mythologia Aegyptia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mythologia Aegyptia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81s_%C4%92%C4%A3iptes_mitolo%C4%A3ija" title="Senās Ēģiptes mitoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senās Ēģiptes mitoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_mitologija" title="Egiptiečių mitologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egiptiečių mitologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Староегипетска митологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Староегипетска митологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اساطير مصريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اساطير مصريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologi_Mesir" title="Mitologi Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mitologi Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%8F%E1%80%B9%E1%80%8D%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="အီဂျစ်ဒဏ္ဍာရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီဂျစ်ဒဏ္ဍာရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptische_mythologie" title="Egyptische mythologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egyptische mythologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="エジプト神話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト神話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisk_mytologi" title="Egyptisk mytologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egyptisk mytologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptisk_mytologi" title="Egyptisk mytologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Egyptisk mytologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dius_egipcians" title="Dius egipcians – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dius egipcians" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologia_egipska" title="Mitologia egipska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mitologia egipska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologia_eg%C3%ADpcia" title="Mitologia egípcia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mitologia egípcia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologia_Egiptului_Antic" title="Mitologia Egiptului Antic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mitologia Egiptului Antic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мифология Древнего Египта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мифология Древнего Египта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/nu_Ai-ji_a_micidekay_a_kungku" title="nu Ai-ji a micidekay a kungku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="nu Ai-ji a micidekay a kungku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_meethologie" title="Egyptian meethologie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Egyptian meethologie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologjia_egjiptiane" title="Mitologjia egjiptiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mitologjia egjiptiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroegip%C4%8Danska_mitologija" title="Staroegipčanska mitologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Staroegipčanska mitologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatska_mitologija" title="Egipatska mitologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Egipatska mitologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egipatska_mitologija" title="Egipatska mitologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egipatska mitologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaisen_Egyptin_mytologia" title="Muinaisen Egyptin mytologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaisen Egyptin mytologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolohiyang_Ehipsiyo" title="Mitolohiyang Ehipsiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mitolohiyang Ehipsiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1s%C4%B1r_mitolojisi" title="Mısır mitolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mısır mitolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83" title="Міфологія Стародавнього Єгипту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міфологія Стародавнього Єгипту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i_Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp" title="Thần thoại Ai Cập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần thoại Ai Cập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptische_mythologie" title="Egyptische mythologie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Egyptische mythologie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="古埃及神話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古埃及神話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitolociya_M%C4%B1s%C4%B1ri" title="Mitolociya Mısıri – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mitolociya Mısıri" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="埃及神话 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃及神话" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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#decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Egyptian_mythology_articles" title="Index of Egyptian mythology articles">Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_burial_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian burial customs">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offerings" title="Ancient Egyptian offerings">Offerings</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids">Pyramids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_deities" title="List of Egyptian deities">list</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" aria-label="Navbox"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>A</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)" title="Apt (Egyptian)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li></ul> <p><b>B</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li></ul> <p><b>C</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities</a></li></ul> <p><b>D</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_(god)" title="Duau (god)">Duau (god)</a></li></ul> <p><b>F</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Four sons of Horus</a></li></ul> <p><b>G</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities</a></li></ul> <p><b>H</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li></ul> <p><b>I</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li></ul> <p><b>K</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li></ul> <p><b>M</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medjed (god)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li></ul> <p><b>N</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li></ul> <p><b>P</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Q</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li></ul> <p><b>R</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li></ul> <p><b>S</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li></ul> <p><b>T</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li></ul> <p><b>U</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li></ul> <p><b>W</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols and objects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atet" class="mw-redirect" title="Atet">Atet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Thoth" title="Book of Thoth">Book of Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matet_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Matet boat">Matet boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqtet_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seqtet boat">Seqtet boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Set animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_winged_sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">Funerary texts</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#decd87;;border:1px solid #decd87;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemeticism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Most_High_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Most High Goddess">Church of the Most High Goddess</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:transparent;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/16px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pyramidi_aavikolla.png/24px-Pyramidi_aavikolla.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egyptian religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythologies" title="List of mythologies">Mythologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a> - <a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Prussian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_mythology" title="Buddhist mythology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan mythology">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_mythology" title="English mythology">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_mythology" title="Estonian mythology">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_in_France" title="Mythology in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#Religion_and_mythology" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_mythology" title="Meitei mythology">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_mythology" title="Mongol mythology">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American</a> <ul><li>Algonquian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec</a></li> <li>Californian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A1_mythology" title="Chaná mythology">Chaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit mythology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li>Pacific Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plains Indians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_mythology" title="Lakota mythology">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puebloan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamancan_mythology" title="Talamancan mythology">Talamancan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_religion" title="Proto-Uralic religion">Proto-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian mythology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_mythology" title="Talysh mythology">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_folklore" title="Thai folklore">Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_mythology" title="Tibetan mythology">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology" title="Vietnamese mythology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="West African religion">West African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creation_myths" title="List of creation myths">Creations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_feral_children" title="List of fictional feral children">Feral children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Floods</a></li> <li>Heroes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culture_heroes" title="List of culture heroes">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_heroes" title="List of folk heroes">Folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" title="List of mythological objects">Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_pairs" title="List of mythological pairs">Pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythology_books_and_sources" title="List of mythology books and sources">Sources</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary creature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_by_type" title="List of legendary creatures by type">Type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twins_in_mythology" title="Twins in mythology">Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_mythology" title="Comparative mythology">Comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Euhemerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_folk-epics" title="List of world folk-epics">Epics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mythology" title="Lower mythology">Lower mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-mythology" title="Pseudo-mythology">Pseudo-mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mythology" title="Template:Mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mythology" title="Template talk:Mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Egyptian mythology</b> is the collection of <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, which describe the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Egyptian gods</a> as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express are an important part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">writings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">art</a>, particularly in short stories and in religious material such as <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, ritual texts, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">funerary texts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">temple</a> decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only brief fragments. </p><p>Inspired by the cycles of nature, the Egyptians saw <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a> in the present as a series of recurring patterns, whereas the earliest periods of time were linear. Myths are set in these earliest times, and myth sets the pattern for the cycles of the present. Present events repeat the events of myth, and in doing so renew <i><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">maat</a></i>, the fundamental order of the universe. Amongst the most important episodes from the mythic past are the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">creation myths</a>, in which the gods form the universe out of primordial chaos; the stories of the reign of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> upon the earth; and the <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a>, concerning the struggles of the gods <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> against the disruptive god <a href="/wiki/Set_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (mythology)">Set</a>. Events from the present that might be regarded as myths include Ra's daily journey through the world and its otherworldly counterpart, the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>. Recurring themes in these mythic episodes include the conflict between the upholders of <i>maat</i> and the forces of disorder, the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> in maintaining <i>maat</i>, and the continual death and regeneration of the gods. </p><p>The details of these sacred events differ greatly from one text to another and often seem contradictory. Egyptian myths are primarily metaphorical, translating the essence and behavior of deities into terms that humans can understand. Each variant of a myth represents a different symbolic perspective, enriching the Egyptians' understanding of the gods and the world. </p><p>Mythology profoundly influenced Egyptian culture. It inspired or influenced many religious rituals and provided the ideological basis for kingship. Scenes and symbols from myth appeared in art in tombs, temples, and <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>. In literature, myths or elements of them were used in stories that range from humor to allegory, demonstrating that the Egyptians adapted mythology to serve a wide variety of purposes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of Egyptian myth is difficult to trace. <a href="/wiki/Egyptologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a> must make inferences about its earliest phases, based on written sources that appeared much later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196129–30_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196129–30-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One obvious influence on myth is the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt#Natural_regions" title="Geography of Egypt">Egyptians' natural surroundings</a>. Each day the sun rose and set, bringing light to the land and regulating human activity; each year the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Nile flooded</a>, renewing the fertility of the soil and allowing the highly productive farming that sustained Egyptian civilization. Thus the Egyptians saw water and the sun as symbols of life and thought of time as a series of natural cycles. This orderly pattern was at constant risk of disruption: unusually low floods resulted in <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, and high floods destroyed crops and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospitable <a href="/wiki/Nile_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile valley">Nile valley</a> was surrounded by harsh desert, populated by peoples the Egyptians regarded as uncivilized enemies of order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2003155,_178–179_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2003155,_178–179-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, the Egyptians saw their land as an isolated place of stability, or <i><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">maat</a></i>, surrounded and endangered by chaos. These themes—order, chaos, and renewal—appear repeatedly in Egyptian religious thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198910–11_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198910–11-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible source for mythology is ritual. Many rituals make reference to myths and are sometimes based directly on them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it is difficult to determine whether a culture's myths developed before rituals or vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199183_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines199183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Questions about this <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">relationship between myth and ritual</a> have spawned much discussion among Egyptologists and scholars of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> in general. In ancient Egypt, the earliest evidence of religious practices predates written myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rituals early in Egyptian history included only a few motifs from myth. For these reasons, some scholars have argued that, in Egypt, rituals emerged before myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199183_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines199183-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But because the early evidence is so sparse, the question may never be resolved for certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In private rituals, which are often called "magical", the myth and the ritual are particularly closely tied. Many of the myth-like stories that appear in the rituals' texts are not found in other sources. Even the widespread motif of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> rescuing her poisoned son <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> appears only in this type of text. The Egyptologist David Frankfurter argues that these rituals adapt basic mythic traditions to fit the specific ritual, creating elaborate new stories (called <a href="/wiki/Historiola" title="Historiola">historiolas</a>) based on myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfurter1995472–474_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfurter1995472–474-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Joris_Borghouts" title="Joris Borghouts">J. F. Borghouts</a> says of magical texts that there is "not a shred of evidence that a specific kind of 'unorthodox' mythology was coined... for this genre."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200217_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200217-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Egyptian mythology consists of <a href="/wiki/Origin_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin myths">origin myths</a>, explaining the beginnings of various elements of the world, including human institutions and natural phenomena. Kingship arises among the gods at the beginning of time and later passed to the human <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>; warfare originates when humans begin fighting each other after the sun god's withdrawal into the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001113,_115,_119–122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001113,_115,_119–122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Myths also describe the supposed beginnings of less fundamental traditions. In a minor mythic episode, Horus becomes angry with his mother Isis and cuts off her head. Isis replaces her lost head with that of a cow. This event explains why Isis was sometimes depicted with the horns of a cow as part of her headdress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001188–190_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001188–190-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some myths may have been inspired by historical events. The unification of Egypt under the pharaohs, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Predynastic Egypt">Predynastic Period</a> around 3100 BC, made the king the focus of Egyptian religion, and thus the ideology of kingship became an important part of mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196133–36_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196133–36-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of unification, gods that were once local patron deities gained national importance, forming new relationships that linked the local deities into a unified national tradition. <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Pinch">Geraldine Pinch</a> suggests that early myths may have formed from these relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20026–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20026–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian sources link the mythical strife between the gods <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Set_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (mythology)">Set</a> with a conflict between the regions of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>, which may have happened in the late Predynastic era or in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these early times, most changes to mythology developed and adapted preexisting concepts rather than creating new ones, although there were exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars have suggested that the myth of the sun god withdrawing into the sky, leaving humans to fight among themselves, was inspired by the breakdown of royal authority and national unity at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2686 BC</span> – 2181 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> (c. 1550–1070 BC), minor myths developed around deities like <a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> who had been adopted from <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a>. In contrast, during the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Period">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> eras (332 BC–641 AD), <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> culture had little influence on Egyptian mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199649–51_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199649–51-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_scope">Definition and scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition and scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have difficulty defining which ancient Egyptian beliefs are <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a>. The basic definition of myth suggested by the Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/John_Baines_(Egyptologist)" title="John Baines (Egyptologist)">John Baines</a> is "a sacred or culturally central <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a>". In Egypt, the narratives that are central to culture and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">religion</a> are almost entirely about events among the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996361_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996361-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual narratives about the gods' actions are rare in Egyptian texts, particularly from early periods, and most references to such events are mere mentions or allusions. Some Egyptologists, like Baines, argue that narratives complete enough to be called "myths" existed in all periods, but that Egyptian tradition did not favor writing them down. Others, like <a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Jan Assmann</a>, have said that true myths were rare in Egypt and may only have emerged partway through its history, developing out of the fragments of narration that appear in the earliest writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199181–85,_104_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines199181–85,_104-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, however, Vincent Arieh Tobin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Susanne Bickel have suggested that lengthy narration was not needed in Egyptian mythology because of its complex and flexible nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobin argues that narrative is even alien to myth, because narratives tend to form a simple and fixed perspective on the events they describe. If narration is not needed for myth, any statement that conveys an idea about the nature or actions of a god can be called "mythic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_meaning">Content and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Content and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like myths in many other cultures, Egyptian myths serve to justify human traditions and to address fundamental questions about the world,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20021–2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20021–2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the nature of disorder and the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">ultimate fate of the universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptians explained these profound issues through statements about the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptian deities represent natural phenomena, from physical objects like the earth or the sun to abstract forces like knowledge and creativity. The actions and interactions of the gods, the Egyptians believed, govern the behavior of all of these forces and elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200180–81_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200180–81-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, the Egyptians did not describe these mysterious processes in explicit <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> writings. Instead, the relationships and interactions of the gods illustrated such processes implicitly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001107–112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001107–112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of Egypt's gods, including many of the major ones, do not have significant roles in any mythic narratives,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although their nature and relationships with other deities are often established in lists or bare statements without narration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the gods who are deeply involved in narratives, mythic events are very important expressions of their roles in the cosmos. Therefore, if only narratives are myths, mythology is a major element in Egyptian religious understanding, but not as essential as it is in many other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991104–105_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991104–105-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nut1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nut1.JPG/220px-Nut1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nut1.JPG/330px-Nut1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Nut1.JPG/440px-Nut1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>The sky depicted as a cow goddess supported by other deities. This image combines several coexisting visions of the sky: as a roof, as the surface of a sea, as a cow, and as a goddess in human form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196118–20_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196118–20-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The true realm of the gods is mysterious and inaccessible to humans. Mythological stories use symbolism to make the events in this realm comprehensible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not every detail of a mythic account has symbolic significance. Some images and incidents, even in religious texts, are meant simply as visual or dramatic embellishments of broader, more meaningful myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001117_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001117-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Few complete stories appear in Egyptian mythological sources. These sources often contain nothing more than allusions to the events to which they relate, and texts that contain actual narratives tell only portions of a larger story. Thus, for any given myth the Egyptians may have had only the general outlines of a story, from which fragments describing particular incidents were drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the gods are not well-defined characters, and the motivations for their sometimes inconsistent actions are rarely given.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptian myths are not, therefore, fully developed tales. Their importance lay in their underlying meaning, not their characteristics as stories. Instead of coalescing into lengthy, fixed narratives, they remained highly flexible and non-<a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So flexible were Egyptian myths that they could seemingly conflict with each other. Many descriptions of the creation of the world and the movements of the sun occur in Egyptian texts, some very different from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199241–45,_96_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199241–45,_96-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationships between gods were fluid, so that, for instance, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a> could be called the mother, wife, or daughter of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVischak200182–85_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVischak200182–85-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separate deities could even be <a href="/wiki/Syncretized" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretized">syncretized</a>, or linked, as a single being. Thus the creator god <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a> was combined with Ra to form Ra-Atum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196124–25_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196124–25-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One commonly suggested reason for inconsistencies in myth is that religious ideas differed over time and in different regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen198862–63_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198862–63-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cults</a> of various deities developed theologies centered on their own patron gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001101–103_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001101–103-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the influence of different cults shifted, some mythological systems attained national dominance. In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> (c. 2686–2181 BC) the most important of these systems was the cults of Ra and Atum, centered at <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a>. They formed a mythical family, the <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a>, that was said to have created the world. It included the most important deities of the time but gave primacy to Atum and Ra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid200228,_84–85_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid200228,_84–85-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptians also overlaid old religious ideas with new ones. For instance, the god <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>, whose cult was centered at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, was also said to be the creator of the world. Ptah's creation myth incorporates older myths by saying that it is the Ennead who carry out Ptah's creative commands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196162–63_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196162–63-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the myth makes Ptah older and greater than the Ennead. Many scholars have seen this myth as a political attempt to assert the superiority of Memphis' god over those of Heliopolis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen198845–46_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198845–46-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By combining concepts in this way, the Egyptians produced an immensely complicated set of deities and myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198916–17_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198916–17-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptologists in the early twentieth century thought that politically motivated changes like these were the principal reason for the contradictory imagery in Egyptian myth. However, in the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Frankfort" title="Henri Frankfort">Henri Frankfort</a>, realizing the symbolic nature of Egyptian mythology, argued that apparently contradictory ideas are part of the "multiplicity of approaches" that the Egyptians used to understand the divine realm. Frankfort's arguments are the basis for much of the more recent analysis of Egyptian beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker200110–11_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker200110–11-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political changes affected Egyptian beliefs, but the ideas that emerged through those changes also have deeper meaning. Multiple versions of the same myth express different aspects of the same phenomenon; different gods that behave in a similar way reflect the close connections between natural forces. The varying symbols of Egyptian mythology express ideas too complex to be seen through a single lens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sources that are available range from solemn hymns to entertaining stories. Without a single, canonical version of any myth, the Egyptians adapted the broad traditions of myth to fit the varied purposes of their writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Egyptians were illiterate and may therefore have had an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> that transmitted myths through spoken storytelling. Susanne Bickel suggests that the existence of this tradition helps explain why many texts related to myth give little detail: the myths were already known to every Egyptian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004379_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004379-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very little evidence of this oral tradition has survived, and modern knowledge of Egyptian myths is drawn from written and pictorial sources. Only a small proportion of these sources has survived to the present, so much of the mythological information that was once written down has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This information is not equally abundant in all periods, so the beliefs that Egyptians held in some eras of their history are more poorly understood than the beliefs in better documented times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199184,_90_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines199184,_90-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_sources">Religious sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many gods appear in artwork from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Egypt's history</a> (c. 3100–2686 BC), but little about the gods' actions can be gleaned from these sources because they include minimal writing. The Egyptians began using writing more extensively in the Old Kingdom, in which appeared the first major source of Egyptian mythology: the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a>. These texts are a collection of several hundred incantations inscribed in the interiors of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> beginning in the 24th century BC. They were the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary texts">Egyptian funerary texts</a>, intended to ensure that the kings buried in the pyramid would pass safely through the afterlife. Many of the incantations allude to myths related to the afterlife, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">creation myths</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">myth of Osiris</a>. Many of the texts are likely much older than their first known written copies, and they therefore provide clues about the early stages of Egyptian religious belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20026–11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20026–11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a> (c. 2181–2055 BC), the Pyramid Texts developed into the <a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a>, which contain similar material and were available to non-royals. Succeeding funerary texts, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> in the New Kingdom and the <i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> (664–323 BC) and after, developed out of these earlier collections. The New Kingdom also saw the development of another type of funerary text, containing detailed and cohesive descriptions of the nocturnal journey of the sun god. Texts of this type include the <i><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara,_tempio_di_Hator_(56).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara%2C_tempio_di_Hator_%2856%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara%2C_tempio_di_Hator_%2856%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara%2C_tempio_di_Hator_%2856%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara%2C_tempio_di_Hator_%2856%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara%2C_tempio_di_Hator_%2856%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Gaspa_-_Dendara%2C_tempio_di_Hator_%2856%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption>Temple decoration at <a href="/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex" title="Dendera Temple complex">Dendera</a>, depicting the goddesses Isis and <a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a> watching over the corpse of their brother <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a>, whose surviving remains date mostly from the New Kingdom and later, are another important source of myth. Many temples had a <i>per-ankh</i>, or temple library, storing <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a> for rituals and other uses. Some of these papyri contain hymns, which, in praising a god for its actions, often refer to the myths that define those actions. Other temple papyri describe rituals, many of which are based partly on myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973218–219_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz1973218–219-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scattered remnants of these papyrus collections have survived to the present. It is possible that the collections included more systematic records of myths, but no evidence of such texts has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mythological texts and illustrations, similar to those on temple papyri, also appear in the decoration of the temple buildings. The elaborately decorated and well-preserved temples of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman</a> periods (305 BC–AD 380) are an especially rich source of myth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200237–38_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200237–38-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Egyptians also performed rituals for personal goals such as protection from or healing of illness. These rituals are often called "magical" rather than religious, but they were believed to work on the same principles as temple ceremonies, evoking mythical events as the basis for the ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner1993243–249_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner1993243–249-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information from religious sources is limited by a system of traditional restrictions on what they could describe and depict. The murder of the god <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>, for instance, is never explicitly described in Egyptian writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Egyptians believed that words and images could affect reality, so they avoided the risk of making such negative events real.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20026_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20026-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conventions of <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Egyptian art</a> were also poorly suited for portraying whole narratives, so most myth-related artwork consists of sparse individual scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>References to myth also appear in non-religious <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Egyptian literature</a>, beginning in the Middle Kingdom. Many of these references are mere allusions to mythic motifs, but several stories are based entirely on mythic narratives. These more direct renderings of myth are particularly common in the Late and Greco-Roman periods when, according to scholars such as Heike Sternberg, Egyptian myths reached their most fully developed state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996365–376_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996365–376-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attitudes toward myth in nonreligious Egyptian texts vary greatly. Some stories resemble the narratives from magical texts, while others are more clearly meant as entertainment and even contain humorous episodes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996365–376_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996365–376-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A final source of Egyptian myth is the writings of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writers like <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, who described Egyptian religion in the last centuries of its existence. Prominent among these writers is <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, whose work <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia#De_Iside_et_Osiride" title="Moralia">De Iside et Osiride</a></i> contains, among other things, the longest ancient account of the myth of Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200235,_39–42_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200235,_39–42-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These authors' knowledge of Egyptian religion was limited because they were excluded from many religious practices, and their statements about Egyptian beliefs are affected by their biases about Egypt's culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_near_eastern_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient near eastern cosmology">Ancient near eastern cosmology</a></div> <p>Egyptian cosmology is analogous to ancient near eastern cosmology, <a href="/wiki/Early_Greek_cosmology" title="Early Greek cosmology">early Greek cosmology</a>, and other cosmological systems, which may be collectively labelled as adhering to a "cradle cosmology" model insofar as they share a cluster of common features, including a flat earth surfaced by a solid <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">firmament</a>, a primordial watery chaos, a cosmic center, a rotating sky above the earth, an Ocean located at and surrounding the edges of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyser202018–19_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyser202018–19-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of Egyptian cosmology is, however, done within certain limitations. There are no systematic accounts of creation from ancient Egyptian literature, and so cosmological views are pieced together from a variety of brief references across different texts as well as some pictorial evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers202119_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers202119-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second issue is that views of Egyptian cosmology evolved over the long span of Egypt's history, and different regions also had different cosmological systems: while there is always one self-generated creator god that emerges from the eternal watery darkness <a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nun</a>, for example, the creator god in different times and places had been identified separately as <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers202120_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers202120-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maat_(cosmic_order)"><span id="Maat_.28cosmic_order.29"></span>Maat (cosmic order)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maat (cosmic order)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></div> <p>The Egyptian word written <i>m3ˁt,</i> often rendered <i>maat</i> or <i>ma'at,</i> refers to the fundamental order of the universe in Egyptian belief. Established at the creation of the world, <i>maat</i> distinguishes the world from the <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a> that preceded and surrounds it. <i>Maat</i> encompasses both the proper behavior of humans and the normal functioning of the forces of nature, both of which make life and happiness possible. Because the actions of the gods govern natural forces and myths express those actions, Egyptian mythology represents the proper functioning of the world and the sustenance of life itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198979–82,_197–199_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198979–82,_197–199-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the Egyptians, the most important human maintainer of <i>maat</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. In myth the pharaoh is the son of a variety of deities. As such, he is their designated representative, obligated to maintain order in human society just as they do in nature, and to continue the rituals that sustain them and their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002156_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002156-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universe">Universe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Universe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geb,_Nut,_Shu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Geb%2C_Nut%2C_Shu.jpg/240px-Geb%2C_Nut%2C_Shu.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Geb%2C_Nut%2C_Shu.jpg/360px-Geb%2C_Nut%2C_Shu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Geb%2C_Nut%2C_Shu.jpg/480px-Geb%2C_Nut%2C_Shu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The air god Shu, assisted by other gods, holds up Nut, the sky, as Geb, the earth, lies beneath.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Egyptian belief, there already existed an infinite and chaotic primordial ocean that preceded the creation of the ordered world. This cosmic ocean was personified by the god <a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nun</a>. The earth, personified by the god <a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">flat</a> and is also covered by a flat sky/<a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">firmament</a> (heaven) that arches over it and separates the earth from the surrounding cosmic ocean. Heaven, for the Egyptians, was usually represented <a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a>, the goddess of the sky. Earth is also separated from the firmament by the atmosphere, personified as the god <a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu (Egyptian deity)">Shu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19883–7_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19883–7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyser20207–9_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyser20207–9-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Egyptians conceived of the inhabited world as a bubble of air, finite and dry, surrounded by a universal and infinite, dark, formless, and inert ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firmament_and_course_of_the_sun">Firmament and course of the sun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Firmament and course of the sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sun god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> is said to travel through the sky, across the body of Nut, enlivening the world with his light. At night Ra passes beyond the western horizon into the <a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a>, a mysterious region that borders the formlessness of Nun. At dawn he emerges from the Duat in the eastern horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19883–7_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19883–7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of the sky and the location of the Duat are uncertain. Egyptian texts variously describe the nighttime sun as traveling beneath the earth and within the body of Nut. The Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">James P. Allen</a> believes that these explanations of the sun's movements are dissimilar but coexisting ideas. In Allen's view, Nut represents the visible surface of the waters of Nun, with the stars floating on this surface. The sun, therefore, sails across the water in a circle, each night passing beyond the horizon to reach the skies that arch beneath the inverted land of the Duat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200325–29_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200325–29-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leonard_H._Lesko" title="Leonard H. Lesko">Leonard H. Lesko</a>, however, believes that the Egyptians saw the sky as a solid canopy and described the sun as traveling through the Duat above the surface of the sky, from west to east, during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesko1991117–120_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1991117–120-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joanne Conman, modifying Lesko's model, argues that this solid sky is a moving, concave dome overarching a deeply convex earth. The sun and the stars move along with this dome, and their passage below the horizon is simply their movement over areas of the earth that the Egyptians could not see. These regions would then be the Duat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConman200333–37_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConman200333–37-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmic_center">Cosmic center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cosmic center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fertile lands of the Nile Valley (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Delta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>) lie at the center of the world in Egyptian cosmology. Outside them are the infertile deserts, which are associated with the chaos that lies beyond the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199682–88,_91_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199682–88,_91-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhere beyond them is the horizon, the <i><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph_and_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhet (hieroglyph and season)">akhet</a></i>. There, two mountains, in the east and the west, mark the places where the sun enters and exits the Duat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker198064–65,_82_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker198064–65,_82-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_nations">Foreign nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign nations are associated with the hostile deserts in Egyptian ideology. Foreign people, likewise, are generally lumped in with the "<a href="/wiki/Nine_bows" title="Nine bows">nine bows</a>", people who threaten pharaonic rule and the stability of <i>maat</i>, although peoples allied with or subject to Egypt may be viewed more positively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2003155–156,_169–171_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2003155–156,_169–171-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, events in Egyptian mythology rarely take place in foreign lands. While some stories pertain to the sky or the Duat, Egypt itself is usually the scene for the actions of the gods. Often, even the myths set in Egypt seem to take place on a plane of existence separate from that inhabited by living humans, although in other stories, humans and gods interact. In either case, the Egyptian gods are deeply tied to their home land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199682–88,_91_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199682–88,_91-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Egyptians' vision of time was influenced by their environment. Each day the sun rose and set, bringing light to the land and regulating human activity; each year the <a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Nile flooded</a>, renewing the fertility of the soil and allowing the highly productive agriculture that sustained Egyptian civilization. These periodic events inspired the Egyptians to see all of time as a series of recurring patterns regulated by <i>maat</i>, renewing the gods and the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Egyptians recognized that different historical eras differ in their particulars, mythic patterns dominate the Egyptian perception of history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung1992151–154_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung1992151–154-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Egyptian stories about the gods are characterized as having taken place in a primeval time when the gods were manifest on the earth and ruled over it. After this time, the Egyptians believed, authority on earth passed to human pharaohs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200285_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200285-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This primeval era seems to predate the start of the sun's journey and the recurring patterns of the present world. At the other end of time is the end of the cycles and the dissolution of the world. Because these distant periods lend themselves to linear narrative better than the cycles of the present, <a href="/wiki/John_Baines_(Egyptologist)" title="John Baines (Egyptologist)">John Baines</a> sees them as the only periods in which true myths take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996364–365_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996364–365-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, to some extent, the cyclical aspect of time was present in the mythic past as well. Egyptians saw even stories that were set in that time as being perpetually true. The myths were made real every time the events to which they were related occurred. These events were celebrated with rituals, which often evoked myths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198927–31_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198927–31-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritual allowed time to <a href="/wiki/Eternal_return_(Eliade)" title="Eternal return (Eliade)">periodically return</a> to the mythic past and renew life in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200177–80_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200177–80-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_myths">Major myths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Major myths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most important categories of myths are described below. Because of the fragmentary nature of Egyptian myths, there is little indication in Egyptian sources of a chronological sequence of mythical events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200257_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200257-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the categories are arranged in a very loose chronological order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Ancient Egyptian creation myths</a></div> <p>Among the most important myths were those describing the creation of the world. The Egyptians developed many accounts of the creation, which differ greatly in the events they describe. In particular, the deities credited with creating the world vary in each account. This difference partly reflects the desire of Egypt's cities and priesthoods to exalt their own patron gods by attributing creation to them. Yet the differing accounts were not regarded as contradictory; instead, the Egyptians saw the creation process as having many aspects and involving many divine forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid200281,_89_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid200281,_89-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg/220px-Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg/330px-Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg/440px-Sunrise_at_Creation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>The sun rises over the circular mound of creation as goddesses pour out the primeval waters around it</figcaption></figure> <p>One common feature of the myths is the emergence of the world from the waters of chaos that surround it. This event represents the establishment of <i>maat</i> and the origin of life. One fragmentary tradition centers on the eight gods of the <a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a>, who represent the characteristics of the primeval water itself. Their actions give rise to the sun (represented in creation myths by various gods, especially Ra), whose birth forms a space of light and dryness within the dark water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunandZivie-Coche200445–50_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunandZivie-Coche200445–50-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sun rises from the first mound of dry land, another common motif in the creation myths, which was likely inspired by the sight of mounds of earth emerging as the Nile flood receded. With the emergence of the sun god, the establisher of <i>maat</i>, the world has its first ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199619–21_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199619–21-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts from the first millennium BC focus on the actions of the creator god in subduing the forces of chaos that threaten the newly ordered world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a>, a god closely connected with the sun and the primeval mound, is the focus of a creation myth dating back at least to the Old Kingdom. Atum, who incorporates all the elements of the world, exists within the waters as a potential being. At the time of creation he emerges to produce other gods, resulting in a set of nine deities, the <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a>, which includes Geb, Nut, and other key elements of the world. The Ennead can by extension stand for all the gods, so its creation represents the differentiation of Atum's unified potential being into the multiplicity of elements present within the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19888–11_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19888–11-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the Egyptians developed more abstract perspectives on the creation process. By the time of the <i>Coffin Texts</i>, they described the formation of the world as the realization of a concept first developed within the mind of the creator god. The force of <i><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">heka</a></i>, or magic, which links things in the divine realm and things in the physical world, is the power that links the creator's original concept with its physical realization. <i>Heka</i> itself can be personified as a god, but this intellectual process of creation is not associated with that god alone. An inscription from the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a> (c. 1070–664 BC), whose text may be much older, describes the process in detail and attributes it to the god <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>, whose close association with craftsmen makes him a suitable deity to give a physical form to the original creative vision. Hymns from the New Kingdom describe the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a>, a mysterious power that lies behind even the other gods, as the ultimate source of this creative vision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen198836–42,_60_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198836–42,_60-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of humans is not a major feature of Egyptian creation stories. In some texts the first humans spring from tears that Ra-Atum or his feminine aspect, the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a>, sheds in a moment of weakness and distress, foreshadowing humans' flawed nature and sorrowful lives. Others say humans are molded from clay by the god <a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a>. But overall, the focus of the creation myths is the establishment of cosmic order rather than the special place of humans within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200266–68_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200266–68-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_reign_of_the_sun_god">The reign of the sun god</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The reign of the sun god"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the period of the mythic past after the creation, Ra dwells on earth as king of the gods and of humans. This period is the closest thing to a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> in Egyptian tradition, the period of stability that the Egyptians constantly sought to evoke and imitate. Yet the stories about Ra's reign focus on conflicts between him and forces that disrupt his rule, reflecting the king's role in Egyptian ideology as enforcer of <i>maat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200269_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200269-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an episode known in different versions from temple texts, some of the gods defy Ra's authority, and he destroys them with the help and advice of other gods like <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horus#Heru-ur_(Horus_the_Elder)" title="Horus">Horus the Elder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199622–25_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199622–25-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point he faces dissent even from an extension of himself, the Eye of Ra, which can act independently of him in the form of a goddess. The Eye goddess becomes angry with Ra and runs away from him, wandering wild and dangerous in the lands outside Egypt, usually <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>. Weakened by her absence, Ra sends one of the other gods—Shu, <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a>, in different accounts—to retrieve her, by force or persuasion. Because the Eye of Ra is associated with the star <a href="/wiki/Sothis_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sothis (star)">Sothis</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal rising</a> signaled the start of the Nile flood, the return of the Eye goddess to Egypt coincides with the life-giving inundation. Upon her return, the goddess becomes the consort of Ra or of the god who has retrieved her. Her pacification restores order and renews life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200271–74_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200271–74-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Ra grows older and weaker, humanity, too, turns against him. In an episode often called "The Destruction of Mankind", related in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of the Heavenly Cow">The Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></i>, Ra discovers that humanity is plotting rebellion against him and sends his Eye to punish them. She slays many people, but Ra apparently decides that he does not want her to destroy all of humanity. He has beer dyed red to resemble blood and spreads it over the field. The Eye goddess drinks the beer, becomes drunk, and ceases her rampage. Ra then withdraws into the sky, weary of ruling on earth, and begins his daily journey through the heavens and the Duat. The surviving humans are dismayed, and they attack the people among them who plotted against Ra. This event is the origin of warfare, death, and humans' constant struggle to protect <i>maat</i> from the destructive actions of other people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001113–116_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001113–116-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>The Book of the Heavenly Cow</i>, the results of the destruction of mankind seem to mark the end of the direct reign of the gods and of the linear time of myth. The beginning of Ra's journey is the beginning of the cyclical time of the present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996364–365_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996364–365-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in other sources, mythic time continues after this change. Egyptian accounts give sequences of divine rulers who take the place of the sun god as king on earth, each reigning for many thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUphill200317–26_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUphill200317–26-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although accounts differ as to which gods reigned and in what order, the succession from Ra-Atum to his descendants Shu and Geb—in which the kingship passes to the male in each generation of the Ennead—is common. Both of them face revolts that parallel those in the reign of the sun god, but the revolt that receives the most attention in Egyptian sources is the one in the reign of Geb's heir <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200276–78_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200276–78-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osiris_myth">Osiris myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Osiris myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></div> <p>The collection of episodes surrounding <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>' death and succession is the most elaborate of all Egyptian myths, and it had the most widespread influence in Egyptian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001124_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001124-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first portion of the myth, Osiris, who is associated with both fertility and kingship, is killed and his position usurped by his brother <a href="/wiki/Set_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (mythology)">Set</a>. In some versions of the myth, Osiris is actually dismembered and the pieces of his corpse scattered across Egypt. Osiris' sister and wife, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, finds her husband's body and restores it to wholeness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199030–33_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199030–33-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is assisted by funerary deities such as <a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a>, and the process of Osiris' restoration reflects Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_burial_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian burial customs">traditions of embalming and burial</a>. Isis then briefly revives Osiris to conceive an heir with him: the god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200279–80_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200279–80-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg/170px-Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg/255px-Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg/340px-Hermitage_Egyptian_statuettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Statues of Osiris and of Isis nursing the infant Horus</figcaption></figure> <p>The next portion of the myth concerns Horus' birth and childhood. Isis gives birth to and raises her son in secluded places, hidden from the menace of Set. The episodes in this phase of the myth concern Isis' efforts to protect her son from Set or other hostile beings, or to heal him from sickness or injury. In these episodes Isis is the epitome of maternal devotion and a powerful practitioner of healing magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001131–134_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001131–134-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the third phase of the story, Horus competes with Set for the kingship. Their struggle encompasses a great number of separate episodes and ranges in character from violent conflict to a legal judgment by the assembled gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199036–38_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199036–38-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one important episode, Set tears out one or both of Horus' eyes, which are later restored by the healing efforts of Thoth or Hathor. For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a> is a prominent symbol of life and well-being in Egyptian iconography. Because Horus is a sky god, with one eye equated with the sun and the other with the moon, the destruction and restoration of the single eye explains why the moon is less bright than the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaper2001480–482_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaper2001480–482-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texts present two different resolutions for the divine contest: one in which Egypt is divided between the two claimants, and another in which Horus becomes sole ruler. In the latter version, the ascension of Horus, Osiris' rightful heir, symbolizes the reestablishment of <i>maat</i> after the unrighteous rule of Set. With order restored, Horus can perform the funerary rites for his father that are his duty as son and heir. Through this service Osiris is given new life in the Duat, whose ruler he becomes. The relationship between Osiris as king of the dead and Horus as king of the living stands for the relationship between every king and his deceased predecessors. Osiris, meanwhile, represents the regeneration of life. On earth he is credited with the annual growth of crops, and in the Duat he is involved in the rebirth of the sun and of deceased human souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129,_141–145_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001129,_141–145-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Horus to some extent represents any living pharaoh, he is not the end of the lineage of ruling gods. He is succeeded first by gods and then by spirits that represent dim memories of Egypt's Predynastic rulers, the <a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Nekhen_and_Pe" class="mw-redirect" title="Souls of Nekhen and Pe">souls of Nekhen and Pe</a>. They link the entirely mythical rulers to the final part of the sequence, the lineage of Egypt's historical kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200285_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200285-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_royal_child">Birth of the royal child</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Birth of the royal child"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several disparate Egyptian texts address a similar theme: the birth of a divinely fathered child who is heir to the kingship. The earliest known appearance of such a story does not appear to be a myth but an entertaining folktale, found in the Middle Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Westcar_Papyrus" title="Westcar Papyrus">Westcar Papyrus</a>, about the birth of the first three kings of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a>. In that story, the three kings are the offspring of Ra and a human woman. The same theme appears in a firmly religious context in the New Kingdom, when the rulers <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> depicted in temple reliefs their own conception and birth, in which the god <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> is the father and the historical queen the mother. By stating that the king originated among the gods and was deliberately created by the most important god of the period, the story gives a mythical background to the king's coronation, which appears alongside the birth story. The divine connection legitimizes the king's rule and provides a rationale for his role as intercessor between gods and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116–119_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116–119-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar scenes appear in many post-New Kingdom temples, but this time the events they depict involve the gods alone. In this period, most temples were dedicated to a mythical family of deities, usually a father, mother, and son. In these versions of the story, the birth is that of the son in each triad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeucht2001193_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeucht2001193-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these child gods is the heir to the throne, who will restore stability to the country. This shift in focus from the human king to the gods who are associated with him reflects a decline in the status of the pharaoh in the late stages of Egyptian history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116–119_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116–119-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_journey_of_the_sun">The journey of the sun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The journey of the sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra's</a> movements through the sky and the Duat are not fully narrated in Egyptian sources,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996364_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996364-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although funerary texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></i> relate the nighttime half of the journey in sequences of vignettes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199296_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199296-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This journey is key to Ra's nature and to the sustenance of all life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ra_Barque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ra_Barque.jpg/220px-Ra_Barque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Ra_Barque.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">solar barque</a>, adorned with the sun-disk</figcaption></figure> <p>In traveling across the sky, Ra brings light to the earth, sustaining all things that live there. He reaches the peak of his strength at noon and then ages and weakens as he moves toward sunset. In the evening, Ra takes the form of Atum, the creator god, oldest of all things in the world. According to early Egyptian texts, at the end of the day he spits out all the other deities, whom he devoured at sunrise. Here they represent the stars, and the story explains why the stars are visible at night and seemingly absent during the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200291–92_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200291–92-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg/260px-Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Book_of_Gates_Barque_of_Ra_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> (at center) travels through the sky in his <a href="/wiki/Barque#Barques_and_barque_shrines_in_Ancient_Egypt" title="Barque">barque</a>, accompanied by other gods<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002183–184_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002183–184-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>At sunset Ra passes through the <i>akhet</i>, the horizon, in the west. At times the horizon is described as a gate or door that leads to the Duat. At others, the sky goddess Nut is said to swallow the sun god, so that his journey through the Duat is likened to a journey through her body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199296–97,_113_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199296–97,_113-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In funerary texts, the Duat and the deities in it are portrayed in elaborate, detailed, and widely varying imagery. These images are symbolic of the awesome and enigmatic nature of the Duat, where both the gods and the dead are renewed by contact with the original powers of creation. Indeed, although Egyptian texts avoid saying it explicitly, Ra's entry into the Duat is seen as his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198949,_136–138_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198949,_136–138-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_speared_Apep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/220px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/330px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Set_speared_Apep.jpg/440px-Set_speared_Apep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesektet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesektet">Mesektet Barque</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a> as <a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set (deity)</a> spears <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apophis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Certain themes appear repeatedly in depictions of the journey. Ra overcomes numerous obstacles in his course, representative of the effort necessary to maintain <i>maat</i>. The greatest challenge is the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a>, a serpent god who represents the destructive aspect of disorder, and who threatens to destroy the sun god and plunge creation into chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199052–54_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199052–54-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many of the texts, Ra overcomes these obstacles with the assistance of other deities who travel with him; they stand for various powers that are necessary to uphold Ra's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirke200145–46_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirke200145–46-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his passage Ra also brings light to the Duat, enlivening the blessed dead who dwell there. In contrast, his enemies—people who have undermined <i>maat</i>—are tormented and thrown into dark pits or lakes of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199295,_99–101_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199295,_99–101-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key event in the journey is the meeting of Ra and Osiris. In the New Kingdom, this event developed into a complex symbol of the Egyptian conception of life and time. Osiris, relegated to the Duat, is like a mummified body within its tomb. Ra, endlessly moving, is like the <i>ba</i>, or soul, of a deceased human, which may travel during the day but must return to its body each night. When Ra and Osiris meet, they merge into a single being. Their pairing reflects the Egyptian vision of time as a continuous repeating pattern, with one member (Osiris) being always static and the other (Ra) living in a constant cycle. Once he has united with Osiris' regenerative power, Ra continues on his journey with renewed vitality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200177–80_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200177–80-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This renewal makes possible Ra's emergence at dawn, which is seen as the rebirth of the sun—expressed by a metaphor in which Nut gives birth to Ra after she has swallowed him—and the repetition of the first sunrise at the moment of creation. At this moment, the rising sun god swallows the stars once more, absorbing their power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200291–92_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200291–92-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this revitalized state, Ra is depicted as a child or as the <a href="/wiki/Scarabaeus_sacer" title="Scarabaeus sacer">scarab beetle</a> god <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a>, both of which represent rebirth in Egyptian iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart199057,_61_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart199057,_61-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_universe">End of the universe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: End of the universe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egyptian texts typically treat the dissolution of the world as a possibility to be avoided, and for that reason they do not often describe it in detail. However, many texts allude to the idea that the world, after countless cycles of renewal, is destined to end. This end is described in a passage in the <i>Coffin Texts</i> and a more explicit one in the <i>Book of the Dead</i>, in which Atum says that he will one day dissolve the ordered world and return to his primeval, inert state within the waters of chaos. All things other than the creator will cease to exist, except Osiris, who will survive along with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung1982162–165_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung1982162–165-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Details about this <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> prospect are left unclear, including the fate of the dead who are associated with Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunandZivie-Coche200467–68_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunandZivie-Coche200467–68-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet with the creator god and the god of renewal together in the waters that gave rise to the orderly world, there is the potential for a new creation to arise in the same manner as the old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199618–19_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199618–19-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_Egyptian_culture">Influence in Egyptian culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influence in Egyptian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_religion">In religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg/220px-SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg/330px-SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg/440px-SethAndHorusAdoringRamsses_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Set and Horus support the pharaoh. The reconciled rival gods often stand for the unity of Egypt under the rule of its king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_Velde2001269–270_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_Velde2001269–270-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because the Egyptians rarely described theological ideas explicitly, the implicit ideas of mythology formed much of the basis for Egyptian religion. The purpose of Egyptian religion was the maintenance of <i>maat</i>, and the concepts that myths express were believed to be essential to <i>maat</i>. The rituals of Egyptian religion were meant to make the mythic events, and the concepts they represented, real once more, thereby renewing <i>maat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198927–31_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198927–31-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rituals were believed to achieve this effect through the force of <i>heka</i>, the same connection between the physical and divine realms that enabled the original creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner1993246–249_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner1993246–249-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For this reason, Egyptian rituals often included actions that symbolized mythical events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198927–31_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198927–31-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temple rites included the destruction of models representing malign gods like Set or Apophis, private magical spells called upon Isis to heal the sick as she did for Horus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner1993150_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner1993150-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and funerary rites such as the <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth ceremony</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2001605–608_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2001605–608-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ritual offerings to the dead evoked the myth of Osiris' resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–51_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–51-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet rituals rarely, if ever, involved <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> reenactments of myths. There are borderline cases, like a ceremony alluding to the Osiris myth in which two women took on the roles of Isis and Nephthys, but scholars disagree about whether these performances formed sequences of events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Rourke2001407–409_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Rourke2001407–409-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Egyptian ritual was focused on more basic activities like giving offerings to the gods, with mythic themes serving as ideological background rather than as the focus of a rite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991101_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991101-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, myth and ritual strongly influenced each other. Myths could inspire rituals, like the ceremony with Isis and Nephthys; and rituals that did not originally have a mythic meaning could be reinterpreted as having one, as in the case of offering ceremonies, in which food and other items given to the gods or the dead were equated with the Eye of Horus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197384_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz197384-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kingship was a key element of Egyptian religion, through the king's role as link between humanity and the gods. Myths explain the background for this connection between royalty and divinity. The myths about the Ennead establish the king as heir to the lineage of rulers reaching back to the creator; the myth of divine birth states that the king is the son and heir of a god; and the myths about Osiris and Horus emphasize that rightful succession to the throne is essential to the maintenance of <i>maat</i>. Thus, mythology provided the rationale for the very nature of Egyptian government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198990–95_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198990–95-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art of ancient Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidden_treasures_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hidden_treasures_19.jpg/220px-Hidden_treasures_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hidden_treasures_19.jpg/330px-Hidden_treasures_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hidden_treasures_19.jpg/440px-Hidden_treasures_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Funerary amulet in the shape of a scarab</figcaption></figure> <p>Illustrations of gods and mythical events appear extensively alongside religious writing in tombs, temples, and funerary texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mythological scenes in Egyptian artwork are rarely placed in sequence as a narrative, but individual scenes, particularly depicting the resurrection of Osiris, do sometimes appear in religious artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991103_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991103-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allusions to myth were very widespread in Egyptian art and architecture. In temple design, the central path of the temple axis was likened to the sun god's path across the sky, and the sanctuary at the end of the path represented the place of creation from which he rose. Temple decoration was filled with solar emblems that underscored this relationship. Similarly, the corridors of tombs were linked with the god's journey through the Duat, and the burial chamber with the tomb of Osiris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199327–29,_69–70_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199327–29,_69–70-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramid</a>, the best-known of all Egyptian architectural forms, may have been inspired by mythic symbolism, for it represented the mound of creation and the original sunrise, appropriate for a monument intended to assure the owner's rebirth after death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirke2001115_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirke2001115-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols in Egyptian tradition were frequently reinterpreted, so that the meanings of mythical symbols could change and multiply over time like the myths themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199311–12_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199311–12-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More ordinary works of art were also designed to evoke mythic themes, like the <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> that Egyptians commonly wore to invoke divine powers. The <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a>, for instance, was a very common shape for <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">protective</a> amulets because it represented Horus' well-being after the restoration of his lost eye.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews200175–82_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews200175–82-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab-shaped amulets</a> symbolized the regeneration of life, referring to the god <a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a>, the form that the sun god was said to take at dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker198074,_104–105_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker198074,_104–105-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Themes and motifs from mythology appear frequently in Egyptian literature, even outside of religious writings. An early <a href="/wiki/Sebayt" title="Sebayt">instruction text</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Teaching_for_King_Merykara" title="Teaching for King Merykara">Teaching for King Merykara</a>" from the Middle Kingdom, contains a brief reference to a myth of some kind, possibly the Destruction of Mankind; the earliest known Egyptian short story, "<a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Shipwrecked_Sailor" title="Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor">Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor</a>", incorporates ideas about the gods and the eventual dissolution of the world into a story set in the past. Some later stories take much of their plot from mythical events: "<a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Two_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tale of the Two Brothers">Tale of the Two Brothers</a>" adapts parts of the Osiris myth into a fantastic story about ordinary people, and "<a href="/wiki/The_Blinding_of_Truth_by_Falsehood" title="The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood">The Blinding of Truth by Falsehood</a>" transforms the conflict between Horus and Set into an allegory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996367–369,_373–374_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996367–369,_373–374-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fragment of a text about the actions of Horus and Set dates to the Middle Kingdom, suggesting that stories about the gods arose in that era. Several texts of this type are known from the New Kingdom, and many more were written in the Late and Greco-Roman periods. Although these texts are more clearly derived from myth than those mentioned above, they still adapt the myths for non-religious purposes. "<a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a>", from the New Kingdom, tells the story of the conflict between the two gods, often with a humorous and seemingly irreverent tone. The Roman-era "Myth of the Eye of the Sun" incorporates fables into a framing story taken from myth. The goals of written fiction could also affect the narratives in magical texts, as with the New Kingdom story "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis,_the_Rich_Woman%27s_Son,_and_the_Fisherman%27s_Wife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis, the Rich Woman's Son, and the Fisherman's Wife (page does not exist)">Isis, the Rich Woman's Son, and the Fisherman's Wife</a>", which conveys a moral message unconnected to its magical purpose. The variety of ways that these stories treat mythology demonstrates the wide range of purposes that myth could serve in Egyptian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996366,_371–373,_377_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996366,_371–373,_377-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Egyptian_mythology_articles" title="Index of Egyptian mythology articles">Index of Egyptian mythology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Pharaoh" title="Regalia of the Pharaoh">Regalia of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/21px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/31px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/42px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Traditional African religion">Traditional African religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horus and Set, portrayed together, often stand for the pairing of Upper and Lower Egypt, although either god can stand for either region. Both of them were patrons of cities in both halves of the country. The conflict between the two deities may allude to the presumed conflict that preceded the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt at the start of Egyptian history, or it may be tied to an apparent conflict between worshippers of Horus and Set near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horus the Elder is often treated as a separate deity from Horus, the child born to Isis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch2002143_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002143-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196129–30-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196129–30_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthes1961">Anthes 1961</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid20021–2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid2002">David 2002</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2003155,_178–179-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2003155,_178–179_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2003">O'Connor 2003</a>, pp. 155, 178–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198910–11-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198910–11_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin1989">Tobin 1989</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197381–84_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenz1973">Morenz 1973</a>, pp. 81–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines199183-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199183_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199183_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankfurter1995472–474-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankfurter1995472–474_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankfurter1995">Frankfurter 1995</a>, pp. 472–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200217-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch200217_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001113,_115,_119–122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001113,_115,_119–122_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 113, 115, 119–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001188–190-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001188–190_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2001">Griffiths 2001</a>, pp. 188–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196133–36-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196133–36_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthes1961">Anthes 1961</a>, pp. 33–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20026–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20026–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltzer2001119–122_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeltzer2001">Meltzer 2001</a>, pp. 119–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004580_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickel2004">Bickel 2004</a>, p. 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001116_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199649–51-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199649–51_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeeksFavard-Meeks1996">Meeks & Favard-Meeks 1996</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996361-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996361_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1996">Baines 1996</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines199181–85,_104-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines199181–85,_104_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, pp. 81–85, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin2001464–468_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin2001">Tobin 2001</a>, pp. 464–468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBickel2004578_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBickel2004">Bickel 2004</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch20021–2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinch20021–2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinch2002">Pinch 2002</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200180–81-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200180–81_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001107–112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001107–112_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 107–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198938–39_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin1989">Tobin 1989</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991100–104_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, pp. 100–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991104–105-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991104–105_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196118–20-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196118–20_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthes1961">Anthes 1961</a>, pp. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198918,_23–26_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin1989">Tobin 1989</a>, pp. 18, 23–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001117-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001117_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198948–49_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin1989">Tobin 1989</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001112-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann2001112_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornung199241–45,_96-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHornung199241–45,_96_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornung1992">Hornung 1992</a>, pp. 41–45, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVischak200182–85-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVischak200182–85_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVischak2001">Vischak 2001</a>, pp. 82–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196124–25-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196124–25_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthes1961">Anthes 1961</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198862–63-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen198862–63_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1988">Allen 1988</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001101–103-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001101–103_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTraunecker2001">Traunecker 2001</a>, pp. 101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid200228,_84–85-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid200228,_84–85_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid2002">David 2002</a>, pp. 28, 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthes196162–63-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthes196162–63_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthes1961">Anthes 1961</a>, pp. 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen198845–46-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen198845–46_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1988">Allen 1988</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198916–17-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198916–17_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin1989">Tobin 1989</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker200110–11-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker200110–11_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTraunecker2001">Traunecker 2001</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETraunecker20011–5_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner1993246–249_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitner1993">Ritner 1993</a>, pp. 246–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner1993150-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitner1993150_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRitner1993">Ritner 1993</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2001605–608-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoth2001605–608_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoth2001">Roth 2001</a>, pp. 605–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–51-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssmann200149–51_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAssmann2001">Assmann 2001</a>, pp. 49–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Rourke2001407–409-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Rourke2001407–409_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Rourke2001">O'Rourke 2001</a>, pp. 407–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991101-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991101_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorenz197384-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorenz197384_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenz1973">Morenz 1973</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobin198990–95-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobin198990–95_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobin1989">Tobin 1989</a>, pp. 90–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1991103-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1991103_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1991">Baines 1991</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199327–29,_69–70-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199327–29,_69–70_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1993">Wilkinson 1993</a>, pp. 27–29, 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirke2001115-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuirke2001115_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQuirke2001">Quirke 2001</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199311–12-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199311–12_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson1993">Wilkinson 1993</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews200175–82-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews200175–82_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews2001">Andrews 2001</a>, pp. 75–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker198074,_104–105-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker198074,_104–105_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurker1980">Lurker 1980</a>, pp. 74, 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996367–369,_373–374-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996367–369,_373–374_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1996">Baines 1996</a>, pp. 367–369, 373–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines1996366,_371–373,_377-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines1996366,_371–373,_377_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines1996">Baines 1996</a>, pp. 366, 371–373, 377.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Peter_Allen" title="James Peter Allen">Allen, James P.</a> (1988). <i>Genesis in Egypt: The Philosophy of Ancient Egyptian Creation Accounts</i>. Yale Egyptological Seminar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912532-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-912532-14-9"><bdi>0-912532-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+in+Egypt%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Creation+Accounts&rft.pub=Yale+Egyptological+Seminar&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-912532-14-9&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2003" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/23">"The Egyptian Concept of the World"</a>. In O'Connor, David; Quirke, Stephen (eds.). <i>Mysterious Lands</i>. UCL Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/23">23–30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-004-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-004-7"><bdi>1-84472-004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Egyptian+Concept+of+the+World&rft.btitle=Mysterious+Lands&rft.pages=23-30&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84472-004-7&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteriouslands0000unse%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2014" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_147">"Egyptian Cosmology and Cosmogony"</a>. In Ruggles, Clive L.N. (ed.). <i>Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy</i>. Springer. pp. 1471–1475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6141-8_147">10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8_147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6140-1"><bdi>978-1-4614-6140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Cosmology+and+Cosmogony&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Archaeoastronomy+and+Ethnoastronomy&rft.pages=1471-1475&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6141-8_147&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6140-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6141-8_147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Carol A. R. (2001). "Amulets". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amulets&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=75-82&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthes1961" class="citation book cs1">Anthes, Rudolf (1961). "Mythology in Ancient Egypt". In Kramer, Samuel Noah (ed.). <i>Mythologies of the Ancient World</i>. Anchor Books. pp. 16–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mythology+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.btitle=Mythologies+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=16-92&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Anthes&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssmann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Assmann" title="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</a> (2001) [German edition 1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchforgodinan00assm"><i>The Search for God in Ancient Egypt</i></a>. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3786-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3786-5"><bdi>0-8014-3786-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+God+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-3786-5&rft.aulast=Assmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchforgodinan00assm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Baines_(Egyptologist)" title="John Baines (Egyptologist)">Baines, John</a> (April 1991). "Egyptian Myth and Discourse: Myth, Gods, and the Early Written and Iconographic Record". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 81–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373483">10.1086/373483</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/545669">545669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162233011">162233011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Myth+and+Discourse%3A+Myth%2C+Gods%2C+and+the+Early+Written+and+Iconographic+Record&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-105&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162233011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F545669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373483&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines1996" class="citation book cs1">Baines, John (1996). "Myth and Literature". In Loprieno, Antonio (ed.). <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature: History and Forms</i>. Cornell University Press. pp. 361–377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09925-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09925-5"><bdi>90-04-09925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth+and+Literature&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%3A+History+and+Forms&rft.pages=361-377&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-09925-5&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Bickel" title="Susanne Bickel">Bickel, Susanne</a> (2004). 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8853-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8853-2"><bdi>0-8014-8853-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Men+in+Egypt%3A+3000+BCE+to+395+CE&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8014-8853-2&rft.aulast=Dunand&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Zivie-Coche%2C+Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeucht2001" class="citation book cs1">Feucht, Erika (2001). "Birth". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 1. 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Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1223-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1223-4"><bdi>0-8014-1223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conceptions+of+God+in+Egypt%3A+The+One+and+the+Many&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8014-1223-4&rft.aulast=Hornung&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornung1992" class="citation book cs1">Hornung, Erik (1992). <i>Idea into Image: Essays on Ancient Egyptian Thought</i>. Translated by Elizabeth Bredeck. 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Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27253-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27253-0"><bdi>0-500-27253-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+the+Gods+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-500-27253-0&rft.aulast=Lurker&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeksFavard-Meeks1996" class="citation book cs1">Meeks, Dimitri; Favard-Meeks, Christine (1996) [French edition 1993]. <i>Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods</i>. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian. 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Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8029-9"><bdi>0-8014-8029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Religion&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-8014-8029-9&rft.aulast=Morenz&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neverhadlikeoccu0000unse/page/155">"Egypt's View of 'Others'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Tait, John (ed.). <i><span></span>'Never Had the Like Occurred': Egypt's View of Its Past</i>. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 407–410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drama&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=407-410&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=O%27Rourke&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine Pinch">Pinch, Geraldine</a> (2002). <i>Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517024-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517024-5"><bdi>0-19-517024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Traditions+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-517024-5&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirke2001" class="citation book cs1">Quirke, Stephen (2001). <i>The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05107-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05107-0"><bdi>0-500-05107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Ra%3A+Sun+Worship+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-500-05107-0&rft.aulast=Quirke&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitner1993" class="citation book cs1">Ritner, Robert Kriech (1993). <i>The Mechanics of Ancient Egyptian Magical Practice</i>. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918986-75-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-918986-75-3"><bdi>0-918986-75-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mechanics+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Magical+Practice&rft.pub=The+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-918986-75-3&rft.aulast=Ritner&rft.aufirst=Robert+Kriech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2001" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Ann Macy (2001). "Opening of the Mouth". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 605–609. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opening+of+the+Mouth&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=605-609&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Ann+Macy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFte_Velde2001" class="citation book cs1">te Velde, Herman (2001). "Seth". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 269–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seth&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=269-271&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=te+Velde&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1989" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, Vincent Arieh (1989). <i>Theological Principles of Egyptian Religion</i>. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-1082-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-1082-9"><bdi>0-8204-1082-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Principles+of+Egyptian+Religion&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8204-1082-9&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2001" class="citation book cs1">Tobin, Vincent Arieh (2001). "Myths: An Overview". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=464-469&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraunecker2001" class="citation book cs1">Traunecker, Claude (2001) [French edition 1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsofegypt00trau"><i>The Gods of Egypt</i></a>. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3834-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3834-9"><bdi>0-8014-3834-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-3834-9&rft.aulast=Traunecker&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsofegypt00trau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUphill2003" class="citation book cs1">Uphill, E. P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neverhadlikeoccu0000unse/page/15">"The Ancient Egyptian View of World History"</a>. In Tait, John (ed.). <i><span></span>'Never Had the Like Occurred': Egypt's View of Its Past</i>. UCL Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neverhadlikeoccu0000unse/page/15">15–29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84472-007-1"><bdi>978-1-84472-007-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Egyptian+View+of+World+History&rft.btitle=%27Never+Had+the+Like+Occurred%27%3A+Egypt%27s+View+of+Its+Past&rft.pages=15-29&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84472-007-1&rft.aulast=Uphill&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneverhadlikeoccu0000unse%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVischak2001" class="citation book cs1">Vischak, Deborah (2001). "Hathor". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt</i>. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510234-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hathor&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=82-85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510234-5&rft.aulast=Vischak&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1993" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Richard H. (1993). <i>Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23663-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-23663-1"><bdi>0-500-23663-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbol+and+Magic+in+Egyptian+Art&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-500-23663-1&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_mythology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Armour, Robert A (2001) [1986]. <i>Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt</i>. The American University in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-669-1" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-669-1"><bdi>977-424-669-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Myths+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=The+American+University+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=977-424-669-1&rft.aulast=Armour&rft.aufirst=Robert+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ions, Veronica (1982) [1968]. <i>Egyptian Mythology</i>. Peter Bedrick Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911745-07-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-911745-07-6"><bdi>0-911745-07-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Mythology&rft.pub=Peter+Bedrick+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-911745-07-6&rft.aulast=Ions&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">James, T. G. H (1971). <i>Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt</i>. Grosset & Dunlap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-448-00866-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-448-00866-1"><bdi>0-448-00866-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-448-00866-1&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=T.+G.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Garry J. (2014). <i>The Egyptian Myths: A Guide to the Ancient Gods and Legends</i>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25198-0"><bdi>978-0-500-25198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptian+Myths%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Ancient+Gods+and+Legends&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-500-25198-0&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Garry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sternberg, Heike (1985). <i>Mythische Motive and Mythenbildung in den agyptischen Tempeln und Papyri der Griechisch-Romischen Zeit</i> (in German). Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02497-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02497-6"><bdi>3-447-02497-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythische+Motive+and+Mythenbildung+in+den+agyptischen+Tempeln+und+Papyri+der+Griechisch-Romischen+Zeit&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-447-02497-6&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Heike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tyldesley, Joyce (2010). <i>Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt</i>. Allen Lanes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-369-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-369-4"><bdi>978-1-84614-369-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Legends+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Allen+Lanes&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-369-4&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgyptian+mythology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egyptian_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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id="Ancient_Egyptian_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs" title="Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" title="Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfet_(Egyptian_mythology)" title="Isfet (Egyptian mythology)">Isfet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Maat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Kheru" title="Maa Kheru">Maa Kheru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Egyptian_mythology" title="Numbers in Egyptian mythology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris_myth" title="Osiris myth">Osiris myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/90px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/135px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg/180px-Eye_of_Horus_bw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canopic_jar" title="Canopic jar">Canopic jars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ritual_of_Embalming_Papyrus" title="The Ritual of Embalming Papyrus">Embalming ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_temple" title="Mortuary temple">Mortuary temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_offering_formula" title="Ancient Egyptian offering formula">Offering formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_mouth_ceremony" title="Opening of the mouth ceremony">Opening of the mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Egyptian)" title="Ogdoad (Egyptian)">Ogdoad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amunet" title="Amunet">Amunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauhet">Hauhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heh_(god)" title="Heh (god)">Heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauket">Kauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kek_(mythology)" title="Kek (mythology)">Kek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naunet" class="mw-redirect" title="Naunet">Naunet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_(mythology)" title="Nu (mythology)">Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;;width:1%">Triads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Theban_Triad" title="Theban Triad">Theban Triad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>A</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aati" title="Aati">Aati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aker_(deity)" title="Aker (deity)">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhty_(deity)" title="Akhty (deity)">Akhty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu" title="Amenhotep, son of Hapu">Amenhotep, son of Hapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesemi" title="Amesemi">Amesemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammit" title="Ammit">Ammit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am-heh" title="Am-heh">Am-heh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu-Aa" title="Amu-Aa">Amu-Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andjety" title="Andjety">Andjety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhur" title="Anhur">Anhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anput" title="Anput">Anput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuket" title="Anuket">Anuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apep" title="Apep">Apep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_(Egyptian)" title="Apt (Egyptian)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqen" title="Aqen">Aqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arensnuphis" title="Arensnuphis">Arensnuphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_(deity)" title="Ash (deity)">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessors_of_Maat" title="Assessors of Maat">Assessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><b>B</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_(mythology)" title="Babi (mythology)">Babi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banebdjedet" title="Banebdjedet">Banebdjedet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastet" title="Bastet">Bastet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(goddess)" title="Bat (goddess)">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_(god)" title="Bata (god)">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba-Pef" title="Ba-Pef">Ba-Pef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu" title="Bennu">Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><b>C</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavern_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Cavern deities of the underworld">Cavern deities</a></li> <li><b>D</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus-Osiris" title="Dionysus-Osiris">Dionysus-Osiris</a></li> <li><b>F</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sons_of_Horus" title="Four sons of Horus">Four sons of Horus</a></li> <li><b>G</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_deities_of_the_underworld" title="Gate deities of the underworld">Gate deities</a></li> <li><b>H</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(mythology)" title="Ha (mythology)">Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)" title="Hapi (Nile god)">Hapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmehit" title="Hatmehit">Hatmehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauron" title="Hauron">Hauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedetet" title="Hedetet">Hedetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjhotep" title="Hedjhotep">Hedjhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heka_(god)" title="Heka (god)">Heka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemen" title="Hemen">Hemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemsut" title="Hemsut">Hemsut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henet" title="Henet">Henet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqet" title="Heqet">Heqet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermanubis" title="Hermanubis">Hermanubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heryshaf" title="Heryshaf">Heryshaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesat" title="Hesat">Hesat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpocrates" title="Harpocrates">Harpocrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_(mythology)" title="Hu (mythology)">Hu</a></li> <li><b>I</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iabet" title="Iabet">Iabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iat" title="Iat">Iat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igai_(deity)" title="Igai (deity)">Igai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihy" title="Ihy">Ihy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhemu-sek" title="Ikhemu-sek">Ikhemu-sek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imentet" title="Imentet">Imentet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhotep" title="Imhotep">Imhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(goddess)" title="Ipy (goddess)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iunit" title="Iunit">Iunit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iusaaset" title="Iusaaset">Iusaaset</a></li> <li><b>K</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebechet" title="Kebechet">Kebechet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khensit" title="Khensit">Khensit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-Amentiu" title="Khenti-Amentiu">Khenti-Amentiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenti-kheti" title="Khenti-kheti">Khenti-kheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepri" title="Khepri">Khepri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherty" title="Kherty">Kherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khnum" title="Khnum">Khnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonsu" title="Khonsu">Khonsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolanthes" title="Kolanthes">Kolanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><b>M</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat" title="Maat">Ma'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafdet" title="Mafdet">Mafdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandulis" title="Mandulis">Mandulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed" title="Medjed">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehen" title="Mehen">Mehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehet-Weret" title="Mehet-Weret">Mehet-Weret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehit" title="Mehit">Mehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhit" title="Menhit">Menhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meret" title="Meret">Meret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meretseger" title="Meretseger">Meretseger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhenet" title="Meskhenet">Meskhenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnevis" title="Mnevis">Mnevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut" title="Mut">Mut</a></li> <li><b>N</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebethetepet" title="Nebethetepet">Nebethetepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebtuwi" title="Nebtuwi">Nebtuwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertem" title="Nefertem">Nefertem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehebkau" title="Nehebkau">Nehebkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehmetawy" title="Nehmetawy">Nehmetawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekhbet" title="Nekhbet">Nekhbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemty" title="Nemty">Nemty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neper_(mythology)" title="Neper (mythology)">Neper</a></li> <li><b>P</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhet" title="Pakhet">Pakhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perit_(goddess)" title="Perit (goddess)">Perit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petbe" title="Petbe">Petbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><b>Q</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qebui" title="Qebui">Qebui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qed-her" title="Qed-her">Qed-her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><b>R</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raet-Tawy" title="Raet-Tawy">Raet-Tawy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhyt" title="Rekhyt">Rekhyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(mythology)" title="Rem (mythology)">Rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renenutet" title="Renenutet">Renenutet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet" title="Renpet">Renpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpetneferet" title="Renpetneferet">Renpetneferet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repyt" title="Repyt">Repyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><b>S</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sah_(god)" title="Sah (god)">Sah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satis_(goddess)" title="Satis (goddess)">Satis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiumeker" title="Sebiumeker">Sebiumeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seker" title="Seker">Seker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serket" title="Serket">Serket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seshat" title="Seshat">Seshat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shai" title="Shai">Shai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesmetet" title="Shesmetet">Shesmetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezmu" title="Shezmu">Shezmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_(god)" title="Sia (god)">Sia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobek" title="Sobek">Sobek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdet" title="Sopdet">Sopdet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopdu" title="Sopdu">Sopdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">Souls of Pe and Nekhen</a></li> <li><b>T</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatenen" title="Tatenen">Tatenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayt" title="Tayt">Tayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta-Bitjet" title="Ta-Bitjet">Ta-Bitjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjenenyet" title="Tjenenyet">Tjenenyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Tutu (Egyptian god)">Tutu</a></li> <li><b>U</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unut" title="Unut">Unut</a></li> <li><b>W</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadjet" title="Wadjet">Wadjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadj-wer" title="Wadj-wer">Wadj-wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(Egyptian_deity)" title="Weneg (Egyptian deity)">Weneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepset" title="Wepset">Wepset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wepwawet" title="Wepwawet">Wepwawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werethekau" title="Werethekau">Werethekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wosret" title="Wosret">Wosret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Egyptian legendary creatures">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aani" title="Aani">Aani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtu" title="Abtu">Abtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieracosphinx" title="Hieracosphinx">Hieracosphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjed_(fish)" title="Medjed (fish)">Medjed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">Serpopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_animal" title="Set animal">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraeus" title="Uraeus">Uraeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dedi" title="Dedi">Dedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djadjaemankh" title="Djadjaemankh">Djadjaemankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rededjet" title="Rededjet">Rededjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaoner" title="Ubaoner">Ubaoner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaru" title="Aaru">Aaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">Akhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benben" title="Benben">Benben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duat" title="Duat">Duat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Manu" title="Land of Manu">Land of Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indestructibles" title="The Indestructibles">The Indestructibles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_symbols" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian symbols">Symbols<br />and objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atef" title="Atef">Atef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(hieroglyph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartouche (hieroglyph)">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mummy" title="Corn mummy">Corn mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crook_and_flail" title="Crook and flail">Crook and flail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_justification" title="Crown of justification">Crown of justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deshret" title="Deshret">Deshret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djed" title="Djed">Djed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian obelisk">Egyptian obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pool" title="Egyptian pool">Egyptian pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Horus" title="Eye of Horus">Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedjet" title="Hedjet">Hedjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemhem_crown" title="Hemhem crown">Hemhem crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennu" title="Hennu">Hennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus_on_the_Crocodiles" title="Horus on the Crocodiles">Horus on the Crocodiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocephalus" title="Hypocephalus">Hypocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">Imiut fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khepresh" title="Khepresh">Khepresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kneph" title="Kneph">Kneph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menat" title="Menat">Menat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebu" title="Nebu">Nebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemes" title="Nemes">Nemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshmet" title="Neshmet">Neshmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pschent" title="Pschent">Pschent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serekh" title="Serekh">Serekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_ring" title="Shen ring">Shen ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_barque" title="Solar barque">Solar barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyet" title="Tyet">Tyet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_crown" title="Vulture crown">Vulture crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was-sceptre" title="Was-sceptre">Was-sceptre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_sun" title="Winged sun">Winged sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_texts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian texts">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amduat" title="Amduat">Amduat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Breathing" title="Books of Breathing">Books of Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Caverns" title="Book of Caverns">Book of Caverns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Earth" title="Book of the Earth">Book of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Gates" title="Book of Gates">Book of Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow" title="Book of the Heavenly Cow">Book of the Heavenly Cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Traversing_Eternity" title="Book of Traversing Eternity">Book of Traversing Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Texts" title="Coffin Texts">Coffin Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Seth" title="The Contendings of Horus and Seth">The Contendings of Horus and Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmatic_Book_of_the_Netherworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld">Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hymn_to_the_Aten" title="Great Hymn to the Aten">Great Hymn to the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Eye_of_Horus" title="Litany of the Eye of Horus">Litany of the Eye of Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_Re" title="Litany of Re">Litany of Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_of_the_Twelve_Caves" title="Spell of the Twelve Caves">Spell of the Twelve Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Festivals in ancient Egypt">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley" title="Beautiful Festival of the Valley">Beautiful Festival of the Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_count" title="Cattle count">Cattle count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_pharaoh" title="Coronation of the pharaoh">Coronation of the pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_festival" title="Min festival">Min festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opet_Festival" title="Opet Festival">Opet Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sed_festival" title="Sed festival">Sed festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#decd87;width:1%">Related religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" 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