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<span>Cell biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lewy_neurites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lewy_neurites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lewy neurites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lewy_neurites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="أجسام ليوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أجسام ليوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy-K%C3%B6rperchen" title="Lewy-Körperchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lewy-Körperchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Lewy" title="Cuerpo de Lewy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuerpo de Lewy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جسم لویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جسم لویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_de_Lewy" title="Corps de Lewy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corps de Lewy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_de_Lewy" title="Corpo de Lewy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corpo de Lewy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="루이소체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이소체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpo_di_Lewy" title="Korpo di Lewy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Korpo di Lewy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Lewy" title="Badan Lewy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan Lewy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_di_Lewy" title="Corpo di Lewy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corpo di Lewy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpusculum_Leweyi" title="Corpusculum Leweyi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corpusculum Leweyi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy-lichaampje" title="Lewy-lichaampje – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lewy-lichaampje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="レビー小体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レビー小体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82a_Lewy%E2%80%99ego" title="Ciała Lewy’ego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciała Lewy’ego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_de_Lewy" title="Corpo de Lewy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corpo de Lewy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тельца Леви – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тельца Леви" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" title="Lewy body – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lewy body" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Левијево тело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Левијево тело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewyn_kappale" title="Lewyn kappale – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lewyn kappale" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lewy_bodies_%28alpha_synuclein_inclusions%29.svg/300px-Lewy_bodies_%28alpha_synuclein_inclusions%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lewy_bodies_%28alpha_synuclein_inclusions%29.svg/450px-Lewy_bodies_%28alpha_synuclein_inclusions%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lewy_bodies_%28alpha_synuclein_inclusions%29.svg/600px-Lewy_bodies_%28alpha_synuclein_inclusions%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Photomicrographs of regions of substantia nigra in this Parkinson's patient show Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in various magnifications. Top panels show a 60× magnification of the alpha-synuclein intraneuronal inclusions aggregated to form Lewy bodies. The bottom panels are 20× magnification images that show strand-like Lewy neurites and rounded Lewy bodies of various sizes. Neuromelanin-laden cells of the substantia nigra are visible in the background. Stains used: mouse monoclonal alpha-synuclein antibody; counterstained with Mayer's <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">haematoxylin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG/220px-Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG/330px-Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Lewy_Koerperchen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Lewy bodies</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lewy bodies</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_bodies" title="Inclusion bodies">inclusion bodies</a> – abnormal <a href="/wiki/Protein_aggregation" title="Protein aggregation">aggregations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> – that develop inside <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> affected by <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> (PD), the <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_dementia" title="Lewy body dementia">Lewy body dementias</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease_dementia" title="Parkinson's disease dementia">Parkinson's disease dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">dementia with Lewy bodies</a> (DLB)), and some other disorders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> They are also seen in cases of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy#Current_terminology" title="Multiple system atrophy">parkinsonian variant (MSA-P)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewy bodies appear as spherical masses in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> that displace other cell components. For instance, some Lewy bodies tend to displace the nucleus to one side of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Spillantini_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spillantini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are two main kinds of Lewy bodies – classical and cortical. A classical Lewy body is an <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic" title="Eosinophilic">eosinophilic</a> cytoplasmic inclusion consisting of a dense core surrounded by a halo of 10 nm wide radiating <a href="/wiki/Fibril" title="Fibril">fibrils</a>, the primary structural component of which is <a href="/wiki/Alpha-synuclein" title="Alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a> (α-synuclein). While similar in many other respects, cortical Lewy bodies are only faintly eosinophilic, do not have a surrounding halo, and do not show a radial filamentous substructure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewy bodies may be found in the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> (within the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a>) or within the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lewy" title="Frederic Lewy">Fritz Heinrich Lewy</a> was studying in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> for his doctorate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first doctor to notice some unusual proteins in the brain, comparing them to earlier findings by <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Lafora" title="Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora">Gonzalo Rodríguez Lafora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Engelhardt2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engelhardt2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, Lafora described another case, and acknowledged Lewy as the discoverer, naming them <i>cuerpos intracelulares de Lewy</i> (intracellular Lewy bodies).<sup id="cite_ref-Engelhardt2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engelhardt2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tretiakoff" title="Konstantin Tretiakoff">Konstantin Nikolaevich Trétiakoff</a> found them in 1919 in the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a> of PD brains, called them <i>corps de Lewy</i> and is credited with the eponym.<sup id="cite_ref-Engelhardt2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engelhardt2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, Lewy published his findings in a book, <i>The Study on Muscle Tone and Movement. Including Systematic Investigations on the Clinic, Physiology, Pathology, and Pathogenesis of Paralysis agitans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EngelhardtGomes2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EngelhardtGomes2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eliasz Engelhardt, who is in the neurology department at <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Federal University of Rio de Janeiro">Federal University of Rio de Janeiro</a>, argued in 2017 that Lafora should be credited with the eponym, because he named them six years before Trétiakoff.<sup id="cite_ref-Engelhardt2017_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engelhardt2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tretiakoff" title="Konstantin Tretiakoff">Trétiakoff</a> is still the primary figure acknowledged for coining the term, "Lewy bodies".<sup id="cite_ref-Engelhardt2017_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engelhardt2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Journal of the History of the Neurosciences</i>, Dr. Lewy became interested in studying more about the brain (<a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>), because of the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a> made in 1906. The article mentions that the third reported case of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> had histological structures that happened to be similar to Lewy body histology slides, but the contribution was not given to Lewy's finding.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cell_biology">Cell biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cell biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_(alpha_synucleinopathy).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_%28alpha_synucleinopathy%29.svg/220px-Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_%28alpha_synucleinopathy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_%28alpha_synucleinopathy%29.svg/330px-Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_%28alpha_synucleinopathy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_%28alpha_synucleinopathy%29.svg/440px-Dorsal_motor_nucleus_of_Vagus_with_Lewy_body_pathology_%28alpha_synucleinopathy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4228" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Photomicrograph of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DmX) in a transverse section along the upper medulla shown to be affected by the abnormally deposited alpha synuclein as part of intraneuronal Lewy bodies found (extreme right)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12498954_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12498954-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A Lewy body is composed of the protein α-synuclein associated with other proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin" title="Ubiquitin">ubiquitin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18216494_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18216494-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neurofilament_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurofilament protein">neurofilament protein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CRYAB" title="CRYAB">alpha B crystallin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tau_protein" title="Tau protein">Tau proteins</a> may also be present, and Lewy bodies may occasionally be surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangle" title="Neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewy bodies and neurofibrillary tangles can occasionally exist in the same neuron, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alpha-synuclein modulates <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> processes, including repair of DNA <a href="/wiki/Double-strand_breaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-strand breaks">double-strand breaks</a> (DSBs) by the process of <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31358782_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31358782-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repair function of alpha-synuclein appears to be greatly reduced in Lewy body bearing neurons, and this reduction may trigger cell death. Mutations are the reason behind their damaged repair function.<sup id="cite_ref-Baba1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baba1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One mutation in particular, in the gene encoding for presynaptic alpha-synuclein, was found to have been passed down from family members with PD.<sup id="cite_ref-Baba1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baba1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly in regards to DLB, Lewy bodies retrieved from DLB brains were found to contain alpha-synuclein proteins that were shortened by mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-Baba1998_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baba1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewy bodies are believed to represent an <a href="/wiki/Aggresome" title="Aggresome">aggresome</a> response in the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14627698_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14627698-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When misfolded proteins aggregate, or clump together, many diseases are more likely to develop, including those that are associated with Lewy bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aggregation is believed to occur when there is a high amount of misfolded proteins in the <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin-proteasome_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway">ubiquitin-proteasome pathway</a>, which are then brought to a resulting aggresome so they can be organized into one place.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1998_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Lewy bodies are made of ubiquitinated proteins that would be handled in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, they may be made from this or a similar process if the pathway capacity is indeed exceeded by misfolded proteins that aggregate together.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1998_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the aggresome, where the damaged proteins fully aggregate, is akin to the Lewy body. </p><p>Despite their differences, there is evidence that a particular protein family, called <a href="/wiki/14-3-3_protein" title="14-3-3 protein">14-3-3</a>, plays a role in the formation of both cortical and classical Lewy bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawamoto2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawamoto2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This makes it an important protein family in regards to Lewy body-associated diseases, and there are at least 7 forms of it that have been clearly identified in mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawamoto2002_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawamoto2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortical Lewy bodies are also composed of alpha-synuclein fibrils, but are less defined and lack halos. This kind of Lewy body is one of those aforementioned that regularly displaces the nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-Spillantini_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spillantini-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a>, cortical Lewy bodies are a distinguishing feature for dementia with Lewy bodies, but may occasionally be seen in ballooned neurons characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticobasal_degeneration" title="Corticobasal degeneration">corticobasal degeneration</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in patients with other <a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">tauopathies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lewy_neurites">Lewy neurites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lewy neurites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg/220px-Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg/330px-Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg/440px-Lewy_neurites_alpha_synuclein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Lewy neurites in a DLB case. Stain application: immunohistochemical</figcaption></figure> <p>Lewy neurites are abnormal <a href="/wiki/Neurite" title="Neurite">neurites</a> in diseased neurons, containing granular material and abnormal α-synuclein filaments similar to those found in Lewy bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites are a feature of <a href="/wiki/Synucleinopathy" title="Synucleinopathy">α-synucleinopathies</a> such as dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wami2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wami2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also found in the CA2-3 region of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wami2004_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wami2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_body_dementia" title="Lewy body dementia">Lewy body dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteinopathy" title="Proteinopathy">Proteinopathy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpillantiniCrowtherJakesHasegawa1998" class="citation journal cs1">Spillantini MG, Crowther RA, Jakes R, Hasegawa M, Goedert M (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27806">"alpha-Synuclein in filamentous inclusions of Lewy bodies from Parkinson's disease and dementia with lewy bodies"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>95</b> (11): 6469–6473. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.6469G">1998PNAS...95.6469G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=alpha-Synuclein+in+filamentous+inclusions+of+Lewy+bodies+from+Parkinson%27s+disease+and+dementia+with+lewy+bodies&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=6469-6473&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC27806%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9600990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.11.6469&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.6469G&rft.aulast=Spillantini&rft.aufirst=MG&rft.au=Crowther%2C+RA&rft.au=Jakes%2C+R&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+M&rft.au=Goedert%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC27806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewy+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wami2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wami2004_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wami2004_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaruiIsekiKatoAkatsu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marui W, Iseki E, Kato M, Akatsu H, Kosaka K (August 2004). "Pathological entity of dementia with Lewy bodies and its differentiation from Alzheimer's disease". <i>Acta Neuropathologica</i>. <b>108</b> (2): 121–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-004-0869-4">10.1007/s00401-004-0869-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15235805">15235805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22624886">22624886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neuropathologica&rft.atitle=Pathological+entity+of+dementia+with+Lewy+bodies+and+its+differentiation+from+Alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-128&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22624886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15235805&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00401-004-0869-4&rft.aulast=Marui&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Iseki%2C+E&rft.au=Kato%2C+M&rft.au=Akatsu%2C+H&rft.au=Kosaka%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewy+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewy_body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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