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aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Peristilahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peristilahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Peristilahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peristilahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maklumat_botani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maklumat_botani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Maklumat botani</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maklumat_botani-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Maklumat botani</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maklumat_botani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leluhur_liar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leluhur_liar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leluhur liar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leluhur_liar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Genom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_dengan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hubungan dengan manusia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hubungan_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Hubungan dengan manusia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kepercayaan_pagan_Eropah_Utara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepercayaan_pagan_Eropah_Utara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kepercayaan pagan Eropah Utara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepercayaan_pagan_Eropah_Utara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitos_Yunani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitos_Yunani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mitos Yunani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitos_Yunani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epal_di_Taman_Firdaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epal_di_Taman_Firdaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Epal di Taman Firdaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epal_di_Taman_Firdaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultivar_epal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultivar_epal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kultivar epal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultivar_epal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengeluaran_epal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengeluaran_epal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pengeluaran epal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengeluaran_epal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Pengeluaran epal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pengeluaran_epal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembiakan_epal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembiakan_epal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pembiakan epal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembiakan_epal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendebungaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendebungaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pendebungaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendebungaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pematangan_dan_pemetikan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pematangan_dan_pemetikan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pematangan dan pemetikan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pematangan_dan_pemetikan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyimpanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyimpanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Penyimpanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyimpanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perosak_dan_penyakit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perosak_dan_penyakit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Perosak dan penyakit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perosak_dan_penyakit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Rekod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rekod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perdagangan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdagangan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Perdagangan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdagangan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epal_sebagai_makanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epal_sebagai_makanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Epal sebagai makanan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epal_sebagai_makanan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Epal sebagai makanan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epal_sebagai_makanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epal_gugur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epal_gugur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Epal gugur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epal_gugur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alahan_epal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alahan_epal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Alahan epal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alahan_epal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesihatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesihatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kesihatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kesihatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 194 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-194" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">194 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfel" title="Apfel – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Apfel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%9D" title="ፖም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ppel" title="Æppel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æppel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana" title="Manzana – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manzana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܚܙܘܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܙܘܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Խնձոր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խնձոր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%A2" title="Muzâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Muzâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আপেল – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আপেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazana" title="Mazana – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mazana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamin" title="Wamin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wamin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सेव – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सेव" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guavirana%27a" title="Guavirana'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guavirana'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="آلما – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلما" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আপেল – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%8Dng-k%C3%B3" title="Phōng-kó – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phōng-kó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яблык – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яблык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яблык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яблык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सेव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol" title="Apol – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Apol" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfe" title="Epfe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Epfe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀུ་ཤུ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀུ་ཤུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jabuka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval" title="Aval – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aval" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ябълка – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ябълка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma" title="Poma – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Панулми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Панулми" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko" title="Jablko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jablko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afal" title="Afal – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ble" title="Æble – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Æble" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturapfel#Früchte" title="Kulturapfel – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kulturapfel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="އާފަލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އާފަލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilas%C3%A1ana" title="Bilasáana – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bilasáana" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko" title="Jabłuko – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jabłuko" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95un" title="Õun – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Μήλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μήλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0m" title="Pàm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pàm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana" title="Manzana – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manzana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar" title="Sagar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sagar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapul" title="Aapul – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aapul" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme" title="Pomme – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pomme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milu%C3%A7%C3%A2r" title="Miluçâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Miluçâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9All" title="Úll – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Úll" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu" title="Apu – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Apu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhal" title="Ubhal – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ubhal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz%C3%A1" title="Mazá – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mazá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘋果" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="સફરજન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સફરજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ACn-k%C3%B3" title="Phìn-kó – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phìn-kó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Альман – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Альман" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC" title="사과 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa" title="Tuffa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tuffa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Խնձոր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խնձոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC" title="सेब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko" title="Jabłuko – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jabłuko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitoma_jabuka" title="Pitoma jabuka – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pitoma jabuka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%92%BB%E1%92%A5%E1%93%87%E1%90%85%E1%94%AD%E1%96%85" title="ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑭᒻᒥᓇᐅᔭᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapuq" title="Aapuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aapuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Фæткъуы – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фæткъуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhumezi" title="IPhumezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPhumezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epli" title="Epli – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Epli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela" title="Mela – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97" title="תפוח – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תפוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಸೇಬು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೇಬು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%B9%DA%BE" title="ژوٗنٛٹھ – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژوٗنٛٹھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome" title="Pome – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Pome" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofaa" title="Tofaa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tofaa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2m" title="Pòm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAv" title="Sêv – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansana" title="Mansana – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mansana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1" title="ໝາກປົ່ມ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາກປົ່ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum" title="Malum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80bols" title="Ābols – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ābols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuolys" title="Obuolys – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Obuolys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei" title="Mei – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mei" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juablokku" title="Juablokku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Juablokku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plise" title="plise – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="plise" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Јаболко – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаболко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoma" title="Paoma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paoma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE" title="ആപ്പിൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആപ്പിൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80poro" title="Āporo – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āporo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="सफरचंद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सफरचंद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="تفاح – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تفاح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87" title="سه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D_(%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9)" title="ꯁꯦꯝ (ꯍꯩ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯦꯝ (ꯍꯩ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACng-gu%C5%8D" title="Bìng-guō – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bìng-guō" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ana" title="Maçana – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Maçana" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Марьсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Марьсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ပန်းသီး – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းသီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapolo" title="Yapolo – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Yapolo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel_(vrucht)" title="Appel (vrucht) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Appel (vrucht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="स्याउ – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89" title="स्याउ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्याउ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4" title="リンゴ – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo" title="Milo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Milo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Ӏаж – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаж" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple" title="Eple – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eple" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple" title="Eple – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eple" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poume" title="Poume – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Poume" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma" title="Poma – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Poma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Олма – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Олма" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appilii" title="Appilii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Appilii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olma" title="Olma – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Olma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC" title="ਸੇਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੇਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မၢၵ်ႇၵႅမ်ႈၶွင်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မၢၵ်ႇၵႅမ်ႈၶွင်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom" title="Pom – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pom" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82ko" title="Jabłko – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jabłko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7%C3%A3" title="Maçã – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maçã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83r" title="Măr – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Măr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ябко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ябко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблоко – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яблоко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дьаабылыка – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаабылыка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/dayas_siku" title="dayas siku – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="dayas siku" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सेवफलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सेवफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiple" title="Aiple – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aiple" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole" title="Apole – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Apole" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole" title="Apole – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Apole" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla" title="Molla – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molla" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumu" title="Pumu – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pumu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple" title="Apple – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apple" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="صوف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صوف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko" title="Jablko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jablko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabolko" title="Jabolko – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jabolko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%88" title="سێو – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Јабука – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јабука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka" title="Jabuka – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jabuka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omena" title="Omena – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Omena" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84pple" title="Äpple – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Äpple" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adffuy" title="Adffuy – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Adffuy" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்பிள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்பிள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeffu" title="Adeffu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adeffu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆపిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆపిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="แอปเปิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอปเปิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1o_t%C3%A2y" title="Táo tây – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Táo tây" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Себ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Себ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%92%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94" title="ᏒᎦᏔ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏒᎦᏔ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%27xeme" title="Má'xeme – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Má'xeme" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma" title="Elma – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблоко – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Яблоко" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Яблуко – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яблуко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="سیب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ئالما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makbinzgoj" title="Makbinzgoj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Makbinzgoj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo – Venetia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pomo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablok" title="Jablok – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jablok" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod" title="Pod – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pod" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upin" title="Upin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Upin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pem%C3%AE" title="Pemî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pemî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel" title="Appel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Appel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas" title="Mansanas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mansanas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="苹果 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苹果" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%9C" title="עפל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עפל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘋果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saye" title="Saye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Saye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuobols" title="Vuobols – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuobols" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="苹果 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苹果" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipol" title="Ipol – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Ipol" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipul" title="Ipul – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ipul" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel" title="Apel – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Apel" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa" title="Tuffa – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Tuffa" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-syl mw-list-item"><a href="https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%84%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%9F" title="ꠀꠄꠚꠟ – Sylheti" lang="syl" hreflang="syl" data-title="ꠀꠄꠚꠟ" data-language-autonym="ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ" data-language-local-name="Sylheti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥣᥐᥱ ᥙᥣᥢᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sef" title="Sef – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sef" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q89#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epal" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Epal" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Epal"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Epal" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Epal" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&oldid=6456142" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Epal&id=6456142&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEpal"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEpal"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Epal"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Epal&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apple" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q89" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Red_Apple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Red_Apple.jpg/220px-Red_Apple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Red_Apple.jpg/330px-Red_Apple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Red_Apple.jpg/440px-Red_Apple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption>Sebiji epal merah.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tellissaare.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tellissaare.JPG/220px-Tellissaare.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tellissaare.JPG/330px-Tellissaare.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tellissaare.JPG/440px-Tellissaare.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Epal</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Epal</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ايڤل</span>‎</span></span>‎</span>), <b>apel</b> (Jawi: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303" /><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اڤل</span>‎),<sup id="cite_ref-HCO_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>tufah</b> atau <b>topah</b> (Jawi: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303" /><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">تفاح</span>‎; nama saintifik: <i>Malus domestica</i>) merupakan sejenis <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_saka" title="Tumbuhan saka">tanaman saka</a> ber<a href="/wiki/Buah" title="Buah">buah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pom (laman tidak wujud)">pom</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Malus</a></i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Keluarga_(biologi)" title="Keluarga (biologi)">keluarga</a> <a href="/wiki/Mawar" title="Mawar">mawar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></i>), dan juga antara tanaman yang paling banyak dicucuk tanam di dunia. </p><p>Pokok buah ini bertaburan asal dari <a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat" title="Asia Barat">Asia Barat</a>, di mana leluhur liarnya masih ditemui. Terdapat lebih daripada 7,500 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kultivar_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kultivar epal (laman tidak wujud)">kultivar (baka)</a> epal yang dikenali di dunia yang mendatangkan pelbagai ciri-ciri yang diingini. Kultivar epal berbeza dari segi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasil_tanaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasil tanaman (laman tidak wujud)">hasil tanaman</a> dan saiz mutlak pokok itu, walaupun bercambah dari <a href="/wiki/Pokok_penanti" title="Pokok penanti">penanti</a> yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-England_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengeluaran epal di seluruh dunia ialah 86 juta tan pada tahun 2018 dan negara China menyumbang hampir separuh daripada jumlah ini.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peristilahan">Peristilahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Peristilahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Peristilahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Epal" (yang dominan di Malaysia<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan Singapura) dan "apel" (yang lebih diketahui di <a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> masing-masing meminjam dari kata bahasa Inggeris <i>apple</i> dan kata bahasa Belanda <i>appel</i> yang kedua-duanya turunan akar Germanik <span title="language text-uncoded">*<i lang="mis">ap(a)laz</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-EtymoBank_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EtymoBank-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Tuffah" atau "tufah" meminjam dari bahasa Arab iaitu <span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="white-space: nowrap;">تُفّاح</span>‎ <i>tuffāḥ</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pijnappel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pijnappel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ia lebih diterapkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu_Kelantan-Pattani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Melayu Kelantan-Pattani">dialek Kelantan</a> di mana ia disebut sebagai <b>topoh</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maklumat_botani">Maklumat botani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Maklumat botani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Maklumat botani"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/250px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg/375px-Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Bunga, buah, dan daun-daun pokok epal (<i>Malus domestica</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pokok epal kecil dan jenis <a href="/wiki/Daun_luruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daun luruh">meluruh</a>, mencapai ketinggian 3 hingga 12 meter (9.8 hingga 39.4 ka), dengan silara yang lebar dan selalunya amat beranting.<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daun" title="Daun">Daun-daunnya</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Susunan_daun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susunan daun (laman tidak wujud)">disusun</a> berselang-seli dan berbentuk bujur ringkas sepanjang 4 – 13 sm dan selebar 3 hingga 7 sm<sup id="cite_ref-HCO_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bentuknya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petiol (laman tidak wujud)">petiol</a> 2 hingga 5 sm dengan hujung yang tajam, tepi bergerigi dan bahagian bawahnya yang sedikit berbulu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga">Bunga</a> epal mekar pada musim bunga serentak dengan percambahan daun. Bunganya ini berwarna putih kemerahjambuan yang beransur pudar, ada lima <a href="/wiki/Kelopak_bunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelopak bunga">kelopak</a> sekuntum<sup id="cite_ref-HCO_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCO-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kesemuanya mencapai diameter 2.5 hingga 3.5 sm. Buahnya masak pada <a href="/wiki/Musim_luruh" title="Musim luruh">musim luruh</a>, dan biasanya berdiameter 5 hingga 9 sentimeter (2.0 hingga 3.5 in). Teras buah epal mengandungi lima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karpel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karpel (laman tidak wujud)">karpel</a> yang tersusun seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_lima_mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang lima mata (laman tidak wujud)">bintang lima mata</a>, setiap satunya mengandungi satu hingga tiga biji <a href="/wiki/Benih" class="mw-redirect" title="Benih">benih</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leluhur_liar">Leluhur liar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Leluhur liar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Leluhur liar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malus sieversii (laman tidak wujud)">Malus sieversii</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leluhurr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leluhurr (laman tidak wujud)">Leluhurr</a> liar <i>Malus domestica</i> ialah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sieversii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malus sieversii (laman tidak wujud)">Malus sieversii</a></i> yang ditemui hidup secara liar di pergunungan <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly also <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malus_sylvestris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malus sylvestris (laman tidak wujud)">Malus sylvestris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coart_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coart-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genom">Genom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Genom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Genom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tahun 2010, sebuah konsortium pimpinan Itali mengumumkan bahawa mereka telah mentafsirkan seluruh genom epal (baka Golden Delicious).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia mengandungi kira-kira 57,000 gen, jumlah tertinggi pada genom tumbuhan yang dikaji setakat ini dan lebih banyak gen daripada genom manusia (kira-kira 30,000).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herefordshire_Pomona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herefordshire Pomona (laman tidak wujud)">Herefordshire Pomona</a></div> <p>Punca kepelbagaian genus <i>Malus</i> adalah di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> timur. Pokok epal mungkin merupakan tumbuhan terawal yang menjadi tanaman pertanian<sup id="cite_ref-app6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; buah-buahannya diperbaiki melalui proses pemilihan selama ribuan tahun. <a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Agung" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskandar Agung">Iskandar Agung</a> dihargai kerana menemui tumbuhan epal kerdil di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> pada 300 SM;<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> epal yang dibawanya kembali ke Macedonia mungkin dijadikan leluhur kepada pokok penanti kerdil. Epal musim sejuk yang dipetik pada akhir musim luruh lalu disimpan dalam suhu yang sedikit melebihi takat beku, telah menjadi makanan penting di <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> selama ribuan tahun, dan juga di <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> sejak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghijrahan_ke_Amerika_Syarikar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghijrahan ke Amerika Syarikar (laman tidak wujud)">kedatangan orang Eropah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-app6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epal dibawa masuk ke <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> bersama kolonis pada abad ke-17,<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan dusun orchard pertama di benua Amerika Utara dipercayai berdekatan Boston pada tahun 1625. Pada abad ke-20, projek pengairan di negeri Washington dilancarkan untuk memacu pembangunan industri buah-buahan bernilai ribu jutaan dolar yang diterajui oleh spesies epal.<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sehingga abad ke-20, petani menyimpan epal dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilik_akar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilik akar (laman tidak wujud)">bilik kalis ibun</a> pada musim sejuk untuk kegunaan diri atau perdagangan. Kemajuan pengangkutan epal segar dengan keretapi atau jalan raya menidakkan keperluan menyimpan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubungan_dengan_manusia">Hubungan dengan manusia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan dengan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan dengan manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepercayaan_pagan_Eropah_Utara">Kepercayaan pagan Eropah Utara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Kepercayaan pagan Eropah Utara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kepercayaan pagan Eropah Utara"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg/250px-Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg/375px-Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>"Brita as <a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B0unn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iðunn (laman tidak wujud)">Iduna</a>" (1901) oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Larsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Larsson (laman tidak wujud)">Carl Larsson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitos_Norse" title="Mitos Norse">mitos Norse</a>, dewi <a href="/w/index.php?title=I%C3%B0unn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iðunn (laman tidak wujud)">Iðunn</a> digambarkan dalam prosa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snorra_Edda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snorra Edda (laman tidak wujud)">Snorra Edda</a></i> (karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snorri_Sturluson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snorri Sturluson (laman tidak wujud)">Snorri Sturluson</a> abad ke-13) sebagai pembekal epal yang providing memberikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemudaan_abadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemudaan abadi (laman tidak wujud)">kemudaan abadi</a> kepada dewa-dewi. Cendekiawan Inggeris, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilda_Ellis_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson (laman tidak wujud)">H. R. Ellis Davidson</a> mengaitkan epal dengan amalan keagamaan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganisme_Jermanik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paganisme Jermanik (laman tidak wujud)">paganisme Jermanik</a> yang melahirkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganisme_Norse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paganisme Norse (laman tidak wujud)">agama Norse</a>. Beliau menunjukkan bahawa timba-timba berisi epal ditemui di tapak pengebumian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapal_Oseberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapal Oseberg (laman tidak wujud)">kapal Oseberg</a> di <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, apalagi buah-buahan dan kekacang (Iðunn dikisahkan berubah menjadi kacang dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skáldskaparmál (laman tidak wujud)">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>) yang ditemui dalam kubur lama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Jermanik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Jermanik (laman tidak wujud)">orang Jermanik</a> di <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> dan benua Eropah, mungkin membawa erti simbolik, dan kekacang masih merupakan lambang <a href="/wiki/Kesuburan" title="Kesuburan">kesuburan</a> yang penting di England barat daya.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON165-166_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON165-166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davidson memerhatikan hubungan antara epal dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanir (laman tidak wujud)">Vanir</a>, puak dewa-dewi yang dikaitkan dengan kesuburan dalam mitos Norse, dengan memetik contoh kisah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sk%C3%ADrnir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skírnir (laman tidak wujud)">Skírnir</a> (utusan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freyr (laman tidak wujud)">Freyr</a>, dewa Vanir utama) menggunakan sebelas biji "epal emas" untuk memikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ger%C3%B0r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerðr (laman tidak wujud)">Gerðr</a>, seperti yang diperikan dalam stanza 19 dan 20 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skírnismál (laman tidak wujud)">Skírnismál</a></i>. Davidson juga memerhatikan lagi hubungan antara kesuburan dan epal dalam mitos Norse, dalam bab 2 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saga_V%C3%B6lsunga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saga Völsunga (laman tidak wujud)">saga Völsunga</a></i> ketika dewi utama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frigg (laman tidak wujud)">Frigg</a> menghantar epal kepada Raja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rerir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rerir (laman tidak wujud)">Rerir</a> yang merayu kepada dewa Odin untuk seorang putera, utusan Frigg (yang berbentuk burung gagak) menjatuhkan epal itu pada ribanya ketika baginda duduk di atas anak bukit.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON165-166_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON165-166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah memakan epal itu, permaisuri Rerir hamil selama selama enam tahun lalu melahirkan seorang putera, iaitu wira bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B6lsung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Völsung (laman tidak wujud)">Völsung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONROLES146-147_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONROLES146-147-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitos_Yunani">Mitos Yunani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Mitos Yunani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mitos Yunani"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/180px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/270px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg/360px-Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heracles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heracles (laman tidak wujud)">Heracles</a> dengan epal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesperides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hesperides (laman tidak wujud)">Hesperides</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kisah epal terdapat dalam pelbagai tradisi keagamaan, baik sebagai benda mistik mahupun <a href="/wiki/Buah_khuldi" title="Buah khuldi">terlarang</a>. Antara masalah yang dihadapi ketika mengenal pasti epal dalam keagamaan, mitos dan cerita rakyat, adalah bahawa perkataan "epal" digunakan sebagai istilah am untuk segala buah-buahan asing selain beri, tetapi termasuk kacang, selewat abad ke-17.<sup id="cite_ref-app3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contohnya, dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitos_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitos Yunani">mitos Yunani</a>, sang wira <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heracles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heracles (laman tidak wujud)">Heracles</a> dikehendaki ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebun_Hesperides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebun Hesperides (laman tidak wujud)">Kebun Hesperides</a> untuk memetik epal emas dari Pokok Kehidupan di tengah-tengah kebun itu sebagai satu daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tugas-Tugas_Hercules&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tugas-Tugas Hercules (laman tidak wujud)">Dua Belas Tugasnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewi perbalahan Yunani, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eris_(mitos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eris (mitos) (laman tidak wujud)">Eris</a>, menjadi kecewa setelah disisihkan dari upacara perkahwinan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peleus (laman tidak wujud)">Peleus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thetis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thetis (laman tidak wujud)">Thetis</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lalu membalas dengan melontarkan epal emas yang terukir perkataan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kallisti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kallisti (laman tidak wujud)">Καλλίστη</a> (<i>Kalliste</i>, 'Untuk yang paling terjelita'), ke dalam majlis perkahwinan itu. Epal itu dituntut oleh tiga dewi, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_(mitos)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris (mitos) (laman tidak wujud)">Paris dari Troy</a> dilantik untuk memilih penerimanya. Setelah disuap oleh Hera dan Athena, Aphrodite memikat Paris dengan wanita paling jelita di dunia, iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen (laman tidak wujud)">Helen</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. Paris mengurniakan epal itu kepada Aphrodite, maka secara tidak langsung mencetuskan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Trojan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Trojan (laman tidak wujud)">Perang Trojan</a>. </p><p>Justeru itu, di Yunani kuno, epal adalah buah suci dewi <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, maka tindakan membaling epal ke arah seseorang adalah melambangkan luahan cinta kepadanya; begitu juga, orang menyambut epal sebagai lambang penerimaan cinta.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atalanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atalanta (laman tidak wujud)">Atalanta</a>, juga dari mitos Yunani, berlumba dengan kesemua pelamarnya dalam cubaan mengelakkan perkahwinan. Beliau mengatasi mereka semua kecuali <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippomenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippomenes (laman tidak wujud)">Hippomenes</a> (atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melanion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melanion (laman tidak wujud)">Melanion</a>, nama yang mungkin berasal dari <i>melon</i>, iaitu perkataan Yunani yang bererti "epal" atau buah-buahan secara amnya),<sup id="cite_ref-book2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang menumpaskannya bukan kerana pantas tetapi dengan cara licik. Hippomenes sedar bahawa dirinya tidak boleh memenangi perlumbaan secara adil, jadi dia menggunakan tiga biji epal emas (kurniaan <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, dewi cinta) untuk mengalih perhatian Atalanta. Selepas berlari sepantas boleh sambil memanfaatkan ketiga-tiga epal itu, Hippomenes akhirnya berjaya memenangi perlumbaan dan hati Atalanta.<sup id="cite_ref-book1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epal_di_Taman_Firdaus">Epal di Taman Firdaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Epal di Taman Firdaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Epal di Taman Firdaus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun tidak dipastikan buah khuldi dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_Genesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab Genesis (laman tidak wujud)">Kitab Genesis</a> itu apa, namun ramai penganut <a href="/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian">Kristian</a> percaya bahawa buah itu merupakan sebiji epal yang digunakan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siti_Hawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siti Hawa (laman tidak wujud)">Siti Hawa</a> untuk memujuk <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Adam" title="Nabi Adam">Adam</a> agar berkongsi dengannya.<sup id="cite_ref-book7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini mungkin berpunca daripada para pelukis zaman <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> yang menokokkan unsur mitos Yunani dalam adegan injili (walaupun adakalanya epal digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Buah_delima" class="mw-redirect" title="Buah delima">buah delima</a> mengikut tafsiran pihak tertentu). Dalam hal ini, buah khuldi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taman_Firdaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taman Firdaus (laman tidak wujud)">Firdaus</a> menjadi epal kerana dipengaruhi kisah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal_emas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epal emas (laman tidak wujud)">epal emas</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebun_Hesperides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebun Hesperides (laman tidak wujud)">Kebun Hesperides</a>. Justeru itu, dalam kisah Genesis ini, epal menjadi lambang pengetahuan, hidup abadi, godaan, kejatuhan manusia kerana dosa, dan dosa itu sendiri. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>, perkataan untuk "epal" dan "kejahatan" adalah serupa dalam bentuk tunggal (<i>malus</i>—epal, <i>malum</i>—jahat), dan seiras dalam bentuk jamak (<i>mala</i>), dan mungkin ini juga yang mempengaruhi gagasan epal sebagai buah khuldi dalam kitab Injil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultivar_epal">Kultivar epal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Kultivar epal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kultivar epal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kultivar_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kultivar epal (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai kultivar epal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Apples_supermarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Apples_supermarket.jpg/250px-Apples_supermarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Apples_supermarket.jpg/375px-Apples_supermarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Apples_supermarket.jpg/500px-Apples_supermarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Beraneka jenis kultivar epal dalam pasaraya.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg/250px-Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg/375px-Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg/500px-Sundown_and_cross_section_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Kultivar epal 'Sundown' dan keratan rentasnya.</figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat lebih 7,500 <a href="/wiki/Kultivar" title="Kultivar">kultivar</a> (baka) epal yang diketahui setakat ini<sup id="cite_ref-Elzebroek_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elzebroek-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> di kawasan-kawasan ber<a href="/wiki/Iklim_sederhana" title="Iklim sederhana">iklim sederhana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Subtropika" title="Subtropika">subtropika</a>. Kebanyakan kultivar epal ini ditanam untuk dimakan mentah, dimasak atau dijadikan <a href="/wiki/Sider" title="Sider">sider</a>. Epal untuk sider biasanya terlalu masam dan pedar untuk dimakan mentah, tetapi memberikan perisa yang cukup memuaskan (dan tidak tertanding oleh epal makan mentah) kepada sider.<sup id="cite_ref-apples1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apples1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kultivar epal komersil biasanya lembut tetapi rangup. Selain itu, epal komersil sewajarnya ada kulit yang berwarna terang, tidak keperangan, mudah diangkut, boleh disimpan lama-lama, berhasil tinggi, kalis penyakit, berbentuk biasa '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Delicious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Delicious (laman tidak wujud)">Red Delicious</a>', dan berasa enak.<sup id="cite_ref-England_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epal moden biasanya lebih manis daripada kultivar lama kerana rasa epal yang diingini berubah-ubah mengikut peredaran zaman. Kebanyakan orang <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> menggemari epal subasid yang manis, tetapi epal masam juga tidak kurang peminatnya.<sup id="cite_ref-World_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epal yang teramat manis tanpa rasa asid adalah hangat di <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-World_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> khususnya di India.<sup id="cite_ref-apples1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apples1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kultivar epal lama selalunya berbentuk ganjil, keperangan dan pelbagai tekstur dan warna. Ada yang mendapati bahawa epal lama ini lebih rasanya berbanding kultivar moden,<sup id="cite_ref-Crops_&_Gardening_-_Apples_of_Antiquity_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crops_&_Gardening_-_Apples_of_Antiquity-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi mengalami masalah lain yang menjadikannya kurang sesuai untuk diperdagangkan, seperti hasil rendah, kerentanan kepada penyakit, atau kurang tahan lama dalam simpanan atau pengangkutan. Masih ada beberapa kultivar lama yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran, tetapi selalunya dihidupkan oleh pekebun rumah dan petani yang menjual terus ke pasar setempat. Banyak kultivar epal ganjil yang mempunyai rasa dan rupa tersendiri yang masih wujud; kempen pemuliharaan epal dilancarkan di merata dunia untuk memelihara kultivar-kultivar berkenaan daripada pupus. Di <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, kultivar lama seperti '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox's Orange Pippin (laman tidak wujud)">Cox's Orange Pippin</a>' dan '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Egremont_Russet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egremont Russet (laman tidak wujud)">Egremont Russet</a>' masih menjadi hasil dagangan utama walaupun berhasil rendah dan mudah dijangkiti penyakit dari segi pemahaman moden.<sup id="cite_ref-app_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengeluaran_epal">Pengeluaran epal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengeluaran epal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengeluaran epal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembiakan_epal">Pembiakan epal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembiakan epal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembiakan epal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Apple_tree_blossom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Apple_tree_blossom.JPG/250px-Apple_tree_blossom.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Apple_tree_blossom.JPG/375px-Apple_tree_blossom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Apple_tree_blossom.JPG/500px-Apple_tree_blossom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Bunga epal dari varian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayrshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayrshire (laman tidak wujud)">Ayrshire</a> lama</figcaption></figure> <p>Di alam liar, pokok epal agak mudah bercambah dari benih, tetapi sama dengan buah-buahan saka, epal biasanya membiak secara asepsis dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantuman_(botani)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantuman (botani) (laman tidak wujud)">bercantum</a>, kerana kecambah epal merupakan sejenis "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kezigotan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kezigotan (laman tidak wujud)">heterzigot melampau</a>", iaitu tidak mewarisi DNA dari induk untuk menghasilkan epal baru dengan sifat-sifat induk, sebaliknya menjadi berbeza sangat dari induknya.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan kultivar epal baru memulakan kitaran hidup sebagai kecambah yang wujud secara kebetulan atau dibiakkan dengan menyilangkan kultivar yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang diingini.<sup id="cite_ref-book9_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pokok epal juga boleh tumbuh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunas_ganjil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunas ganjil (laman tidak wujud)">tunas ganjil</a> (mutasi pada satu dahan) yang merupakan strain yang diperbaharui dari kultivar induk, ataupun membentuk kultivar baru yang jauh berbeza dari pokok induk.<sup id="cite_ref-app4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penanam epal menghasilkan epal yang lebih kukuh menerusi proses penyilangan.<sup id="cite_ref-crossing_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crossing-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misalnya, sejak 1930-an, Stesen Ujikaji Excelsior di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Minnesota (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Minnesota</a> telah memperkenalkan kultivar epal lasak penting yang ditanam secara meluas di seluruh negeri <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, baik secara komersil mahupun untuk kegunaan sara diri. Antara kultivar-kultivar baru itu termasuk '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Haralson_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haralson (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Haralson</a>' (tanaman epal yang paling meluas di Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', dan '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honeycrisp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honeycrisp (laman tidak wujud)">Honeycrisp</a>'. </p><p>Tanaman epal juga disesuaiiklimkan di kawasan beraltitud tinggi di <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, di mana ia berbuah dua kali setahun kerana keadaan beriklim sederhana sepanjang tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-Apples_in_Ecuador_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apples_in_Ecuador-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendebungaan">Pendebungaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Pendebungaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pendebungaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Apple_tree_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apple_tree_flower.jpg/250px-Apple_tree_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apple_tree_flower.jpg/375px-Apple_tree_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Apple_tree_flower.jpg/500px-Apple_tree_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pokok_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pokok epal (laman tidak wujud)">Pokok epal</a> berbunga</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Orchmason.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Orchmason.jpg/250px-Orchmason.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Orchmason.jpg/375px-Orchmason.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Orchmason.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Lebah Orchard Mason hinggap di atas bunga epal di <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia,_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Columbia, Canada (laman tidak wujud)">British Columbia, Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pokok epal perlu <a href="/wiki/Pendebungaan" title="Pendebungaan">didebunga silang</a> untuk berbuah. Pada setiap musim berbunga, petani epal menyediakan <a href="/wiki/Pendebunga" title="Pendebunga">pendebunga</a> untuk mengangkut debunga, seperti <a href="/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu">lebah madu</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megachilidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megachilidae (laman tidak wujud)">Lebah Orchard Mason</a> turut digunakan sebagai pendebunga tambahan dalam dusun epal komersil. Adakalanya, <a href="/wiki/Ratu_lebah" title="Ratu lebah">ratu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumbang_dengung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumbang dengung (laman tidak wujud)">kumbang dengung</a> hadir dalam dusun, tetapi tidak mengangkut jumlah yang cukup untuk menjadi pendebunga yang penting.<sup id="cite_ref-app4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pokok epal terbahagi kepada empat hingga tujuh kumpulan pendebungaan mengikut iklim: </p> <ul><li>Kumpulan A – Berbunga awal musim, 1 hingga 3 Mei di England (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravenstein (laman tidak wujud)">Gravenstein</a>, Red Astrachan)</li> <li>Kumpulan B – 4 hingga 7 Mei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idared&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idared (laman tidak wujud)">Idared</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=McIntosh_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McIntosh (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">McIntosh</a>)</li> <li>Kumpulan C – Berbunga tengah musim, 8 hingga 11 Mei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Granny_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granny Smith (laman tidak wujud)">Granny Smith</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox's Orange Pippin (laman tidak wujud)">Cox's Orange Pippin</a>)</li> <li>Kumpulan D – Berbunga tengah/akhir musim, 12 hingga 15 Mei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Delicious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Delicious (laman tidak wujud)">Golden Delicious</a>, Calville blanc d'hiver)</li> <li>Kumpulan E – Berbunga akhir musim, 16 hingga 18 Mei (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Braeburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braeburn (laman tidak wujud)">Braeburn</a>, Reinette d'Orléans)</li> <li>Kumpulan F – 19 hingga 23 Mei (Suntan)</li> <li>Kumpulan H – 24 hingga 28 Mei (Court-Pendu Gris)</li></ul> <p>Satu kultivar boleh didebungakan oleh kultivar yang serasi dari kumpulan yang sama atau dekat dengannya (A sama A, atau A sama B, tetapi bukan A sama C atau D).<sup id="cite_ref-Symposium_on_Growth_Regulators_in_Fruit_Production_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symposium_on_Growth_Regulators_in_Fruit_Production-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pematangan_dan_pemetikan">Pematangan dan pemetikan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Pematangan dan pemetikan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pematangan dan pemetikan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kultivar epal berbeza dari segi kadar hasil dan saiz mutlak pokoknya, walaupun tumbuh di atas pokok penanti yang sama. Ada sesetengah kultivar, pokoknya akan tumbuh menjadi amat besar jika dibiarkan tanpa dipangkas, sehingga boleh lebih berbuah lagi, tetapi menyukarkan kerja memetik buah. Pokok yang matang biasanya mampu berbuah 40–200 kilogram (88–441 lb) setahun. Buah epal dipetik dengan menggunakan tangga tiga penjuru yang direka untuk melalui celah-celah dahan pokok. Pokok kerdil boleh berbuah 10–80 kilogram (22–176 lb) setahun.<sup id="cite_ref-app4_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyimpanan">Penyimpanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyimpanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyimpanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buah epal untuk tujuan komersil boleh disimpan selama berbulan-bulan dalam bilik beratmosfera terkawal untuk menangguhkan bermulanya proses menjadi masak yang teraruh oleh <a href="/wiki/Etilena" class="mw-redirect" title="Etilena">etilena</a>. Buah-buah epal biasanya disimpan dalam bilik yang mengandungi <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> yang lebih pekat dengan pengembungan udara yang tinggi untuk menghalang kepekatan etilena daripada mencecah jumlah yang lebih tinggi serta memperlahankan proses menjadi masak. Buah epal masih meneruskan proses menjadi masak walaupun dipetik.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk simpanan dalam rumah, kebanyakan jenis epal boleh disimpan selama kira-kira dua minggu apabila disimpan di bahagian paling sejuk dalam peti sejuk (iaitu di bawah 5 °C). Ada juga kultivar epal yang lebih tahan lama, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granny_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granny Smith (laman tidak wujud)">Granny Smith</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Fuji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_Science_Australia_Fact_Sheet:_Refrigerated_storage_of_perishable_foods_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_Science_Australia_Fact_Sheet:_Refrigerated_storage_of_perishable_foods-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perosak_dan_penyakit">Perosak dan penyakit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Perosak dan penyakit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perosak dan penyakit"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg/250px-Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg/375px-Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg/500px-Apple_tree_leaves_with_insect_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Daun epal yang teruk dirosakkan oleh serangga</figcaption></figure> <p>Pokok epal terdedah kepada beberapa penyakit kulat dan bakteria serta ancaman <a href="/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga">serangga</a> perosak. Kebanyakan dusun komersil menjalankan rancangan menyembur kimia secara agresif untuk memastikan mutu tinggi buah, kesihatan pokok, dan kadar hasil yang tinggi, tetapi kaedah organik semakin disambut baik dalam pengurusan dusun kerana menggunakan cara yang kurang agresif, yang mana kimia kuat tidak digunakan kerana dikhuatiri mengancam kesihatan pokok pada jangka masa lama, sebaliknya kaedah <a href="/wiki/Pertanian_organik" title="Pertanian organik">organik</a> termasuk menggalakkan kitar pertanian tertentu atau membendung pembiakan hidupan perosak tertentu. </p><p>Untuk membendung perosak tertentu, penanam organik usah membunuh terus perosak itu sehingga menjejaskan biokimia semula jadi pokok epal, sebaliknya boleh menggalakkan kehadiran pemangsa semula jadinya. Epal organik biasanya lebih kurang sama sedapnya dengan epal yang dicucuk tanam secara kaedah biasa, tetapi rupanya tidak semenarik.<sup id="cite_ref-Modeling_and_Simulation:_Proceedings_of_the_Annual_Pittsburgh_Conference_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modeling_and_Simulation:_Proceedings_of_the_Annual_Pittsburgh_Conference-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pokok epal terdedah kepada apa sahaja perosak dan penyakit, dan tiga daripadanya yang paling kerap ditemui adalah kulapuk, afid and hampas epal. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulapuk" title="Kulapuk">Kulapuk</a>: Tompok kelabu muda bertempek bedak pada daun, pucuk dan bunga, biasanya timbul pada musim bunga. Bunganya bertukar warna menjadi kuning bak krim dan tidak berkembang dengan betul. Ini boleh dirawat dengan cara yang serupa dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Botryotinia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Botryotinia (laman tidak wujud)">Botrytis</a>, termasuk menghapuskan keadaan yang menyebabkan penyakit itu pada mulanya serta membakar and tumbuhan yang terjangkit.<sup id="cite_ref-pest4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pest4_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Aphids1533.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aphids1533.JPG/250px-Aphids1533.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Aphids1533.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Afid sedang makan.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afid" class="mw-redirect" title="Afid">Afid</a>: Terdapat lima spesies afid yang terdapat pada pokok epal, iaitu afid bijian epal, afid epal merah, afid epal, afid spirea dan afid epal berbulu. Spesies afid boleh dikenal pasti dengan warnanya, musim kehadirannya dan perbezaan pada kornikel, iaitu sepasang juluran di bahagian belakang afid.<sup id="cite_ref-pest4_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afid memakan dedaun dengan bahagian mulut seakan jarum untuk menghisap air tumbuhan. Spesies afid tertentu dalam bilangan yang banyak boleh membantutkan pertumbuhan dan kesuburan pokok.<sup id="cite_ref-pest5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hampas_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hampas epal (laman tidak wujud)">Hampas epal</a>: Simptomnya termasuk tompok-tompok berwarna zaitun atau perang pada daun.<sup id="cite_ref-pest7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tompok itu makin lama makin keperangan, kemudian hampas perang tumbuh pada buah epal.<sup id="cite_ref-pest4_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daun yang berpenyakit gugur awal dan buahnya semakin dilitupi hampas lalu merekah kulitnya. Walaupun ada kimia untuk merawat hampas, namun penggunaannya tidak digalakkan kerana mudah diserap oleh pokok lalu merebak ke dalam buah.<sup id="cite_ref-pest7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Antara penyakit lebih serius yang dihadapi oleh pokok epal termasuk penyakit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawar_perang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawar perang (laman tidak wujud)">hawar perang</a> bawaan bakteria; dan penyakit kulat seperti karat <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosporangium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnosporangium (laman tidak wujud)">Gymnosporangium</a></i> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tompok_hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tompok hitam (laman tidak wujud)">tompok hitam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pest5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pest5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pokok epal muda juga terdedah kepada ancaman mamalia perosak seperti tikus dan rusa yang memakan kulit kayu yang lembut, terutamanya pada musim sejuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rekod">Rekod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Rekod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rekod"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> melaporkan bahawa epal terbesar yang diketahuinya mempunyai berat 1.849 kg (4 lb 1 oz) dan pernah ditanam di bandaraya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirosaki,_Aomori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirosaki, Aomori (laman tidak wujud)">Hirosaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a> pada tahun 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Plant_World_-_Heaviest_Apple_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plant_World_-_Heaviest_Apple-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perdagangan">Perdagangan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Perdagangan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perdagangan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Appleoutput.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Appleoutput.png/340px-Appleoutput.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Appleoutput.png/510px-Appleoutput.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Appleoutput.png/680px-Appleoutput.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Pengeluaran epal sedunia</figcaption></figure> <p>Sekurang-kuranya 55 juta tan epal ditanam di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2005, dengan nilai kira-kira $10 bilion. Pengeluar epal terbesar di dunia, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">China</a> menghasilkan kira-kira dua perlima daripada jumlah tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-china_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> pula jauh di belakang sebagai pengeluar kedua terbesar, dengan hanya lebih 7.5% keluaran dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-book9_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book9-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, lebih 60% daripada semua epal yang dijual secara komersil ditanam di negeri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negeri_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negeri Washington (laman tidak wujud)">Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epal yang diimport dari <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> dan kawasan lebih sederhaan semakin memberi saingan hebat kepada pengeluar AS.<sup id="cite_ref-china_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">10 Pengeluar Epal Terbesar — 11 Jun 2008 </th></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#DDDDFF">Negara </th> <th bgcolor="#DDDDFF">Pengeluaran (<a href="/wiki/Tan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan">tan</a>) </th> <th bgcolor="#DDDDFF">Nota kaki </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat China">Republik Rakyat China</a></td> <td align="right">27 507 000</td> <td align="right">F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a></td> <td align="right">4 237 730</td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td> <td align="right">2 660 000</td> <td align="right">F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></td> <td align="right">2 266 437</td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td> <td align="right">2 211 000</td> <td align="right">F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a></td> <td align="right">2 072 500</td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">2 001 400</td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a></td> <td align="right">1 800 000</td> <td align="right">F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Chile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td align="right">1 390 000</td> <td align="right">F </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td align="right">1 300 000</td> <td align="right">F </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:24px;"> </span><b>Dunia</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="right"><b>64 255 520</b> </td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="right"><b>A</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="font-size:.7em">No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate, A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official, or estimates);<br /> <p>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor">FAO</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epal_sebagai_makanan">Epal sebagai makanan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Epal sebagai makanan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Epal sebagai makanan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kultivar berlainan dari epal mempunyai perasa berlainan berbeza, dan ini boleh dipisahkan kepada dua faktor terasing dari perasa dan tekstur. </p><p>Epal boleh ditinkan, dijuskan, dan secara pilihan ditapaikan bagi menghasilkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jus_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jus epal (laman tidak wujud)">jus epal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuak" title="Tuak">tuak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siderkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siderkin (laman tidak wujud)">siderkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuka" title="Cuka">cuka</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pektin" title="Pektin">pektin</a>. Tuak epal suling menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Minuman_beralkohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuman beralkohol">spirit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applejack_(minuman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applejack (minuman) (laman tidak wujud)">applejack</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvados_(spirit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvados (spirit) (laman tidak wujud)">Calvados</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wain_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wain epal (laman tidak wujud)">Wain epal</a> boleh juga dibuat. Mereka membuat buah lunchbox popular juga. </p><p>Epal merupakan ramuan penting dalam banyak <a href="/wiki/Pencuci_mulut" title="Pencuci mulut">pencuci mulut</a> salju, contohnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pai_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pai epal (laman tidak wujud)">pai epal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krumble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krumble (laman tidak wujud)">krumble</a> epal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal_garing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epal garing (laman tidak wujud)">epal garing</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kek_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kek epal (laman tidak wujud)">kek epal</a>. Mereka selalunya dimakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipanggang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipanggang (laman tidak wujud)">dipanggang</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Direbus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direbus (laman tidak wujud)">direbus</a>, dan mereka juga boleh dikeringkan dan dimakan atau dijadikan semula (direndam dalam air, alkohol atau sesetengah cecair lain) untuk kegunaan kemudian. Epal Puréed umumnya dikenali sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sos_epal" title="Sos epal">sos epal</a>. Epal juga dibuat kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mentega_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mentega epal (laman tidak wujud)">mentega epal</a> dan epal agar-agar. Mereka juga gunakan masak dalam hidangan daging. </p> <ul><li>Di UK, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal_tofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epal tofi (laman tidak wujud)">epal tofi</a> adalah konfeksi tradisional yang dibuat dengan mensalutkan epal dalam <a href="/wiki/Tofi" title="Tofi">tofi</a> panas dan membenarkannya menyejuk. Perlakuan sama di AS adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal_gula-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epal gula-gula (laman tidak wujud)">epal gula-gula</a> (disalutkan dengan cangkerang keras dari sirap gula yang dikristalkan), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal_karamel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epal karamel (laman tidak wujud)">epal karamel</a>, disalutkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Karamel" title="Karamel">karamel</a> yang disejuk.</li> <li>Epal dimakan dengan madu pada tahun Baru Yahudi dari <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> untuk melambangkan tahun baru yang manis.</li> <li>Kebun dengan dusun epal mungkin membukakan mereka kepada awam, jadi pengguna mungkin pada diri mereka memetik epal yang akan mereka beli.</li></ul> <p>Epal dikerat menjadi perang dengan pendedahan kepada air berpunca kepada penukaran dari bahan fenolik semulajadi kepada <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> atas pendedahan kepada <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a>. Kultivar berlainan berbeza dalam kecenderungan untuk memerang selepas mengerat. Buah dikerat boleh dilakukan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_diasidkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air diasidkan (laman tidak wujud)">air diasidkan</a> bagi menghalang kesan ini. </p><p>Epal <a href="/wiki/Pertanian_organik" title="Pertanian organik">organik</a> biasanya ditanam di Amerika Syarikat.<sup id="cite_ref-organic_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pertanian organik sukar diusahakan di Eropah, tetapi ada sebilangan kecil dusun organik yang berjaya memasarkan hasilnya<sup id="cite_ref-organic_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dengan memilih kultivar yang kalis penyakit kawalan kultur yang terhebat. Kaedah organik terbaru adalah menyemburkan salut <a href="/wiki/Kaolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaolin">kaolin</a> nipis untuk membentuk perintang kepada haiwan perosak sambil mencegah buah epal daripada terlepuh oleh matahari.<sup id="cite_ref-app4_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-app4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-organic_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-organic-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epal_gugur">Epal gugur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Epal gugur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Epal gugur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umumnya, adalah selamat untuk memakan buah epal yang gugur (bukan dipetik), namun terdapat risiko <a href="/wiki/Keracunan_makanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keracunan makanan">keracunan makanan</a> jika dusunnya juga tempat menternak haiwan yang boleh mencemar pokok epal dengan membuang tinja, apatah lagi risikonya makin tinggi jika epal itu digunakan untuk membuat sider atau jus buatan sendiri (tanpa <a href="/wiki/Pempasteuran" title="Pempasteuran">pempasteuran</a>) sehingga menggandakan bakteria <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escherichia_coli_O157:H7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7 (laman tidak wujud)">E. coli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebaliknya, jika epal itu dimakan mentah tanpa risiko pencemaran dari tinja haiwan, maka adalah selamat untuk memakan epal gugur, walaupun sedikit reput atau ber<a href="/wiki/Cacing" title="Cacing">cacing</a>, ataupun direndam dalam air yang dibubuh garam untuk membunuh cacing.<sup id="cite_ref-iVillage_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iVillage-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kulapuk pada buah boleh ditanggalkan dengan merendamkan buah itu dalam air yang dibubuh <a href="/wiki/Cuka" title="Cuka">cuka</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-iVillage_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iVillage-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi jika kulapuknya terlalu banyak, maka mungkin masih ada kulapuk yang tinggal sehingga menimbulkan masalah kesihatan seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindak_balas_alergi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindak balas alergi (laman tidak wujud)">tindak balas alergi</a> dan masalah pernafasan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alahan_epal">Alahan epal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Alahan epal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Alahan epal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindrom_alahan_mulut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindrom alahan mulut (laman tidak wujud)">Sindrom alahan mulut</a> merupakan tindak balas alergi yang dialami oleh sesetengah orang kerana kesan <a href="/wiki/Debunga" title="Debunga">debunga</a> yang tertinggal pada buah epal.<sup id="cite_ref-wrongdiagnosis.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrongdiagnosis.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disebabkan debunga itu adalah perengsa utamanya, hanya epal mentah yang menyebabkan tindak balas alergi, terutama pada bahagian kulitnya. Epal yang dimasak tidak menimbulkan tindak balas alergi kerana protein debunga dinyahaslikan oleh haba sehingga tidak menyusahkan sesiapa yang sensitif kepadanya. Seseorang yang alah dengan epal juga berdepan dengan alahan dengan buah-buahan lain dalam famili <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a> termasuk <a href="/wiki/Pic" title="Pic">pic</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kacang_hazel" title="Kacang hazel">kacang hazel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wrongdiagnosis.com_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrongdiagnosis.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simptom alahan epal selalunya ringan sahaja, seperti merasai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kegatalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kegatalan (laman tidak wujud)">kegatalan</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengkak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengkak (laman tidak wujud)">bengkak</a> pada mulut dan bibir, mata berair, hidung berair dan bersin. Sesiapa yang terlalu sensitif mungkin akan mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geligata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geligata (laman tidak wujud)">geligata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakit_abdomen" title="Sakit abdomen">sakit abdomen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Cirit-birit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirit-birit">cirit-birit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wrongdiagnosis.com_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrongdiagnosis.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kesihatan">Kesihatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Kesihatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kesihatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="font-size: 88%; text-align: left; width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold">Epal, berkulit (boleh dimakan) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Nilai pemakanan per 100 g (3.5 oz) </th></tr> <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0"> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenaga_makanan" title="Tenaga makanan">Tenaga</a> </th> <td>218 kJ (52 kcal) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">Karbohidrat</a> </th> <td>13.81 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>- <a href="/wiki/Gula" title="Gula">Gula</a> </th> <td>10.39 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>- <a href="/wiki/Serabut_diet" title="Serabut diet">Serabut diet</a> </th> <td>2.4 g </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak">Lemak</a> </th> <td>0.17 g </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> </th> <td>0.26 g </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">Air</a> </th> <td>85.56 g </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a> setara </td> <td>3 μg (0%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiamina" title="Tiamina">Tiamina (vit. B<sub>1</sub>)</a> </td> <td>0.017 mg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (vit. B<sub>2</sub>)</a> </td> <td>0.026 mg (2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niasin" title="Niasin">Niasin (vit. B<sub>3</sub>)</a> </td> <td>0.091 mg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asid_pantotenik" title="Asid pantotenik">Asid pantotenik</a> (B<sub>5</sub>) </td> <td>0.061 mg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<sub>6</sub></a> </td> <td>0.041 mg (3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folat" class="mw-redirect" title="Folat">Folat</a> (vit. B<sub>9</sub>) </td> <td>3 μg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a> </td> <td>4.6 mg (6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalsium#Pemakanan" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td>6 mg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Besi#Peranan_biologi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td>0.12 mg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>5 mg (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosforus#Peranan_biologi" title="Fosforus">Fosforus</a> </td> <td>11 mg (2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalium#Dalam_diet" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> </td> <td>107 mg (2%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zink#Peranan_biologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink">Zink</a> </td> <td>0.04 mg (0%) </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: #e0e0e0; font-size: 90%; text-align: center; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em"> <td colspan="2">Peratusan dianggarkan<br />menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_Reference_Intake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietary Reference Intake (laman tidak wujud)">syor A.S.</a> untuk orang dewasa.<br /><small>Sumber: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list">USDA Nutrient Database</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mengikut kajian, epal boleh mengurangkan risiko <a href="/wiki/Barah_kolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Barah kolon">barah kolon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barah_prostat" title="Barah prostat">barah prostat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Barah_paru-paru" class="mw-redirect" title="Barah paru-paru">barah paru-paru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbanding dengan buah-buahan yang lain dan sayur-sayuran, epal mengandungi jumlah <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> yang tidak seberapa, tetapi kaya dengan sebatian <a href="/wiki/Antioksidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioksidan">antioksidan</a> yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-J1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biarpun tidak sebanyak buah-buahan lain, namun kandungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serabut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serabut (laman tidak wujud)">serabut</a> dalam epal membantu mengawal pergerakan usus secara lembut dan sihat, maka ia dapat mengurangkan risiko barah kolon. Serat epal juga membendung <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_jantung" class="mw-redirect" title="Penyakit jantung">penyakit jantung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-health_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mengawal berat badan<sup id="cite_ref-health_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tahap <a href="/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol">kolesterol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-health_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kerana buah epal tiada kolesterol dan ada serat yang mengurangkan kolesterol dengan mencegah penyerapan semula.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajeev_Sharma._2005_22_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajeev_Sharma._2005_22-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-health_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terbukti bahawa bahawa epal yang dibiakkan secara <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> memiliki sebatian <a href="/wiki/Fenol" title="Fenol">fenol</a> yang boleh mencegah barah serta menunjukkan aktiviti <a href="/wiki/Antioksidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioksidan">antioksidan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fitokimia" title="Fitokimia">Fitokimia</a> fenol yang utama dalam epal adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuersetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuersetin (laman tidak wujud)">kuersetin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epikatekin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epikatekin (laman tidak wujud)">epikatekin</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosianidin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosianidin (laman tidak wujud)">prosianidin</a> B2.<sup id="cite_ref-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namun demikian, <a href="/wiki/Benih" class="mw-redirect" title="Benih">benih</a> epal adalah sedikit beracun kerana mengandungi sedikit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amigdalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amigdalin (laman tidak wujud)">amigdalin</a>, sejenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glikosida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glikosida (laman tidak wujud)">glikosida</a> <a href="/wiki/Sianida" title="Sianida">sianogen</a>; meskipun boleh menghindarkan burung, namun tidak cukup berbahaya kepada manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Story_of_the_Apple_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Story_of_the_Apple-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satu kajian yang dijalankan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Iowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Iowa (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, kulit epal yang mengandungi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_ursolik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid ursolik (laman tidak wujud)">asid ursolik</a> mampu membantu mengekalkan tahap kolestrol dan gula dalam darah pada peringkat terkawal. Selain itu, apabila tindak balas antara asid ursolik dengan hormon tubuh badan ternyata ia mampu mengekang sedikit demi sedikit penyusutan otot akibat proses penuaan. (Kosmo 24 Jun 2011) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesta_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesta epal (laman tidak wujud)">Pesta epal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemetikan_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemetikan epal (laman tidak wujud)">Pemetikan epal</a></li> <li><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/biji_epal" class="extiw" title="wikt:biji epal">Biji epal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memasak_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memasak epal (laman tidak wujud)">Memasak epal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuak_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuak epal (laman tidak wujud)">Tuak epal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyebaran_pokok_buah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyebaran pokok buah (laman tidak wujud)">Penyebaran pokok buah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendebungaan_pokok_buah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendebungaan pokok buah (laman tidak wujud)">Pendebungaan pokok buah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_pokok_buah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk pokok buah (laman tidak wujud)">Bentuk pokok buah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herefordshire_Pomona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herefordshire Pomona (laman tidak wujud)">Herefordshire Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kultivar_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kultivar epal (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai kultivar epal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memangkas_pokok_buah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memangkas pokok buah (laman tidak wujud)">Memangkas pokok buah</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist4" style="height: 250px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px noprint"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HCO-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCO_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCO_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCO_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHean_Chooi_Ong2004" class="citation book cs1">Hean Chooi Ong (2004). <i>Buah: khasiat makanan & ubatan</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications. m/s. 17, 50–51. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/967-61-1560-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/967-61-1560-6"><bdi>967-61-1560-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buah%3A+khasiat+makanan+%26+ubatan&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=17%2C+50-51&rft.pub=Utusan+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=967-61-1560-6&rft.au=Hean+Chooi+Ong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-England-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-England_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-England_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantpress.com/wildlife/o523-epal.php">"Epal - Malus domestica"</a>. Natural England<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epal+-+Malus+domestica&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantpress.com%2Fwildlife%2Fo523-epal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC FAOSTAT, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=epal">"epal"</a>. <i>Kamus Dewan</i> (ed. ke-4). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=epal&rft.btitle=Kamus+Dewan&rft.edition=ke-4&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka+Malaysia&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprpm.dbp.gov.my%2FCari1%3Fkeyword%3Depal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"apel". <i>Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Melayu Riau</i>. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. 1997. m/s. 18. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/979_459_785_6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/979 459 785 6"><bdi>979 459 785 6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=apel&rft.btitle=Kamus+Bahasa+Indonesia-Melayu+Riau&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Pusat+Pembinaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa+Departemen+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan+Republik+Indonesia&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9794597856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EtymoBank-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EtymoBank_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/appel1">"appel (vrucht)"</a>. <i>EtymologieBank</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EtymologieBank&rft.atitle=appel+%28vrucht%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymologiebank.nl%2Ftrefwoord%2Fappel1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span>, memetik: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Sijs2010" class="citation book cs1">van der Sijs, Nicoline (2010). "appel 'vrucht<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>". <i>Nederlandse woorden wereldwijd</i>. Den Haag: SDU Uitgevers. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9789012582148" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9789012582148"><bdi>9789012582148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=appel+%E2%80%98vrucht%E2%80%99&rft.btitle=Nederlandse+woorden+wereldwijd&rft.place=Den+Haag&rft.pub=SDU+Uitgevers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789012582148&rft.aulast=van+der+Sijs&rft.aufirst=Nicoline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Philippa,_F._Debrabandere,_A._Quak,_T._Schoonheim_&_N._van_der_Sijs2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">M. Philippa, F. Debrabandere, A. Quak, T. Schoonheim & N. van der Sijs, penyunting (2009). "appel 1". <i>Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands</i>. Amsterdam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=appel+1&rft.btitle=Etymologisch+Woordenboek+van+het+Nederlands&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (laman tidak wujud)">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1932" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilkinson, Richard James (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-60272783/view?partId=nla.obj-436324681#page/n612/mode/1up/search/tufah">"tufah"</a>. <i>A Malay-English dictionary (romanised)</i>. <b>II</b>. Mytilini, Yunani: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. m/s. 607 – melalui TROVE, Perpustakaan Negara Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=tufah&rft.btitle=A+Malay-English+dictionary+%28romanised%29&rft.place=Mytilini%2C+Yunani&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=Salavopoulos+%26+Kinderlis&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-60272783%2Fview%3FpartId%3Dnla.obj-436324681%23page%2Fn612%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Ftufah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pijnappel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pijnappel_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFPijnappel1875" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pijnappel, Jan (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahy2565.0001.001.umich.edu/page/n125/mode/2up?q=toeffah">"toeffah"</a>. <i>Maleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek</i>. John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller. m/s. 127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=toeffah&rft.btitle=Maleisch-Hollandsch+woordenboek&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=John+Enschede+en+Zonen%2C+Frederik+Muller&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Pijnappel&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahy2565.0001.001.umich.edu%2Fpage%2Fn125%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dtoeffah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uga.edu/fruit/epal.html">"Origin, History of cultivation"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universiti_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universiti Georgia (laman tidak wujud)">Universiti Georgia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045236/http://www.uga.edu/fruit/epal.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2008-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+History+of+cultivation&rft.pub=Universiti+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uga.edu%2Ffruit%2Fepal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_and_size_relations:_an_essay_on_the_apple_(Malus_x_domestica,_Rosaceae)_tree_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFLauri2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lauri, Pierre-éric (2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree". <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. Botanical Society of America, Inc. (93): 357–368.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Architecture+and+size+relations%3A+an+essay+on+the+apple+%28Malus+x+domestica%2C+Rosaceae%29+tree&rft.issue=93&rft.pages=357-368&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lauri&rft.aufirst=Pierre-%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coart-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coart_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coart, E., Van Glabeke, S., De Loose, M., Larsen, A.S., Roldán-Ruiz, I. 2006. Chloroplast diversity in the genus <i>Malus</i>: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (<i>Malus sylvestris</i> (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (<i>Malus domestica</i> Borkh.). <i>Mol. Ecol.</i> <b>15(8)</b>: 2171-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=83717&CultureCode=en">An Italian-led international research consortium decodes the apple genome</a>, AlphaGallileo, 29 Ogos 2010. Diterima pada 29 Ogos 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/info.shtml">The Science Behind the Human Genome Project</a> Human Genome Project Information, US Department of Energy, 26 Mac 2008, Retrieved 24 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vegparadise.com/highestperch39.html">"An epal a day keeps the doctor away"</a>. vegparadise.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">27 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+epal+a+day+keeps+the+doctor+away&rft.pub=vegparadise.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegparadise.com%2Fhighestperch39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._Van_Valen2010" class="citation book cs1">James M. Van Valen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9KwPofkJTHYC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=%22apple+cellar%22+history+.edu+-,com+-.com&source=bl&ots=CEC2NpSt3w&sig=TSFRCIStqf-0k7U4zngcyNMl_uc&hl=en&ei=aoN5TIrKCMGC8gax6aTEBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>History of Bergen county, New Jersey</i></a>. Nabu Press. m/s. 744. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1177725894" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1177725894"><bdi>1177725894</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2010-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Bergen+county%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=744&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=1177725894&rft.au=James+M.+Van+Valen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9KwPofkJTHYC%26pg%3DPA33%26lpg%3DPA33%26dq%3D%2522apple%2Bcellar%2522%2Bhistory%2B.edu%2B-%2Ccom%2B-.com%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DCEC2NpSt3w%26sig%3DTSFRCIStqf-0k7U4zngcyNMl_uc%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DaoN5TIrKCMGC8gax6aTEBw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CBgQ6AEwAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ngAVBYuRyb8C&pg=PA150&lpg=PA150&dq=%22apple+cellar%22+history+.edu+-,com+-.com&source=bl&ots=acMHl0PSre&sig=ONV0NayAcOM6TuUC1ZeF7ssDcq0&hl=en&ei=aoN5TIrKCMGC8gax6aTEBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CCwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON165-166-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON165-166_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON165-166_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._R._Ellis_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. R. Ellis Davidson (laman tidak wujud)">Ellis Davidson, H. R.</a> (1965) <i>Gods And Myths Of Northern Europe</i>, page 165 to 166. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0140136274" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-013627-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSONROLES146-147-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONROLES146-147_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H._R._Ellis_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. R. Ellis Davidson (laman tidak wujud)">Ellis Davidson, H. R.</a> (1998) <i>Roles of the Northern Goddess</i>, page 146 to 147. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0415136105" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-13610-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-app3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFSauer1993" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). <i>Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster</i>. CRC Press. m/s. 109. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0849389011" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0849389011"><bdi>0849389011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Crop+Plants%3A+A+Select+Roster&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0849389011&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFWasson1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Gordon_Wasson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Gordon Wasson (laman tidak wujud)">Wasson, R. Gordon</a> (1968). <i>Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality</i>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. m/s. 128. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-15-683800-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-15-683800-1"><bdi>0-15-683800-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soma%3A+Divine+Mushroom+of+Immortality&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-15-683800-1&rft.aulast=Wasson&rft.aufirst=R.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFRuck2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ruck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Ruck (laman tidak wujud)">Ruck, Carl</a> (2001). <i>The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist</i>. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. m/s. 64–70. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-89089-924-X" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-89089-924-X"><bdi>0-89089-924-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apples+of+Apollo%2C+Pagan+and+Christian+Mysteries+of+the+Eucharist&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=64-70&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89089-924-X&rft.aulast=Ruck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich2002" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich, Clark (2002). <i>Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy</i>. Rochester: Park Street Press. m/s. 64–70. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-89281-997-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-89281-997-9"><bdi>0-89281-997-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Mushrooms+in+Religion+and+Alchemy&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pages=64-70&rft.pub=Park+Street+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-89281-997-9&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus <i>Histories</i> 6.1.191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmonds, J. M., trans., rev. John M. Cooper. "Epigrams". "Plato: Complete Works". Ed. John M. Cooper. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997. p 1744, note to VII. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book7-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book7_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFMacrone1998" class="citation book cs1">Macrone, Michael (1998). <i>Brush up your Bible!</i>. Tom Lulevitch. Random House Value. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0517201895" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0517201895"><bdi>0517201895</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38270894">38270894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brush+up+your+Bible%21&rft.pub=Random+House+Value&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38270894&rft.isbn=0517201895&rft.aulast=Macrone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elzebroek-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elzebroek_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFElzebroek2008" class="citation book cs1">Elzebroek, A.T.G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=YvU1XnUVxFQC&lpg=PT39&dq=epal%20cultivars%207%2C500&pg=PT39#v=onepage&q="><i>Guide to Cultivated Plants</i></a>. Wallingford: CAB International. m/s. 27. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1845933567" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1845933567"><bdi>1845933567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Cultivated+Plants&rft.place=Wallingford&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1845933567&rft.aulast=Elzebroek&rft.aufirst=A.T.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DYvU1XnUVxFQC%26lpg%3DPT39%26dq%3Depal%2520cultivars%25207%252C500%26pg%3DPT39%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apples1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apples1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apples1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFSue_Tarjan" class="citation web cs1">Sue Tarjan (fall 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casfs.ucsc.edu/publications/news%20and%20notes/Fall_06_N&N.pdf">"Autumn Epal Musings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. m/s. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811154017/http://casfs.ucsc.edu/publications/news+and+notes/Fall_06_N%26N.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> daripada yang asal pada 2007-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autumn+Epal+Musings&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=News+%26+Notes+of+the+UCSC+Farm+%26+Garden%2C+Center+for+Agroecology+%26+Sustainable+Food+Systems&rft.au=Sue+Tarjan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcasfs.ucsc.edu%2Fpublications%2Fnews%2520and%2520notes%2FFall_06_N%26N.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.usda.gov/htp2/circular/1998/98-03/applefea.html">"World epal situation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+epal+situation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.usda.gov%2Fhtp2%2Fcircular%2F1998%2F98-03%2Fapplefea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crops_&_Gardening_-_Apples_of_Antiquity-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crops_&_Gardening_-_Apples_of_Antiquity_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, Sue (June/July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hobbyfarms.com/crops-and-gardening/fruit-crops-apples-14897.aspx">"Crops & Gardening - Apples of Antiquity"</a>. <i>Hobby Farms magazine</i>. BowTie, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hobby+Farms+magazine&rft.atitle=Crops+%26+Gardening+-+Apples+of+Antiquity&rft.chron=June%2FJuly+2003&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hobbyfarms.com%2Fcrops-and-gardening%2Ffruit-crops-apples-14897.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd_(pengarang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lloyd (pengarang) (laman tidak wujud)">John Lloyd</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mitchinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mitchinson (laman tidak wujud)">John Mitchinson</a> (2006). <i>QI: The Complete First Series - QI Factoids</i> (DVD). 2 entertain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QI%3A+The+Complete+First+Series+-+QI+Factoids&rft.pub=2+entertain&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book9-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book9_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book9_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFFerree1999" class="citation book cs1">Ferree, David Curtis (1999). <i>Apples: Botany, Production and Uses</i>. CABI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0851993575" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0851993575"><bdi>0851993575</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/182530169">182530169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apples%3A+Botany%2C+Production+and+Uses&rft.pub=CABI+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182530169&rft.isbn=0851993575&rft.aulast=Ferree&rft.aufirst=David+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-app4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-app4_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app4_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app4_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-app4_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFBob_Polomski" class="citation web cs1">Bob Polomski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheets/HGIC1350.htm">"Epal"</a>. Clemson University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epal&rft.pub=Clemson+University&rft.au=Bob+Polomski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhgic.clemson.edu%2Ffactsheets%2FHGIC1350.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crossing-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crossing_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solarnavigator.net/solar_cola/apples.htm">"Apples"</a>. solarnavigator.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apples&rft.pub=solarnavigator.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solarnavigator.net%2Fsolar_cola%2Fapples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apples_in_Ecuador-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apples_in_Ecuador_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actahort.org/books/310/310_17.htm">"Apples in Ecuador"</a>. Acta Hort<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apples+in+Ecuador&rft.pub=Acta+Hort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actahort.org%2Fbooks%2F310%2F310_17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symposium_on_Growth_Regulators_in_Fruit_Production-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Symposium_on_Growth_Regulators_in_Fruit_Production_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Sansavini1986" class="citation book cs1">S. Sansavini (1 July 1986). "The chilling requirement in apple and its role in regulating Time of flowering in spring in cold-Winter Climate". <i>Symposium on Growth Regulators in Fruit Production</i> (ed. International). Acta Horticulturae. m/s. 179. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-90-66051-82-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-90-66051-82-9"><bdi>978-90-66051-82-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+chilling+requirement+in+apple+and+its+role+in+regulating+Time+of+flowering+in+spring+in+cold-Winter+Climate&rft.btitle=Symposium+on+Growth+Regulators+in+Fruit+Production&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=International&rft.pub=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.date=1986-07-01&rft.isbn=978-90-66051-82-9&rft.au=S.+Sansavini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestapples.com/facts/facts_controlled.shtml">"Controlled Atmosphere Storage (CA)"</a>. Washington State Epal Advertising Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controlled+Atmosphere+Storage+%28CA%29&rft.pub=Washington+State+Epal+Advertising+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestapples.com%2Ffacts%2Ffacts_controlled.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Food_Science_Australia_Fact_Sheet:_Refrigerated_storage_of_perishable_foods-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Food_Science_Australia_Fact_Sheet:_Refrigerated_storage_of_perishable_foods_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodscience.csiro.au/refrigerated.htm">"Food Science Australia Fact Sheet: Refrigerated storage of perishable foods"</a>. Food Science Australia. February, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2007-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Science+Australia+Fact+Sheet%3A+Refrigerated+storage+of+perishable+foods&rft.pub=Food+Science+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodscience.csiro.au%2Frefrigerated.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modeling_and_Simulation:_Proceedings_of_the_Annual_Pittsburgh_Conference-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modeling_and_Simulation:_Proceedings_of_the_Annual_Pittsburgh_Conference_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFPittsburgh_Section,_University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Engineering,_School_of_Engineering,_Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers_Pittsburgh_Section,_Instrument_Society_of_America,_Instrument_Society_of_America_Pittsburgh_Section,_University_of_Pittsburgh1981" class="citation book cs1">Pittsburgh Section, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, School of Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pittsburgh Section, Instrument Society of America, Instrument Society of America Pittsburgh Section, University of Pittsburgh (1981). <i>Modeling and Simulation: Proceedings of the Annual Pittsburgh Conference</i>. Instrument Society of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modeling+and+Simulation%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Annual+Pittsburgh+Conference&rft.pub=Instrument+Society+of+America&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Pittsburgh+Section%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh+School+of+Engineering%2C+School+of+Engineering%2C+Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers+Pittsburgh+Section%2C+Instrument+Society+of+America%2C+Instrument+Society+of+America+Pittsburgh+Section%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pest4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pest4_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pest4_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pest4_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pest4_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFLowther" class="citation book cs1">Lowther, Granville. <i>The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables</i>. The Encyclopedia of horticulture corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Practical+Horticulture%3A+A+Reference+System+of+Commercial+Horticulture%2C+Covering+the+Practical+and+Scientific+Phases+of+Horticulture%2C+with+Special+Reference+to+Fruits+and+Vegetables&rft.pub=The+Encyclopedia+of+horticulture+corporation&rft.aulast=Lowther&rft.aufirst=Granville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pest5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pest5_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pest5_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFColi,_William" class="citation web cs1">Coli, William; dll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umass.edu/fruitadvisor/NEAPMG/index.htm">"Epal Pest Management Guide"</a>. University of Massachusetts Amherst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 Mac</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epal+Pest+Management+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst&rft.au=Coli%2C+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umass.edu%2Ffruitadvisor%2FNEAPMG%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pest7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pest7_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pest7_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/techniques/pests/scab.htm">"How To Deal With Scab"</a>. GardenAction<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 Mac</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Deal+With+Scab&rft.pub=GardenAction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenaction.co.uk%2Ftechniques%2Fpests%2Fscab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plant_World_-_Heaviest_Apple-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plant_World_-_Heaviest_Apple_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/natural_world/plant_world/heaviest_apple.aspx">"Plant World - Heaviest Apple"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Plant+World+-+Heaviest+Apple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Frecords%2Fnatural_world%2Fplant_world%2Fheaviest_apple.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-china-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-china_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-china_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFKristin_Churchill" class="citation web cs1">Kristin Churchill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fruitgrowersnews.com/pages/2004/issue04_10/04_10_ChinaJuice.html">"Chinese epal-juice concentrate exports to United States continue to rise"</a>. Great American Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016080320/http://www.fruitgrowersnews.com/pages/2004/issue04_10/04_10_ChinaJuice.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2006-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+epal-juice+concentrate+exports+to+United+States+continue+to+rise&rft.pub=Great+American+Publishing&rft.au=Kristin+Churchill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fruitgrowersnews.com%2Fpages%2F2004%2Fissue04_10%2F04_10_ChinaJuice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFDesmond1994" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Andrew (1994). <i>The World Epal Market</i>. Haworth Press. m/s. 144–149. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/1560220414" title="Khas:Sumber buku/1560220414"><bdi>1560220414</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/243470452">243470452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Epal+Market&rft.pages=144-149&rft.pub=Haworth+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F243470452&rft.isbn=1560220414&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-organic-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-organic_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-organic_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-organic_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFAmes2001" class="citation web cs1">Ames, Guy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/omapple.pdf">"Considerations in organic epal production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Considerations+in+organic+epal+production&rft.pub=National+Sustainable+Agriculture+Information+Service&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattra.ncat.org%2Fattra-pub%2FPDF%2Fomapple.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calpoison.com/public/food.html#Ecoli">Food Poisoning and Safety</a> California Poison Control System</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iVillage-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iVillage_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iVillage_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/harvest/msg0918483526780.html">fallen apples – safe?</a> iVillage Garden Web</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrongdiagnosis.com-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wrongdiagnosis.com_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrongdiagnosis.com_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wrongdiagnosis.com_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/f/food_allergy_epal/intro.htm">Wrongdiagnosis.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/allergies/guide/food-allergy-treatments?page=2">Webmd.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nutrition_to_Reduce_Cancer_Risk_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For decreased risk of colon, prostate and lung cancer: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancer.stanford.edu/information/nutritionAndCancer/reduceRisk/">"Nutrition to Reduce Cancer Risk"</a>. The Stanford Cancer Center (SCC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrition+to+Reduce+Cancer+Risk&rft.pub=The+Stanford+Cancer+Center+%28SCC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcancer.stanford.edu%2Finformation%2FnutritionAndCancer%2FreduceRisk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> tidak sah, nama "Nutrition to Reduce Cancer Risk" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyerLiu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Boyer, Jeanelle; Liu, RH (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/5">"Epal phytochemicals and their health benefits"</a>. <i>Nutrition journal</i>. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201 USA: Department of Food Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology. <b>3</b>: 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-3-5">10.1186/1475-2891-3-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC442131">442131</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15140261">15140261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+journal&rft.atitle=Epal+phytochemicals+and+their+health+benefits&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC442131%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15140261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1475-2891-3-5&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Jeanelle&rft.au=Liu%2C+RH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nutritionj.com%2Fcontent%2F3%2F1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|coauthors=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|last1=</code> dan <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> specified (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">More than one of <code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> dan <code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> specified (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#redundant_parameters" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_location" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-health-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-health_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-health_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-health_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-health_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bestapples.com/healthy/">"Apples Keep Your Family Healthy"</a>. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">22 Januari</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apples+Keep+Your+Family+Healthy&rft.pub=Washington+State+Apple+Advertising+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestapples.com%2Fhealthy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajeev_Sharma._2005_22-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rajeev_Sharma._2005_22_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFRajeev_Sharma.2005" class="citation book cs1">Rajeev Sharma. (2005). <i>Improve your health with Apple,Guava,Mango</i>. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. m/s. 22. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/8128809245" title="Khas:Sumber buku/8128809245"><bdi>8128809245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improve+your+health+with+Apple%2CGuava%2CMango&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8128809245&rft.au=Rajeev+Sharma.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_phenolics_in_Empire_apples_on_hydrogen_peroxide-induced_inhibition_of_gap-junctional_intercellular_communication_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFLee_KW,_Lee_SJ,_Kang_NJ,_Lee_CY,_Lee_HJ2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lee KW, Lee SJ, Kang NJ, Lee CY, Lee HJ, KW (2004). "Effects of phenolics in Empire apples on hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication". <i>Biofactors</i>. <b>21</b> (1–4): 361–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbiof.552210169">10.1002/biof.552210169</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0951-6433">0951-6433</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630226">15630226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biofactors&rft.atitle=Effects+of+phenolics+in+Empire+apples+on+hydrogen+peroxide-induced+inhibition+of+gap-junctional+intercellular+communication&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=361-5&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0951-6433&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15630226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbiof.552210169&rft.aulast=Lee+KW%2C+Lee+SJ%2C+Kang+NJ%2C+Lee+CY%2C+Lee+HJ&rft.aufirst=KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first3=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last3=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first4=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last4=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first5=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last5=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Major_phenolics_in_apple_and_their_contribution_to_the_total_antioxidant_capacity_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFLee_KW,_Kim_YJ,_Kim_DO,_Lee_HJ,_Lee_CY2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lee KW, Kim YJ, Kim DO, Lee HJ, Lee CY, KW (2003). "Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity". <i>J. Agric. Food Chem</i>. <b>51</b> (22): 6516–6520. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf034475w">10.1021/jf034475w</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561">0021-8561</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14558772">14558772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.atitle=Major+phenolics+in+apple+and+their+contribution+to+the+total+antioxidant+capacity&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=6516-6520&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14558772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf034475w&rft.aulast=Lee+KW%2C+Kim+YJ%2C+Kim+DO%2C+Lee+HJ%2C+Lee+CY&rft.aufirst=KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first3=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last3=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first4=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last4=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); </span><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first5=</code> missing <code class="cs1-code">|last5=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#first_missing_last" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Story_of_the_Apple-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Story_of_the_Apple_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFJuniper_BE,_Mabberley_DJ2006" class="citation book cs1">Juniper BE, Mabberley DJ (2006). <i>The Story of the Apple</i>. Timber Press. m/s. 20. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0881927848" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0881927848"><bdi>0881927848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Apple&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0881927848&rft.au=Juniper+BE%2C+Mabberley+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AEpal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> dengan nama "autogenerated1" yang ditentukan dalam <code><references></code> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.</span></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epal&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Cari <i><b><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Khas:Gelintar/Epal" class="extiw" title="wikt:Khas:Gelintar/Epal">Epal</a></b></i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary">Wikikamus</a> bahasa Melayu, kamus bebas.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Apple" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Apple">Epal</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks"><img alt="Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/75px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/100px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Wikibooks</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Resipi" class="extiw" title="b:Resipi">Buku resipi</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikibuku" title="Wikibuku">Wikibuku</a> mempunyai resipi <div style="margin-left:10px;"><i><b><a href="https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Resipi:Apple" class="extiw" title="b:Resipi:Apple">Apple</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usapple.org/consumers/appleguide/guide.cfm#braeburnU.S">Apple Association Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206083244/http://www.usapple.org/consumers/appleguide/guide.cfm#braeburnU.S">Diarkibkan</a> 2010-12-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with some years and places of cultivar origins</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk/public/FoodInfoSheets/applefacts.html">Apple Facts</a> from the UK's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Food_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Food Research (laman tidak wujud)">Institute of Food Research</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/maia/history.html">History of Apples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509125300/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/maia/history.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-05-09 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Midwest Apple Improvement Association</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsdatabase.com/LinkedLabel.aspx?FoodId=28603">Nutrition facts</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthdiaries.com/eatthis/10-health-benefits-of-apples.html">10 Health Benefits of Apples</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthonlinezine.info/health-benefits-of-apples.html">15 Health Benefits of Apples</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507055629/http://www.healthonlinezine.info/health-benefits-of-apples.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-05-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kultivar_epal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:Yellow"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6453376">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Apples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Apples (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";background:Yellow;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Apples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Apples (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";background:Yellow;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Apples&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";background:Yellow;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kultivar_epal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kultivar_epal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kultivar epal (laman tidak wujud)">Kultivar epal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrosia_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambrosia (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Ambrosia</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonovka_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonovka (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Antonovka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldwin_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldwin (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Baldwin</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Davis_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Davis (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Ben Davis</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blenheim_Orange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blenheim Orange (laman tidak wujud)">Blenheim Orange</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braeburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braeburn (laman tidak wujud)">Braeburn</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bramley_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bramley (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Bramley</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cameo_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cameo (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Cameo</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortland_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortland (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Cortland</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornish_Gilliflower&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornish Gilliflower (laman tidak wujud)">Cornish Gilliflower</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox's Orange Pippin (laman tidak wujud)">Cox's Orange Pippin</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cripps_Pink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cripps Pink (laman tidak wujud)">Cripps Pink</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egremont_Russet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egremont Russet (laman tidak wujud)">Egremont Russet</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elstar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elstar (laman tidak wujud)">Elstar</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Empire</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esopus_Spitzenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esopus Spitzenburg (laman tidak wujud)">Esopus Spitzenburg</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flower_of_Kent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flower of Kent (laman tidak wujud)">Flower of Kent</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Fuji</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gala_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gala (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Gala</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginger_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginger Gold (laman tidak wujud)">Ginger Gold</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Delicious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Delicious (laman tidak wujud)">Golden Delicious</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granny_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granny Smith (laman tidak wujud)">Granny Smith</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravenstein (laman tidak wujud)">Gravenstein</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haralson_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haralson (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Haralson</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honeycrisp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honeycrisp (laman tidak wujud)">Honeycrisp</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idared&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idared (laman tidak wujud)">Idared</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Grieve_apple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Grieve apple (laman tidak wujud)">James Grieve</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jazz_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jazz (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Jazz</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonagold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonagold (laman tidak wujud)">Jonagold</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Jonathan</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knobbed_Russet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knobbed Russet (laman tidak wujud)">Knobbed Russet</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macoun_apple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macoun apple (laman tidak wujud)">Macoun</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=McIntosh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McIntosh (laman tidak wujud)">McIntosh</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutsu_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutsu (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Mutsu</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtown_Pippin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newtown Pippin (laman tidak wujud)">Newtown Pippin</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Spy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Spy (laman tidak wujud)">Northern Spy</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paula_Red_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paula Red (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Paula Red</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pink_Pearl_(epal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pink Pearl (epal) (laman tidak wujud)">Pink Pearl</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinova (laman tidak wujud)">Pinova</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambo_apple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambo apple (laman tidak wujud)">Rambo</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Delicious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Delicious (laman tidak wujud)">Red Delicious</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhode_Island_Greening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhode Island Greening (laman tidak wujud)">Rhode Island Greening</a> • <a 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