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Philosophy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unity_of_opposites_and_flux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_of_opposites_and_flux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Unity of opposites and flux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_of_opposites_and_flux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Panta_rhei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panta_rhei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Panta rhei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panta_rhei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-You_cannot_step_into_the_same_river_twice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#You_cannot_step_into_the_same_river_twice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 You cannot step into the same river twice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-You_cannot_step_into_the_same_river_twice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strife_is_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strife_is_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Strife is justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strife_is_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Logos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fire_as_symbolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_as_symbolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Fire as symbolic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_as_symbolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cosmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Sun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Moon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 God </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 The Soul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Foreign influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Persia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 Egypt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ancient </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Socratics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Socratics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Pre-Socratics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Socratics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eleatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eleatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.1 Eleatics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eleatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluralists_and_atomists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluralists_and_atomists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.2 Pluralists and atomists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluralists_and_atomists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sophists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sophists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1.3 Sophists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sophists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_and_Hellenistic_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_and_Hellenistic_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Classical and Hellenistic philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_Hellenistic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stoics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stoics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.1 Stoics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stoics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cynics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.2 Cynics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrrhonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrrhonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2.3 Pyrrhonists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrrhonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Early Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weeping_philosopher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weeping_philosopher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Weeping philosopher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weeping_philosopher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Rationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_empiricism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_empiricism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 British empiricism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_empiricism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_sense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_sense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2.1 Common sense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_sense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Kantianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Kantianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Post-Kantianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Kantianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heraclitean_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraclitean_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3.1 Heraclitean studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraclitean_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Continental </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analytic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analytic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Analytic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analytic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wittgenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wittgenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5.1 Wittgenstein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wittgenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contradiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contradiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5.2 Contradiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contradiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5.3 Philosophy of Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5.4 Philosophy of Time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragment_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragment_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Fragment numbers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragment_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ancient sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Testimony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Fragments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Imitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Modern scholarship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Heraclitus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="هرقليطس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرقليطس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclito" title="Heraclito – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Heraclito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1clito" title="Heráclito – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Heráclito" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efesli_Heraklit" title="Efesli Heraklit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Efesli Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="হেরাক্লিটাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেরাক্লিটাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Геракліт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геракліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Геракліт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Геракліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хераклит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хераклит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧེ་རཱ་ཁི་ལེ་ཁྲི་ཟི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧེ་རཱ་ཁི་ལེ་ཁྲི་ཟི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclit" title="Heraclit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heraclit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rakleitos" title="Hérakleitos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hérakleitos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraclitu" title="Eraclitu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Eraclitu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitos" title="Heraclitos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heraclitos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ηράκλειτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηράκλειτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гераклит – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гераклит" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1clito" title="Heráclito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heráclito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklito" title="Heraklito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heraklito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A1clitu" title="Eráclitu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eráclitu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklito" title="Heraklito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heraklito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هراکلیتوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هراکلیتوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9raclite" title="Héraclite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Héraclite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus_%C3%A0_Ephesus" title="Heraclitus à Ephesus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Heraclitus à Ephesus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1clito_de_%C3%89feso" title="Heráclito de Éfeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heráclito de Éfeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="헤라클레이토스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤라클레이토스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հերակլիտոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերակլիտոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हेरक्लिटस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेरक्लिटस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklitus_de_Efezos" title="Heraklitus de Efezos – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Heraklitus de Efezos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraclito" title="Eraclito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eraclito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הרקליטוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרקליטוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჰერაკლიტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერაკლიტე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гераклит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гераклит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AArakleitos" title="Hêrakleitos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hêrakleitos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гераклит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гераклит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Heraclitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%93rakleits" title="Hērakleits – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hērakleits" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklitas" title="Heraklitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heraklitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraclito" title="Eraclito – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Eraclito" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclito" title="Heraclito – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Heraclito" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epheszoszi_H%C3%A9rakleitosz" title="Epheszoszi Hérakleitosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epheszoszi Hérakleitosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хераклит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хераклит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklito" title="Heraklito – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Heraklito" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെരാക്ലീറ്റസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെരാക്ലീറ്റസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ჰერაკლიტე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰერაკლიტე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هيراكليتوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيراكليتوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هراکلیتوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هراکلیتوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heraclitus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9" title="ヘラクレイトス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘラクレイトス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraclit" title="Eraclit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eraclit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraklit_Efeslik" title="Geraklit Efeslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Geraklit Efeslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹੇਰਾਕਲਿਟਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਰਾਕਲਿਟਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ہیراکلیٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیراکلیٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هېراکلیتوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېراکلیتوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A0clito" title="Eràclito – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eràclito" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%C3%A1clito" title="Heráclito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heráclito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclit" title="Heraclit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heraclit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Гераклит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гераклит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakliti" title="Herakliti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Herakliti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A0clitu" title="Eràclitu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eràclitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heraclitus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rakleitos_z_Efezu" title="Hérakleitos z Efezu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hérakleitos z Efezu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit_Mra%C4%8Dni" title="Heraklit Mračni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Heraklit Mračni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ھێراکلیتوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێراکلیتوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Хераклит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хераклит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklit" title="Heraklit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heraklit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Һераклит – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һераклит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li 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data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklitos" title="Heraklitos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heraklitos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Геракліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геракліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Heraclitus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakleitos" title="Herakleitos – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Herakleitos" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Heraclitus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="赫拉克利特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="赫拉克利特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herakl%C4%97ts" title="Heraklėts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Heraklėts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赫拉克利特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Greek philosopher (late 6th/early 5th-century BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Heraclitus, see <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_(disambiguation)" title="Heraclitus (disambiguation)">Heraclitus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Heraclitus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg/250px-Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg/330px-Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg/500px-Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="963" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Possible bust of Heraclitus, from the Hall of Philosophers in the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th century BC <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionia_(satrapy)" title="Ionia (satrapy)">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 5th century BC <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Ephesus, <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">Paradox</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Fire is the <a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">arche</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence#Western_philosophy" title="Impermanence">Flux</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">Unity of opposites</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Heraclitus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌhɛrəˈklaɪtəs/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%A9%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἡράκλειτος">Ἡράκλειτος</a> Hērákleitos; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 500 BC) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">pre-Socratic</a> philosopher from the city of <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, which was then part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>. He exerts a wide influence on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, through the works of such authors as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a>. Little is known of Heraclitus's life. He wrote a single work, only <a href="/wiki/Literary_fragment" title="Literary fragment">fragments</a> of which have survived. Even in ancient times, his <a href="/wiki/Paradox#In_philosophy" title="Paradox">paradoxical</a> philosophy, appreciation for <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">wordplay</a>, and cryptic, oracular <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigrams</a> earned him the epithets "the dark" and "the obscure". He was considered arrogant and depressed, a <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">misanthrope</a> who was subject to <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholia</a>. Consequently, he became known as "the weeping philosopher" in contrast to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_atomism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient atomism">atomist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a>, who was known as "the laughing philosopher". The central ideas of Heraclitus's philosophy are the <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">unity of opposites</a> and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">change</a>. Heraclitus saw <a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">strife</a>. He viewed the world as constantly in flux, always "becoming" but never "being". He expressed this in sayings like "Everything <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">flows</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: πάντα ῥεῖ, panta rhei) and "No man ever steps in the same river twice". This insistence upon change contrasts with that of the ancient philosopher <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, who believed in a reality of static "<a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a>". Heraclitus believed fire was the <a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche">arche</a>, the fundamental stuff of the world. In choosing an arche Heraclitus followed the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Milesians</a> before him — <a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a> with water, <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron">apeiron</a> ("boundless" or "infinite"), and <a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a> with air. Heraclitus also thought the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> word, discourse, or reason) gave structure to the world. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg/250px-Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg/330px-Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg/500px-Efes_Antik_Kenti_Tiyatrosu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Theater in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, birthplace of Heraclitus</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus, the son of Blyson, was from the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> city of Ephesus, a <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> on the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Menderes_River" title="Küçük Menderes River">Cayster River</a>, on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>). In the 6th century BC, Ephesus, like other cities in <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, lived under the effects of both the rise of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> and his overthrow by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> c. 547 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">[1]</a> Ephesus appears to have subsequently cultivated a close relationship with the Persian Empire; during the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian revolt">Ionian revolt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> in 494 BC, Ephesus was spared and emerged as the dominant <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> city in Ionia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, the home to the previous philosophers, was captured and sacked.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The main source for the life of Heraclitus is the <a href="/wiki/Doxographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxographer">doxographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Although most of the information provided by Laertius is unreliable, and the ancient stories about Heraclitus are thought to be later fabrications based on interpretations of the preserved fragments; the anecdote that Heraclitus relinquished the hereditary title of "king" to his younger brother may at least imply that Heraclitus was from an <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> family in Ephesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 1]</a> Heraclitus appears to have had little sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">the masses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[e]</a> However, it is unclear whether he was "an unconditional partisan of the rich", or if, like the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">sage</a> <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, he was "withdrawn from competing factions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">[1]</a> Since antiquity, Heraclitus has been labeled a solitary figure and an arrogant misanthrope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelwright195911,_84-11">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">skeptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a> called Heraclitus a "mob-abuser" (ochloloidoros).<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Heraclitus considered himself self-taught.<a href="#cite_note-B101-12">[f]</a> He criticized fools for being "put in a flutter by every word".<a href="#cite_note-13">[g]</a> He did not consider others incapable, but unwilling: "And though reason is common, most people live as though they had an understanding peculiar to themselves."<a href="#cite_note-sextb2-14">[h]</a> Heraclitus did not seem to like the prevailing religion of the time, criticizing the popular <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery cults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">blood sacrifice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> to statues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikalson201096-15">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-unholy-16">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-myste-17">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[note 2]</a> He also did not believe in <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral rites</a>, saying "Corpses are more fit to be cast out than dung."<a href="#cite_note-22">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[l]</a> He further criticized <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[m]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[n]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[o]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[p]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiogL40-28">[q]</a> He endorsed the sage <a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias of Priene</a>, who is quoted as saying "Most men are bad".<a href="#cite_note-29">[r]</a> He praised a man named Hermodorus as the best among the Ephesians, who he says should all <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">kill themselves</a> for exiling him.<a href="#cite_note-30">[s]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[note 3]</a> Heraclitus is traditionally considered to have <a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">flourished</a> in the 69th <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a> (504–501 BC),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892130-34">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> but this date may simply be based on a prior account synchronizing his life with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 4]</a> However, this date can be considered "roughly accurate" based on a fragment that references Pythagoras, Xenophanes, and Hecataeus as older contemporaries, placing him near the end of the sixth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaddaf2005125-37">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[14]</a> According to Diogenes Laertius, Heraclitus died covered in dung after failing to cure himself from <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">dropsy</a>. This may be to parody his doctrine that for souls it is death to become water, and that a dry soul is best.<a href="#cite_note-39">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-B36-41">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-B77-42">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-drysoul-43">[w]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_Nature">On Nature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: On Nature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniaturk_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Miniaturk_009.jpg/250px-Miniaturk_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Miniaturk_009.jpg/330px-Miniaturk_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Miniaturk_009.jpg/500px-Miniaturk_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A modern reconstruction of the Ephesian <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Temple of Artemis</a>, located in modern Istanbul. According to Diogenes Laertius, Heraclitus deposited his book in the temple.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus is said to have produced a single work on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> which has not survived; however, over 100 fragments of this work survive in quotations by other authors.<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 5]</a> The title is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892133-47">[19]</a> but many later writers refer to this work, and works by other pre-Socratics, as On Nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick1889-48">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957183–184-49">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> According to Diogenes Laërtius, Heraclitus deposited the book in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemision</a> – one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a> – as a dedication.<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Classicist <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Kahn" title="Charles H. Kahn">Charles Kahn</a> states: "Down to the time of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a>, if not later, the little book of Heraclitus was available in its original form to any reader who chose to seek it out."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19795-50">[22]</a> Yet, by the time of <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a>, a 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonic</a> philosopher, who mentions Heraclitus 32 times but never quotes from him, Heraclitus's work was so rare that it was unavailable even to Simplicius and the other scholars at the Platonic Academy in Athens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansfield199939-51">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> Diogenes Laërtius wrote that the book was divided into three parts: the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> but, classicists have challenged that division. Classicist <a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">John Burnet</a> has argued that "it is not to be supposed that this division is due to [Heraclitus] himself; all we can infer is that the work fell naturally into these parts when the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> commentators took their editions of it in hand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892132-52">[24]</a> The Stoics divided their own philosophy into three parts: ethics, logic, and physics.<a href="#cite_note-53">[25]</a> The Stoic <a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a> further divided philosophy into <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, politics, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and theology, and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deichgr%C3%A4ber" title="Karl Deichgräber">Karl Deichgräber</a> has argued the last three are the same as the alleged division of Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-kyon-54">[26]</a> The philosopher Paul Schuster has argued the division came from the <a href="/wiki/Pinakes" title="Pinakes">Pinakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg201731-55">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster187355–56-56">[28]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin Litchfield West</a> claims that while the existing fragments do not give much of an idea of the overall structure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971113–117-57">[29]</a> the beginning of the discourse can probably be determined,<a href="#cite_note-58">[note 6]</a> starting with the opening lines, which are quoted by <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Of the logos being forever do men prove to be uncomprehending, both before they hear and once they have heard it. For although all things happen according to this logos they are like the unexperienced experiencing words and deeds such as I explain when I distinguish each thing according to its nature and declare how it is. Other men are unaware of what they do when they are awake just as they are forgetful of what they do when they are asleep.<a href="#cite_note-59">[x]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg/170px-Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg/255px-Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg/340px-Sibyl_Domenichino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption> Heraclitus's writing style has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">sibyl</a>, as depicted here by Domenichino.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus's style has been compared to a <a href="/wiki/Sibyl" title="Sibyl">Sibyl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[31]</a> who "with raving lips uttering things mirthless, unbedizened, and unperfumed, reaches over a thousand years with her voice, thanks to the god in her".<a href="#cite_note-62">[y]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[note 7]</a> Kahn characterized the main features of Heraclitus's writing as "linguistic density", meaning that single words and phrases have multiple meanings, and "resonance", meaning that expressions evoke one another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn197989-65">[33]</a> Heraclitus used <a href="/wiki/List_of_narrative_techniques" title="List of narrative techniques">literary devices</a> like <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiasmus" title="Chiasmus">chiasmus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§2-66">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Obscure">The Obscure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Obscure">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> quotes part of the opening line of Heraclitus's work in the <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a> to outline the difficulty in punctuating Heraclitus without ambiguity; he debated whether "forever" applied to "being" or to "prove".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§2-66">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[z]</a> Aristotle's successor at the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">lyceum</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> says about Heraclitus that "some parts of his work [are] half-finished, while other parts [made] a strange medley".<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Theophrastus thought an inability to finish the work showed Heraclitus was melancholic.<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Diogenes Laërtius relays the story that the playwright <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> a copy of Heraclitus's work and asked for his opinion. Socrates replied: "The part I understand is excellent, and so too is, I dare say, the part I do not understand; but it needs a <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delian</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diver</a> to get to the bottom of it."<a href="#cite_note-68">[35]</a> Also according to Diogenes Laërtius, Timon of Phlius called Heraclitus "the Riddler" (αἰνικτής; ainiktēs) a likely reference to an alleged similarity to Pythagorean riddles.<a href="#cite_note-69">[36]</a> Timon said Heraclitus wrote his book "rather unclearly" (ασαφεστερον; asaphesteron); according to Timon, this was intended to allow only the "capable" to attempt it.<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, this epithet became in Greek "The Dark" (ὁ Σκοτεινός; ho Skoteinós) or in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "The Obscure" as he had spoken nimis obscurē ("too obscurely") concerning nature and had done so deliberately in order to be misunderstood.<a href="#cite_note-70">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelwright1959116-71">[38]</a> The obscurity was "probably with the idea that it is for us to seek within ourselves, as he sought for himself and found".<a href="#cite_note-72">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-B101-12">[f]</a> Heraclitus seemed to pattern his obscurity after <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg201736-73">[40]</a> Heraclitus did state "nature loves to hide"<a href="#cite_note-74">[aa]</a> and "a hidden connection is stronger than an obvious one".<a href="#cite_note-75">[ab]</a> He also stated "The lord whose <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">oracle</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> neither speaks nor conceals, but gives a sign."<a href="#cite_note-76">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[ac]</a> Heraclitus is the earliest known literary reference to the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxim</a> to <a href="/wiki/Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">know thyself</a>.<a href="#cite_note-robb-78">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[ad]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Heraclitus has been the subject of numerous interpretations. According to scholar Daniel W. Graham, Heraclitus has been seen as a "<a href="/wiki/Material_monism" class="mw-redirect" title="Material monism">material monist</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosopher</a>; a scientific <a href="/wiki/Cosmologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmologist">cosmologist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysician</a> and a religious thinker; an <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>; a conventional thinker and a revolutionary; a developer of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> – one who denied the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_non-contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of non-contradiction">law of non-contradiction</a>; the first genuine philosopher and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectual</a> <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantist</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§1-80">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unity_of_opposites_and_flux">Unity of opposites and flux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unity of opposites and flux">edit</a>]</div> The hallmarks of Heraclitus's philosophy are the <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_opposites" title="Unity of opposites">unity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Opposite_(semantics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposite (semantics)">opposites</a> and change, or <a href="/wiki/Impermanence" title="Impermanence">flux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§3.1,_3.2-81">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961478-82">[45]</a> According to Aristotle, Heraclitus was a <a href="/wiki/Dialetheism" title="Dialetheism">dialetheist</a>, or one who denies the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_noncontradiction" title="Law of noncontradiction">law of noncontradiction</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Law_of_thought" title="Law of thought">law of thought</a> or logical principle which states that something cannot be true and false at the same time).<a href="#cite_note-83">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-dliar-84">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-aris-85">[ae]</a> Also according to Aristotle, Heraclitus was a <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-metaxii-86">[48]</a> Attempting to follow Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Hylomorphism" title="Hylomorphism">hylomorphic</a> interpretation, scholar <a href="/wiki/W._K._C._Guthrie" title="W. K. C. Guthrie">W. K. C. Guthrie</a> interprets the distinction between flux and stability as one between <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">form</a>. On this view, Heraclitus is a flux theorist because he is a materialist who believes matter always changes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[49]</a> There are no unchanging forms like with Plato or Aristotle. As one author puts it, "Plato took flux as the greatest warning against materialism".<a href="#cite_note-88">[50]</a> Several fragments seem to relate to the unity of opposites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961478-82">[45]</a> For example: "The straight and the crooked path of the <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fuller</a>'s comb is one and the same";<a href="#cite_note-89">[af]</a> "The way up is the way down";<a href="#cite_note-Hippolyt60-90">[ag]</a> "Beginning and end, on a <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a>'s circumference, are common";<a href="#cite_note-91">[ah]</a> and "Thou shouldst unite things whole and things not whole, that which tends to unite and that which tends to separate, the harmonious and the discordant; from all things arises the one, and from the one all things."<a href="#cite_note-92">[ai]</a> Over time, the opposites change into each other:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham19979-93">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008175-94">[52]</a> "Mortals are immortals and immortals are mortals, the one living the others' death and dying the others' life";<a href="#cite_note-95">[aj]</a> "As the same thing in us is living and dead, waking and sleeping, young and old. For these things having changed around are those, and those in turn having changed around are these";<a href="#cite_note-96">[ak]</a> and "Cold things warm up, the hot cools off, wet becomes dry, dry becomes wet."<a href="#cite_note-97">[al]</a> It also seems they change into each other depending on one's <a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_(philosophy)" title="Point of view (philosophy)">point of view</a>, a case of <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">perspectivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham199710-98">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[54]</a> Heraclitus states: "Disease makes health sweet and good; hunger, satiety; toil, rest."<a href="#cite_note-100">[am]</a> While men drink and wash with water, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> prefer to drink saltwater, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> prefer to wash in mud, and <a href="/wiki/Fowl" title="Fowl">fowls</a> prefer to wash in dust.<a href="#cite_note-101">[an]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[ao]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[ap]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">Oxen</a> are happy when they find bitter <a href="/wiki/Vicia" title="Vicia">vetches</a> to eat"<a href="#cite_note-104">[aq]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">asses</a> would rather have refuse than <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>."<a href="#cite_note-105">[ar]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panta_rhei">Panta rhei</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Panta rhei">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panta_rhei_(doctrine)" title="Panta rhei (doctrine)">Panta rhei (doctrine)</a></div> Diogenes Laërtius summarizes Heraclitus's philosophy as follows: "All things come into being by conflict of opposites, and the sum of things (τὰ ὅλα ta hola ('the whole')) flows like a stream."<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Classicist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Jonathan Barnes</a> states that "Panta rhei, 'everything flows' is probably the most familiar of Heraclitus's sayings, yet few modern scholars think he said it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198249-106">[55]</a> Barnes observes that although the exact phrase was not ascribed to Heraclitus until the 6th century by <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a>, a similar saying expressing the same idea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198249-106">[55]</a> panta chorei, or "everything moves" is ascribed to Heraclitus by Plato in the <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plato1-107">[as]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="You_cannot_step_into_the_same_river_twice">You cannot step into the same river twice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: You cannot step into the same river twice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/250px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/330px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg/500px-K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River_from_Kap%C4%B1kaya_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a>, Turkey's longest. Heraclitus's theory of flux has been associated with the metaphor of a flowing river.</figcaption></figure> Since Plato, Heraclitus's theory of flux has been associated with the metaphor of a flowing river, which cannot be stepped into twice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§3.1-108">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-plato1-107">[as]</a> This fragment from Heraclitus's writings has survived in three different forms:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes198249-106">[55]</a> <ul><li>"On those who step into the same rivers, different and different waters flow" – <a href="/wiki/Arius_Didymus" title="Arius Didymus">Arius Didymus</a>, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[at]</a></li> <li>"We both step and do not step into the same river, we both are and are not" – <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_(commentator)" title="Heraclitus (commentator)">Heraclitus Homericus</a>, Homeric Allegories<a href="#cite_note-110">[au]</a></li> <li>"It is not possible to step into the same river twice" – <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, On the E at Delphi<a href="#cite_note-111">[av]</a></li></ul> The classicist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Reinhardt_(philologist)" title="Karl Reinhardt (philologist)">Karl Reinhardt</a> identified the first river quote as the genuine one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§3-112">[57]</a> The river fragments (especially the second "we both are and are not") seem to suggest not only is the river constantly changing, but we do as well, perhaps commenting on <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existential</a> questions about humanity and personhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201472–74-113">[58]</a> Scholars such as Reinhardt also interpreted the metaphor as illustrating what is stable, rather than the usual interpretation of illustrating change.<a href="#cite_note-114">[59]</a> Classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl-Martin_Dietz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Martin Dietz (page does not exist)">Karl-Martin Dietz</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Martin_Dietz" class="extiw" title="de:Karl-Martin Dietz">de</a>] has said: "You will not find anything, in which the river remains constant ... Just the fact, that there is a particular river bed, that there is a source and an estuary etc. is something, that stays identical. And this is ... the concept of a river."<a href="#cite_note-115">[60]</a> According to American philosopher <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a>, the river parable illustrates that the river is a process through time. One cannot step twice into the same river-stage.<a href="#cite_note-116">[61]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/M._M._McCabe" title="M. M. McCabe">M. M. McCabe</a> has argued that the three statements on rivers should all be read as fragments from a discourse. McCabe suggests reading them as though they arose in succession. The three fragments "could be retained, and arranged in an argumentative sequence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015-44">[17]</a> In McCabe's reading of the fragments, Heraclitus can be read as a philosopher capable of sustained <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a>, rather than just <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015-44">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strife_is_justice">Strife is justice</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Strife is justice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AstraeaVSH.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AstraeaVSH.JPG/220px-AstraeaVSH.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AstraeaVSH.JPG/330px-AstraeaVSH.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AstraeaVSH.JPG/440px-AstraeaVSH.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a> depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> state house. Heraclitus considered strife fundamental to a just world.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus said "strife is justice"<a href="#cite_note-117">[aw]</a> and "all things take place by strife".<a href="#cite_note-ArisB8-118">[ax]</a> He called the opposites in conflict ἔρις (eris), "<a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">strife</a>", and theorized that the apparently unitary state, δίκη (dikê), "<a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">justice</a>", results in "the most beautiful <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonia (mythology)">harmony</a>",<a href="#cite_note-ArisB8-118">[ax]</a> in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a>, who described the same as injustice.<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie196246-119">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[63]</a> Aristotle said Heraclitus disagreed with Homer because Homer wished that strife would leave the world, which according to Heraclitus would destroy the world; "there would be no harmony without high and low notes, and no animals without male and female, which are opposites".<a href="#cite_note-121">[ay]</a> It may also explain why he disagreed with the Pythagorean emphasis on harmony, but not on strife.<a href="#cite_note-:1-87">[49]</a> Heraclitus suggests that the world and its various parts are kept together through the <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> produced by the unity of opposites, like the string of a <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[az]</a> On one account, this is the earliest use of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-124">[65]</a> A quote about the bow shows his appreciation for wordplay: "The bow's name is life, but its work is death."<a href="#cite_note-125">[ba]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[note 8]</a> Each substance contains its opposite, making for a continual circular exchange of generation, destruction, and motion that results in the stability of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandywell1996263–265-127">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008175–177-128">[67]</a> This can be illustrated by the quote "Even the <a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">kykeon</a> separates if it is not stirred."<a href="#cite_note-129">[bb]</a> According to Abraham Schoener: "War is the central principle in Heraclitus' thought."<a href="#cite_note-130">[68]</a> Another of Heraclitus's famous sayings highlights the idea that the unity of opposites is also a conflict of opposites: "War is father of all and king of all; and some he manifested as gods, some as men; some he made slaves, some free";<a href="#cite_note-131">[bc]</a> war is a creative tension that brings things into existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandywell1996263–265-127">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurd2020Xenophanes_of_Colophon_and_Heraclitus_of_Ephesus-132">[69]</a> Heraclitus says further "Gods and men honour those slain in war";<a href="#cite_note-133">[bd]</a> "Greater deaths gain greater portions";<a href="#cite_note-134">[be]</a> and "Every beast is tended by blows."<a href="#cite_note-135">[bf]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logos">Logos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Logos">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Logos.svg/220px-Logos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Logos.svg/330px-Logos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Logos.svg/440px-Logos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek spelling</a> of logos</figcaption></figure> A core concept for Heraclitus is <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>, an ancient Greek word literally meaning "word, speech, discourse, or <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy)" title="Meaning (philosophy)">meaning</a>". For Heraclitus, the logos seems to designate the rational structure or ordered composition of the world.<a href="#cite_note-:8-136">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn197998-137">[71]</a> As well as the opening quote of his book, one fragment reads: "Listening not to me but to the logos, it is wise to agree (homologein) that all things are one."<a href="#cite_note-Hippolyt50-138">[bg]</a> Another fragment reads: "[<a href="/wiki/Hoi_polloi" title="Hoi polloi">hoi polloi</a>] ... do not know how to listen [to Logos] or how to speak [the truth]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201463Sandywell1996237-139">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[bh]</a> The word logos has a wide variety of other uses, such that Heraclitus might have a different meaning of the word for each usage in his book. Kahn has argued that Heraclitus used the word in multiple senses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn197994-141">[73]</a> whereas Guthrie has argued that there is no evidence Heraclitus used it in a way that was significantly different from that in which it was used by contemporaneous speakers of Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1962419-142">[74]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stokes_(academic)" title="Michael Stokes (academic)">Michael Stokes</a> interprets Heraclitus's use of logos as a public <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">fact</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">proposition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Formula" title="Formula">formula</a>; like Guthrie, he views Heraclitus as a materialist, so he grants Heraclitus would not have considered these as <a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">abstract objects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">immaterial</a> things.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie196246-119">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477–8-143">[75]</a> Another possibility is the logos referred to the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, or to the book itself.<a href="#cite_note-144">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk195437-145">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188923-146">[78]</a> Classicist <a href="/wiki/Walther_Kranz" title="Walther Kranz">Walther Kranz</a> translated it as "<a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">sense</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk195437-145">[77]</a> Heraclitus's logos doctrine may also be the origin of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961480-148">[80]</a> Heraclitus stated "People ought to fight to keep their law as to defend the city walls. For all human laws get nourishment from the one divine law."<a href="#cite_note-stob114-149">[bi]</a> "Far from arguing like the latter Sophists, that the human law, because it is a conventional law, deserves to be abandoned in favor of the law of nature, Herakleitos argued that the human law partakes of the law of nature, which is at the same time a divine law."<a href="#cite_note-150">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire">Fire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Classical element">Classical element § Hellenistic philosophy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DancingFlames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DancingFlames.jpg/250px-DancingFlames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DancingFlames.jpg/330px-DancingFlames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/DancingFlames.jpg/500px-DancingFlames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Heraclitus believed the cosmos "no god nor man did create, but it ever was and is and will be: ever-living fire".</figcaption></figure> The Milesians before Heraclitus had a view called <a href="/wiki/Material_monism" class="mw-redirect" title="Material monism">material monism</a> which conceived of certain elements as the arche – Thales with water, Anaximander with apeiron, and Anaximenes with air. Since antiquity, philosophers have concluded that Heraclitus construed of fire as the arche, the ultimate reality or the fundamental element that gave rise to the other elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§3.3-151">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[bj]</a><a href="#cite_note-aetA8-153">[bk]</a> Pre-Socratic scholar <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Zeller" title="Eduard Zeller">Eduard Zeller</a> has argued that Heraclitus believed that heat in general and dry exhalation in particular, rather than visible fire, was the arche.<a href="#cite_note-154">[83]</a> In one fragment, Heraclitus writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">This world-order (<a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">kosmos</a>), the same for all, no god nor man did create, but it ever was and is and will be: ever-living fire, kindling in measures and being quenched in measures.<a href="#cite_note-155">[bl]</a></blockquote> This is the oldest extant quote using kosmos, or order, to mean the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§4-156">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVlastos2022134-157">[85]</a> Heraclitus seems to say fire is the one thing eternal in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008170–172-158">[86]</a> From fire all things originate and all things return again in a process of never-ending cycles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008170–172-158">[86]</a> Plato and Aristotle attribute to Heraclitus a periodic destruction of the world by a great conflagration, known as ekpyrosis, which happens every <a href="/wiki/Great_Year" title="Great Year">Great Year</a> – according to Plato, every 36,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-ekpyro-159">[87]</a> Heraclitus more than once describes the transformations to and from fire: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Fire lives the death of earth, and air lives the death of fire; water lives the death of air, and earth that of water.<a href="#cite_note-Aurel76-160">[bm]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The turnings of fire: first sea, and of sea half is earth, half fireburst. [Earth] is liquefied as sea and measured into the same proportion as it had before it became earth.<a href="#cite_note-161">[bn]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_as_symbolic">Fire as symbolic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fire as symbolic">edit</a>]</div> However, it is also argued by many that Heraclitus never identified fire as the arche; rather, he only used fire to explain his notion of flux, as the basic stuff which changes or moves the most.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971172–173-162">[88]</a> Others conclude he used it as the physical form of logos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477–478-163">[89]</a> On yet another interpretation, Heraclitus is not a material monist explicating flux nor stability, but a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosopher</a> who chooses fire in an attempt to say there is no arche. Fire is a symbol or metaphor for change, rather than the basic stuff which changes the most.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham199737-164">[90]</a> Perspectives of this sort emphasize his statements on change such as "The way up is the way down",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham199740-165">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hippolyt60-90">[ag]</a> as well as the quote "All things are an exchange for Fire, and Fire for all things, even as wares for gold and gold for wares",<a href="#cite_note-166">[bo]</a> which has been understood as stating that while all can be transformed into fire, not everything comes from fire, just as not everything comes from gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham199745-167">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cosmology">edit</a>]</div> While considered an ancient <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmologist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[93]</a> Heraclitus did not seem as interested in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> as his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188940-169">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961479-170">[95]</a> It is surmised Heraclitus believed that the <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">earth was flat</a> and extended infinitely in all directions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188932-171">[96]</a> Heraclitus held all things occur according to <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn1979157-172">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-aetA8-153">[bk]</a> He said "Time (<a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a>) is a child playing <a href="/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">draughts</a>, the kingly power is a child's."<a href="#cite_note-Hippolyt52-5">[b]</a> It is disputed whether this means time and life is determined by <a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">rules</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">game</a>, by conflict like a game, or by arbitrary whims of the gods like a child plays.<a href="#cite_note-173">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sun">Sun</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sun">edit</a>]</div> Similar to his views on rivers, Heraclitus believed "the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> is new each day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardonDyke201526-174">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[bp]</a> He also said the Sun never <a href="/wiki/Sunset" title="Sunset">sets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[bq]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, this was "obviously inspired by scientific reflection, and no doubt seemed to him to obviate the difficulty of understanding how the sun can work its way underground from west to east during the night".<a href="#cite_note-mystic-178">[101]</a> The physician <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> explains: "Heraclitus says that the sun is a burning mass, kindled at its rising, and quenched at its setting."<a href="#cite_note-ancast-179">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710,_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710%2C_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg/330px-Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710%2C_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710%2C_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg/500px-Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710%2C_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710%2C_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg/580px-Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_3710%2C_col._ii_43-47_-_fragment_Heraclitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Heraclitus (named outlined in red) in a fragment of Oxyrhynchus Papyri discusses the Moon.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus also believed that the Sun is as large as it looks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188932-171">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[note 9]</a> and said Hesiod "did not know <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a>, for they are one."<a href="#cite_note-184">[bs]</a> However, he also explained the phenomenon of day and night by if the Sun "oversteps his measures", then "<a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a>, the ministers of Justice, will find him out".<a href="#cite_note-185">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-exile94-186">[bt]</a> Heraclitus further wrote the Sun is in charge of <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">the seasons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[bu]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moon">Moon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Moon">edit</a>]</div> On one account, Heraclitus believed the Sun and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> were <a href="/wiki/Bowl" title="Bowl">bowls</a> containing fire, with <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a> explained by the turning of the bowl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961479-170">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-ancast-179">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[bv]</a> His study of the moon near the end of the month is contained in one of the <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a> found in an ancient <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[106]</a> This is the best evidence of Heraclitean astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§4,_8-190">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: God">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg/140px-Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg/210px-Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg/280px-Jupiter_Smyrna_Louvre_Ma13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>Zeus hurls a thunderbolt.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus said "<a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolt</a> steers all things",<a href="#cite_note-191">[bw]</a> a rare comment on meteorology and likely a reference to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> as the supreme being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§4-156">[84]</a> Even his theology proves contradictory: "One being, the only wise one, would and would not be called by the name of Zeus."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§4-156">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[bx]</a> He invokes relativism with the divine too: God sees man the same way man sees children and apes;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961480-148">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[by]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[bz]</a> and he seems to give a <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>, "for god all things are fair and good and just, but men suppose that some are unjust and others just".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§4-156">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[ca]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Animals" title="Parts of Animals">Parts of Animals</a>, Aristotle relays this story: "Heraclitus, when the strangers who came to visit him found him warming himself at the furnace in the kitchen and hesitated to go in, reported to have bidden them not to be afraid to enter, as even in that kitchen divinities were present, so we should venture on the study of every kind of animal without distaste; for each and all will reveal to us something natural and something beautiful."<a href="#cite_note-196">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[cb]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[note 10]</a> The phrase ἦθος ἀνθρώπῳ δαίμων (ethos anthropoi daimon) is attributed to Heraclitus. It is variously translated as "a man's character is his fate", "character is destiny", or perhaps most literally as "a man's character is his guardian divinity."<a href="#cite_note-200">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[note 11]</a> The word <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a> means "character", while <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimon</a> has various meanings, one of which being "the power controlling the destiny of individuals: hence, one's lot or fortune."<a href="#cite_note-205">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Soul">The Soul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Soul">edit</a>]</div> Heraclitus believed the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a>) was complex, stating: "The limits of the soul you could not discover, though traversing every path."<a href="#cite_note-206">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[cc]</a> Heraclitus regarded the soul as a mixture of fire and water, and believed that fire was the noble part of the soul and water the ignoble part.<a href="#cite_note-B36-41">[u]</a> He considered mastery of one's worldly desires to be a noble pursuit that purified the soul's fire,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey1999111-208">[116]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">drunkenness</a> damages the soul by causing it to be moist.<a href="#cite_note-209">[cd]</a><a href="#cite_note-B77-42">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-drysoul-43">[w]</a> Heraclitus seems to advise against anger: "It is hard to fight with anger, for what it wants it buys at the price of the soul."<a href="#cite_note-210">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[ce]</a> Heraclitus associates being awake with comprehension;<a href="#cite_note-robb-78">[42]</a> as Sextus Empiricus explains "It is by drawing in this divine reason in <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> that we become endowed with <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and in sleep we become forgetful, but in waking we regain our <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>. For in sleep the passages of <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> are shut, and hence the mind ... the only thing preserved is the connection through <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>."<a href="#cite_note-212">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-a16-213">[cf]</a> Heraclitus stated: "If all things should become <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a>, then perception would be by the nostrils".<a href="#cite_note-214">[cg]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_classic_circular_form_spider%27s_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_classic_circular_form_spider%27s_web.jpg/250px-A_classic_circular_form_spider%27s_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/A_classic_circular_form_spider%27s_web.jpg/330px-A_classic_circular_form_spider%27s_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Heraclitus compares the soul to a spider and the body to the web.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus compares the soul to a <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a> and the body to the <a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">web</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[ch]</a> Heraclitus believed the soul is what unifies the body and also what grants linguistic understanding, departing from Homer's conception of it as merely the <a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">breath of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-217">[120]</a> Heraclitus ridicules Homer's conception of souls in the afterlife as <a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">shades</a> by saying "Souls smell in <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Hades</a>".<a href="#cite_note-218">[ci]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[note 12]</a> His own views on the afterlife remain unclear,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961479-170">[95]</a> but Heraclitus did state: "There await men after they are dead things which they do not expect or imagine."<a href="#cite_note-220">[cj]</a> The Aristotelian tradition is responsible for a great part of the transmission of Heraclitus's physical conception of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-221">[121]</a> Aristotle wrote in <a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">De Anima</a>: "Heraclitus too says that the first principle—the 'warm exhalation' of which, according to him, everything else is composed—is soul; further, that this exhalation is most incorporeal and in ceaseless flux".<a href="#cite_note-222">[ck]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_influence">Foreign influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign influence">edit</a>]</div> Heraclitus's originality and placement near the beginning of Greek philosophy has resulted in several writers looking for possible influence from the surrounding nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persia">Persia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Persia">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple,_Yazd_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg/280px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg/420px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg/560px-Zoroastrian_Fire_Temple%2C_Yazd_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eternal_flame" title="Eternal flame">eternal flame</a> from a Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The role of fire in Heraclitean philosophy has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, the state religion of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> during Heraclitus's life.</figcaption></figure> The Persian Empire had a close connection with Ephesus and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> was the state religion of the Persian Empire. Heraclitus's emphasis on fire has been investigated for influence from Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire worship</a> and specifically the concept of <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971170–171-223">[122]</a> While many of the doctrines of Zoroastrian fire do not match exactly with those of Heraclitus, such as the relation of fire to <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a>, it is still argued he may have taken some inspiration from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971170–171-223">[122]</a> Zoroastrian parallels to Heraclitus are often difficult to identify specifically due to a lack of surviving Zoroastrian literature from the period and mutual influence with Greek philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-225">[note 13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The interchange of other elements with fire also has parallels in <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> literature from the same time period, such as the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971174–175-224">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya Upanishad</a> for instance states "Fire is established in water, water is established in fire".<a href="#cite_note-226">[124]</a> Heraclitus may have also been influenced by a Vedic <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/Panchagni_Vidya" title="Panchagni Vidya">Doctrine of the Five Fires</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcevilley2012-227">[125]</a> West however stresses that these doctrines of the interchange of elements were common throughout written works on philosophy that have survived from that period; so Heraclitus's doctrine of fire can not be definitively said to have been influenced by any other particular Iranian or Indian influence, but may have been part of a mutual interchange of influence over time across the Ancient Near East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971170–176-228">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Egypt">edit</a>]</div> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Teichm%C3%BCller" title="Gustav Teichmüller">Gustav Teichmüller</a> sought to prove Heraclitus was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188930–31-229">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-230">[128]</a> either directly, by reading the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a>, or indirectly through the Greek mystery cults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188930–31-229">[127]</a> "As the sun of Heraclitus was daily generated from water, so <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>, as Ra of the sun, daily proceeded from Lotus the water."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188930–31-229">[127]</a> Paul Tannery took up Teichmüller's interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-231">[129]</a> They both thought Heraclitus's book was an offering to the temple to be read only by few initiates, rather than deposited in the temple to the public for safe-keeping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg201723-232">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pfleiderer" title="Edmund Pfleiderer">Edmund Pfleiderer</a> argued that Heraclitus was influenced by the mystery cults. He interprets Heraclitus's apparent condemning of the mystery cults<a href="#cite_note-unholy-16">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-myste-17">[j]</a> as the condemning of abuses rather than the idea itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188940–41-233">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg/204px-Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg/306px-Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg/408px-Heraklit_Berlin_Pfad_der_Vision%C3%A4re_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on <a href="/wiki/Path_of_Visionaries" title="Path of Visionaries">Path of Visionaries</a></figcaption></figure>Heraclitus's writings have exerted a wide influence on <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who interpreted him in terms of their own doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a> His influence also extends into art, literature, and even medicine, as writings in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic corpus">Hippocratic corpus</a> show signs of Heraclitean themes.<a href="#cite_note-235">[cl]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[cm]</a> Heraclitus is also considered a potential source for understanding the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a> since the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> poem which contains two fragments of Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-237">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetegh2004-239">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-B3foot-182">[br]</a><a href="#cite_note-exile94-186">[bt]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancient">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Socratics">Pre-Socratics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pre-Socratics">edit</a>]</div> It is unknown whether or not Heraclitus had any students in his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a> Diogenes Laertius states Heraclitus's book "won so great a fame that there arose followers of him called Heracliteans."<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> Scholars took this to mean Heraclitus had no disciples and became renowned only after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelberg201724-240">[136]</a> According to one author, "The school of disciples founded by Heraclitus flourished for long after his death".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1911-241">[137]</a> According to another, "there were no doubt other Heracliteans whose names are now lost to us".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBett2003132-242">[138]</a> In his dialogue Cratylus, Plato presented <a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a> as a Heraclitean and as a <a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">linguistic naturalist</a> who believed that names must apply naturally to their objects.<a href="#cite_note-243">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[140]</a> According to Aristotle, Cratylus went a step beyond his master's doctrine and said that one cannot step into the same river once. He took the view that nothing can be said about the ever-changing world and "ended by thinking that one need not say anything, and only moved his finger".<a href="#cite_note-:4-245">[141]</a> To explain both characterizations by Plato and Aristotle, Cratylus may have thought continuous change warrants skepticism because one cannot define a thing that does not have a permanent nature.<a href="#cite_note-246">[142]</a> Diogenes Laertius also lists an otherwise historically obscure Antisthenes who wrote a commentary on Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-247">[note 14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a> and comic writer <a href="/wiki/Epicharmus_of_Kos" title="Epicharmus of Kos">Epicharmus of Kos</a> has fragments which seem to reproduce the thought of Heraclitus, and wrote a play titled Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-248">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eleatics">Eleatics</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eleatics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busto_di_Parmenide_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Busto_di_Parmenide_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Busto_di_Parmenide_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Busto_di_Parmenide_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Busto_di_Parmenide_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Busto_di_Parmenide_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Busto_di_Parmenide_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a>, a contemporary who espoused a doctrine of unchanging Being, has been contrasted with Heraclitus and his doctrine of constant change.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> of Elea, a philosopher and near-contemporary, proposed a doctrine of changelessness, in contrast to the doctrine of flux put forth by Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENehamas2002-250">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200227–30-251">[146]</a> He is generally agreed to either have influenced or been influenced by Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200227–30-251">[146]</a> Different philosophers have argued that either one of them may have substantially influenced each other, some taking Heraclitus to be responding to Parmenides, but more often Parmenides is seen as responding to Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200227–30-251">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[147]</a> Some also argue that any direct chain of influence between the two is impossible to determine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200227–30-251">[146]</a> Although Heraclitus refers to older figures such as Pythagoras,<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiogL40-28">[q]</a> neither Parmenides or Heraclitus refer to each other by name in any surviving fragments, so any speculation on influence must be based on interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham200227–30-251">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pluralists_and_atomists">Pluralists and atomists</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pluralists and atomists">edit</a>]</div> The surviving fragments of several other pre-Socratic philosophers show Heraclitean themes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes of Apollonia</a> thought the action of one thing on another meant they were made of one substance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961480-148">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pluralist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralist School">pluralists</a> may have been influenced by Heraclitus. The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> refuses to separate the opposites in the "one cosmos".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961480-148">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> has forces (arguably the first since Heraclitus's tension)<a href="#cite_note-:12-124">[65]</a> which are in opposition, known as Love and Hate, or more accurately, Harmony and Strife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961480-148">[80]</a> Democritus and the <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">atomists</a> were also influenced by Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a> The atomists and Heraclitus both believed that everything was in motion.<a href="#cite_note-253">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-plato1-107">[as]</a> On one interpretation: "Essentially what the atomists did was try to find a middle-way between the contradictory philosophical schemes of Heraclitus and Parmenides."<a href="#cite_note-255">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sophists">Sophists</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sophists">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/250px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/330px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Plato's <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Forms">Theory of Forms</a> was a result of reconciling Heraclitus and Parmenides.</figcaption></figure>The sophists, including <a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a> of Abdera and <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> of Leontini, may also have been influenced by Heraclitus. Sophists in general seemed to share Heraclitus's conception of the logos.<a href="#cite_note-:8-136">[70]</a> One tradition associated the sophists' concern with politics and preventing party strife with Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-reread-256">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[152]</a> Heraclitus and others used "measure" to mean the balance and order of nature; hence Protagoras' famous statement "man is the measure of all things".<a href="#cite_note-258">[153]</a> In Plato's <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">dialogue</a> <a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a>, Socrates sees Protagoras's "man is the measure" doctrine and <a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(mathematician)" title="Theaetetus (mathematician)">Theaetetus</a>' hypothesis that "knowledge is perception" as justified by Heraclitean flux.<a href="#cite_note-259">[154]</a> Gorgias seems to have been influenced by the logos, when he argued in his work On Non-Being, possibly parodying the Eleatics, that being cannot exist or be communicated. According to one author, Gorgias "in a sense ... completes Heraclitus."<a href="#cite_note-reread-256">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_and_Hellenistic_philosophy">Classical and Hellenistic philosophy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Classical and Hellenistic philosophy">edit</a>]</div> Plato knew of the teachings of Heraclitus through the Heraclitean philosopher Cratylus.<a href="#cite_note-:4-245">[141]</a> Plato held that for Heraclitus knowledge is made impossible by the flux of sensible objects, and thus the need for the imperceptible <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Forms</a> as objects of knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-metaxii-86">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[155]</a> Scythinus of Teos, a contemporary of Plato, wrote out Heraclitus's philosophy in verse.<a href="#cite_note-261">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[cn]</a> A four-volume work on Heraclitus was written by the academic <a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides Ponticus</a>, but has not survived.<a href="#cite_note-264">[158]</a> Plutarch also wrote a lost treatise on Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-265">[159]</a> The Neoplatonists were influenced by Heraclitus on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Henology" title="Henology">the One</a>; quoting <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> "Heraclitus, with his sense of bodily forms as things of ceaseless process and passage, knows the One as eternal and intellectual."<a href="#cite_note-266">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamatellos200744-267">[161]</a> Aristotle accused Heraclitus of denying the law of noncontradiction, and charges that he thereby failed in his reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-aris-85">[ae]</a> However, Aristotle's material monist and world conflagration (ekpyrosis) interpretation of Heraclitus influenced the Stoics.<a href="#cite_note-ekpyro-159">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961480-148">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory200857-268">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stoics">Stoics</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Stoics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera,_1605,_title_page_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera%2C_1605%2C_title_page_detail.png/250px-Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera%2C_1605%2C_title_page_detail.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera%2C_1605%2C_title_page_detail.png/330px-Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera%2C_1605%2C_title_page_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera%2C_1605%2C_title_page_detail.png/400px-Cleanthes_from_L._Annaei_Senecae_philosophi_Opera%2C_1605%2C_title_page_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Stoic Cleanthes wrote a lost, four-volume Interpretation of Heraclitus. (1605 engraving)</figcaption></figure> The Stoics believed major tenets of their philosophy derived from the thought of Heraclitus; especially the logos, used to support their belief that rational law governs the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2001chapter_2-269">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201463-270">[164]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/A._A._Long" title="A. A. Long">A. A. Long</a> concludes the earliest Stoic fragments are "modifications of Heraclitus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200151-271">[165]</a> According to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hallie" title="Philip Hallie">Philip Hallie</a>, "Heraclitus of Ephesus was the father of <a href="/wiki/Stoic_physics" title="Stoic physics">Stoic physics</a>."<a href="#cite_note-272">[166]</a> A four-volume work titled Interpretation of Heraclitus was written by the Stoic philosopher Cleanthes, but has not survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> In surviving stoic writings, Heraclitean influence is most evident in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong200156-274">[168]</a> Marcus Aurelius understood the Logos as "the account which governs everything".<a href="#cite_note-275">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[co]</a> Heraclitus also states, "We should not act and speak like children of our parents", which Marcus Aurelius interpreted to mean one should not simply accept what others believe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn1979106-277">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[cp]</a> Many of the later Stoics interpreted the logos as the arche, as a creative fire that ran through all things;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodenough19232-279">[171]</a> West observes that Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, and Sextus Empiricus all make no mention of this doctrine, and concludes that the language and thought are "obviously Stoic" and not attributable to Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971124–125-280">[172]</a> Burnet cautions that these Stoic modifications of Heraclitus make it harder to interpret Heraclitus himself, as the Stoics ascribed their own interpretations of terms like logos and ekpyrosis to Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892142–143-281">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IONIA,_Ephesus._Severus_Alexander._AD_222-235._22mm_philosopher_Heraclitus_(the_obscure).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/IONIA%2C_Ephesus._Severus_Alexander._AD_222-235._22mm_philosopher_Heraclitus_%28the_obscure%29.jpg/250px-IONIA%2C_Ephesus._Severus_Alexander._AD_222-235._22mm_philosopher_Heraclitus_%28the_obscure%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/IONIA%2C_Ephesus._Severus_Alexander._AD_222-235._22mm_philosopher_Heraclitus_%28the_obscure%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Coin from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 230 depicting Heraclitus as a Cynic, with club and raised hand</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cynics">Cynics</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cynics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynics</a> were influenced by Heraclitus, such as by his condemnation of the mystery cults.<a href="#cite_note-kyon-54">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-myste-17">[j]</a> Heraclitus is sometimes even depicted as a cynic. The Cynics attributed several of the later <a href="/wiki/Cynic_epistles" title="Cynic epistles">Cynic epistles</a> to his authorship.<a href="#cite_note-kindst-19">[7]</a> According to one source, "the Cynic affinity with Heraclitus lies not so much in his philosophy as in his cultural criticism and (idealised) lifestyle."<a href="#cite_note-283">[175]</a> Heraclitus wrote: "Dogs bark at every one they do not know."<a href="#cite_note-284">[cq]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes the Cynic</a>, when asked by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> why he considered himself a dog, responded that he "barks at those who give me nothing".<a href="#cite_note-285">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pyrrhonists">Pyrrhonists</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pyrrhonists">edit</a>]</div> The skeptical philosophers known as <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonists</a> were also influenced by Heraclitus. He may be the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a>'s relativistic doctrine "No More This than That ", that nothing is one way rather than another way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBett2003132-242">[138]</a> According to Pyrrhonist Sextus Empiricus, <a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a>, one of the major ancient Pyrrhonist philosophers, claimed in a now-lost work that Pyrrhonism was a way to Heraclitean philosophy because Pyrrhonist practice helps one to see how opposites appear to be the case about the same thing, leading to the Heraclitean view that opposites actually are true about the same thing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBett2003223-287">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-288">[179]</a> Sextus Empiricus disagreed, arguing opposites appearing to be the case about the same thing is not a <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of the Pyrrhonists but a matter occurring to the Pyrrhonists, to the other philosophers, and to all of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-:17-288">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Early Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/250px-John_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/330px-John_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/John_1.jpg/500px-John_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>John 1:1 in the page showing the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a></figcaption></figure> Heraclitus was often read by early Christian philosophers, who<a href="#cite_note-:5-289">[180]</a> following the Stoics, interpreted the logos as meaning the Christian "Word of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>", such as in <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>: "In the beginning was the Word (<a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">logos</a>) and the Word was God." <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>, one of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, identified Heraclitus along with the other pre-Socratics and <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academics</a> as a source of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, in Heraclitus's case namely the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Noetus" title="Noetus">Noetus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-289">[180]</a> The Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> took a more positive view of Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodenough1923110-290">[181]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/First_Apology" class="mw-redirect" title="First Apology">First Apology</a>, he said both Socrates and Heraclitus were Christians before Christ: "those who lived reasonably are Christians, even though they have been thought atheists; as, among the Greeks, Socrates and Heraclitus, and men like them."<a href="#cite_note-291">[182]</a> The Christian Clement of Alexandria notes Heraclitus's similarity to the Christian prophets, and is cited as a source for more Heraclitus fragments than any other author.<a href="#cite_note-292">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[184]</a> Modern scholars such as John Burnet have viewed the relationship between Heraclitean logos and Johannine logos as fallacious, saying; "the Johannine doctrine of the logos has nothing to do with Herakleitos or with anything at all in Greek philosophy, but comes from the Hebrew Wisdom literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892133-47">[19]</a> When Heraclitus speaks of "God" he does not mean a single deity as an omnipotent and omniscient or God as Creator, the universe being eternal; he meant the divine as opposed to human, the immortal as opposed to the mortal, and the cyclical as opposed to the transient. Thus, it is arguably more accurate to speak of "the Divine" and not of "God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelwright195969–73-294">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weeping_philosopher">Weeping philosopher</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Weeping philosopher">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg/250px-Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg/330px-Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg/500px-Bramante_heracleitus_and_democritus.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> painted Heraclitus and Democritus as the weeping and laughing philosopher.</figcaption></figure> Heraclitus's influence also extends outside of philosophy. A motif found in art and literature is Heraclitus as the "weeping philosopher" and Democritus as the "laughing philosopher", which may have originated with the Cynic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-295">[186]</a> and generally references their reactions to the folly of mankind.<a href="#cite_note-296">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-298">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg/110px-Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg/165px-Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg/220px-Raphael_School_of_Athens_Michelangelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Heraclitus in School of Athens</figcaption></figure> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian of Samosata</a>'s "Philosophies for Sale", Heraclitus is auctioned off as the "weeping philosopher" and Democritus as the "laughing philosopher".<a href="#cite_note-299">[cr]</a> The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> wrote: "Heraclitus, weep at life much more than you did while alive, for now life is more pitiable."<a href="#cite_note-300">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> saw a revived interest in ancient philosophy and its depiction in art. A <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> on the wall of <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Platonic Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> depicted Heraclitus and Democritus.<a href="#cite_note-301">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donato_Bramante" title="Donato Bramante">Donato Bramante</a> painted Heraclitus and Democritus (1486) as the weeping and laughing philosopher, and may have depicted Heraclitus as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[192]</a> Heraclitus appears in painter <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <a href="/wiki/School_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Athens">School of Athens</a> (1511), in which he is represented by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, since they shared a "sour temper and bitter scorn for all rivals".<a href="#cite_note-:9-303">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Modern">edit</a>]</div> Modern interest in early Greek philosophy can be traced back to 1573, when French printer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Estienne" title="Henri Estienne">Henri Estienne</a> (also known as Henricus Stephanus) collected a number of pre-Socratic fragments, including some forty of those of Heraclitus, and published them in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in Poesis philosophica.<a href="#cite_note-304">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance skepticism">Renaissance skeptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">essay</a> On Democritus and Heraclitus, in which he sided with the laughing philosopher over the weeping philosopher, was probably written soon after.<a href="#cite_note-305">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[197]</a> Heraclitus also influenced French poets Michel d'Ambroise and Etienne Forcadel.<a href="#cite_note-308">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_du_Moulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre du Moulin">Pierre du Moulin</a> wrote Heraclitus, or, Meditations vpon the vanity & misery of humane life in 1609.<a href="#cite_note-309">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[200]</a> English playwright <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> may have known of Heraclitus through Montaigne.<a href="#cite_note-311">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a> (1598) features the melancholic character of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)" title="Antonio (The Merchant of Venice)">Antonio</a>, who some critics contend is modeled after Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-:19-298">[189]</a> Additionally, in one scene of the play <a href="/wiki/Portia_(The_Merchant_of_Venice)" title="Portia (The Merchant of Venice)">Portia</a> assesses her potential suitors, and says of one County Palatine: "I fear he will prove the weeping philosopher when he grows old".<a href="#cite_note-312">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[203]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_(66)_(15195464645).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_%2866%29_%2815195464645%29.jpg/165px-Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_%2866%29_%2815195464645%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_%2866%29_%2815195464645%29.jpg/248px-Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_%2866%29_%2815195464645%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_%2866%29_%2815195464645%29.jpg/330px-Rijksmuseum.amsterdam_%2866%29_%2815195464645%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="3680" /></a><figcaption>Heraclitus painted as the weeping philosopher by <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_ter_Brugghen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik ter Brugghen">Hendrik ter Brugghen</a> (1628)</figcaption></figure> Several <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_ter_Brugghen" title="Hendrick ter Brugghen">Hendrik ter Brugghen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Moreelse" title="Johannes Moreelse">Johannes Moreelse</a> painted Heraclitus and Democritus. Rubens' <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_and_Democritus_(Rubens)" title="Heraclitus and Democritus (Rubens)">Heraclitus and Democritus</a> (1603) was painted for the <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Sandoval_y_Rojas,_1st_Duke_of_Lerma" title="Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma">Duke of Lerma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rationalism">Rationalism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rationalism">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG/250px-Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG/330px-Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG/500px-Utrecht_Moreelse_Heraclite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Heraclitus painted as the weeping philosopher by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Moreelse" title="Johannes Moreelse">Johannes Moreelse</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1630</figcaption></figure> French <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> read Montaigne and wrote in <a href="/wiki/Passions_of_the_Soul" title="Passions of the Soul">The Passions of the Soul</a> that <a href="/wiki/Indignation" title="Indignation">indignation</a> can be joined by <a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">pity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mockery" title="Mockery">derision</a>, "So the laughter of Democritus and the tears of Heraclitus could have come from the same cause".<a href="#cite_note-315">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[206]</a> Kahn suggests Spinoza may have been influenced by Heraclitus via the Stoics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn1979302-317">[207]</a> According to one author "What Heraclitus really meant by the common was...nothing different from what by <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> was expressed by "<a href="/wiki/Sub_specie_aeternitatis" title="Sub specie aeternitatis">sub specie aeternitatis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188942-318">[208]</a> According to German poet <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Heinrich Blücher">Heinrich Blücher</a>, "If you read the whole system of Spinoza, it is nothing but the changed system of Heraclitus."<a href="#cite_note-319">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> stated in <a href="/wiki/The_Monadology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Monadology">The Monadology</a> "all bodies are in a state of perpetual flux like rivers."<a href="#cite_note-320">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_empiricism">British empiricism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: British empiricism">edit</a>]</div> Bishop and <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a> claimed Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> was influenced by Heraclitus. He remarked in Siris: "In Plutarch we find it was the opinion of Heraclitus, that the death of fire was a birth to air, and the death of air a birth to water.<a href="#cite_note-Aurel76-160">[bm]</a> This opinion is also maintained by Sir Isaac Newton."<a href="#cite_note-322">[212]</a> Scottish skeptic <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> seems to recapitulate Heraclitus while discussing <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>: "Thus as the nature of a river consists in the motion and change of parts; tho' in less than four and twenty hours these be totally alter'd; this hinders not the river from continuing the same during several ages."<a href="#cite_note-323">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2008174-324">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Common_sense">Common sense</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Common sense">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG/180px-1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG/270px-1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG/360px-1831_Schlesinger_Philosoph_Georg_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Hegel_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3674" data-file-height="4783" /></a><figcaption>Hegel said "there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my Logic."</figcaption></figure> While Heraclitus seems to criticize people in general, at other times he also seems to support <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[216]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Scottish_common_sense_realism" title="Scottish common sense realism">Scottish common sense</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a>'s account, Heraclitus was one of the first to extol a common sense philosophy with such quotes as "And though reason is common, most people live as though they had an understanding peculiar to themselves;"<a href="#cite_note-sextb2-14">[h]</a> and "understanding is common to all".<a href="#cite_note-327">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[cs]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Kantianism">Post-Kantianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Post-Kantianism">edit</a>]</div> Ever since German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, philosophers have sometimes been divided into rationalists and empiricists.<a href="#cite_note-329">[218]</a> Heraclitus has been considered each by different scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§1-80">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick1889v-330">[219]</a> For rationalism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassalle1858362-331">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[221]</a> philosophers cite fragments like "Poor witnesses for men are the eyes and ears of those who have barbarian souls."<a href="#cite_note-a16-213">[cf]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[ct]</a> For empiricism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchuster187317-334">[222]</a> they cite fragments like "The things that can be seen, heard, and learned are what I prize the most."<a href="#cite_note-335">[cu]</a> Gottlob Mayer has argued that the <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">philosophical pessimism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> recapitulated the thought of Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-336">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick188971-337">[224]</a> The impression of Heraclitus on <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a> was so profound that he remarked in his <a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_the_History_of_Philosophy" title="Lectures on the History of Philosophy">Lectures on the History of Philosophy</a>: "there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted in my <a href="/wiki/Science_of_Logic" title="Science of Logic">Logic</a>."<a href="#cite_note-338">[225]</a> Hegel interpreted Heraclitus as a dialetheist and as a process philosopher, seeing the flux or "becoming" in Heraclitus as a natural result of the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> of "being" and "non-being" in Parmenides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§7-234">[132]</a> He also doubted the world conflagration (ekpyrosis) interpretation, which had been popular since Aristotle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2019§4-156">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Heraclitean_studies">Heraclitean studies</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Heraclitean studies">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher_2.jpg/250px-Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher_2.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Schleiermacher was "the pioneer of Heraclitean studies".</figcaption></figure>The German theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> was one of the first to collect the fragments of Heraclitus specifically and write them out in his native tongue, the "pioneer of Heraclitean studies".<a href="#cite_note-339">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-340">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelwright1959160-341">[228]</a> Schleiermacher was also one of the first to posit Persian influence upon Heraclitus, a question taken up by succeeding scholars <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Creuzer" title="Georg Friedrich Creuzer">Friedrich Creuzer</a> and August Gladisch.<a href="#cite_note-:5-289">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-340">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Young_Hegelians" title="Young Hegelians">Young Hegelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Die_Philosophie_Herakleitos_des_Dunklen_von_Ephesos" title="Die Philosophie Herakleitos des Dunklen von Ephesos">a book</a> on Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassalle1858-342">[229]</a> "Lassalle follows Hegel in styling the doctrine of Heraclitus 'the philosophy of the logical law of the identity of contradictories."<a href="#cite_note-:5-289">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassalle1858354–355-343">[230]</a> Lassalle also thought Persian theology influenced Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-:15-230">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassalle1858362-331">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-344">[231]</a> Fellow Young Hegelian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> compared Lasalle's work to that of "a schoolboy"<a href="#cite_note-345">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> accused him of "sheer <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:14-344">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bernays" title="Jakob Bernays">Jakob Bernays</a> also wrote a work on Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-:5-289">[180]</a> Inspired by Bernays, the English scholar <a href="/wiki/Ingram_Bywater" title="Ingram Bywater">Ingram Bywater</a> collected all fragments of Heraclitus in a critical edition, Heracliti Ephesii Reliquiae (1877).<a href="#cite_note-:7-346">[233]</a> An English translation was provided by G. T. W. Patrick in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick1889-48">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Alexander_Diels" title="Hermann Alexander Diels">Hermann Diels</a> wrote "Bywater's book has come to be accounted ... as the only reliable collection of the remains of that philosopher."<a href="#cite_note-:7-346">[233]</a> Diels published the first edition of the authoritative Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics) in 1903, later revised and expanded three times, and finally revised in two subsequent editions by Walther Kranz. Diels–Kranz is used in academia to cite pre-Socratic philosophers. In <a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Kranz_numbering" title="Diels–Kranz numbering">Diels–Kranz</a>, each ancient personality and each passage is assigned a number to uniquely identify it; Heraclitus is traditionally catalogued as philosopher number 22.<a href="#cite_note-DKranz-347">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental">Continental</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Continental">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidegger_2_(1960).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg/250px-Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg/330px-Heidegger_2_%281960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Heidegger believed that the thinking of Heraclitus and Parmenides was the origin of philosophy.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">continental</a> existentialist and classical philologist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> preferred Heraclitus above all the other pre-Socratics.<a href="#cite_note-:11-61">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[236]</a> Nietzsche saw the philosophers before Plato as "pure <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">types</a>" and Heraclitus as the proud, lonely truth-finder.<a href="#cite_note-350">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosopher of history</a> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> wrote his (failed) dissertation on Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-352">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Edmund Husserl</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is "the realm of Heraclitean flux."<a href="#cite_note-354">[241]</a> Existentialist and phenomenologist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> was also influenced by Heraclitus, as seen in his <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Metaphysics_(Heidegger_book)" title="Introduction to Metaphysics (Heidegger book)">Introduction to Metaphysics</a>. Heidegger believed that the thinking of Heraclitus and Parmenides was the origin of philosophy and misunderstood by Plato and Aristotle, leading all of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> astray.<a href="#cite_note-355">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[243]</a> French philosophers <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a>'s "differential ontology" is influenced by Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-357">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[245]</a> According to Deleuze, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> was a Heraclitean.<a href="#cite_note-359">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[247]</a> The idea that war produces order through strife is similar to Foucault's notion that <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> is a force dispersed through social relations.<a href="#cite_note-361">[248]</a> In the 1950s, a term originating with Heraclitus, "<a href="/wiki/Idios_kosmos" title="Idios kosmos">idios kosmos</a>", meaning "private world" as distinguished from the "common world" (koinos kosmos) was adopted by phenomenological and <a href="/wiki/Existential_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential psychology">existential psychologists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a>, to refer to the experience of people with delusions.<a href="#cite_note-362">[249]</a> It was an important part of novelist <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s views on <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[250]</a> Those thinkers have relied on Heraclitus's statement that "The waking have one common world, but the sleeping turn aside each into a world of his own."<a href="#cite_note-364">[cv]</a> The Irish author and classicist <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> was influenced by art critic <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Walter Pater</a>, a friend of Bywater's whose "pre-Socratic hero" was Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-365">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> noted that "Pater praises Plato for Classic correctness, for a conservative <a href="/wiki/Centripetal_force" title="Centripetal force">centripetal impulse</a>, against his [Pater's] own Heraclitean <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1974-368">[254]</a> Wilde is credited with the saying "<a href="/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband" title="An Ideal Husband">expect the unexpected</a>", though Heraclitus said "If you do not expect the unexpected, you will not find it; for it is hard to be sought out and difficult."<a href="#cite_note-369">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[cw]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analytic">Analytic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Analytic">edit</a>]</div> The British <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">A. N. Whitehead</a> has been identified as a representative of the tradition of Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-371">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[258]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>'s essay Mysticism and Logic, he contends Heraclitus proves himself a metaphysician by his blending of mystical and scientific impulses.<a href="#cite_note-mystic-178">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Wittgenstein">edit</a>]</div> Scholar Edward Hussey sees parallels between Heraclitus, the logos, and the early <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>'s linguistic philosophy in the <a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus</a> (1922).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey197259-374">[259]</a> Wittgenstein was known to read Plato<a href="#cite_note-375">[260]</a> and in his return to philosophy in 1929 he made several remarks resembling those of Heraclitus: "The fundamental thing expressed grammatically: What about the sentence: One cannot step into the same river twice?"<a href="#cite_note-376">[261]</a> He then seemed to make a dramatic shift by 1931, saying one can step twice into the same river.<a href="#cite_note-377">[262]</a> Wittgenstein also uses a river image in <a href="/wiki/On_Certainty" title="On Certainty">On Certainty</a> (1950) to say even the river-bed may change as foundational logical principles might: "The mythology may change back into a state of flux, the river-bed of thoughts may shift ... And the bank of that river consists partly of hard rock, subject to no alteration or only to an imperceptible one, partly of sand, which now in one place now in another gets washed away or deposited."<a href="#cite_note-378">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Contradiction">Contradiction</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Contradiction">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhism_%26_Science_-_Interview_with_Graham_Priest_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Buddhism_%26_Science_-_Interview_with_Graham_Priest_%28cropped%29.png/120px-Buddhism_%26_Science_-_Interview_with_Graham_Priest_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Buddhism_%26_Science_-_Interview_with_Graham_Priest_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Buddhism_%26_Science_-_Interview_with_Graham_Priest_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Graham Priest is a dialetheist.</figcaption></figure> Aristotle's arguments for the law of non-contradiction, which he saw as refuting the position started by Heraclitus,<a href="#cite_note-380">[265]</a> used to be considered authoritative, but have been in doubt ever since their criticism by Polish logician <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a>, and the invention of <a href="/wiki/Many-valued_logic" title="Many-valued logic">many-valued</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic" title="Paraconsistent logic">paraconsistent</a> logics.<a href="#cite_note-381">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[267]</a> Some philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Graham_Priest" title="Graham Priest">Graham Priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jc_Beall" title="Jc Beall">Jc Beall</a> follow Heraclitus in advocating true contradictions or dialetheism,<a href="#cite_note-dliar-84">[47]</a> seeing it as the most natural response to the <a href="/wiki/Liar_paradox" title="Liar paradox">liar paradox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-383">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPriestBeall200423-385">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[note 15]</a> Jc Beall, together with <a href="/wiki/Greg_Restall" title="Greg Restall">Greg Restall</a>, is a pioneer of a widely discussed version of <a href="/wiki/Logical_pluralism" title="Logical pluralism">logical pluralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Philosophy_of_Religion">Philosophy of Religion</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Philosophy of Religion">edit</a>]</div> Beall argues for a contradictory account of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a> as both man and divine.<a href="#cite_note-389">[273]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a> was inspired by Heraclitus's comments on the river to formulate his idea of <a href="/wiki/Sortal" title="Sortal">relative identity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-390">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[275]</a> which he used to defend the coherence of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Philosophy_of_Time">Philosophy of Time</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Philosophy of Time">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png/250px-English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png/330px-English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png/500px-English_Grammar_Time_Simple_Present.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Presentism is seen as a Heraclitean view.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British idealist</a> <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a> is best known for his paper "<a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a>" (1908), in which he argues that time is unreal. What he calls the "<a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series#A_series" title="A series and B series">A theory</a>", also known as "temporal becoming", and closely related to <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">presentism</a>, which conceptualizes of time as tensed (i.e., having the properties of being past, present, or future), is a view which has been seen as beginning with Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-394">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-395">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[280]</a> By contrast, his " "<a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B theory</a>", under which time is tenseless (i.e., earlier than, simultaneous to, or later than), has similarly been seen as beginning with Parmenides.<a href="#cite_note-397">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardonDyke20151–29-399">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> It may also be an unwarranted interpretation of the fragment from Heraclitus stating "the kingdom is a child's".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hippolyt52-5">[b]</a> A similar story relates that Heraclitus persuaded the tyrant Melancomas to abdicate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk195413-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> This condemnation of blood sacrifice led some to conclude Heraclitus was a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kindst-19">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk19545-20">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Hermodorus may have given some laws to the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-32">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Two alleged letters between Heraclitus and Darius, quoted by Diogenes Laërtius, are later forgeries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk19541-35">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Some classicists and professors of ancient philosophy have disputed which of these fragments can truly be attributed to Heraclitus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015-44">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn1979168-45">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> West suggests that the beginning may be tentatively ordered as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971113–117-57">[29]</a> B1; B114; B2; B89; B30; B31; B90; B60. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> This is the earliest reference to the Sibyl in extant literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn1979125-63">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βιός">Biós</a> with the accent on the O, is the Greek for "bow". <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:βίος">Bίοs</a> with the accent on the I, is the Greek for "life". </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Literally, the width of a man's foot.<a href="#cite_note-B3foot-182">[br]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> The same story is told with variation in <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a>' <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Magick" title="Mathematical Magick">Mathematical Magick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> A quotation on <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> seems to express a similar sentiment: "As your will is, so is your deed. As your deed is, so is your destiny."<a href="#cite_note-203">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> As <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> explains, Heraclitus may be asking "How can breath itself sniff?"<a href="#cite_note-:10-217">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> The 9th century CE <a href="/wiki/Dadestan_i_Denig" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadestan i Denig">Dadestan i Denig</a> preserves information on Zoroastrian cosmology, but also shows direct borrowings from Aristotle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest1971174–175-224">[123]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">the cynic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiogLae-3">[a]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Priest agrees with Hegel's contradictory account of motion, based on <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno of Elea</a>'s Paradox of the Arrow, which is arguably Heraclitus's account of flux.<a href="#cite_note-:2-386">[271]</a> On this account of motion, to move is to be both here and not here.<a href="#cite_note-:2-386">[271]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragment_numbers">Fragment numbers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Fragment numbers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DiogLae-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogLae_3-16">q</a> <a href="#CITEREFA1">A1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippolyt52-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hippolyt52_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hippolyt52_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B52 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA3">A3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B29 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB49">B49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-B101-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B101_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B101_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFB101">B101</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB87">B87</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sextb2-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sextb2_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sextb2_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSextus_Empiricus,_Against_the_Mathematicians">Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians</a>, B2 </li> <li id="cite_note-unholy-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unholy_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unholy_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFB5">B5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-myste-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myste_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myste_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myste_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Protrepticus">Clement, Protrepticus</a>, B14 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Protrepticus">Clement, Protrepticus</a>, B15 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB96">B96</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, B42 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, B56 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, B57 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB81">B81</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiogL40-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiogL40_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiogL40_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, B40 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB39">B39</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA2">A2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB121">B121</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-B36-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B36_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B36_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B36 </li> <li id="cite_note-B77-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B77_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B77_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFB77">B77</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-drysoul-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drysoul_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-drysoul_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, B118 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSextus_Empiricus,_Against_the_Mathematicians">Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians</a>, B1 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_Pythian_Oracle">Plutarch, On the Pythian Oracle</a>, B92 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA4">A4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB123">B123</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B54 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_Pythian_Oracle">Plutarch, On the Pythian Oracle</a>, B93 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, B116 </li> <li id="cite_note-aris-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aris_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aris_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFA7">A7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippolyt60-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hippolyt60_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hippolyt60_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B60 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB103">B103</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPseudo-Aristotle,_De_Mundo">Pseudo-Aristotle, De Mundo</a>, B10 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B62 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB88">B88</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB126">B126</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, B111 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB13">B13</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB37">B37</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B61 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB4">B4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAristotle,_Nicomachean_Ethics">Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics</a>, B9 </li> <li id="cite_note-plato1-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plato1_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plato1_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plato1_107-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFA6">A6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB12">B12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB49a">B49a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_E_at_Delphi">Plutarch, On the E at Delphi</a>, B91 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrigen">Origen</a>, B80 </li> <li id="cite_note-ArisB8-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArisB8_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArisB8_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAristotle,_Nicomachean_Ethics">Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics</a>, B8 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA22">A22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B51 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB48">B48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB125">B125</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B53 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B24 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B25 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPseudo-Aristotle,_De_Mundo">Pseudo-Aristotle, De Mundo</a>, B11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hippolyt50-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Hippolyt50_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B50 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B19 </li> <li id="cite_note-stob114-149"><a href="#cite_ref-stob114_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, B114 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA5">A5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-aetA8-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aetA8_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aetA8_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFA8">A8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B30 </li> <li id="cite_note-Aurel76-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aurel76_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aurel76_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAurelius">Aurelius</a>, B76 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B31 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_E_at_Delphi">Plutarch, On the E at Delphi</a>, B90 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB6">B6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB16">B16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-B3foot-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B3foot_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B3foot_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFB3">B3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B57 </li> <li id="cite_note-exile94-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exile94_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exile94_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFB94">B94</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB100">B100</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAëtius">Aëtius</a>, A12 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B64 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B32 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB83">B83</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrigen">Origen</a>, B79 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB102">B102</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA9">A9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, B45 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, B117 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB85">B85</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-a16-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a16_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a16_213-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFA16">A16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB7">B7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB67a">B67a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB98">B98</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B27 </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA15">A15</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFC1">C1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFC2">C2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFC3">C3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAurelius">Aurelius</a>, B72 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAurelius">Aurelius</a>, B74 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB97">B97</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFC5">C5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStobaeus">Stobaeus</a>, B113 </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB107">B107</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHippolytus">Hippolytus</a>, B55 </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFB89">B89</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClement,_Stromateis">Clement, Stromateis</a>, B18 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19791–3_1-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn1979">Kahn 1979</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Ionian Revolt, Blackwell Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes1961477_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStokes1961">Stokes 1961</a>, p. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk195413-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk195413_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1954">Kirk 1954</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelwright195911,_84-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheelwright195911,_84_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheelwright1959">Wheelwright 1959</a>, pp. 11, 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikalson201096-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikalson201096_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMikalson2010">Mikalson 2010</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-kindst-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kindst_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kindst_19-1">b</a> J. F. Kindstrand, "The Cynics and Heraclitus", Eranos 82 (1984), 149–178 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk19545-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk19545_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1954">Kirk 1954</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Saxonhouse, A. W. (1995). Fear of Diversity: The Birth of Political Science in Ancient Greek Thought. United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press. p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=hermodorus-bio-1">"Hermodo'rus"</a>. perseus.tufts.edu – via A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Hermodo%27rus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dhermodorus-bio-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892130-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892130_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnet1892">Burnet 1892</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk19541-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk19541_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1954">Kirk 1954</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaddaf2005125-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaddaf2005125_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaddaf2005">Naddaf 2005</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Clement, Stromateis, 1.129 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Fairweather, Janet. "The Death of Heraclitus." Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 14 (1973): 233–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Chitwood, A. (2004). Death by Philosophy: The Biographical Tradition in the Life and Death of the Archaic Philosophers Empedocles, Heraclitus, and Democritus. United States: University of Michigan Press. pp. 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCabe2015_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCabe2015">McCabe 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn1979168-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn1979168_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn1979">Kahn 1979</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892133-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892133_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892133_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnet1892">Burnet 1892</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrick1889-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick1889_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrick1889_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrick1889">Patrick 1889</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957183–184-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirkRaven1957183–184_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirkRaven1957">KirkRaven 1957</a>, pp. 183–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahn19795-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahn19795_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahn1979">Kahn 1979</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansfield199939-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansfield199939_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield1999">Mansfield 1999</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892132-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnet1892132_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnet1892">Burnet 1892</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> see Laertius, 7.33 </li> <li id="cite_note-kyon-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kyon_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kyon_54-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JL-cyJ6zdJwC&pg=PA51">The Cynics</a> by. 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Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ingram+Bywater%3A+The+Memoir+of+an+Oxford+Scholar%2C+1840%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1917-06-07&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=William+Walrond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPe7BB1gFfAC%26pg%3DRA2-PA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DKranz-347"><a href="#cite_ref-DKranz_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDielsKranz1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diels, Hermann; Kranz, Walther (1957). Plamböck, Gert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEYWQwAACAAJ">Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</a> (in Ancient Greek and German). Rowohlt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5875607416" title="Special:BookSources/5875607416"><bdi>5875607416</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Fragmente+der+Vorsokratiker&rft.pub=Rowohlt&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=5875607416&rft.aulast=Diels&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Kranz%2C+Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEYWQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMügge1911" class="citation web cs1">Mügge, Maximilian August (May 26, 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_ih3ZVP2PkC&pg=PA318">"Friedrich Nietzsche: His Life and Work"</a>. T. Fisher Unwin. p. 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1911-05-26&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCgge&rft.aufirst=Maximilian+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_ih3ZVP2PkC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Schrift, A. (2014). Nietzsche and the Question of Interpretation. United States: Taylor & Francis. p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> de Jong, Johan. "The Senses of Nietzsche's "Complete Irresponsibility"" Nietzsche-Studien, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2022-0030">https://doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2022-0030</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> see also <a href="/wiki/On_the_Pathos_of_Truth" title="On the Pathos of Truth">On the Pathos of Truth</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOswald_Spengler" class="citation book cs1">Oswald Spengler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-zeno-org.translate.goog/Philosophie/M/Spengler,+Oswald/Reden+und+Aufsätze/Heraklit/Einleitung/1.?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp">The Fundamental Metaphysical Thought of the Heraclitean Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamental+Metaphysical+Thought+of+the+Heraclitean+Philosophy&rft.au=Oswald+Spengler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-zeno-org.translate.goog%2FPhilosophie%2FM%2FSpengler%2C%2BOswald%2FReden%2Bund%2BAufs%C3%A4tze%2FHeraklit%2FEinleitung%2F1.%3F_x_tr_sch%3Dhttp%26_x_tr_sl%3Dauto%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Den%26_x_tr_pto%3Dwapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Farrenkopf, J. 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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+and+Becoming+in+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Steven+Savett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fspacetime-bebecome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardonDyke20151–29-399"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardonDyke20151–29_399-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardonDyke2015">BardonDyke2015</a>, pp. 1–29. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ancient sources">edit</a>]</div> This article uses the <a href="/wiki/Diels%E2%80%93Kranz_numbering_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels–Kranz numbering system">Diels–Kranz numbering system</a> from Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (The Fragments of the Pre-Socratics) for testimony (labeled A), fragments (labeled B), and imitation (labeled C). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Testimony">Testimony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Testimony">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>A1. <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_IX#Heraclitus">"Others: Heraclitus" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. 2:9. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Others%3A+Heraclitus&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA2" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographyofstrab06strauoft/page/196/mode/2up">"Book XIV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a> (in Ancient Greek and English). Translated by Jones, Horace Leonard; Sterrett, J. R. Sitlington. London: Heinemann. pp. 632–633.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XIV&rft.btitle=Geographica&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E632-%3C%2Fspan%3E633&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographyofstrab06strauoft%2Fpage%2F196%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA3" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (1885). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library/The_Miscellanies:_Book_1#394/Book_I,_Chapter_XIV">"Book I, Chapter XIV" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Stromateis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromateis">Stromateis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(bishop)" title="William Wilson (bishop)">William Wilson</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%2C+Chapter+XIV&rft.btitle=Stromateis&rft.series=Ante-Nicene+Fathers&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA4" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rhetoric_(Freese)/Book_3#Chapter_5">Rhetoric </a>. Book III, section 5 (1407b) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric&rft.pages=Book+III%2C+section+5+%281407b%29&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA5" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Α". <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a>. 984a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%91&rft.btitle=Metaphysics&rft.pages=984a&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA6" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cratylus (Plato)">Cratylus</a>. 402a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cratylus&rft.pages=402a&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA7" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Γ". <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a>. 1005b23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%93&rft.btitle=Metaphysics&rft.pages=1005b23&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA8" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aetius_(philosopher)" title="Aetius (philosopher)">Aëtius</a>. "7". In <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vetusta_Placita" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetusta Placita">Placita</a>. Anthologium. Vol. I. line 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Placita&rft.btitle=Anthologium&rft.pages=line+77&rft.au=A%C3%ABtius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA9" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Book V". <a href="/wiki/On_the_Parts_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Parts of Animals">On the Parts of Animals</a>. 645a17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+V&rft.btitle=On+the+Parts+of+Animals&rft.pages=645a17&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A10" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sophist_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophist (Plato)">Sophist</a>. 242d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sophist&rft.pages=242d&rft.au=Plato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A11-14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAëtius" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aetius_(philosopher)" title="Aetius (philosopher)">Aëtius</a>. "13". In <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vetusta_Placita" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetusta Placita">Placita</a>. Anthologium. Vol. II. line 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Placita&rft.btitle=Anthologium&rft.pages=line+8&rft.au=A%C3%ABtius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA15" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Book II". <a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a>. 405a25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=On+the+Soul&rft.pages=405a25&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA16" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>. "Book VII". <a href="/wiki/Against_the_Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Against the Mathematicians">Against the Mathematicians</a>. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VII&rft.btitle=Against+the+Mathematicians&rft.pages=126&rft.au=Sextus+Empiricus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A17" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aetius_(philosopher)" title="Aetius (philosopher)">Aëtius</a>. "7". In <a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vetusta_Placita" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetusta Placita">Placita</a>. Anthologium. Vol. IV. line 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Placita&rft.btitle=Anthologium&rft.pages=line+2&rft.au=A%C3%ABtius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A18. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A18" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aetius_(philosopher)" title="Aetius (philosopher)">Aëtius</a>. "Book V". <a href="/wiki/Vetusta_Placita" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetusta Placita">Vetusta Placita</a>. line 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+V&rft.btitle=Vetusta+Placita&rft.pages=line+23&rft.au=A%C3%ABtius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A19" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. In Defence of Oracles. 415e.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Oracles&rft.pages=415e&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A20" class="citation book cs1">Chalcide. Scholia. 251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholia&rft.pages=251&rft.au=Chalcide.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A21" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>. "Book II". <a href="/wiki/Stromateis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromateis">Stromateis</a>. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=Stromateis&rft.pages=130&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA22" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0050%3Abook%3D7%3Asection%3D1235a">1235a25</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eudemian+Ethics&rft.pages=1235a25&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>A23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="A23" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>. "Book IV". <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories (Polybius)">Histories</a>. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+IV&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pages=20&rft.au=Polybius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fragments">Fragments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Fragments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>B1-2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSextus_Empiricus,_Against_the_Mathematicians" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>. "Book XVII". <a href="/wiki/Against_the_Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Against the Mathematicians">Against the Mathematicians</a>. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XVII&rft.btitle=Against+the+Mathematicians&rft.pages=132&rft.au=Sextus+Empiricus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB3" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aetius_(philosopher)" title="Aetius (philosopher)">Aetius</a>. "Book II". <a href="/wiki/Placita" class="mw-redirect" title="Placita">Placita</a>. 21,4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=Placita&rft.pages=21%2C4&rft.au=Aetius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB4" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>. "Book VI". De veget. 401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VI&rft.btitle=De+veget&rft.pages=401&rft.au=Albertus+Magnus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB5" class="citation book cs1">Aristocritus. Theosophia. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theosophia&rft.pages=68&rft.au=Aristocritus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB6" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Book II". <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a>. 355a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=Meteorology&rft.pages=355a&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB7" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Book 5". <a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">On Sense Perception</a>. 443a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+5&rft.btitle=On+Sense+Perception&rft.pages=443a&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B8-9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle,_Nicomachean_Ethics" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. "Book II". <a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B10-11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPseudo-Aristotle,_De_Mundo" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudo-Aristotle</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Mundo" class="mw-redirect" title="De Mundo">De Mundo</a>. 396b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Mundo&rft.pages=396b&rft.au=Pseudo-Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB12" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (1903). "Epitomae of <a href="/wiki/Arius_Didymus" title="Arius Didymus">Arius Didymus</a>". <a href="/wiki/Praeparatio_evangelica" title="Praeparatio evangelica">Praeparatio evangelica</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Gifford" title="Edwin Gifford">E.H. Gifford</a>. Tertullian Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_15_book15.htm">Book XV, Chapter XVIII-XX</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epitomae+of+Arius+Didymus&rft.btitle=Praeparatio+evangelica&rft.pages=Book+XV%2C+Chapter+XVIII-XX&rft.pub=Tertullian+Project&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB13" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Athanaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanaeus">Athanaeus</a>. "Book V". <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a>. 178F.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+V&rft.btitle=Deipnosophistae&rft.pages=178F&rft.au=Athanaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B14-15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClement,_Protrepticus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Clement)" title="Protrepticus (Clement)">Protrepticus</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protrepticus&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB16" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paedagogus" title="Paedagogus">Paedagogus</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paedagogus&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B17-36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClement,_Stromateis" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stromateis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromateis">Stromateis</a>. Translated by William Wilson – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stromateis&rft.au=Clement+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB37" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_re_rustica" class="mw-redirect" title="De re rustica">De re rustica</a>.</cite></li> <li>B38. <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB38" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I#Thales">"The Seven Sages: Thales" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. 1:1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library. § 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Sages%3A+Thales&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.pages=%C2%A7-23&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B39. <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB39" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_I#Bias">"The Seven Sages: Bias" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. 1:1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library. § 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Sages%3A+Bias&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.pages=%C2%A7-88&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B40-46. <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_IX#Heraclitus">"Others: Heraclitus" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. 2:9. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Others%3A+Heraclitus&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B47. <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaërtius1925" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Laërtius, Diogenes</a> (1925). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/Book_IX#Pyrrho">"Others: Pyrrho" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Eminent Philosophers">Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</a>. Vol. 2:9. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Hicks, Robert Drew</a> (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library. § 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Others%3A+Pyrrho&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Eminent+Philosophers&rft.pages=%C2%A7-77&rft.edition=Two+volume&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=La%C3%ABrtius&rft.aufirst=Diogenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B48. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB48" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Etymologicum_Magnum" title="Etymologicum Magnum">Etymologicum Magnum</a>.</cite></li> <li>B49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB49" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>. On the knowledge of the pulse. VIII, 773.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+knowledge+of+the+pulse&rft.pages=VIII%2C+773&rft.au=Galen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B49a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB49a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus_(commentator)" title="Heraclitus (commentator)">Heraclitus (commentator)</a>. Homeric Allegories.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homeric+Allegories&rft.au=Heraclitus+%28commentator%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B50-67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHippolytus" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_V/Hippolytus/The_Refutation_of_All_Heresies">Refutation of All Heresies </a>. Book IX, Chapter 4–5 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refutation+of+All+Heresies&rft.pages=Book+IX%2C+Chapter+4-5&rft.au=Hippolytus+of+Rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B67a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB67a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hisdosus" title="Hisdosus">Hisdosus Scholasticus</a> (2016). Andrew Hicks (ed.). "De Anima Mundi Platonica, Commentary on Chalcides' translation of the Timaeus (dialogue)". Mediaeval Studies. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-680-0"><bdi>978-0-88844-680-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediaeval+Studies&rft.atitle=De+Anima+Mundi+Platonica%2C+Commentary+on+Chalcides%27+translation+of+the+Timaeus+%28dialogue%29&rft.volume=78&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-88844-680-0&rft.au=Hisdosus+Scholasticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B68-69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIamblichus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>. On the Mysteries.</cite></li> <li>B70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB70" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a>. On the Soul.</cite></li> <li>B71-76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAurelius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>. <a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a>.</cite></li> <li>B77. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB77" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>. The Cave of the Nymphs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cave+of+the+Nymphs&rft.au=Porphyry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B78-80. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrigen" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contra+Celsum&rft.au=Origen+of+Alexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB81" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a>. On Rhetoric.</cite></li> <li>B82-83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB83" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hippias_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippias major">Hippias major</a>.</cite></li> <li>B84a-84b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlotinus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a>.</cite></li> <li>B85-86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB85" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Life of Coriolanus</a>.</cite></li> <li>B87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB87" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On Hearing.</cite></li> <li>B88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB88" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Consolation to Apollonius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolation+to+Apollonius&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB89" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On Superstition.</cite></li> <li>B90-91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_E_at_Delphi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On the E at Delphi.</cite></li> <li>B92-93. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_Pythian_Oracle" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On the Pythian Oracle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Pythian+Oracle&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB94" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On Exile.</cite></li> <li>B95-96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB96" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Symposiacs.</cite></li> <li>B97. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB97" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. An seni respublica gerenda sit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+seni+respublica+gerenda+sit&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B98. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB98" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On the face in the moon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+face+in+the+moon&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B99. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. On Fire and Water.</cite></li> <li>B100. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB100" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Platonic Questions.</cite></li> <li>B101. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB101" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. Against Colotes.</cite></li> <li>B101a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB101a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>. "Book 12". <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Histories (Polybius)">Histories</a>. line 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+12&rft.btitle=Histories&rft.pages=line+27&rft.au=Polybius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB102" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>. Ad Iliadem 4.4.</cite></li> <li>B103. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB103" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>. Notes on Homer.</cite></li> <li>B104. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB104" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>. Commentary on Plato's <a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades_(dialogue)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Alcibiades (dialogue)">Alcibiades</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Plato%27s+Alcibiades&rft.au=Proclus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB105" class="citation book cs1">Scholia to Homer. 289B.</cite></li> <li>B106. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Life of Camillus</a>.</cite></li> <li>B107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB107" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a>. "Book XVII". <a href="/wiki/Against_the_Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Against the Mathematicians">Against the Mathematicians</a>. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XVII&rft.btitle=Against+the+Mathematicians&rft.pages=126&rft.au=Sextus+Empiricus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B108-119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStobaeus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stobaeus" title="Stobaeus">Stobaeus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Florilegium" title="Florilegium">Florilegium</a>.</cite></li> <li>B120-121. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB121" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>.</cite></li> <li>B122. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suda</a>.</cite></li> <li>B123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB123" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a>. Speeches V.</cite></li> <li>B124-125. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB125" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>. On Vertigo.</cite></li> <li>B125a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Tzetzes" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>. Commentary on Aristophanes' Wealth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Aristophanes%27+Wealth&rft.au=John+Tzetzes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>B126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB126" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>. "Book XVII". Commentary on the Iliad. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+XVII&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Iliad&rft.pages=126&rft.au=John+Tzetzes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imitation">Imitation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Imitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>C1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hippocrates04hippuoft/page/236/mode/2up">On Regimen</a>. Hippocrates Collected Works. Vol. IV. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Regimen&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Hippocrates+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Hippocrates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhippocrates04hippuoft%2Fpage%2F236%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>C2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC2" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hp.+Alim.">On Nutrition</a>. Hippocrates Collected Works. Vol. I. Translated by W. H. S. Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Nutrition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Hippocrates+Collected+Works&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Hippocrates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DHp.%2BAlim.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>C3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC3" class="citation book cs1">Scythinus of Teos. On Nature.</cite></li> <li>C4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="(_C4)" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a>. Hymn to Zeus. fr. 537.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymn+to+Zeus&rft.pages=fr.+537&rft.au=Cleanthes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>C5. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC5" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksoflucianofs01luci/page/196/mode/2up">Philosophies for Sale</a>. The works of Lucian of Samosata. Vol. 1. Translated by Fowler, H. W.; Fowler, F. G.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+for+Sale&rft.series=The+works+of+Lucian+of+Samosata&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Lucian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksoflucianofs01luci%2Fpage%2F196%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_scholarship">Modern scholarship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBardonDyke2015" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Adrian; Dyke, Heather (November 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QJdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">A Companion to the Philosophy of Time</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119145691" title="Special:BookSources/9781119145691"><bdi>9781119145691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Philosophy+of+Time&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.isbn=9781119145691&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Dyke%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QJdCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Barnes" title="Jonathan Barnes">Barnes, Jonathan</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2icsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">"The Natural Philosophy of Heraclitus"</a>. The Presocratic Philosophers. London & New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 43–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05079-1"><bdi>978-0-415-05079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Natural+Philosophy+of+Heraclitus&rft.btitle=The+Presocratic+Philosophers&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05079-1&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2icsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBetegh2004" class="citation book cs1">Betegh, Gábor (2004). The Derveni papyrus : cosmology, theology, and interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511584435" title="Special:BookSources/9780511584435"><bdi>9780511584435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Derveni+papyrus+%3A+cosmology%2C+theology%2C+and+interpretation&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780511584435&rft.aulast=Betegh&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBett2003" class="citation book cs1">Bett, Richard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=olQb4EVZgTYC">Pyrrho, His Antecedents, and His Legacy</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925661-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925661-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925661-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyrrho%2C+His+Antecedents%2C+and+His+Legacy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925661-7&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DolQb4EVZgTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurnet1892" class="citation book cs1">Burnet, John (1892). "Heraclitus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXsRAAAAYAAJ">Early Greek Philosophy</a>. A. and C. Black. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heraclitus&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pub=A.+and+C.+Black&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Burnet&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXsRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurd2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Curd, Patricia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/presocratics/">"Presocratic philosophy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198732884.003.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732884.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873288-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873288-4"><bdi>978-0-19-873288-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Platonic+Conversations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198732884.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873288-4&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Mary+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qPKBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcevilley2012" class="citation book cs1">Mcevilley, Thomas C. (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KmqCDwAAQBAJ">The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-933-2"><bdi>978-1-58115-933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shape+of+Ancient+Thought%3A+Comparative+Studies+in+Greek+and+Indian+Philosophies&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-933-2&rft.aulast=Mcevilley&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmqCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikalson2010" class="citation book cs1">Mikalson, Jon (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iyMUDAAAQBAJ">Greek Popular Religion in Greek Philosophy</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957783-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Popular+Religion+in+Greek+Philosophy&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957783-5&rft.aulast=Mikalson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiyMUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Heraclitus">"Heraclitus" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 309–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heraclitus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=John+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaddaf2005" class="citation book cs1">Naddaf, Gerard (2005). The Greek Concept of Nature. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791463734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791463734"><bdi>978-0791463734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Concept+of+Nature&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0791463734&rft.aulast=Naddaf&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNehamas2002" class="citation book cs1">Nehamas, Alexander (2002). "Parminidean Being/Heraclitean Fire". In Caston, V.; Graham, D. W. (eds.). Presocratic Philosophy: Essays in Honour of Alexander Mourelatos. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 45–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0502-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0502-7"><bdi>978-0-7546-0502-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parminidean+Being%2FHeraclitean+Fire&rft.btitle=Presocratic+Philosophy%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Alexander+Mourelatos&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0502-7&rft.aulast=Nehamas&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick1889" class="citation book cs1">Patrick, G. T. W. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gLxQZb3TMYgC">The Fragments of the Work of Heraclitus of Ephesus on Nature; Translated from the Greek Text of Bywater, with an Introduction Historical and Critical</a>. N. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragments+of+the+Work+of+Heraclitus+of+Ephesus+on+Nature%3B+Translated+from+the+Greek+Text+of+Bywater%2C+with+an+Introduction+Historical+and+Critical&rft.pub=N.+Murray&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=G.+T.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgLxQZb3TMYgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriestBeall2004" class="citation book cs1">Priest, Graham; Beall, JC, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/25967/1/9.pdf">The Law of Non-Contradiction</a> (PDF). Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Non-Contradiction&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fndl.ethernet.edu.et%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F25967%2F1%2F9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandywell1996" class="citation book cs1">Sandywell, Barry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbKHAgAAQBAJ">Presocratic Reflexivity: The Construction of Philosophical Discourse c. 600–450 B.C.: Logological Investigations: Volume Three</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-85347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-85347-2"><bdi>978-1-134-85347-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presocratic+Reflexivity%3A+The+Construction+of+Philosophical+Discourse+c.+600%E2%80%93450+B.C.%3A+Logological+Investigations%3A+Volume+Three&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-134-85347-2&rft.aulast=Sandywell&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbKHAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuster1873" class="citation book cs1">Schuster, Paul Robert (1873). Heraclitus of Ephesus: An attempt to restore its fragments to their original order. Leipzig: Teubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclitus+of+Ephesus%3A+An+attempt+to+restore+its+fragments+to+their+original+order&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Teubner&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStamatellos2007" class="citation book cs1">Stamatellos, Giannis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0r0yH93JWOIC">Plotinus and the Presocratics: A Philosophical Study of Presocratic Influences in Plotinus' Enneads</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8031-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-8031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plotinus+and+the+Presocratics%3A+A+Philosophical+Study+of+Presocratic+Influences+in+Plotinus%27+Enneads&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8031-1&rft.aulast=Stamatellos&rft.aufirst=Giannis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0r0yH93JWOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStokes1961" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, Michael (1961). "Heraclitus". Cambridge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: 477–481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Heraclitus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E481&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVlastos2022" class="citation book cs1">Vlastos, Gregory (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNxSEAAAQBAJ">Studies in Greek Philosophy Vol. I: The Presocratics</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-24188-3"><bdi>978-0-691-24188-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Greek+Philosophy+Vol.+I%3A+The+Presocratics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press.&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-691-24188-3&rft.aulast=Vlastos&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNxSEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarren2014" class="citation book cs1">Warren, James (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLLCBQAAQBAJ">Presocratics</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49337-2"><bdi>978-1-317-49337-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presocratics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-317-49337-2&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLLCBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest1971" class="citation book cs1">West, Martin L. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbDFoAEACAAJ">Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient</a>. Clarendon Press. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Philosophy+and+the+Orient&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbDFoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"> Chapters 4-6 deal with Heraclitus</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWheelwright1959" class="citation book cs1">Wheelwright, Philip (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philocyclevl.files.wordpress.com/2016/10/heraclitus-p-wheelwright.pdf">Heraclitus</a> (PDF). Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraclitus&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Wheelwright&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilocyclevl.files.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fheraclitus-p-wheelwright.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeraclitus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimenides_of_Knossos" class="mw-redirect" title="Epimenides of Knossos">Epimenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Sages37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Solon of Athens">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittacus_of_Mytilene" title="Pittacus of Mytilene">Pittacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_of_Priene" title="Bias of Priene">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periander_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periander of Corinth">Periander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleobulus_of_Lindos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleobulus of Lindos">Cleobulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilon_of_Sparta" title="Chilon of Sparta">Chilon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Pre-Socratic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ionian37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Milesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heraclitean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Apollonia" title="Diogenes of Apollonia">Diogenes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Italian105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippasus" title="Hippasus">Hippasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archytas" title="Archytas">Archytas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiskos" title="Lamiskos">Lamiskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brontinus" title="Brontinus">Brontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(philosopher)" title="Theano (philosopher)">Theano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damo_(philosopher)" title="Damo (philosopher)">Damo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliphon_of_Croton" title="Calliphon of Croton">Calliphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermotimus_of_Clazomenae" title="Hermotimus of Clazomenae">Hermotimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Cos" title="Metrodorus of Cos">Metrodorus of Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arignote" title="Arignote">Arignote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia" title="Myia">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurytus_(Pythagorean)" title="Eurytus (Pythagorean)">Eurytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pythagoreans" title="Category:Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeniades" title="Xeniades">Xeniades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissus_of_Samos" title="Melissus of Samos">Melissus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_(philosopher)" title="Hippo (philosopher)">Hippo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(philosophy)" title="Pluralism (philosophy)">Pluralist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(philosopher)" title="Archelaus (philosopher)">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_elder)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder)">Metrodorus of Lampsacus</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acron" title="Acron">Acron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Sicily" title="Pausanias of Sicily">Pausanias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(philosophy)" title="Ionian school (philosophy)">Ionian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodicus" title="Prodicus">Prodicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias" title="Hippias">Hippias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus" title="Thrasymachus">Thrasymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_of_Athens" title="Damon of Athens">Damon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_(philosophy)" title="Italian school (philosophy)">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callicles" title="Callicles">Callicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophron_(sophist)" title="Lycophron (sophist)">Lycophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysodorus_(sophist)" title="Dionysodorus (sophist)">Dionysodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_of_Chios" title="Euthydemus of Chios">Euthydemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sophists" title="Category:Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek philosophy">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Socrates" title="Category:Pupils of Socrates">students</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crates_of_Thebes" title="Crates of Thebes">Crates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippus" title="Menippus">Menippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cynic_philosophers" title="List of Cynic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus" title="Aristippus">Aristippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristippus_the_Younger" title="Aristippus the Younger">Aristippus the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorus_the_Atheist" title="Theodorus the Atheist">Theodorus the Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegesias_of_Cyrene" title="Hegesias of Cyrene">Hegesias of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniceris" title="Anniceris">Anniceris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyrenaic_philosophers" title="Category:Cyrenaic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo_of_Elis" title="Phaedo of Elis">Phaedo of Elis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menedemus" title="Menedemus">Menedemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Phlius" title="Asclepiades of Phlius">Asclepiades of Phlius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_of_Megara" title="Euclid of Megara">Euclid of Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyas" title="Ichthyas">Ichthyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus_of_Corinth" title="Thrasymachus of Corinth">Thrasymachus of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilpo" title="Stilpo">Stilpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicarete_of_Megara" title="Nicarete of Megara">Nicarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasicles_of_Thebes" title="Pasicles of Thebes">Pasicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryson_of_Achaea" title="Bryson of Achaea">Bryson</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dialecticians33" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Dialecticians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinomachus" title="Clinomachus">Clinomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Cronus" title="Apollonius Cronus">Apollonius Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphantus" title="Euphantus">Euphantus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Chalcedon" title="Dionysius of Chalcedon">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_the_Dialectician" title="Philo the Dialectician">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexinus" title="Alexinus">Alexinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthoides" title="Panthoides">Panthoides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speusippus" title="Speusippus">Speusippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peripatetic_philosophers" title="Category:Peripatetic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aenesidemus" title="Aenesidemus">Aenesidemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_the_Skeptic" title="Agrippa the Skeptic">Agrippa the Skeptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Empiricus" title="Sextus Empiricus">Sextus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Skeptic_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Skeptic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panaetius" title="Panaetius">Panaetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Annaeus_Cornutus" title="Lucius Annaeus Cornutus">Lucius Annaeus Cornutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musonius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Musonius Rufus">Musonius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stoic_philosophers" title="List of Stoic philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrodorus_of_Lampsacus_(the_younger)" title="Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)">Metrodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Sidon" title="Zeno of Sidon">Zeno of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Oenoanda" title="Diogenes of Oenoanda">Diogenes of Oenoanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epicurean_philosophers" title="List of Epicurean philosophers">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcesilaus" title="Arcesilaus">Arcesilaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carneades" title="Carneades">Carneades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Larissa" title="Philo of Larissa">Philo of Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudorus_of_Alexandria" title="Eudorus of Alexandria">Eudorus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_the_Platonist" title="Gaius the Platonist">Gaius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous_(philosopher)" title="Alcinous (philosopher)">Alcinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagorean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus">Nigidius Figulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderatus_of_Gades" title="Moderatus of Gades">Moderatus of Gades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenius_of_Apamea" title="Numenius of Apamea">Numenius of Apamea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Pythagoreans" title="Category:Neo-Pythagoreans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Saccas" title="Ammonius Saccas">Ammonius Saccas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Plotinus" title="List of students of Plotinus">students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Athens" title="Plutarch of Athens">Plutarch of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrianus" title="Syrianus">Syrianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Platonists" title="List of ancient Platonists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicetes_of_Smyrna" title="Nicetes of Smyrna">Nicetes of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favorinus" title="Favorinus">Favorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman-era_Sophists" title="Category:Roman-era Sophists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient 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style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion485" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion485" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis%27_trilemma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis' trilemma">Trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam cosmological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Aquinas's_argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Duns_Scotus's_metaphysical_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Metaphysical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Existential choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuned universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Baruch_Spinoza" title="Ontological argument">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_God" title="Mathematics and God">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley#Theology" title="George Berkeley">Mystical idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seddiqin_argument" title="Seddiqin argument">Seddiqin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proslogion" title="Proslogion">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_ontological_proof" title="Gödel's ontological proof">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinongian_argument" title="Meinongian argument">Meinongian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument#Modal_versions_of_the_ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Mulla Sadra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_responses_to_the_problem_of_evil" title="Religious responses to the problem of evil">Responses to the problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_witnesses'_testimony" title="Existence of God">Testimony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_historical_events" title="Existence of God">Historical events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God#Arguments_from_the_authority_of_historical_personages" title="Existence of God">Historical personages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000458521749">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/101906635">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89803406">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89314880">3</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45158790741138852673">4</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/104815994">5</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/419144647697825920539">6</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1200160667942403560004">7</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316786950">8</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/107545508">9</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167145856839322920047">10</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89803370">11</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14167760373013572528">12</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/281291166">13</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89050190">14</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/84002311">15</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309812836">16</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/285165132">17</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29146/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118549421">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095675">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119072990">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119072990">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620814">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV096905">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35188800">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990218030&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX873937">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/133734">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069027986">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90388411">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000093598&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000073975&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000045014">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=18896">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000028559">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp356bz917c5tdb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681104105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/24054">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262516405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000043960">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523534806706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01324835?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500344373">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7bfac63c-bea2-47a6-b120-41b68bdb9045">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118549421">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/857644">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118549421.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118549421">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027365417">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&oldid=1283576730">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heraclitus&oldid=1283576730</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraclitus" title="Category:Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_BC_Greek_philosophers" title="Category:6th-century BC Greek philosophers">6th-century BC Greek philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:5th-century_BC_Greek_philosophers" title="Category:5th-century BC Greek philosophers">5th-century BC Greek philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:530s_BC_births" title="Category:530s BC births">530s BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:470s_BC_deaths" title="Category:470s BC deaths">470s BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Ephesians" title="Category:Ancient Ephesians">Ancient Ephesians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_cosmologists" title="Category:Ancient Greek cosmologists">Ancient Greek cosmologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_ethicists" title="Category:Ancient Greek ethicists">Ancient Greek ethicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_metaphysicians" title="Category:Ancient Greek metaphysicians">Ancient Greek metaphysicians</a></li><li><a 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philosophers of mind">Ancient Greek philosophers of mind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_time" title="Category:Philosophers of time">Philosophers of time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_political_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Greek political philosophers">Ancient Greek political philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presocratic_philosophers" title="Category:Presocratic philosophers">Presocratic philosophers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-77d76c48d9-7fsx9","wgBackendResponseTime":355,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.293","walltime":"2.592","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30388,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":604133,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27582,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":671926,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2022.941 1 -total"," 23.41% 473.603 127 Template:Cite_book"," 16.92% 342.269 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.91% 342.178 150 Template:Sfn"," 6.85% 138.554 137 Template:Efn"," 6.66% 134.736 25 Template:Navbox"," 5.38% 108.934 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 5.08% 102.860 14 Template:Cite_web"," 5.06% 102.337 2 Template:Langx"," 3.89% 78.767 1 Template:Greek_schools_of_philosophy"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.263","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25606682,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"(_C4)\"] = 1,\n [\"A10\"] = 1,\n [\"A17\"] = 1,\n [\"A18\"] = 1,\n [\"A19\"] = 1,\n [\"A20\"] = 1,\n [\"A21\"] = 1,\n [\"A23\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA15\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA16\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA22\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA4\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA5\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA6\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA7\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA8\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA9\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristotle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAristotle,_Nicomachean_Ethics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttardo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAurelius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAëtius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB100\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB101\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB101a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB102\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB103\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB104\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB105\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB107\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB12\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB121\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB123\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB125\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB126\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB13\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB16\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB37\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB38\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB39\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB4\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB48\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB49\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB49a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB5\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB6\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB67a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB7\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB70\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB77\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB81\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB83\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB85\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB87\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB88\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB89\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB94\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB96\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB97\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB98\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardonDyke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetegh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBett2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranhamGoulet-Cazé1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnet1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._H._A._Bjerregaard1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC2\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC3\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC5\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClement,_Protrepticus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClement,_Stromateis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurd2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDell\u0026#039;Aversana2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDielsKranz1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDietz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiogenes_Laërtius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaas1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabor_Betegh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeldard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Coffin_Taylor1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodenough1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidel1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHippolytus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusserl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussey1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIamblichus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Tzetzes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkRaven1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwapiszPetrainSzymanski2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLassalle1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkieFolescu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkosian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCabe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcevilley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Rea2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikalson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontaigne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMügge1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaddaf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNehamas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson_Shang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrigen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOswald_Spengler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaterBloom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennycook2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlotinus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_E_at_Delphi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlutarch,_On_the_Pythian_Oracle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestBeall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestBertoWeber2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPseudo-Aristotle,_De_Mundo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandywell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuster1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSextus_Empiricus,_Against_the_Mathematicians\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSider1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStamatellos2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Savett2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStobaeus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez_Castro2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlastos2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelwright1959\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite LotEP\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite SEP\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 122,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 4,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 13,\n [\"Efn\"] = 137,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"Floruit\"] = 1,\n [\"Greek schools of philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 103,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 12,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 9,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 6,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 150,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 66,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Toclimit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"West\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","13.1"],["?","140","11.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.3"],["extract_names \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1606\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.3"],["[others]","360","29.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-6cdr6","timestamp":"20250402101733","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Heraclitus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heraclitus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41155","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q41155","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-22T17:04:56Z","dateModified":"2025-04-02T10:16:54Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/24\/Heraclitus_b_4_compressed.jpg","headline":"Greek philosopher (late 6th\/early 5th-century BC)"}</script> </body> </html>