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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_del_bajo_Cross" title="Lenguas del bajo Cross – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas del bajo Cross" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obolo_jezici" title="Obolo jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obolo jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Lower_Cross_River" title="Asụsụ Lower Cross River – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Lower Cross River" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Nigerian languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ffddaa;">Lower Cross River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Lower Cross, Ibibioid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>; Roughly west of the <a href="/wiki/Imo_River" title="Imo River">Imo</a> estuary to east of the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross</a> estuary.<br /> lower <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Southwest Region (Cameroon)">Southwest Cameroon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic–Congo">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue–Congo">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Lower Cross River</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li>Lower Cross proper (Ibibioid)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/obol1242">obol1242</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lower Cross River languages</b> form a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. They consist of the divergent <a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo language</a> (or Andoni, 200,000 speakers), and the core of the branch, which includes the 4 million speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Efik-Ibibio" class="mw-redirect" title="Efik-Ibibio">Efik-Ibibio</a> cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li>Lower Cross proper: <a href="/wiki/Efik-Ibibio" class="mw-redirect" title="Efik-Ibibio">Efik-Ibibio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibino_language" title="Ibino language">Ibino</a> (Ibeno), <a href="/wiki/Oro_language" title="Oro language">Oro</a> (Oron), <a href="/wiki/Okobo_language" title="Okobo language">Okobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iko_language" title="Iko language">Iko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebughu_language" title="Ebughu language">Ebughu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilue_language" title="Ilue language">Ilue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enwang-Uda_language" title="Enwang-Uda language">Enwang-Uda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usaghade_language" title="Usaghade language">Usaghade</a></li></ul> <p>Additionally, <i>Ethnologue</i> lists several more languages within the Efik-Ibibio cluster. (See <a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Ibibio-Efik languages</a>.) </p><p>Forde and Jones (1950) considered <a href="/wiki/Ibino_language" title="Ibino language">Ibino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oro_language" title="Oro language">Oro</a> to be Efik-Ibibio. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_locations">Names and locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Cross_River_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 75%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Branch</th> <th>Dialects</th> <th>Alternate spellings</th> <th>Own name for language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">Endonym</a>(s)</th> <th>Other names (location-based)</th> <th>Other names for language</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">Exonym</a>(s)</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th>Location(s)</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ebughu_language" title="Ebughu language">Ebughu</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ebughu</td> <td>Ebughu</td> <td>Oron</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>more than 5,000 (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Mbo and Oron LGAs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Enwang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enwang language">Enwang</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Enwang</td> <td>Enwang</td> <td>Oron (incorrectly)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>estimated 50,000 plus (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Mbo LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iko_language" title="Iko language">Iko</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Iko</td> <td></td> <td>Obolo (incorrectly included within Obolo)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Three villages: 5,000+ (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Eastern Obolo LGA<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilue_language" title="Ilue language">Ilue</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Idua</td> <td>Ilue</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,000 (1988); diminishing</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Oron LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okobo_language" title="Okobo language">Ọkọbọ</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>11,200 (1945 F&J); 50,000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Okobo LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uda language">Uda</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Uda</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10,000 plus (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Mbo LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukwa_language" title="Ukwa language">Ukwa</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a>, Akampka LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Usaghade_language" title="Usaghade language">Usaghade</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Usakade(t)</td> <td>Usaghade</td> <td></td> <td>Isangele</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>estimate 10,000 (1990) although mostly in <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Cameroon" title="Departments of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a>, Odukpani LGA; mainly in <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Cameroon" title="Departments of Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, Isangele sub–division</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Idere_language" title="Idere language">Idere</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Idere</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>more than 5,000 (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Itu LGA</td> <td>no data </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Efai_language" title="Efai language">Efai</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Efai</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Effiat (from Efik)</td> <td></td> <td>>5,000 (1988 est.)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Mbo LGA; <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Cameroon" title="Departments of Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, Isangele sub–division</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oro_language" title="Oro language">Ọrọ</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Oron</td> <td>Ọrọ (Oro)</td> <td>Ọrọ (Oro)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>319,000 (1963 per Kuperus)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Oron LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ito_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito language">Ito</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ito</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,000 plus (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Akamkpa LGA</td> <td>no data </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eki_language" title="Eki language">Eki</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Eki</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5000 plus (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a></td> <td>no data </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Etebi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Etebi language">Etebi</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Etebi</td> <td></td> <td>Oron (incorrectly); Ekit (incorrectly)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>estimate 15,000 (1989)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Uquo Ibeno LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itu_Mbon_Uzo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itu Mbon Uzo language">Itu Mbon Uzo</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td>Itu Mbuzo</td> <td>Itu Mbon Uzo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,000 plus (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Ikono LGA</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td>Abak, Ikot Ekpene, Ukanafun</td> <td>Annang, Anang, Anaŋ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>246,000 (F&J 1944-5): estimated 1,000,000 (1990)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Ikot Ekpene, Essien Udim, Abak, Ukanafun and Oruk–Anam LGAs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Calabar</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>26,300 (1950 F&J),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10,000 in <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Cameroon" title="Departments of Cameroon">Cameroon</a>; 360,000 first language speakers; spoken as a second language by 1.3 million (UN 1960), 3.5 million (1986 UBS) diminishing</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River State</a>, Calabar municipality, Odukpani and Akamkpa LGAs; and in <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Cameroon" title="Departments of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekit language">Ekit</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td>Ekid, Eket</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>22,000 (1952 W&B); estimated 200,000 (1989)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Eket and Uquo Ibeno LGAs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td>Nkari, Enyong, Central, Itak, Nsit etc. roughly according to clans</td> <td>Ibibyo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>800,000 (1952) (may include Efik); 283,000 (1945 F&J); 2 million (1973 census); estimated 2.5 million (Ibibio proper 1990)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Ikono, Itu, Uyo, Etinan, Ekpe–Atai, Uruan, Nsit–Ubium, Onna, Mkpat Enin and Abasi LGAs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibuoro_language" title="Ibuoro language">Ibuoro</a></td> <td>Central</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Ibuoro</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>5,000 plus (1988)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Itu and Ikono LGAs</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></td> <td>West</td> <td>From West to East: Ataba, Unyeada, Ngo, Okoroete, Ibot Obolo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Òbólò</td> <td>Andoni</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>22,400 (1944 F&J); 90,000 (1983 Aaron); 100,000 (Faraclas 1989)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a>, Andoni LGA: western dialects; <a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Eastern Obolo LGA: eastern dialects<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibino_language" title="Ibino language">Ibinọ</a></td> <td>West</td> <td></td> <td>Ibuno, Ibeno</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10,000 (Faraclas (1989)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom State</a>, Ibeno LGA<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstructions">Reconstructions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Cross_River_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reconstructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proto-Lower Cross River has been reconstructed by Connell (n.d.)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Cross_River_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Lower_Cross_River_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Lower Cross River reconstructions">List of Proto-Lower Cross River reconstructions</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Cross_River_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEssien1990" class="citation book cs1">Essien, Okon (1990). <i>A grammar of the Ibibio language</i>. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+the+Ibibio+language&rft.place=Ibadan%2C+Nigeria&rft.pub=University+Press+Limited&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Essien&rft.aufirst=Okon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Cross+River+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2019" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2019). <i>An Atlas of Nigerian Languages</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Cross+River+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/iki">"Iko"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fiki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Cross+River+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forde, C.D. and G.I. Jones 1950. The Ibo and Ibibio speaking peoples of Southern Nigeria. Ethnographic Survey of Africa. Western Africa part III. International African Institute, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ann">"Obolo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Cross+River+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ibn">"Ibino"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Cross+River+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell, Bruce. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Lower%20Cross/Lower%20Cross%20wordlists%20Unicode.pdf">Comparative Lower Cross wordlist</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" title="creativecommons:by/3.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Creative_Commons_by_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rogerblench.info/">text</a> available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0</a> license.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Cross_River_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connell, Bruce. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Lower%20Cross/Lower%20Cross%20wordlists%20Unicode.pdf">Comparative Lower Cross wordlist</a>. Unpublished manuscript.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cross_River_languages" title="Template:Cross River languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cross_River_languages" title="Template talk:Cross River languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cross_River_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cross River languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cross_River_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Delta_languages" title="Central Delta languages">Central Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abua_language" title="Abua language">Abua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abureni_language" title="Abureni language">Abureni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obulom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbia_language" title="Ogbia language">Ogbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27chi%27chi%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O'chi'chi' language">O’chi’chi’</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baan_language" title="Baan language">Baan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_language" title="Tee language">Tẹẹ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_River_languages" title="Upper Cross River languages">Upper Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North-South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwune_language" title="Gwune language">Gwune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humono_language" title="Humono language">Humono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kele language (Nigeria)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oring_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oring language">Oring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaghara_language" title="Ubaghara language">Ubaghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umon_language" title="Umon language">Umon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zekwe_language" title="Zekwe language">Zekwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East-West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikom_language" title="Ikom language">Ikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbo_language" title="Gbo language">Legbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokaa language">Lokaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubila_language" title="Lubila language">Lubila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_Mbembe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross River Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkukoli_language" title="Nkukoli language">Nkukoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyima_language" title="Nyima language">Nyima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigha_language" title="Yigha language">Yigha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoi_language" title="Agoi language">Agoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doko_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doko language (Nigeria)">Doko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorop_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorop language">Dorop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyongiyong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyongiyong language">Iyongiyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_language" title="Kiong language">Kiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akpet_language" title="Akpet language">Ukpet-Ehom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Ibibio-Efik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Annang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket_language" title="Eket language">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebughu_language" title="Ebughu language">Ebughu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enwang-Uda_language" title="Enwang-Uda language">Enwang-Uda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibino_language" title="Ibino language">Ibino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iko_language" title="Iko language">Iko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilue_language" title="Ilue language">Ilue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okobo_language" title="Okobo language">Okobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_language" title="Oro language">Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usaghade_language" title="Usaghade language">Usaghade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Niger–Congo_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template talk:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niger–Congo_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savannas_languages" title="Savannas languages">Savannas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages" title="Bena–Mboi languages">Bena–Mboi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Bikwin–Jen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">Bua</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Kwah (Baa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Mbum (Kebi–Benue)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuye</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom (Kam)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">Samba–Duru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula–Waja</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages" title="Yendang languages">Yendang (Maya)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Central Gur</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Miyobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viemo_language" title="Viemo language">Viemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mba_languages" title="Mba languages">Mba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sere_languages" title="Sere languages">Sere (Ndogo)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Delta_languages" title="Central Delta languages">Central Delta</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Cross River</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_River_languages" title="Upper Cross River languages">Upper Cross River</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakoid_languages" title="Dakoid languages">Dakoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mambiloid_languages" title="Mambiloid languages">Mambiloid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beboid_languages" title="Beboid languages">Beboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bendi_languages" title="Bendi languages">Bendi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages" title="Ekoid languages">Ekoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tivoid_languages" title="Tivoid languages">Tivoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere–Ahan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Atlantic_languages" title="West Atlantic languages">West Atlantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bak_languages" title="Bak languages">Bak</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijago_language" title="Bijago language">Bijago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dompo_language" title="Dompo language">Dompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangree_language" title="Mangree language">Mangree</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mande_languages" title="Eastern Mande languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shanga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Tyenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mande_languages" title="Southern Mande languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gban_language" title="Gban language">Gban</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_language" title="Mano language">Mano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central West<br />(Manding–Kpelle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jogo_languages" title="Jogo languages">Jogo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokole_languages" title="Mokole languages">Mokole</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soso%E2%80%93Jalonke_languages" title="Soso–Jalonke languages">Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mande_languages" title="Southwestern Mande languages">Southwestern Mande</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vai%E2%80%93Kono_languages" title="Vai–Kono languages">Vai–Kono</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest<br />(Samogo–Soninke)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu (Jɔ)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soninke%E2%80%93Bozo_languages" title="Soninke–Bozo languages">Soninke–Bozo</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komta_language" title="Komta language">Komta</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degere" title="Degere">Degere</a> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dima-Bottego_language" title="Dima-Bottego language">Dima-Bottego</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a> ?</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">Serengeti-Dorobo</a></i>" ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawu_language" title="Wawu language">Wawu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Niger%E2%80%93Congo_language" title="Proto-Niger–Congo language">Proto-Niger–Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu_language" title="Proto-Bantu language">Proto-Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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