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show-ad-label" data-ad-mapping=rail data-ad-slot=BO_tutorial_pages data-ad-targetingpos=rail></div></div><div class=wrapper><div class=container><div class=row><div class="col-md-8 col-sm-12 content-single-article"><div class=pb-2> <span property=itemListElement typeof=ListItem><a property=item typeof=WebPage title="Go to Biology Tutorials." href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials class="tutorials-root post post-tutorials" data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><span property=name>Biology Tutorials</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"></span> > <span property=itemListElement typeof=ListItem><a property=item typeof=WebPage title="Go to the Ecology & Biodiversity: New Zealand Flora & Fauna Tutorial Category archives." href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/ecology-biodiversity-new-zealand-flora-fauna class="taxonomy tutorial_cat" data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><span property=name>Ecology & Biodiversity: New Zealand Flora & Fauna</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></span> > <span class="post post-tutorials current-item">New Zealand’s Unique Flora</span></div><div class="d-inline-block col-md-11 p-0"><h1 class="entry-title">New Zealand’s Unique Flora</h1></div><div class="float-md-right position-sm-absolute pt-md-4"><g:sharetoclassroom size=32 url="https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-flora"></g:sharetoclassroom></div><div class=st-container> <img width=640 height=360 src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-768x432.jpg class="st-img wp-post-image lazy" alt="Endemic Flora of New Zealand" decoding=async data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Endemic-Flora-of-New-Zealand.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><p>Endemic Flora of New Zealand</p></div><div id=ez-toc-container class="ez-toc-v2_0_72 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction"><p class=ez-toc-title style=cursor:inherit>Table of Contents</p> <label for=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67c230c951ce6 class=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label><span class><span class=eztoc-hide style=display:none;>Toggle</span><span class=ez-toc-icon-toggle-span><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg class=list-377408 width=20px height=20px viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill=none><path d="M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z" fill=currentColor></path></svg><svg style="fill: #999;color:#999" class=arrow-unsorted-368013 xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg width=10px height=10px viewBox="0 0 24 24" version=1.2 baseProfile=tiny><path d="M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z"/></svg></span></span></label><input type=checkbox id=ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-67c230c951ce6 checked aria-label=Toggle><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1" href=#Characteristics_of_New_Zealands_Native_Flora title="Characteristics of New Zealand’s Native Flora">Characteristics of New Zealand’s Native Flora</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2" href=#Silver_Fern title="Silver Fern">Silver Fern</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3" href=#Nikau title=Nikau>Nikau</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4" href=#Kauri title=Kauri>Kauri</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5" href=#Pohutukawa title=Pohutukawa>Pohutukawa</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6" href=#Southern_Beech title="Southern Beech">Southern Beech</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7" href=#Mistletoes title=Mistletoes>Mistletoes</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8" href=#Vegetable_Sheep title="Vegetable Sheep">Vegetable Sheep</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9" href=#References title=References:>References:</a></li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10" href=#Quiz title=Quiz>Quiz</a><ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3 ><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11" href=#Send_Your_Results_Optional title="Send Your Results (Optional)">Send Your Results (Optional)</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><hr><p>By: <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/about-us/bio data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>Maria Victoria Gonzaga</a></p><div class='code-block code-block-8 code-block-block-8' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;'> <script language=javascript src="https://live.primis.tech/live/liveView.php?s=106005&cbuster=%%CACHEBUSTER%%"></script> </div><hr><p>In the <strong><a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-unique-fauna data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>previous lesson</a></strong>, we’ve come to know some of the most fascinating endemic animals in New Zealand, and one of them is the <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/takahe-porphyrio-hochstetteri data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><strong>takahē</strong></a>. In this lesson, let’s check out some of the magnificent plants found only in this country.</p><p>Similar to New Zealand’s fauna, its flora is also diverse. Around 82% of the plants are <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/endemic data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>endemic</a>, meaning they are found only here. Some of them include the world’s oldest primeval forests, the largest type of moss, and the largest tree ferns. (Ref.1)</p><p>Plants that originally from Gondwana evolved separately from their ancient relatives. Then, there are those plants that reached the country without human intervention, such as those carried by sea and wind currents. These species thrived, adapted, and reproduced. As they evolved, they also eventually acquired new features that made them unique.</p><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Characteristics_of_New_Zealands_Native_Flora></span>Characteristics of New Zealand’s Native Flora<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>New Zealand’s native trees are mostly evergreen, meaning they do not shed their leaves in winter. The flowers are often small and white. Because most of the pollinators, such as moths, native bees, crawling insects, and lizards, are generally attracted by the scent, not by color, having big and colorful flowers seem unnecessary. (Ref. 1)</p><p>Many of them are <em>dioecious</em>, which means male and female flowers are not borne on the same tree. Thus, trees that are far from each other have to rely on wind and other agents of <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/cross-pollination data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>cross-pollination</a>. Nonetheless, some plant species are capable of hybridism. It means a plant species can cross-pollinate with another plant species within the same family. This leads to <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/hybrid data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>hybrids</a> or new plant varieties.</p><p>Apart from having wide plant varieties, some plants exhibit <em>heteroblasty</em>. This is when the juvenile plant looks different from the adult plant. For example, <em>Pseudopanax crassifolius</em> (lancewood or horoeka) produce long, thin, tough leaves when still juvenile, and when mature, they produce softer and wider leaves. (Ref.1) This feature of lancewood plants is essential to avoid excessive <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/herbivory data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>herbivory</a> while they are still short and young. (Ref. 2)</p><p>Now let’s take a look at some of the interesting plants found only in New Zealand.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-97124472' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-97124472 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NScgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Silver_Fern></span>Silver Fern<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Similar to other ferns, the tree ferns in New Zealand are flowerless and vascular plants found usually in damp, shady habitats. Both their <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sporophyte data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>sporophytes</a> and gametophytes are free-living and independent of each other, which makes them different from all the other plant groups.</p><p>One of the most well-known endemic tree ferns is <em>Alsophila dealbata</em>, the silver fern (Māori: ponga). Because it is endemic to New Zealand, this fern became one of the country’s emblems.</p><p>The species got its name from the silver-white color on the underside of its mature fronds. Not all silver ferns have silver undersides, though. Some of them have white and others, green. (Ref. 3)</p><p>The trunk can grow up to 10m high. They prefer warm, dry habitats.</p><figure id=attachment_123877 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123877 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority=high fetchpriority=high decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123877 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-1024x576.jpg alt="silver fern in New Zealand" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/silver-fern-in-New-Zealand.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123877 class=wp-caption-text><em>Silver Fern photo taken in March 2005 showing the silvery underside on the frond. (Public domain)</em></figcaption></figure><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Nikau></span>Nikau<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Rhopalostylis sapida, (Māori: nīkau) is a palm tree found only in New Zealand. This plant prefers to grow in coastal to lowland forests. (Ref. 4) It can reach up to 15 m tall. It has a green stout trunk with a crownshaft that reaches up to 1 m long. The fronds are up to 3 m long with leaflets of up to 1 m long. The inflorescence consists of tightly packed flowers of lilac to pink color. The fruit is oblong and red when ripe. It is the preferred food source of the native pigeon, kererū. (Ref. 5)</p><figure id=attachment_123878 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123878 style="width: 614px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123878 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20614%20576'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nikau-614x576.jpg alt=Nikau width=614 height=576 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nikau-614x576.jpg 614w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nikau-179x168.jpg 179w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nikau-768x721.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nikau-1536x1442.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Nikau.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123878 class=wp-caption-text><em><strong>Left:</strong> Nikau palm tree – Rhopalostylis sapida (Credit: F. Munkert, public domain). <strong>Right top:</strong> Chathams Islands Nīkau palm crownshaft and seeds photo taken in May 2007 from Auckland, New Zealand (Credit: Kahuroa, public domain). <strong>Right bottom: </strong>Kereru feeding on Nikau fruit. (Credit: L-Bit, <a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>)</em></figcaption></figure><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-57206716' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-57206716 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NicgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Kauri></span>Kauri<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Kauri (<em>Agathis australis</em>) are large and strong coniferous trees. They can grow to over 50m tall and a trunk girth of up to 16m. (Ref.6) They have smooth bark and small narrow leaves. You will find the largest kauri tree in the Waipoua forest, in Northland. It is named after the Māori god of the forest, Tāne Mahuta. (Ref. 7)</p><p>The forests containing kauri trees are home to many plant species, such as taraire, kohekohe, towai, Kirk’s pine, toatoa, tanekaha, and rata. (Ref.6) Kauri serves as a <em>foundation species</em>. They modify the soil under their canopy, and thus, help create unique plant communities. (Ref.8)</p><p>Despite being one of the world’s strongest trees, kauri trees are facing the threat of kauri dieback, a disease caused by the fungus, <em>Phytophthora agathidicida</em>. The fungus attacks Kauri trees and the disease is almost always fatal to kauri. (Ref. 9) The fungus spreads through the soil. So, when visiting a kauri forest, make sure that you stay on tracks and boardwalks. Cleaning your shoes at cleaning stations helps prevent the spread of the fungus. (Ref. 9)</p><figure id=attachment_123879 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123879 style="width: 512px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123879 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20512%20576'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta-512x576.jpg alt="Tāne Mahuta" width=512 height=576 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta-512x576.jpg 512w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta-149x168.jpg 149w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta-768x864.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta-1365x1536.jpg 1365w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta-1820x2048.jpg 1820w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Tane-Mahuta.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123879 class=wp-caption-text><em><strong>Left:</strong> Kauri Tree “Tāne Mahuta” in the Waipoua Forest. <strong>Right:</strong> Tane Mahuta Information Sign (Credit: Brendan Purdy, <a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">CC BY 2.0</a>)</em></figcaption></figure><p> </p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/T5NMvTzvfRI width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><em>Credit: Department of Conservation</em></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Pohutukawa></span>Pohutukawa<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Pohutukawa (<em>Metrosideros excelsa</em>) is New Zealand’s “Christmas tree”. This is because the tree blooms around Christmas time. (Ref. 2) The species belongs to the myrtle family. The brilliant display of flowers by this tree is majestic. The tree produces vibrant red flowers (others produce orange, yellow, or white). A close inspection of the flower reveals that it is made up chiefly of a conspicuous mass of stamens. In Māori, its bloom is called <em>kahika</em>. (Ref.10) Pohutukawa trees are found along the coastal lines or at the cliffs around the North Island. (Ref. 7)</p><figure id=attachment_123880 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123880 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123880 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-1024x576.jpg alt="pohutukawa tree" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/pohutukawa-tree.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123880 class=wp-caption-text><em>A pohutukawa tree. A closer look at the flower of pohutukawa reveals a conspicuous mass of stamens.</em></figcaption></figure><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-61642078' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-61642078 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2NycgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Southern_Beech></span>Southern Beech<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Beech forests are Gondwana survivors. They constitute a huge part of all native New Zealand forests. (Ref. 2) They are found in the country’s mountainous lands. The five beech species of New Zealand are hard beech (<em>Fuscospora truncata</em>), black beech (<em>Fuscospora solandri</em>), red beech (<em>Fuscospora fusca</em>)<em>,</em> silver beech (<em>Lophozonia menziesii</em>)<em>,</em> and mountain beech (<em>Fuscospora cliffortioides</em>)<em>.</em> When beech mast occurs, a dramatic rise of mice and rat population also occurs. When this happens, it could lead to “<em>predator plague</em>“. (Ref.11)</p><figure id=attachment_123881 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123881 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123881 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20184'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Southern-Beech-1024x295.jpg alt="Southern Beech" width=640 height=184 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Southern-Beech-1024x295.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Southern-Beech-300x86.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Southern-Beech-768x221.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Southern-Beech-1536x443.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Southern-Beech.jpg 1911w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123881 class=wp-caption-text><em>From left to right: Fuscospora truncata (credit: Rudolph89, public domain), Fuscospora solandri (credit: Kahuroa, public domain), Fuscospora fusca (credit: <a href=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Grapeman4 data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">André Richard Chalmers</a>, <a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>), Lophozonia menziesii (credit: Pseudopanax, public domain), and Fuscospora cliffortioides (credit: Andrewgprout, <a href=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en data-wpel-link=external target=_blank rel="nofollow external noopener noreferrer">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>).</em></figcaption></figure><p>Beech trees form <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/mutualism data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>mutualism</a> (a form of symbiosis) with a group of fungi, mycorrhizae. The fungi live on the roots of beech trees. The tree provides them with sugar while the fungi absorb soil nutrients that the tree can utilize for its growth. (Ref.11)</p><p>Beech forests also serve as a site of the honeydew ecosystem. Scale insects (Ultracoelostoma spp.) live inside the bark of the beech tree. They draw sugary sap from the tree for food. Then, they release the excess sugar via their anal tube as honeydew. This honeydew serves as food for birds, especially in winter when nectar is scarce. The honeydew that covers the bark of the tree incites the growth of sooty mold fungi, which, in turn, are a food source to a variety of insects, like beetles and moths. The small insects, then, become food for birds. (Ref. 12)</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/hSzranBqlIw width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><em>Credit: The BeeKeepers Honey NZ</em></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Mistletoes></span>Mistletoes<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>Mistletoes are obligate hemiparasitic plants. Although they still photosynthesize, they must always be attached to their host plant. Otherwise, they will not survive. They attach to their host plant, for example to a tree or a shrub, via a structure called <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/haustorium data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>haustorium</a>. Mistletoes use haustoria to extract water and nutrients from their host plant.</p><p>Nine mistletoe species are native to New Zealand. Three of them are found mainly in beech forest. They are red mistletoe (<em>Peraxilla tetrapetala</em>), scarlet mistletoe (<em>P. colensoi</em>), and yellow mistletoe <em>(Alepis flavida).</em> (Ref. 13) These species rely on beech forests for survival. (Ref.11) These mistletoes also depend on birds for pollination. While birds feed on their nectar they consequently “<em>open</em>” the flower, making it ready for cross-pollination. (Ref. 14)</p><p>The other five species are found in lowland forest and scrub. They are <em>Ileostylus micranthus</em>, <em>Tupeia antarctica, Korthalsella salicornioides,</em> <em>K.lindsayi</em>, and <em>K. clavata</em>. (Ref. 13)</p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><iframe src=https://www.youtube.com/embed/-kXqs4cvCQk width=560 height=315 frameborder=0 allowfullscreen=allowfullscreen></iframe></div><div style="vertical-align: top; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2;"><em>Credit: Kahurangi On My Backdoor</em></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Vegetable_Sheep></span>Vegetable Sheep<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>In alpine areas, you can find a sheep that is capable of photosynthesis. The only thing is, it is not a real sheep but it sure looks like one! Raoulia eximia, by its scientific name, is a plant within the daisy family. It is a cushion-like plant that forms from the thousands of small plants and with woolly leaves on the outside. This plant form is believed to help conserve humidity during a harsh climate. (Ref.2)</p><figure id=attachment_123882 aria-describedby=caption-attachment-123882 style="width: 640px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding=async class="size-large wp-image-123882 lazy" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20640%20360'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-1024x576.jpg alt="vegetable sheep drawing" width=640 height=360 data-srcset="https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-300x168.jpg 300w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-800x450.jpg 800w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing-350x196.jpg 350w, https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/vegetable-sheep-drawing.jpg 1920w" data-sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px"><figcaption id=caption-attachment-123882 class=wp-caption-text><em>Raoulia eximia, drawn by Sarah Featon (1848–1927) (public domain)</em></figcaption></figure><p>Similar to New Zealand fauna, some of the country’s native flora are susceptible to extinction. The major threats are coming from deforestation, urban expansion, farm conversion to dairy, browsing animals, and over-collection. Thus, monitoring their population is important to become aware of their ecological status. In the <a href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/ecological-research-measuring-analysis data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow><strong>next lesson</strong></a>, let’s learn about the methods used for data gathering and ecological research.</p><div class='ai-viewports ai-viewport-1 ai-insert-41-99085682' style='margin: 8px 0; clear: both;' data-insertion-position=prepend data-selector=.ai-insert-41-99085682 data-insertion-no-dbg data-code=PGRpdiBjbGFzcz0nY29kZS1ibG9jayBjb2RlLWJsb2NrLTQxIGNvZGUtYmxvY2stYmxvY2stNDEnIHN0eWxlPSdtYXJnaW46IDhweCAwOyBjbGVhcjogYm90aDsnPgo8IS0tIGFmdGVyIGV2ZXJ5IDQgcGFyYWdyYXBoIGRlc2t0b3AgcG9zdC0tPgo8ZGl2IGlkPSdtaWQ2OCcgY2xhc3M9J2FkeWIgc2hvdy1hZC1sYWJlbCBteC1tZC1uMycgZGF0YS1hZC1tYXBwaW5nPSdtaWQnIGRhdGEtYWQtc2xvdD0nQk9fYXJ0aWNsZScgZGF0YS1hZC10YXJnZXRpbmdwb3M9ICdtaWQnID48L2Rpdj48L2Rpdj4K data-block=41></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=References></span>References:<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p>1. The uniqueness of New Zealand plants. (2018). Science Learning Hub; Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2635-the-uniqueness-of-new-zealand-plants data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2635-the-uniqueness-of-new-zealand-plants</a><br> 2. Plants in New Zealand | Tourleader New Zealand – New Zealand travel guide with travelling & tourist information. (2020). Tourleader.Nz. https://www.tourleader.nz/new-zealand-travel-information/plants-new-zealand<br> 3.Perrie, L. (2014, February). What is the silver fern? | Te Papa’s Blog. Te Papa’s Blog. https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2014/02/02/the-silver-fern-what-is-it/<br> 4. Nīkau palm. (2020). Govt.Nz. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-plants/nikau-palm/<br> 5. Wikipedia Contributors. (2020, May 5). Rhopalostylis sapida. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhopalostylis_sapida<br> 6. Kauri. (2020). Govt.Nz. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-plants/kauri/<br> 7. Iconic New Zealand native flora. (2020). TNZ Media. https://media.newzealand.com/en/story-ideas/iconic-new-zealand-native-flora/<br> 8. Wyse, Sarah V.; Burns, Bruce R.; Wright, Shane D. (1 June 2014). “Distinctive vegetation communities are associated with the long-lived conifer Agathis australis (New Zealand kauri, Araucariaceae) in New Zealand rainforests”. Austral Ecology. 39 (4): 388–400. doi:10.1111/aec.12089.<br> 9. Kauri dieback. (2017). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2733-kauri-dieback data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2733-kauri-dieback</a><br> 10. Māori Plant Use Database Plant Use Details of Metrosideros excelsa. (2020). Landcareresearch.Co.Nz. https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?firstcome=firstcome&PKey=9F92ED8B-2C9F-4BB2-85FE-60203014CD23<br> 11. Beech forest. (2014). Govt.Nz. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-plants/beech-forest/<br> 12. Honeydew ecosystem. (2020). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1436-honeydew-ecosystem data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1436-honeydew-ecosystem</a><br> 13. Mistletoe. (2020). Govt.Nz. https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-plants/mistletoe/<br> 14. Mistletoes and mutualism. (2012). Science Learning Hub. <a href=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/74-mistletoes-and-mutualism data-wpel-link=internal rel=follow>https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/74-mistletoes-and-mutualism</a></p><p> </p> <script>if(window.qmn_quiz_data===undefined){window.qmn_quiz_data=new Object();}</script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data["141"]={"quiz_id":"141","quiz_name":"New Zealand\u2019s Unique Flora - Quiz","disable_answer":"0","ajax_show_correct":"0","progress_bar":"1","contact_info_location":"1","qpages":{"2":{"id":"2","quizID":"141","pagekey":"m2k7xZJG","hide_prevbtn":"0"}},"skip_validation_time_expire":"1","timer_limit_val":0,"disable_scroll_next_previous_click":"0","disable_first_page":0,"enable_result_after_timer_end":"0","enable_quick_result_mc":"0","end_quiz_if_wrong":0,"form_disable_autofill":0,"disable_mathjax":0,"enable_quick_correct_answer_info":0,"quick_result_correct_answer_text":"Correct! You have selected correct answer.","quick_result_wrong_answer_text":"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.","quiz_processing_message":"","quiz_limit_choice":"Limit of choice is reached.","not_allow_after_expired_time":0,"scheduled_time_end":false,"error_messages":{"email_error_text":"Not a valid e-mail address!","number_error_text":"This field must be a number!","incorrect_error_text":"The entered text is not correct!","empty_error_text":"Please complete all required fields!","url_error_text":"The entered URL is not valid!","minlength_error_text":"Required atleast %minlength% characters.","maxlength_error_text":"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.","recaptcha_error_text":"ReCaptcha is missing"},"first_page":false}</script><style id=qmn_quiz_template-css>.qsm-pagination{border:none !important}</style><div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-141 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz quiz_theme_default '><form name=quizForm141 id=quizForm141 action=/tutorials/new-zealands-flora method=POST class="qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form" novalidate enctype=multipart/form-data> <input type=hidden name=qsm_hidden_questions id=qsm_hidden_questions value> <input type=hidden name=qsm_nonce id=qsm_nonce_141 value=fd2d84428d> <input type=hidden name=qsm_unique_key id=qsm_unique_key_141 value=67c230c911c94><div id=mlw_error_message class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <span id=mlw_top_of_quiz></span><section class="qsm-page "><div class="quiz_section quiz_begin"><div class='qsm-before-message mlw_qmn_message_before'><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Quiz></span>Quiz<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h2><p><strong>Choose the best answer. </strong></p></div></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-710 " data-qid=710><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>1. It is one of New Zealand's popular emblems</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question710-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question710 id=question710_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question710_1> Silver fern </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question710-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question710 id=question710_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question710_2> Palm tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question710-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question710 id=question710_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question710_3> Coniferous tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question710-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question710 id=question710_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question710_4> Christmas tree </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question710_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question710 id=question710_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-711 " data-qid=711><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>2. The tree from the myrtle family that blooms around Christmas time</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question711-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question711 id=question711_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question711_1> Silver fern </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question711-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question711 id=question711_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question711_2> Palm tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question711-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question711 id=question711_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question711_3> Coniferous tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question711-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question711 id=question711_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question711_4> Christmas tree </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question711_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question711 id=question711_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-712 " data-qid=712><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>3. Large, strong coniferous tree species that serve as "foundation species".</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question712-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question712 id=question712_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question712_1> Silver fern </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question712-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question712 id=question712_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question712_2> Kauri tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question712-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question712 id=question712_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question712_3> Pohutukawa </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question712-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question712 id=question712_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question712_4> Southern beech </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question712_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question712 id=question712_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-713 " data-qid=713><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>4. They constitute a huge part of New Zealand forests where they can cause massive mast.</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question713-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question713 id=question713_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question713_1> Silver fern </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question713-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question713 id=question713_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question713_2> Kauri tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question713-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question713 id=question713_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question713_3> Pohutukawa </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question713-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question713 id=question713_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question713_4> Beech trees </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question713_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question713 id=question713_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class="quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0 question-section-id-714 " data-qid=714><div class=mlw_qmn_new_question>5. An endemic palm tree in New Zealand</div><div class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_remove_bold' ><p></p></div><fieldset><legend></legend><div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question714-1 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question714 id=question714_1 value=0> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question714_1> Silver fern </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question714-2 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question714 id=question714_2 value=1> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question714_2> Kauri tree </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question714-3 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question714 id=question714_3 value=2> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question714_3> Pohutukawa </label></div><div class="qmn_mc_answer_wrap mrq_checkbox_class" id="question714-4 "> <input type=radio class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=question714 id=question714_4 value=3> <label class=qsm-input-label for=question714_4> Nikau </label></div> <label style="display: none !important;" for=question714_none>None</label> <input type=radio style="display: none;" name=question714 id=question714_none checked=checked value></div></fieldset></div><div class=quiz_section><div class='qsm-after-message mlw_qmn_message_end'><h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Send_Your_Results_Optional></span>Send Your Results (Optional)<span class=ez-toc-section-end></span></h3></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-text"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'><label for=contact_field_0>Your Name</label></span> <input type=text class name=contact_field_0 id=contact_field_0 value placeholder='Your Name'></div><div class="qsm_contact_div qsm-contact-type-email"> <span class='mlw_qmn_question qsm_question'><label for=contact_field_1>To Email</label></span> <input type=email class='mlwEmail ' name=contact_field_1 id=contact_field_1 value placeholder='To Email'></div></div></section> <input type=hidden name=qmn_question_list value=710Q711Q712Q713Q714Q><div id=mlw_error_message_bottom class="qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section"></div> <input type=hidden name=qmn_all_questions_count id=qmn_all_questions_count value=5> <input type=hidden name=total_questions id=total_questions value=5> <input type=hidden name=timer id=timer value=0> <input type=hidden name=timer_ms id=timer_ms value=0> <input type=hidden class=qmn_quiz_id name=qmn_quiz_id id=qmn_quiz_id value=141> <input type=hidden name=complete_quiz value=confirmation></form></div><div style="display: none;" class="qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide" id=modal-4 aria-hidden=false><div class=qsm-popup__overlay tabindex=-1 data-micromodal-close><div class="qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container" role=dialog aria-modal=true><div class=qsm-popup__content><img class=lazy decoding=async src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201%201'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-src=https://www.biologyonline.com/wp-content/plugins/quiz-master-next/assets/clock.png alt=clock.png><p class=qsm-time-up-text> Time's up</p></div><footer class=qsm-popup__footer><button class="qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn" data-micromodal-close aria-label="Close this dialog window" onclick=location.reload();>Cancel</button></footer></div></div></div><div class='heateor_sss_sharing_container heateor_sss_vertical_sharing' style='width:44px;right: -10px;top: 200px;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;' data-heateor-sss-href=https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/new-zealands-flora><div class=heateor_sss_sharing_ul><a aria-label=Facebook class=heateor_sss_facebook href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologyonline.com%2Ftutorials%2Fnew-zealands-flora" title=Facebook rel="nofollow noopener" target=_blank style=font-size:32px!important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle data-wpel-link=internal><span class=heateor_sss_svg style="background-color:#0765FE;width:40px;height:40px;margin:0;display:inline-block;opacity:1;float:left;font-size:32px;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:0 4px;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:repeat;overflow:hidden;padding:0;cursor:pointer;box-sizing:content-box"><svg style=display:block; 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]?(C800|C900|E400|E610|E900|E-900|F160|F180K|F180L|F180S|730|855|L160|LS740|LS840|LS970|LU6200|MS690|MS695|MS770|MS840|MS870|MS910|P500|P700|P705|VM696|AS680|AS695|AX840|C729|E970|GS505|272|C395|E739BK|E960|L55C|L75C|LS696|LS860|P769BK|P350|P500|P509|P870|UN272|US730|VS840|VS950|LN272|LN510|LS670|LS855|LW690|MN270|MN510|P509|P769|P930|UN200|UN270|UN510|UN610|US670|US740|US760|UX265|UX840|VN271|VN530|VS660|VS700|VS740|VS750|VS910|VS920|VS930|VX9200|VX11000|AX840A|LW770|P506|P925|P999|E612|D955|D802|MS323|M257)|LM-G710",Sony:"SonyST|SonyLT|SonyEricsson|SonyEricssonLT15iv|LT18i|E10i|LT28h|LT26w|SonyEricssonMT27i|C5303|C6902|C6903|C6906|C6943|D2533|SOV34|601SO|F8332",Asus:"Asus.*Galaxy|PadFone.*Mobile",Xiaomi:"^(?!.*\\bx11\\b).*xiaomi.*$|POCOPHONE F1|MI 8|Redmi Note 9S|Redmi Note 5A Prime|N2G47H|M2001J2G|M2001J2I|M1805E10A|M2004J11G|M1902F1G|M2002J9G|M2004J19G|M2003J6A1G",NokiaLumia:"Lumia [0-9]{3,4}",Micromax:"Micromax.*\\b(A210|A92|A88|A72|A111|A110Q|A115|A116|A110|A90S|A26|A51|A35|A54|A25|A27|A89|A68|A65|A57|A90)\\b",Palm:"PalmSource|Palm",Vertu:"Vertu|Vertu.*Ltd|Vertu.*Ascent|Vertu.*Ayxta|Vertu.*Constellation(F|Quest)?|Vertu.*Monika|Vertu.*Signature",Pantech:"PANTECH|IM-A850S|IM-A840S|IM-A830L|IM-A830K|IM-A830S|IM-A820L|IM-A810K|IM-A810S|IM-A800S|IM-T100K|IM-A725L|IM-A780L|IM-A775C|IM-A770K|IM-A760S|IM-A750K|IM-A740S|IM-A730S|IM-A720L|IM-A710K|IM-A690L|IM-A690S|IM-A650S|IM-A630K|IM-A600S|VEGA PTL21|PT003|P8010|ADR910L|P6030|P6020|P9070|P4100|P9060|P5000|CDM8992|TXT8045|ADR8995|IS11PT|P2030|P6010|P8000|PT002|IS06|CDM8999|P9050|PT001|TXT8040|P2020|P9020|P2000|P7040|P7000|C790",Fly:"IQ230|IQ444|IQ450|IQ440|IQ442|IQ441|IQ245|IQ256|IQ236|IQ255|IQ235|IQ245|IQ275|IQ240|IQ285|IQ280|IQ270|IQ260|IQ250",Wiko:"KITE 4G|HIGHWAY|GETAWAY|STAIRWAY|DARKSIDE|DARKFULL|DARKNIGHT|DARKMOON|SLIDE|WAX 4G|RAINBOW|BLOOM|SUNSET|GOA(?!nna)|LENNY|BARRY|IGGY|OZZY|CINK FIVE|CINK PEAX|CINK PEAX 2|CINK SLIM|CINK SLIM 2|CINK +|CINK KING|CINK PEAX|CINK SLIM|SUBLIM",iMobile:"i-mobile (IQ|i-STYLE|idea|ZAA|Hitz)",SimValley:"\\b(SP-80|XT-930|SX-340|XT-930|SX-310|SP-360|SP60|SPT-800|SP-120|SPT-800|SP-140|SPX-5|SPX-8|SP-100|SPX-8|SPX-12)\\b",Wolfgang:"AT-B24D|AT-AS50HD|AT-AS40W|AT-AS55HD|AT-AS45q2|AT-B26D|AT-AS50Q",Alcatel:"Alcatel",Nintendo:"Nintendo (3DS|Switch)",Amoi:"Amoi",INQ:"INQ",OnePlus:"ONEPLUS",GenericPhone:"Tapatalk|PDA;|SAGEM|\\bmmp\\b|pocket|\\bpsp\\b|symbian|Smartphone|smartfon|treo|up.browser|up.link|vodafone|\\bwap\\b|nokia|Series40|Series60|S60|SonyEricsson|N900|MAUI.*WAP.*Browser"},tablets:{iPad:"iPad|iPad.*Mobile",NexusTablet:"Android.*Nexus[\\s]+(7|9|10)",GoogleTablet:"Android.*Pixel C",SamsungTablet:"SAMSUNG.*Tablet|Galaxy.*Tab|SC-01C|GT-P1000|GT-P1003|GT-P1010|GT-P3105|GT-P6210|GT-P6800|GT-P6810|GT-P7100|GT-P7300|GT-P7310|GT-P7500|GT-P7510|SCH-I800|SCH-I815|SCH-I905|SGH-I957|SGH-I987|SGH-T849|SGH-T859|SGH-T869|SPH-P100|GT-P3100|GT-P3108|GT-P3110|GT-P5100|GT-P5110|GT-P6200|GT-P7320|GT-P7511|GT-N8000|GT-P8510|SGH-I497|SPH-P500|SGH-T779|SCH-I705|SCH-I915|GT-N8013|GT-P3113|GT-P5113|GT-P8110|GT-N8010|GT-N8005|GT-N8020|GT-P1013|GT-P6201|GT-P7501|GT-N5100|GT-N5105|GT-N5110|SHV-E140K|SHV-E140L|SHV-E140S|SHV-E150S|SHV-E230K|SHV-E230L|SHV-E230S|SHW-M180K|SHW-M180L|SHW-M180S|SHW-M180W|SHW-M300W|SHW-M305W|SHW-M380K|SHW-M380S|SHW-M380W|SHW-M430W|SHW-M480K|SHW-M480S|SHW-M480W|SHW-M485W|SHW-M486W|SHW-M500W|GT-I9228|SCH-P739|SCH-I925|GT-I9200|GT-P5200|GT-P5210|GT-P5210X|SM-T311|SM-T310|SM-T310X|SM-T210|SM-T210R|SM-T211|SM-P600|SM-P601|SM-P605|SM-P900|SM-P901|SM-T217|SM-T217A|SM-T217S|SM-P6000|SM-T3100|SGH-I467|XE500|SM-T110|GT-P5220|GT-I9200X|GT-N5110X|GT-N5120|SM-P905|SM-T111|SM-T2105|SM-T315|SM-T320|SM-T320X|SM-T321|SM-T520|SM-T525|SM-T530NU|SM-T230NU|SM-T330NU|SM-T900|XE500T1C|SM-P605V|SM-P905V|SM-T337V|SM-T537V|SM-T707V|SM-T807V|SM-P600X|SM-P900X|SM-T210X|SM-T230|SM-T230X|SM-T325|GT-P7503|SM-T531|SM-T330|SM-T530|SM-T705|SM-T705C|SM-T535|SM-T331|SM-T800|SM-T700|SM-T537|SM-T807|SM-P907A|SM-T337A|SM-T537A|SM-T707A|SM-T807A|SM-T237|SM-T807P|SM-P607T|SM-T217T|SM-T337T|SM-T807T|SM-T116NQ|SM-T116BU|SM-P550|SM-T350|SM-T550|SM-T9000|SM-P9000|SM-T705Y|SM-T805|GT-P3113|SM-T710|SM-T810|SM-T815|SM-T360|SM-T533|SM-T113|SM-T335|SM-T715|SM-T560|SM-T670|SM-T677|SM-T377|SM-T567|SM-T357T|SM-T555|SM-T561|SM-T713|SM-T719|SM-T813|SM-T819|SM-T580|SM-T355Y?|SM-T280|SM-T817A|SM-T820|SM-W700|SM-P580|SM-T587|SM-P350|SM-P555M|SM-P355M|SM-T113NU|SM-T815Y|SM-T585|SM-T285|SM-T825|SM-W708|SM-T835|SM-T830|SM-T837V|SM-T720|SM-T510|SM-T387V|SM-P610|SM-T290|SM-T515|SM-T590|SM-T595|SM-T725|SM-T817P|SM-P585N0|SM-T395|SM-T295|SM-T865|SM-P610N|SM-P615|SM-T970|SM-T380|SM-T5950|SM-T905|SM-T231|SM-T500|SM-T860",Kindle:"Kindle|Silk.*Accelerated|Android.*\\b(KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFOTE|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|WFJWAE|KFSAWA|KFSAWI|KFASWI|KFARWI|KFFOWI|KFGIWI|KFMEWI)\\b|Android.*Silk/[0-9.]+ like Chrome/[0-9.]+ (?!Mobile)",SurfaceTablet:"Windows NT [0-9.]+; ARM;.*(Tablet|ARMBJS)",HPTablet:"HP Slate (7|8|10)|HP ElitePad 900|hp-tablet|EliteBook.*Touch|HP 8|Slate 21|HP SlateBook 10",AsusTablet:"^.*PadFone((?!Mobile).)*$|Transformer|TF101|TF101G|TF300T|TF300TG|TF300TL|TF700T|TF700KL|TF701T|TF810C|ME171|ME301T|ME302C|ME371MG|ME370T|ME372MG|ME172V|ME173X|ME400C|Slider SL101|\\bK00F\\b|\\bK00C\\b|\\bK00E\\b|\\bK00L\\b|TX201LA|ME176C|ME102A|\\bM80TA\\b|ME372CL|ME560CG|ME372CG|ME302KL| K010 | K011 | K017 | K01E |ME572C|ME103K|ME170C|ME171C|\\bME70C\\b|ME581C|ME581CL|ME8510C|ME181C|P01Y|PO1MA|P01Z|\\bP027\\b|\\bP024\\b|\\bP00C\\b",BlackBerryTablet:"PlayBook|RIM Tablet",HTCtablet:"HTC_Flyer_P512|HTC Flyer|HTC Jetstream|HTC-P715a|HTC EVO View 4G|PG41200|PG09410",MotorolaTablet:"xoom|sholest|MZ615|MZ605|MZ505|MZ601|MZ602|MZ603|MZ604|MZ606|MZ607|MZ608|MZ609|MZ615|MZ616|MZ617",NookTablet:"Android.*Nook|NookColor|nook browser|BNRV200|BNRV200A|BNTV250|BNTV250A|BNTV400|BNTV600|LogicPD Zoom2",AcerTablet:"Android.*; \\b(A100|A101|A110|A200|A210|A211|A500|A501|A510|A511|A700|A701|W500|W500P|W501|W501P|W510|W511|W700|G100|G100W|B1-A71|B1-710|B1-711|A1-810|A1-811|A1-830)\\b|W3-810|\\bA3-A10\\b|\\bA3-A11\\b|\\bA3-A20\\b|\\bA3-A30|A3-A40",ToshibaTablet:"Android.*(AT100|AT105|AT200|AT205|AT270|AT275|AT300|AT305|AT1S5|AT500|AT570|AT700|AT830)|TOSHIBA.*FOLIO",LGTablet:"\\bL-06C|LG-V909|LG-V900|LG-V700|LG-V510|LG-V500|LG-V410|LG-V400|LG-VK810\\b",FujitsuTablet:"Android.*\\b(F-01D|F-02F|F-05E|F-10D|M532|Q572)\\b",PrestigioTablet:"PMP3170B|PMP3270B|PMP3470B|PMP7170B|PMP3370B|PMP3570C|PMP5870C|PMP3670B|PMP5570C|PMP5770D|PMP3970B|PMP3870C|PMP5580C|PMP5880D|PMP5780D|PMP5588C|PMP7280C|PMP7280C3G|PMP7280|PMP7880D|PMP5597D|PMP5597|PMP7100D|PER3464|PER3274|PER3574|PER3884|PER5274|PER5474|PMP5097CPRO|PMP5097|PMP7380D|PMP5297C|PMP5297C_QUAD|PMP812E|PMP812E3G|PMP812F|PMP810E|PMP880TD|PMT3017|PMT3037|PMT3047|PMT3057|PMT7008|PMT5887|PMT5001|PMT5002",LenovoTablet:"Lenovo TAB|Idea(Tab|Pad)( 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7",YarvikTablet:"Android.*\\b(TAB210|TAB211|TAB224|TAB250|TAB260|TAB264|TAB310|TAB360|TAB364|TAB410|TAB411|TAB420|TAB424|TAB450|TAB460|TAB461|TAB464|TAB465|TAB467|TAB468|TAB07-100|TAB07-101|TAB07-150|TAB07-151|TAB07-152|TAB07-200|TAB07-201-3G|TAB07-210|TAB07-211|TAB07-212|TAB07-214|TAB07-220|TAB07-400|TAB07-485|TAB08-150|TAB08-200|TAB08-201-3G|TAB08-201-30|TAB09-100|TAB09-211|TAB09-410|TAB10-150|TAB10-201|TAB10-211|TAB10-400|TAB10-410|TAB13-201|TAB274EUK|TAB275EUK|TAB374EUK|TAB462EUK|TAB474EUK|TAB9-200)\\b",MedionTablet:"Android.*\\bOYO\\b|LIFE.*(P9212|P9514|P9516|S9512)|LIFETAB",ArnovaTablet:"97G4|AN10G2|AN7bG3|AN7fG3|AN8G3|AN8cG3|AN7G3|AN9G3|AN7dG3|AN7dG3ST|AN7dG3ChildPad|AN10bG3|AN10bG3DT|AN9G2",IntensoTablet:"INM8002KP|INM1010FP|INM805ND|Intenso Tab|TAB1004",IRUTablet:"M702pro",MegafonTablet:"MegaFon V9|\\bZTE V9\\b|Android.*\\bMT7A\\b",EbodaTablet:"E-Boda (Supreme|Impresspeed|Izzycomm|Essential)",AllViewTablet:"Allview.*(Viva|Alldro|City|Speed|All TV|Frenzy|Quasar|Shine|TX1|AX1|AX2)",ArchosTablet:"\\b(101G9|80G9|A101IT)\\b|Qilive 97R|Archos5|\\bARCHOS (70|79|80|90|97|101|FAMILYPAD|)(b|c|)(G10| Cobalt| TITANIUM(HD|)| Xenon| Neon|XSK| 2| XS 2| PLATINUM| CARBON|GAMEPAD)\\b",AinolTablet:"NOVO7|NOVO8|NOVO10|Novo7Aurora|Novo7Basic|NOVO7PALADIN|novo9-Spark",NokiaLumiaTablet:"Lumia 2520",SonyTablet:"Sony.*Tablet|Xperia Tablet|Sony Tablet S|SO-03E|SGPT12|SGPT13|SGPT114|SGPT121|SGPT122|SGPT123|SGPT111|SGPT112|SGPT113|SGPT131|SGPT132|SGPT133|SGPT211|SGPT212|SGPT213|SGP311|SGP312|SGP321|EBRD1101|EBRD1102|EBRD1201|SGP351|SGP341|SGP511|SGP512|SGP521|SGP541|SGP551|SGP621|SGP641|SGP612|SOT31|SGP771|SGP611|SGP612|SGP712",PhilipsTablet:"\\b(PI2010|PI3000|PI3100|PI3105|PI3110|PI3205|PI3210|PI3900|PI4010|PI7000|PI7100)\\b",CubeTablet:"Android.*(K8GT|U9GT|U10GT|U16GT|U17GT|U18GT|U19GT|U20GT|U23GT|U30GT)|CUBE 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\\b(E3A|T3X|T5C|T5B|T3E|T3C|T3B|T1J|T1F|T2A|T1H|T1i|E1C|T1-E|T5-A|T4|E1-B|T2Ci|T1-B|T1-D|O1-A|E1-A|T1-A|T3A|T4i)\\b ",DanyTechTablet:"Genius Tab G3|Genius Tab S2|Genius Tab Q3|Genius Tab G4|Genius Tab Q4|Genius Tab G-II|Genius TAB GII|Genius TAB GIII|Genius Tab S1",GalapadTablet:"Android [0-9.]+; [a-z-]+; \\bG1\\b",MicromaxTablet:"Funbook|Micromax.*\\b(P250|P560|P360|P362|P600|P300|P350|P500|P275)\\b",KarbonnTablet:"Android.*\\b(A39|A37|A34|ST8|ST10|ST7|Smart Tab3|Smart Tab2)\\b",AllFineTablet:"Fine7 Genius|Fine7 Shine|Fine7 Air|Fine8 Style|Fine9 More|Fine10 Joy|Fine11 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7004|FreeTAB 7800|FreeTAB 2096|FreeTAB 7.5|FreeTAB 1014|FreeTAB 1001 |FreeTAB 8001|FreeTAB 9706|FreeTAB 9702|FreeTAB 7003|FreeTAB 7002|FreeTAB 1002|FreeTAB 7801|FreeTAB 1331|FreeTAB 1004|FreeTAB 8002|FreeTAB 8014|FreeTAB 9704|FreeTAB 1003",VoninoTablet:"\\b(Argus[ _]?S|Diamond[ _]?79HD|Emerald[ _]?78E|Luna[ _]?70C|Onyx[ _]?S|Onyx[ _]?Z|Orin[ _]?HD|Orin[ _]?S|Otis[ _]?S|SpeedStar[ _]?S|Magnet[ _]?M9|Primus[ _]?94[ _]?3G|Primus[ _]?94HD|Primus[ _]?QS|Android.*\\bQ8\\b|Sirius[ _]?EVO[ _]?QS|Sirius[ _]?QS|Spirit[ _]?S)\\b",ECSTablet:"V07OT2|TM105A|S10OT1|TR10CS1",StorexTablet:"eZee[_']?(Tab|Go)[0-9]+|TabLC7|Looney Tunes Tab",VodafoneTablet:"SmartTab([ ]+)?[0-9]+|SmartTabII10|SmartTabII7|VF-1497|VFD 1400",EssentielBTablet:"Smart[ ']?TAB[ ]+?[0-9]+|Family[ ']?TAB2",RossMoorTablet:"RM-790|RM-997|RMD-878G|RMD-974R|RMT-705A|RMT-701|RME-601|RMT-501|RMT-711",iMobileTablet:"i-mobile i-note",TolinoTablet:"tolino tab [0-9.]+|tolino shine",AudioSonicTablet:"\\bC-22Q|T7-QC|T-17B|T-17P\\b",AMPETablet:"Android.* A78 ",SkkTablet:"Android.* (SKYPAD|PHOENIX|CYCLOPS)",TecnoTablet:"TECNO P9|TECNO DP8D",JXDTablet:"Android.* \\b(F3000|A3300|JXD5000|JXD3000|JXD2000|JXD300B|JXD300|S5800|S7800|S602b|S5110b|S7300|S5300|S602|S603|S5100|S5110|S601|S7100a|P3000F|P3000s|P101|P200s|P1000m|P200m|P9100|P1000s|S6600b|S908|P1000|P300|S18|S6600|S9100)\\b",iJoyTablet:"Tablet (Spirit 7|Essentia|Galatea|Fusion|Onix 7|Landa|Titan|Scooby|Deox|Stella|Themis|Argon|Unique 7|Sygnus|Hexen|Finity 7|Cream|Cream X2|Jade|Neon 7|Neron 7|Kandy|Scape|Saphyr 7|Rebel|Biox|Rebel|Rebel 8GB|Myst|Draco 7|Myst|Tab7-004|Myst|Tadeo Jones|Tablet Boing|Arrow|Draco Dual Cam|Aurix|Mint|Amity|Revolution|Finity 9|Neon 9|T9w|Amity 4GB Dual Cam|Stone 4GB|Stone 8GB|Andromeda|Silken|X2|Andromeda II|Halley|Flame|Saphyr 9,7|Touch 8|Planet|Triton|Unique 10|Hexen 10|Memphis 4GB|Memphis 8GB|Onix 10)",FX2Tablet:"FX2 PAD7|FX2 PAD10",XoroTablet:"KidsPAD 701|PAD[ ]?712|PAD[ ]?714|PAD[ ]?716|PAD[ ]?717|PAD[ ]?718|PAD[ ]?720|PAD[ ]?721|PAD[ ]?722|PAD[ ]?790|PAD[ ]?792|PAD[ ]?900|PAD[ ]?9715D|PAD[ ]?9716DR|PAD[ ]?9718DR|PAD[ ]?9719QR|PAD[ ]?9720QR|TelePAD1030|Telepad1032|TelePAD730|TelePAD731|TelePAD732|TelePAD735Q|TelePAD830|TelePAD9730|TelePAD795|MegaPAD 1331|MegaPAD 1851|MegaPAD 2151",ViewsonicTablet:"ViewPad 10pi|ViewPad 10e|ViewPad 10s|ViewPad E72|ViewPad7|ViewPad E100|ViewPad 7e|ViewSonic VB733|VB100a",VerizonTablet:"QTAQZ3|QTAIR7|QTAQTZ3|QTASUN1|QTASUN2|QTAXIA1",OdysTablet:"LOOX|XENO10|ODYS[ -](Space|EVO|Xpress|NOON)|\\bXELIO\\b|Xelio10Pro|XELIO7PHONETAB|XELIO10EXTREME|XELIOPT2|NEO_QUAD10",CaptivaTablet:"CAPTIVA PAD",IconbitTablet:"NetTAB|NT-3702|NT-3702S|NT-3702S|NT-3603P|NT-3603P|NT-0704S|NT-0704S|NT-3805C|NT-3805C|NT-0806C|NT-0806C|NT-0909T|NT-0909T|NT-0907S|NT-0907S|NT-0902S|NT-0902S",TeclastTablet:"T98 4G|\\bP80\\b|\\bX90HD\\b|X98 Air|X98 Air 3G|\\bX89\\b|P80 3G|\\bX80h\\b|P98 Air|\\bX89HD\\b|P98 3G|\\bP90HD\\b|P89 3G|X98 3G|\\bP70h\\b|P79HD 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Edge",IE:"IEMobile|MSIEMobile",Firefox:"fennec|firefox.*maemo|(Mobile|Tablet).*Firefox|Firefox.*Mobile|FxiOS",Bolt:"bolt",TeaShark:"teashark",Blazer:"Blazer",Safari:"Version((?!\\bEdgiOS\\b).)*Mobile.*Safari|Safari.*Mobile|MobileSafari",WeChat:"\\bMicroMessenger\\b",UCBrowser:"UC.*Browser|UCWEB",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser",DiigoBrowser:"DiigoBrowser",Mercury:"\\bMercury\\b",ObigoBrowser:"Obigo",NetFront:"NF-Browser",GenericBrowser:"NokiaBrowser|OviBrowser|OneBrowser|TwonkyBeamBrowser|SEMC.*Browser|FlyFlow|Minimo|NetFront|Novarra-Vision|MQQBrowser|MicroMessenger",PaleMoon:"Android.*PaleMoon|Mobile.*PaleMoon"},props:{Mobile:"Mobile/[VER]",Build:"Build/[VER]",Version:"Version/[VER]",VendorID:"VendorID/[VER]",iPad:"iPad.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPhone:"iPhone.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",iPod:"iPod.*CPU[a-z ]+[VER]",Kindle:"Kindle/[VER]",Chrome:["Chrome/[VER]","CriOS/[VER]","CrMo/[VER]"],Coast:["Coast/[VER]"],Dolfin:"Dolfin/[VER]",Firefox:["Firefox/[VER]","FxiOS/[VER]"],Fennec:"Fennec/[VER]",Edge:"Edge/[VER]",IE:["IEMobile/[VER];","IEMobile [VER]","MSIE [VER];","Trident/[0-9.]+;.*rv:[VER]"],NetFront:"NetFront/[VER]",NokiaBrowser:"NokiaBrowser/[VER]",Opera:[" OPR/[VER]","Opera Mini/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],"Opera Mini":"Opera Mini/[VER]","Opera Mobi":"Version/[VER]",UCBrowser:["UCWEB[VER]","UC.*Browser/[VER]"],MQQBrowser:"MQQBrowser/[VER]",MicroMessenger:"MicroMessenger/[VER]",baiduboxapp:"baiduboxapp/[VER]",baidubrowser:"baidubrowser/[VER]",SamsungBrowser:"SamsungBrowser/[VER]",Iron:"Iron/[VER]",Safari:["Version/[VER]","Safari/[VER]"],Skyfire:"Skyfire/[VER]",Tizen:"Tizen/[VER]",Webkit:"webkit[ /][VER]",PaleMoon:"PaleMoon/[VER]",SailfishBrowser:"SailfishBrowser/[VER]",Gecko:"Gecko/[VER]",Trident:"Trident/[VER]",Presto:"Presto/[VER]",Goanna:"Goanna/[VER]",iOS:" \\bi?OS\\b [VER][ ;]{1}",Android:"Android [VER]",Sailfish:"Sailfish [VER]",BlackBerry:["BlackBerry[\\w]+/[VER]","BlackBerry.*Version/[VER]","Version/[VER]"],BREW:"BREW [VER]",Java:"Java/[VER]","Windows Phone OS":["Windows Phone OS [VER]","Windows Phone [VER]"],"Windows Phone":"Windows Phone [VER]","Windows CE":"Windows CE/[VER]","Windows NT":"Windows NT [VER]",Symbian:["SymbianOS/[VER]","Symbian/[VER]"],webOS:["webOS/[VER]","hpwOS/[VER];"]},utils:{Bot:"Googlebot|facebookexternalhit|Google-AMPHTML|s~amp-validator|AdsBot-Google|Google Keyword Suggestion|Facebot|YandexBot|YandexMobileBot|bingbot|ia_archiver|AhrefsBot|Ezooms|GSLFbot|WBSearchBot|Twitterbot|TweetmemeBot|Twikle|PaperLiBot|Wotbox|UnwindFetchor|Exabot|MJ12bot|YandexImages|TurnitinBot|Pingdom|contentkingapp|AspiegelBot",MobileBot:"Googlebot-Mobile|AdsBot-Google-Mobile|YahooSeeker/M1A1-R2D2",DesktopMode:"WPDesktop",TV:"SonyDTV|HbbTV",WebKit:"(webkit)[ /]([\\w.]+)",Console:"\\b(Nintendo|Nintendo WiiU|Nintendo 3DS|Nintendo Switch|PLAYSTATION|Xbox)\\b",Watch:"SM-V700"}},g.detectMobileBrowsers={fullPattern:/(android|bb\d+|meego).+mobile|avantgo|bada\/|blackberry|blazer|compal|elaine|fennec|hiptop|iemobile|ip(hone|od)|iris|kindle|lge |maemo|midp|mmp|mobile.+firefox|netfront|opera m(ob|in)i|palm( os)?|phone|p(ixi|re)\/|plucker|pocket|psp|series(4|6)0|symbian|treo|up\.(browser|link)|vodafone|wap|windows ce|xda|xiino/i,shortPattern:/1207|6310|6590|3gso|4thp|50[1-6]i|770s|802s|a wa|abac|ac(er|oo|s\-)|ai(ko|rn)|al(av|ca|co)|amoi|an(ex|ny|yw)|aptu|ar(ch|go)|as(te|us)|attw|au(di|\-m|r |s )|avan|be(ck|ll|nq)|bi(lb|rd)|bl(ac|az)|br(e|v)w|bumb|bw\-(n|u)|c55\/|capi|ccwa|cdm\-|cell|chtm|cldc|cmd\-|co(mp|nd)|craw|da(it|ll|ng)|dbte|dc\-s|devi|dica|dmob|do(c|p)o|ds(12|\-d)|el(49|ai)|em(l2|ul)|er(ic|k0)|esl8|ez([4-7]0|os|wa|ze)|fetc|fly(\-|_)|g1 u|g560|gene|gf\-5|g\-mo|go(\.w|od)|gr(ad|un)|haie|hcit|hd\-(m|p|t)|hei\-|hi(pt|ta)|hp( i|ip)|hs\-c|ht(c(\-| |_|a|g|p|s|t)|tp)|hu(aw|tc)|i\-(20|go|ma)|i230|iac( |\-|\/)|ibro|idea|ig01|ikom|im1k|inno|ipaq|iris|ja(t|v)a|jbro|jemu|jigs|kddi|keji|kgt( |\/)|klon|kpt |kwc\-|kyo(c|k)|le(no|xi)|lg( g|\/(k|l|u)|50|54|\-[a-w])|libw|lynx|m1\-w|m3ga|m50\/|ma(te|ui|xo)|mc(01|21|ca)|m\-cr|me(rc|ri)|mi(o8|oa|ts)|mmef|mo(01|02|bi|de|do|t(\-| |o|v)|zz)|mt(50|p1|v )|mwbp|mywa|n10[0-2]|n20[2-3]|n30(0|2)|n50(0|2|5)|n7(0(0|1)|10)|ne((c|m)\-|on|tf|wf|wg|wt)|nok(6|i)|nzph|o2im|op(ti|wv)|oran|owg1|p800|pan(a|d|t)|pdxg|pg(13|\-([1-8]|c))|phil|pire|pl(ay|uc)|pn\-2|po(ck|rt|se)|prox|psio|pt\-g|qa\-a|qc(07|12|21|32|60|\-[2-7]|i\-)|qtek|r380|r600|raks|rim9|ro(ve|zo)|s55\/|sa(ge|ma|mm|ms|ny|va)|sc(01|h\-|oo|p\-)|sdk\/|se(c(\-|0|1)|47|mc|nd|ri)|sgh\-|shar|sie(\-|m)|sk\-0|sl(45|id)|sm(al|ar|b3|it|t5)|so(ft|ny)|sp(01|h\-|v\-|v )|sy(01|mb)|t2(18|50)|t6(00|10|18)|ta(gt|lk)|tcl\-|tdg\-|tel(i|m)|tim\-|t\-mo|to(pl|sh)|ts(70|m\-|m3|m5)|tx\-9|up(\.b|g1|si)|utst|v400|v750|veri|vi(rg|te)|vk(40|5[0-3]|\-v)|vm40|voda|vulc|vx(52|53|60|61|70|80|81|83|85|98)|w3c(\-| )|webc|whit|wi(g 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