Polymers | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil 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</option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > 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Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" selected='selected'> Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. 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Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option 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<option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option 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style="text-align: left;"><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.</li> <li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Testimonials: </strong><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/testimonials?type=all&journal_id=29&page_count=20">See what our authors and editors say about <em>Polymers</em></a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 4.7 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.9 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/polymers/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/polymers/polymers_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2073-4360 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530350" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530350" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530350" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3306/s1?version=1732681732"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 79 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 4690 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3306/pdf?version=1732681732" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Rheological and Mechanical Properties and Spinning Behavior of a Starch-Based Biodegradable Polymer" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3306">Rheological and Mechanical Properties and Spinning Behavior of a Starch-Based Biodegradable Polymer</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco Morreale</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marilena Baiamonte</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Paolo La Mantia</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3306; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233306 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Over the last few years, the interest in biodegradable polymers has been increasing for several reasons, mainly because of the concerns about environmental protection and the reduction of emissions, especially those related to non-renewable fossil-based resources. Therefore, special attention has increased for the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3306/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Over the last few years, the interest in biodegradable polymers has been increasing for several reasons, mainly because of the concerns about environmental protection and the reduction of emissions, especially those related to non-renewable fossil-based resources. Therefore, special attention has increased for the development of environment-friendly polymers such as biodegradable/compostable polymers, especially when they come from renewable resources, since this would help in further reducing energy consumption during their life cycle, as well as the overall environmental impact. Thus, every biopolymer should be accurately investigated in terms of its processability and main technological properties in order to find the most suitable applications. In this work, a starch-derived MaterBi<sup>®</sup> sample was characterized from the rheological and mechanical point of view, with particular focus on its ability to be processed under non-isothermal elongational flow. The role of processing parameters, such as the temperature and humidity content, was investigated, and a significant influence was found from the processing temperature. Fiber spinning was also performed, finding a good spinnability of the extrudates; in this context, the influence of the draw ratio was investigated as well, with significant effects on the main mechanical properties of the fibers. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3306">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Biobased_Biodegradable_Polymers">Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3306/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530350"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530350"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530350" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530350" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530350" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g001-550.jpg?1732681795" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530350" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g002-550.jpg?1732681796'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g003-550.jpg?1732681798'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g004-550.jpg?1732681799'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g005-550.jpg?1732681800'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g006-550.jpg?1732681801'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g007-550.jpg?1732681802'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g008-550.jpg?1732681803'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530350-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g001-550.jpg?1732681795" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Absorption and desorption kinetic curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g002-550.jpg?1732681796" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Flow curves of the investigated sample at two temperatures for dried and humid samples. The closed points refer to the data obtained in the rotational rheometer, and the open points to the data obtained in the capillary viscometer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g003-550.jpg?1732681798" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Complex viscosity vs. shear stress.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g004-550.jpg?1732681799" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Elastic (G′, full symbols) and storage (G″, empty symbols) moduli of the investigated systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g005-550.jpg?1732681800" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Melt strength (MS) and breaking stretching ratio (BSR) as a function of the shear rate at the temperature of 155 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g006-550.jpg?1732681801" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Elastic modulus vs. draw ratio of the spun fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g007-550.jpg?1732681802" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Tensile strength vs. draw ratio of the spun fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03306/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03306-g008-550.jpg?1732681803" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Elongation at break vs. draw ratio of the spun fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3306'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 2550 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3305/pdf?version=1732643096" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3305">Study on Impact of Monomers Towards High Molecular Weight Bio-Based Poly(ethylene Furanoate) via Solid State Polymerization Technique</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johan Stanley</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eleftheria Xanthopoulou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Margaritis Kostoglou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lidija Fras Zemljič</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitra A. Lambropoulou</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitrios N. Bikiaris</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233305 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In recent years, bio-based poly(ethylene furanoate) has gained the attention of packaging industries owing to its remarkable properties as a promising alternative to fossil-based polymers. It is necessary to synthesize high-molecular-weight polymers using effective and straightforward techniques for their commercialization. In this present <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3305/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In recent years, bio-based poly(ethylene furanoate) has gained the attention of packaging industries owing to its remarkable properties as a promising alternative to fossil-based polymers. It is necessary to synthesize high-molecular-weight polymers using effective and straightforward techniques for their commercialization. In this present work, poly(ethylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate) (PEF) was produced with a high molecular weight of 0.43 dL/g using 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) or its derivative Dimethyl-2,5-Furan dicarboxylate (DMFD), followed by solid-state polymerization (SSP) conducted at different temperatures and reaction times. The intrinsic viscosity ([<i>η</i>]), carboxyl end-group concentration (–COOH), and thermal properties of the produced polyesters were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that the SSP process improved the melting temperature and crystallinity of both the PEF samples as the reaction times and temperatures increased, as corroborated by DSC and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Additionally, both intrinsic viscosity and number-average molecular weight saw an increase with longer SSP durations and higher temperatures, while the concentration of carboxyl end groups decreased, aligning with expectations. The overall results indicate that PEF (DMFD) samples exhibited a significant increase in crystallization and molecular weight, attributed to their lower degree of crystallinity and their monomer’s high purity. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3305">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/1WGC728322 ">Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials, 3rd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3305/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530317"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530317"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530317" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530317" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530317" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g001-550.jpg?1732643313" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530317" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g002-550.jpg?1732643315'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g003-550.jpg?1732643316'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g004-550.jpg?1732643318'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g005a-550.jpg?1732643321'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g005b-550.jpg?1732643322'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g006-550.jpg?1732643323'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g007a-550.jpg?1732643325'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g007b-550.jpg?1732643329'><p>Figure 7 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530317-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g008-550.jpg?1732643330'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530317-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g001-550.jpg?1732643313" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Variation of intrinsic viscosity [<span class="html-italic">ղ</span>] with respect to time (h) during SSP at different temperatures; (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA); (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g002-550.jpg?1732643315" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The concentration of carboxyl (−COOH) end group changes with time during the SSP of (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD) at various temperatures. The continuous lines reflect the theoretical data collected from the kinetic model simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g003-550.jpg?1732643316" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The concentration of hydroxyl (–OH) end group changes with time during the SSP of (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD) at various temperatures. The continuous lines reflect the theoretical data collected from the kinetic model simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g004-550.jpg?1732643318" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The calculated kinetic rate constants for the (<b>a</b>) polycondensation/transesterification (k<sub>1</sub>) and (<b>b</b>) esterification (k<sub>2</sub>) processes of PEF (FDCA) with PEF (DMFD) samples increased as a function of temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g005a-550.jpg?1732643321" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>DSC thermograms of the PEF polyesters after SSP at 185 °C for (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD), after SSP at 190 °C for (<b>c</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>d</b>) PEF (DMFD), and after SSP at 195 °C for (<b>e</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>f</b>) PEF (DMFD).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g005b-550.jpg?1732643322" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>DSC thermograms of the PEF polyesters after SSP at 185 °C for (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD), after SSP at 190 °C for (<b>c</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>d</b>) PEF (DMFD), and after SSP at 195 °C for (<b>e</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>f</b>) PEF (DMFD).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g006-550.jpg?1732643323" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the crystallinity degree (<span class="html-italic">X</span><sub>c</sub><sup>a</sup> (%)) with respect to SSP time and temperature for (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD) polyesters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g007a-550.jpg?1732643325" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns PEF polyesters after SSP at 185 °C for (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD), after SSP at 190 °C for (<b>c</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>d</b>) PEF (DMFD), and after SSP at 195 °C for (<b>e</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>f</b>) PEF (DMFD).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g007b-550.jpg?1732643329" title=" <strong>Figure 7 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns PEF polyesters after SSP at 185 °C for (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD), after SSP at 190 °C for (<b>c</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>d</b>) PEF (DMFD), and after SSP at 195 °C for (<b>e</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>f</b>) PEF (DMFD).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03305/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03305-g008-550.jpg?1732643330" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the crystallinity degree (<span class="html-italic">X</span><sub>c</sub><sup>b</sup> (%)) with respect to SSP time and temperature for (<b>a</b>) PEF (FDCA) and (<b>b</b>) PEF (DMFD) polyesters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3305'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 1014 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3304/pdf?version=1732634717" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Damage Investigation in PMMA Polymer: Experimental and Phase-Field Approaches" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3304">Damage Investigation in PMMA Polymer: Experimental and Phase-Field Approaches</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lotfi Ben Said</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hamdi Hentati</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mondher Wali</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Badreddine Ayadi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muapper Alhadri</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3304; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233304 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The prediction of crack patterns is one of the main tasks in the field of fracture mechanics in order to prevent the total damage of various materials, particularly Methyl Methacrylate Polymer (PMMA). The few data in the literature underscores the need for additional <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3304/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The prediction of crack patterns is one of the main tasks in the field of fracture mechanics in order to prevent the total damage of various materials, particularly Methyl Methacrylate Polymer (PMMA). The few data in the literature underscores the need for additional experiments on PMMA to analyze the performance of the phase-field approach to predict crack trajectories. The main purpose of this study is to verify the accuracy of the phase-field approach with a staggered scheme, based on spectral decomposition, for predicting crack propagation in PMMA specimens by comparing it with the experimental results presented in this work. Based on the tensile test and SEM analysis, this material exhibits brittle behavior. The numerical approach considers cracks as diffuse damage rather than sharp discontinuities, enabling a more accurate representation of brittle fracture processes. Experimental determination of material properties is used in the development of the numerical model. The main aim of these experiments is to explore how variations in load and specific geometries influence fracture initiation and crack trajectory. Consequently, these experiments will establish a dataset to further validate numerical advancements. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3304">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/DV176C2GS0 ">Computational Modeling and Simulations of Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 2342 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3303/pdf?version=1732634136" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Path Towards Personalized Regenerative Medicine" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3303">Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Path Towards Personalized Regenerative Medicine</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samira Farjaminejad</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rosana Farjaminejad</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Melika Hasani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Franklin Garcia-Godoy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Majid Abdouss</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anand Marya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ari Harsoputranto</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abdolreza Jamilian</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3303; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233303 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Polymers have become essential in advancing bone tissue engineering, providing adaptable bone healing and regeneration solutions. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability make them ideal candidates for creating scaffolds that mimic the body’s natural extracellular matrix (ECM). However, significant challenges remain, including degradation by-products, insufficient <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3303/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Polymers have become essential in advancing bone tissue engineering, providing adaptable bone healing and regeneration solutions. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability make them ideal candidates for creating scaffolds that mimic the body’s natural extracellular matrix (ECM). However, significant challenges remain, including degradation by-products, insufficient mechanical strength, and suboptimal cellular interactions. This article addresses these challenges by evaluating the performance of polymers like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polylactic acid (PLA) in scaffold development. It also explores recent innovations, such as intelligent polymers, bioprinting, and the integration of bioactive molecules to enhance scaffold efficacy. We propose that overcoming current limitations requires a combination of novel biomaterials, advanced fabrication techniques, and tailored regulatory strategies. The future potential of polymer-based scaffolds in personalised regenerative medicine is discussed, focusing on their clinical applicability. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3303">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Polymer_Applications">Polymer Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3303/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530137"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530137"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530137" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530137" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530137" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530137-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g001-550.jpg?1732634218" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530137" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530137-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g002-550.jpg?1732634219'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530137-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g003-550.jpg?1732634221'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530137-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g004-550.jpg?1732634224'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530137-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g005-550.jpg?1732634226'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530137-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g001-550.jpg?1732634218" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of bone tissue engineering approach for repairing bone defects. The process combines biopolymers, scaffolds, growth factors, and cells to stimulate bone repair and regeneration. The “+” signs in the figure represent the addition of individual components—growth factors, biopolymers, scaffolds, and cells—into the engineered construct.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g002-550.jpg?1732634219" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Classification of polymeric biomaterials for bone regeneration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g003-550.jpg?1732634221" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Hierarchical organisation of Type I collagen fibres in human bone [<a href="#B20-polymers-16-03303" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g004-550.jpg?1732634224" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the synthesis, characterisation, and application of alginate/chitosan/mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The scaffolds are fabricated using a freeze-drying process, resulting in a porous structure with enhanced mechanical strength, swelling capacity, and controlled degradation. Biological evaluations include cell attachment and proliferation assays (MTT assay) and osteogenic differentiation assessments using alkaline phosphatase activity and Alizarin red staining. The scaffolds show potential for applications in craniofacial bone defects, periodontal and peri-implant bone defects, and tooth extraction sockets. Adopted from [<a href="#B24-polymers-16-03303" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03303/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03303-g005-550.jpg?1732634226" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Applications of polymer-based materials in dental and bone tissue engineering. Polymers serve diverse roles, including TMJ reconstruction, periodontitis treatment, drug delivery, maxillary sinus augmentation, alveolar socket preservation, and ridge augmentation. They support bone regeneration, osseointegration, and whole-tooth regeneration and provide scaffolds for regenerative endodontics and treating peri-implantitis and oral mucositis. These versatile materials offer promising solutions for complex dental and orthopaedic challenges [<a href="#B69-polymers-16-03303" class="html-bibr">69</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3303'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530118" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530118" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530118" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3302/s1?version=1732633689"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 152 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 8469 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3302/pdf?version=1732633689" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Improve Solubility and Develop Personalized Itraconazole Dosages via Forming Amorphous Solid Dispersions with Hydrophilic Polymers Utilizing HME and 3D Printing Technologies" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3302">Improve Solubility and Develop Personalized Itraconazole Dosages via Forming Amorphous Solid Dispersions with Hydrophilic Polymers Utilizing HME and 3D Printing Technologies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lianghao Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingjing Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yusen Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weiwei Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wen Ni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yaru Jia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingchao Yu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiaxiang Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3302; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233302 (registering DOI) - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Itraconazole (ITZ), a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, exhibits remarkable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. However, the low solubility of ITZ significantly reduces its oral bioavailability. Furthermore, it has been reported that this medication can result in dose-related adverse effects. Therefore, the objective of this <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3302/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Itraconazole (ITZ), a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent, exhibits remarkable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. However, the low solubility of ITZ significantly reduces its oral bioavailability. Furthermore, it has been reported that this medication can result in dose-related adverse effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to enhance the solubility of ITZ through the utilization of various polymers and to manufacture personalized and programmable release ITZ tablets. Five different polymers were selected as water-soluble carriers. Thirty percent <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> ITZ was mixed with seventy percent <i>w</i>/<i>w</i> of the polymers, which were then extruded. A series of physical and chemical characterization studies were conducted, including DSC, PXRD, PLM, and in vitro drug release studies. The results demonstrated that ITZ was dispersed within the polymers, forming ASDs that markedly enhanced its solubility and dissolution rate. Consequently, soluplus<sup>®</sup> was employed as the polymer for the extrusion of ITZ-loaded filaments, which were subsequently designed and printed. The in vitro drug release studies indicated that the release of ITZ could be regulated by modifying the 3D structure design. Overall, this study found that the combination of HME and 3D printing technologies could represent an optimal approach for the development of personalized and precise drug delivery dosages. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3302">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/PUMU961G8C ">3D Printing Polymer Materials and Their Biomedical Applications</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 1777 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3301/pdf?version=1732631872" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A New Processing Method for Laser Sintering Polymer Powders at Low Bed Temperatures" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3301">A New Processing Method for Laser Sintering Polymer Powders at Low Bed Temperatures</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lanti Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Gu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zahir Bashir</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3301; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233301">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233301</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Most current laser sintering (LS) machines for polymer powders operate with a maximum bed temperature of 200 °C, limiting the use of higher melting polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which melts at ~250 °C. Using bed temperatures of ≤200 °C leads to severe <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3301/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Most current laser sintering (LS) machines for polymer powders operate with a maximum bed temperature of 200 °C, limiting the use of higher melting polymers like polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which melts at ~250 °C. Using bed temperatures of ≤200 °C leads to severe part-distortion due to curl and warpage during the sintering process. The paper presents a processing method for LS at low bed temperatures, using an in situ printed anchor film to conquer curl and warpage. With the use of the anchor film, PET parts were successfully printed without machine stoppage at bed temperatures as low as 150 °C, which is about 80 °C lower than the bed temperature for a regular process for PET without the anchor film. The anchor film acts as a frictional restraint, effectively preventing the curling and warping during printing that typically result from crystallization-induced shrinkage at low bed temperatures. Whereas previous studies have employed 13 mm thick anchoring sheets bolted to the machine to prevent curl and warpage at low bed temperatures, our method uses a flexible in situ printed ~70 μm thick film to which the built part naturally adheres. The in situ printed film is easily detachable from the part after the build. The standard LS material, polyamide 12 (PA12), was also printed with lowered bed temperaturewhere the benefit would be reduced thermal degradation of the powder and decreased energy consumption during the sintering process. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3301">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/B39NPRQ1L4 ">Advances in Additive Manufacturing of Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3301/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530065-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03301/article_deploy/polymers-16-03301-ag.jpg?1732631872" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1530065-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03301/article_deploy/polymers-16-03301-ag.jpg?1732631872" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3301'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3551 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3300/pdf?version=1732630884" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modifying Bitumen with Recycled PET Plastics to Enhance Its Water Resistance and Strength Characteristics" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3300">Modifying Bitumen with Recycled PET Plastics to Enhance Its Water Resistance and Strength Characteristics</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Assel Jexembayeva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marat Konkanov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lyazat Aruova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akpan Kirgizbayev</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lailya Zhaksylykova</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3300; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233300">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233300</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the modification of bituminous mixtures by varying percentages of PET particles (1%, 3%, 5%, 8%, 10%, and 12% PET). The following methods were employed to analyze the samples: the ring-and-ball softening point determination method (ASTM D36/D36M-14), the Fraass breaking point <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3300/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the modification of bituminous mixtures by varying percentages of PET particles (1%, 3%, 5%, 8%, 10%, and 12% PET). The following methods were employed to analyze the samples: the ring-and-ball softening point determination method (ASTM D36/D36M-14), the Fraass breaking point determination method (EN 12593: 2015), the elongation determination method (EN 13589: 2014), and the needle penetration depth determination method (EN 1426: 2015). Optimal bitumen/PET ratios were identified to obtain modified bituminous mixtures (MBMs) with enhanced operational characteristics (5% and 8% PET). The physical and mechanical properties of the investigated bitumen samples and PET were determined. A comparative analysis of the modified bituminous mixture samples based on their physical and mechanical properties was conducted. Microstructures of the surface of modified bituminous mixture samples with varying modifier contents were obtained. An X-ray structural analysis was performed on the samples of modified bituminous mixtures with varying PET contents. The dependencies of the moisture absorption rate on time were determined for the samples of modified bituminous mixtures with different modifier contents. The values of the stress intensity factor were determined based on the number of loading cycles in fatigue tests using three-point bending for the samples of modified bituminous mixtures with varying modifier contents. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3300">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Circ_Green">Circular and Green Polymer Science</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3300/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530040"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530040"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530040" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530040" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530040" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g001-550.jpg?1732630952" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530040" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g002-550.jpg?1732630953'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g003-550.jpg?1732630954'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g004-550.jpg?1732630955'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530040-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g005-550.jpg?1732630955'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530040-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g001-550.jpg?1732630952" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The microstructure of the surface of a sample of the modified bituminous mixture (10× magnification): (<b>a</b>) 1% modifier; (<b>b</b>) 3% modifier; (<b>c</b>) 5% modifier; and (<b>d</b>) 8% modifier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3300'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g002-550.jpg?1732630953" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Results of X-ray structural analysis of samples of modified bituminous mixtures with different contents of PET additive: 1% (<b>a</b>); 3% (<b>b</b>); 5% (<b>c</b>); and 10% (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3300'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g003-550.jpg?1732630954" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Dependence of moisture mass increase rate in sample over time for a—1% modifier in bituminous mixture; b—5% modifier in bituminous mixture; c—12% modifier in bituminous mixture.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3300'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g004-550.jpg?1732630955" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Thermograms of the physical and phase states of the PET modifier in bituminous mixture samples: a—modified bituminous mixture sample with 10% PET; b—PET modifier sample; c—bitumen sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3300'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03300/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03300-g005-550.jpg?1732630955" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The stress intensity factor as a function of loading cycles in fatigue tests by three-point bending for modified bituminous mixtures with the following contents: (a) 1% modifier of bituminous mixture; (b) 3% modifier of bituminous mixture; and (c) 5% modifier of bituminous mixture.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3300'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 7669 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3299/pdf?version=1732629991" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Fiber Loading on Green Composites of Recycled HDPE Reinforced with Banana Short Fiber: Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3299">Effect of Fiber Loading on Green Composites of Recycled HDPE Reinforced with Banana Short Fiber: Physical, Mechanical and Morphological Properties</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andres Felipe Rubiano-Navarrete</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pedro Rodríguez Sandoval</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yolanda Torres Pérez</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Edwin Yesid Gómez-Pachón</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3299; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233299">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233299</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Currently, research on composite materials derived from natural fibers and agro-industrial waste has generated industrial proposals for producing useful materials with sufficient mechanical strength for applications involving the reuse of waste for secondary purposes. The objective of this study was to determine the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3299/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Currently, research on composite materials derived from natural fibers and agro-industrial waste has generated industrial proposals for producing useful materials with sufficient mechanical strength for applications involving the reuse of waste for secondary purposes. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of fiber content on the final tensile strength of the composite material, serving as a reference for the manufacture of plates. To achieve this, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites reinforced with short banana fibers were prepared using a blade mill and hot compression molding techniques. Two levels of short banana fiber content—10% and 20% by weight—were used, along with two types of HDPE: virgin and recycled. We evaluated the effect of adding short banana fibers on the mechanical properties of the composite, specifically tensile strength, according to the ASTM D638 standard for polymeric materials. These results were correlated with the structural properties obtained through morphological, chemical, and thermal characterization of the developed materials. The mechanical evaluation results showed that the tensile strength and elastic modulus depend on the short banana fiber content and the type of high-density polyethylene. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the composites decompose faster than the pure polymers (virgin and recycled HDPE). Based on these findings, the composite material prepared under optimal conditions is recommended for use in walls or construction boards where high tensile strength is not critical, due to the decreased mechanical properties resulting from the incorporation of agro-industrial waste. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3299">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/45V2463NX9 ">Sustainable Polymeric Materials in Building and Construction</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3299/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530016"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530016"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530016" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530016" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530016" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530016-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g001-550.jpg?1732630059" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530016" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530016-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g002-550.jpg?1732630060'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530016-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g003-550.jpg?1732630062'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530016-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g004-550.jpg?1732630064'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530016-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g005-550.jpg?1732630069'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530016-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g001-550.jpg?1732630059" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Tensile strength of the developed materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g002-550.jpg?1732630060" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of the composite materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g003-550.jpg?1732630062" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TGA curves of HDPE and its compounds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g004-550.jpg?1732630064" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>DSC thermogram of heating performed on the evaluated materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03299/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03299-g005-550.jpg?1732630069" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of HDPE composite samples: (<b>a</b>) banana fiber, (<b>b</b>) virgin high-density polyethylene, (<b>c</b>) virgin high-density polyethylene with 10% banana fiber, (<b>d</b>) recycled high-density polyethylene, (<b>e</b>) recycled high-density polyethylene with 10% banana fiber, and (<b>f</b>) recycled high-density polyethylene with 20% banana fiber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3299'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 11664 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3298/pdf?version=1732628480" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Self-Oscillation of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fiber-Slide System Driven by Self-Flickering Light Source" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3298">Self-Oscillation of Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fiber-Slide System Driven by Self-Flickering Light Source</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dali Ge</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qingrui Hong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xin Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiyi Liang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3298; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233298">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233298</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Self-oscillation, a control approach inspired by biological systems, demonstrates an autonomous, continuous, and regular response to constant external environmental stimuli. Until now, most self-oscillation systems have relied on a static external environment that continuously supplies energy, while materials typically absorb ambient energy only <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3298/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Self-oscillation, a control approach inspired by biological systems, demonstrates an autonomous, continuous, and regular response to constant external environmental stimuli. Until now, most self-oscillation systems have relied on a static external environment that continuously supplies energy, while materials typically absorb ambient energy only intermittently. In this article, we propose an innovative self-oscillation of liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) fiber-slide system driven by a self-flickering light source, which can efficiently regulate the energy input in sync with the self-oscillating behavior under constant voltage. This system primarily consists of a photo-responsive LCE fiber, a slider that includes a conductive segment and an insulating segment, a light source, and a conductive track. Using the dynamic LCE model, we derive the governing equation for the motion of the LCE fiber-slider system. Numerical simulations show that the LCE fiber-slide system under constant voltage exhibits two distinct motion phases, namely the stationary phase and the self-oscillation phase. The self-oscillation occurs due to the photo-induced contraction of the LCE fiber when the light source is activated. We also investigate the critical conditions required to initiate self-oscillation, and examine key system parameters influencing its frequency and amplitude. Unlike the continuous energy release from the static environmental field in most self-oscillation systems, our LCE fiber-slide self-oscillation system is driven by a self-flickering light source, which dynamically adjusts the energy input under a constant voltage to synchronize with the self-oscillating behavior. Our design features advantages such as spontaneous periodic lighting, a simple structure, energy efficiency, and ease of operation. It shows significant promise for dynamic circuit systems, monitoring devices, and optical applications. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3298">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/WV2LEFJKEZ ">Advances in Functional Rubber and Elastomer Composites II</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3298/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529973"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529973"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529973" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529973" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529973" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g001-550.jpg?1732628548" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529973" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g002-550.jpg?1732628549'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g003-550.jpg?1732628551'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g004-550.jpg?1732628551'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g005-550.jpg?1732628552'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g006-550.jpg?1732628553'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g007-550.jpg?1732628553'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g008-550.jpg?1732628554'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g009-550.jpg?1732628555'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g010-550.jpg?1732628556'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529973-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g001-550.jpg?1732628548" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of a self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system driven by self-flickering light source. (<b>a</b>) Reference state. (<b>b</b>) Initial state. (<b>c</b>) Current state. (<b>d</b>) State transition and force analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g002-550.jpg?1732628549" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Temporal behavior of displacement and phase trajectory curves for two motion phases. (<b>a</b>) Displacement temporal behavior with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0; (<b>b</b>) phase trajectory with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0; (<b>c</b>) displacement temporal behavior with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1; and (<b>d</b>) phase trajectory with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1. Other parameters are <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. Under constant voltage, the LCE fiber-slide system driven by self-flickering light source exhibits two distinct motion phases: the stationary phase and the self-oscillation phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g003-550.jpg?1732628551" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism of the self-oscillation of the LCE fiber-slider system driven by self-flickering light source for the typical case in <a href="#polymers-16-03298-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>c,d. (<b>a</b>) Variation of concentration of <span class="html-italic">cis</span> molecules over <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>; (<b>b</b>) Variation of LCE fiber <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> over <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>c</b>) The relationship between <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>d</b>) relationship between <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The damping dissipation is balanced by the energy input from the tensile force, thereby maintaining stable self-oscillation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g004-550.jpg?1732628551" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Influence of light intensity on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. As <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> increases, the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> tends to rise, while the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> remains relatively stable.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g005-550.jpg?1732628552" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Influence of contraction coefficient on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. As the contraction coefficient increases, the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> shows a distinct increase, while the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> stays largely unaffected.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g006-550.jpg?1732628553" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Influence of damping coefficient on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. With the increase in damping coefficient, the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> presents a decreasing trend, while the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> remains nearly constant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g007-550.jpg?1732628553" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Influence of stiffness coefficient on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. As the stiffness coefficient increases, both the a <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> exhibit an upward trend.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g008-550.jpg?1732628554" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Influence of initial velocity on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. Initial conditions do not influence the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> of self-oscillation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g009-550.jpg?1732628555" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Influence of gravitational acceleration on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. As <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> increases, the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> initially rises and then falls, while <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> has barely changed at all.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03298/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03298-g010-550.jpg?1732628556" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Influence of conductive track position on self-oscillation of LCE fiber-slide system, for <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.2, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 0.1, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 5.8, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> = 1.2. (<b>a</b>) Stable cycles. (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. As <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> increases, the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> initially rises and then falls, while <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> has barely changed at all.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3298'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529931" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529931" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529931" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3297/s1?version=1732626657"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 3290 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 6606 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3297/pdf?version=1732626656" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electrospinning and Rheological Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyvinyl Alcohol with Different Degrees of Hydrolysis Incorporating Molecularly Imprinted Polymers" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3297">Electrospinning and Rheological Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyvinyl Alcohol with Different Degrees of Hydrolysis Incorporating Molecularly Imprinted Polymers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sisonke Sigonya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Teboho Clement Mokhena</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paul Mayer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Talent Raymond Makhanya</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thabang Hendrica Mokhothu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3297; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233297">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233297</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the electrospinning and rheological properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with varying degrees of hydrolysis (DH) for molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) incorporation. The morphology and properties of the electrospun nanofibers were evaluated, revealing that PVA nanofibers exhibited <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3297/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the electrospinning and rheological properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with varying degrees of hydrolysis (DH) for molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) incorporation. The morphology and properties of the electrospun nanofibers were evaluated, revealing that PVA nanofibers exhibited smoother and more uniform structures compared to PET fibers. The rheological behavior of the polymer solutions was also characterized, showing that PVA 99 DH solution exhibited shear-thinning behavior due to the unique structural properties of the polymer chains. The introduction of MIP and NIP additives had no significant impact on the rheological properties, except for PVA 99 MIP and NIP solutions, which showed deviations from Newtonian behavior. The electrospun MIP nanofibers showed a conductivity of 1054 µS/cm for PVA (87–90% DH) and a viscosity of 165.5 mPa·s, leading to optimal fiber formation, while displaying a good adsorption capacity of 0.36 mg for PVA-MIP to effectively target pharmaceuticals such as emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil, showing their potential for advanced water treatment applications. The results suggest that the electrospinning process and rheological properties of the polymer solutions are influenced by the molecular structure and interactions within the polymer matrix, which can be exploited to tailor the properties of MIPs for specific applications. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3297">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/5QW5NDW79D ">Recent Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Emerging Polymeric Technologies for Hazardous Compounds</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 7300 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3296/pdf?version=1732623662" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Use of Terahertz Computed Tomography and Time Domain Spectroscopy to Evaluate Symmetry in 3D Printed Parts" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3296">The Use of Terahertz Computed Tomography and Time Domain Spectroscopy to Evaluate Symmetry in 3D Printed Parts</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dolores Termini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John Federici</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ian Gatley</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Louis Rizzo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3296; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233296">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233296</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> 3D printing has become essential to many fields for its low-cost production and rapid prototyping abilities. As 3D printing becomes an alternative manufacturing tool, developing methods to non-destructively evaluate defects for quality control is essential. This study integrates the non-destructive terahertz (THz) analysis <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3296/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> 3D printing has become essential to many fields for its low-cost production and rapid prototyping abilities. As 3D printing becomes an alternative manufacturing tool, developing methods to non-destructively evaluate defects for quality control is essential. This study integrates the non-destructive terahertz (THz) analysis methods of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and terahertz computed tomography (THz CT) to image and assess 3D printed resin structures for defects. The terahertz images were reconstructed using MATLAB, and the rotational symmetry of various structures before and after the introduction of defects was evaluated by calculating the mean squared deviation (MSD), which served as a symmetry parameter to indicate the presence of defects. Structures A and B had MSD values that were at least three standard deviations larger after introducing defects to their structures, showing a significant change in symmetry and indicating the existence of defects. Similarly, in structure C, blockages in parts made with different post-cures were identified based on the increase in MSD values for those slices. For structure D, the presence of a defect increased the MSD value by 14%. The results of this study verify that the MSD calculated for the rotational symmetry of the structures was greater when defects were present, accurately reflecting the anticipated breaks in symmetry. This paper demonstrates that terahertz imaging, combined with MSD analysis, is a viable procedure to identify and quantify defects in rotationally symmetric 3D printed structures. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3296">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/1QV19FB16P ">3D Printing of Polymer Materials: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3296/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529897"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529897"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529897" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529897" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529897" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529897-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g001-550.jpg?1732623820" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529897" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529897-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g002-550.jpg?1732623822'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529897-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g003-550.jpg?1732623824'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529897-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g004-550.jpg?1732623827'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529897-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g005-550.jpg?1732623831'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529897-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g006-550.jpg?1732623834'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529897-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g001-550.jpg?1732623820" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>3D printed structures with various rotational symmetries: (<b>a</b>) structure A side profile, (<b>b</b>) bottom of structure A with holes that propagate through the structure in the y-direction and trifold symmetry marked with lines of symmetry, (<b>c</b>) structure B side profile with external 2 mm defect circled, (<b>d</b>) bottom of structure B with the hole that propagates through the structure in the y-direction, (<b>e</b>) structure C side profile, (<b>f</b>) bottom of structure C with the seven holes that propagates through the structure in the y-direction and six-fold symmetry marked with lines of symmetry, (<b>g</b>) structure D front profile with an external 4 mm dental wax defect circled and twofold symmetry marked with a horizontal line.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g002-550.jpg?1732623822" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of THz CT apparatus layout: (A) The upside-down 360° rotational stage is controlled by a LabView program, (B) A 3D printed container filled with mineral oil to provide a planar surface, (C) The structure is glued to a (D) 3D printed mount that allows mineral oil to flow through the holes. The mount is screwed into a most that is screwed into the 360° rotational stage, (E) The XY stage between the terahertz transmitter and receiver that the THz CT apparatus is mounted upon. From this view, the x-direction of the translational stage is in and out of the page, while the y-direction is up and down.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g003-550.jpg?1732623824" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Structure A THz CT slice reconstructions in MATLAB: (<b>a</b>) structure A slice without defects, (<b>b</b>) structure A slice with an artificial defect indicated by the red circle, and (<b>c</b>) structure A slice with one hole filled with air indicated by the red circle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g004-550.jpg?1732623827" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Structure B THz CT slice reconstructions in FIJI and MATLAB: (<b>a</b>) shows a FIJI reconstruction of structure B with internal and external defects, used to identify the location of the defects, with red arrows pointing to different cross-sectional areas of the reconstruction, (<b>b</b>) MATLAB plot of structure B with an external defect and inconsistencies pointed out by the red arrows, (<b>c</b>) MATLAB plot of a structure B slice without defects, and (<b>d</b>) MATLAB plot of a structure B with an internal defect and inconsistencies pointed out by the red arrows.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g005-550.jpg?1732623831" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Structure C THz CT slice reconstructions in MATLAB: (<b>a</b>) no post-cure slices without defects, (<b>b</b>) thermal post-cure slice without defects, (<b>c</b>) thermal post-cure slice with blockages, (<b>d</b>) UV post-cure slice without defects, and (<b>e</b>) UV post-cure slice with blockages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03296/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03296-g006-550.jpg?1732623834" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Structure D THz-TDS plots in MATLAB: (<b>a</b>) structure D front profile and (<b>b</b>) structure D with an external 4 mm defect circled in red.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3296'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529902" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529902" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529902" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3295/s1?version=1732624487"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 233 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 2917 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3295/pdf?version=1732624487" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Synthesis and Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization of Bio-Based Hybrid Aromatic–Aliphatic Monomers Derived from Limonene, Cysteamine and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3295">Synthesis and Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization of Bio-Based Hybrid Aromatic–Aliphatic Monomers Derived from Limonene, Cysteamine and Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ricardo Acosta Ortiz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jorge Luis Robles Olivares</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roberto Yañez Macias</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3295; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233295">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233295</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Three novel bio-based monomers were synthesized through an amidation reaction involving allylated derivatives of coumaric, ferulic and phloretic acid and a diamine obtained from a thiol-ene coupling reaction between limonene and cysteamine. The monomers containing the enone bond of the cinnamic moiety underwent <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3295/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Three novel bio-based monomers were synthesized through an amidation reaction involving allylated derivatives of coumaric, ferulic and phloretic acid and a diamine obtained from a thiol-ene coupling reaction between limonene and cysteamine. The monomers containing the enone bond of the cinnamic moiety underwent photoisomerization and photocycloaddition reactions upon UV light irradiation. All three monomers were photocured via thiol-ene photopolymerization using a glycerol-derived trifunctional thiol, resulting in fully bio-based poly(amide–thioether)s. The polymers derived from monomers that contain the enone bond exhibited glass transition (T<sub>g</sub>) temperatures of 85 °C when a stoichiometric ratio of the thiol was used, whereas polymers in which an excess of thiol was used exhibited T<sub>g</sub> temperatures of 61 and 74 °C. The higher T<sub>g</sub> of the synthesized polymers, compared with other reported polymers produced from thiol-ene photopolymerizations, was attributed to the combination of the aromatic rings of the cinnamic moiety and the cycloaliphatic ring of limonene, as well as the presence of the amide groups in the polymer, which can induce hydrogen bonding. The development of high T<sub>g</sub> polymers from bio-based monomers through thiol-ene photopolymerization represents a significant advancement in the polymer synthesis sector, offering an improved performance and sustainability. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3295">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/IS2RH70448 ">Photopolymerization: Materials, Applications and Challenges</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3295/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529902"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529902"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529902" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529902" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529902" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g001-550.jpg?1732624625" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529902" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g002-550.jpg?1732624628'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g003-550.jpg?1732624630'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g004-550.jpg?1732624632'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g005-550.jpg?1732624633'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g006-550.jpg?1732624636'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g007-550.jpg?1732624638'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g008-550.jpg?1732624639'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-sch001-550.jpg?1732624642'><p>Scheme 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-sch002-550.jpg?1732624645'><p>Scheme 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529902-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-sch003-550.jpg?1732624647'><p>Scheme 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529902-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g001-550.jpg?1732624625" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra of LCA run in CDCl<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g002-550.jpg?1732624628" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra of (<b>a</b>) LFA and (<b>b</b>) LPA, run in CDCl<sub>3</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g003-550.jpg?1732624630" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Chemical characterization of LCA: (<b>a</b>) FTIR spectrum in KBr, (<b>b</b>) UV-Vis spectrum in CHCl<sub>3</sub> and (<b>c</b>) MALDI-TOF spectrum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g004-550.jpg?1732624632" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra of (<b>a</b>) pristine LCA and (<b>b</b>) isomerized LCA after 1 h of UV irradiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g005-550.jpg?1732624633" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p><sup>1</sup>H NMR study of the photo-isomerization and photocycloaddition reactions involving the integration of the peaks at 6.30 (E), 5.86 (Z) and 3.57 ppm (CBA) in the spectra of LCA and LFA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g006-550.jpg?1732624636" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>DMA results of the cured test specimens derived from the hybrid monomers prepared: (<b>a</b>) storage modulus of poly(amide-thioethers) derived from formulations LCA, LFA and LPA with GTMP at 1.5:1 and 1:1.33 ratios; (<b>b</b>) Tan delta curves for polymers derived from the same formulations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g007-550.jpg?1732624638" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the DSC thermograms of the obtained crosslinked poly(amide–thioether)s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-g008-550.jpg?1732624639" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stress vs. Strain curves for the polymers produced in this study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-sch001-550.jpg?1732624642" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Chemical structures of the synthesized bio-based allylic comonomers, the trifunctional thiol used as comonomer and the photoinitiator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-sch002-550.jpg?1732624645" title=" <strong>Scheme 2</strong><br/> <p>Synthetic methodology to prepare the monomer LCA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03295/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03295-sch003-550.jpg?1732624647" title=" <strong>Scheme 3</strong><br/> <p>Proposed chemical structures of the compounds resulting from the photoisomerization and photocycloaddition 2+2 reactions of LCA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3295'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 7708 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3294/pdf?version=1732628347" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Oil Resistance of Hydrogenated-Butadiene-Acrylonitrile-Rubber-Based Composites Across Various Temperatures" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3294">Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Oil Resistance of Hydrogenated-Butadiene-Acrylonitrile-Rubber-Based Composites Across Various Temperatures</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingkai Nie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhanwei Zhu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hang Yin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shuai Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaosheng Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiang He</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3294; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233294">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233294</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The influence of molecular structure (acrylonitrile content) and formulation (carbon black and plasticizer dosage) on the rheological and mechanical properties of HNBR composites was systematically studied, with further discussion on ozone resistance and swelling behavior in transformer oil. The results demonstrated that the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3294/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The influence of molecular structure (acrylonitrile content) and formulation (carbon black and plasticizer dosage) on the rheological and mechanical properties of HNBR composites was systematically studied, with further discussion on ozone resistance and swelling behavior in transformer oil. The results demonstrated that the curing characteristics and rheological behavior of HNBR composites are closely linked to acrylonitrile content, carbon black, and plasticizer levels. Plasticizers significantly reduced the degree of crosslinking and the Payne effect, while fillers had the opposite impact. Fillers increased the modulus at 100% and 200%, reducing elongation at break, whereas plasticizers enhanced elongation at break while lowering the modulus. The effects of fillers and plasticizers on tensile strength were relatively minor. Both exhibited different influences on mechanical properties at various aging temperatures. Compression set testing revealed that under a 125 °C hot air environment, the compression set was less than 30%, while at −30 °C in cold air, it exceeded 60%. In a 125 °C hot transformer oil environment, the compression set ranged between 30% and 60%. Oil resistance tests indicated that HNBR composites with higher acrylonitrile content showed lower mass change rates in transformer oil, with further reduction achieved by increasing the plasticizer or filler content. Due to their excellent performance and resistance to ozone cracking, HNBR composites have significant potential for applications in high-altitude power grids and military-grade rubber sealing products. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3294">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/25TS3ROZ6L ">Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Polymer Physics and Theory—2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3294/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529966"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529966"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529966" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529966" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529966" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g001-550.jpg?1732628460" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529966" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g002-550.jpg?1732628461'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g003-550.jpg?1732628462'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g004-550.jpg?1732628463'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g005-550.jpg?1732628467'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g006-550.jpg?1732628468'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g007-550.jpg?1732628469'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g008-550.jpg?1732628470'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g009-550.jpg?1732628471'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g010-550.jpg?1732628472'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g011-550.jpg?1732628473'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g012-550.jpg?1732628474'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1529966-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g013-550.jpg?1732628477'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529966-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g001-550.jpg?1732628460" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Curing curve of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composites, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composites, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g002-550.jpg?1732628461" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Crosslinking degree (MH-ML) of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g003-550.jpg?1732628462" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The relationship between the storage modulus (G’) and strain of HNBR compounds: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 compound, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 compound, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 compounds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g004-550.jpg?1732628463" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between loss factor and strain of HNBR compounds: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 compound, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 compound, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 compounds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g005-550.jpg?1732628467" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain curves of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) H3N5P0, (<b>B</b>) H3N5P5, (<b>C</b>) H3N6P5, (<b>D</b>) H4N5P0, (<b>E</b>) H4N5P5, (<b>F</b>) H4N6P5, (<b>G</b>) H32N5P0, (<b>H</b>) H32N5P5, (<b>I</b>) H42N5P0, (<b>J</b>) H42N5P5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g006-550.jpg?1732628468" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effect of aging temperature on the fracture elongation of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g007-550.jpg?1732628469" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Effect of aging temperature on the tensile strength of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g008-550.jpg?1732628470" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Effect of aging temperature on the 100% tensile stress of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g009-550.jpg?1732628471" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effect of aging temperature on the 200% tensile stress of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g010-550.jpg?1732628472" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Effect of aging conditions on the compression set of HNBR composites: (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g011-550.jpg?1732628473" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Mass change of HNBR composites in transformer oil (125 °C/168 h): (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g012-550.jpg?1732628474" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Hardness change of HNBR composites in transformer oil (125 °C/168 h): (<b>A</b>) HNBR34 composite, (<b>B</b>) HNBR43 composite, (<b>C</b>) HNBR34/HNBR21 and HNBR43/HNBR21 composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03294/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03294-g013-550.jpg?1732628477" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Ozone cracking resistance of HNBR composites: (1) H3N5P0, (2) H3N5P5, (3) H3N6P5, (4) H4N5P0, (5) H4N5P5, (6) H4N6P5, (7) H32N5P0, (8) H32N5P5, (9) H42N5P0, (10) H42N5P5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3294'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529830" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529830" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529830" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3293/s1?version=1732618855"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1910 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 15560 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3293/pdf?version=1732618854" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Surface Modification of Gold Nanorods (GNRDs) Using Double Thermo-Responsive Block Copolymers: Evaluation of Self-Assembly and Stability of Nanohybrids" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3293">Surface Modification of Gold Nanorods (GNRDs) Using Double Thermo-Responsive Block Copolymers: Evaluation of Self-Assembly and Stability of Nanohybrids</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jesús E. Márquez-Castro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angel Licea-Claverie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Guerrero-Sánchez</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eugenio R. Méndez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3293; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233293">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233293</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A series of copolymers containing a thermo-responsive biocompatible first block of poly[di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-<i>co</i>-(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate], P(DEGMA-<i>co</i>-OEGMA) were chain-extended to incorporate either poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAAm or poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide-<i>co</i>-butyl acrylate), P(NIPAAm-co-BA) as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3293/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A series of copolymers containing a thermo-responsive biocompatible first block of poly[di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-<i>co</i>-(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate], P(DEGMA-<i>co</i>-OEGMA) were chain-extended to incorporate either poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide), PNIPAAm or poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide-<i>co</i>-butyl acrylate), P(NIPAAm-co-BA) as second thermo-responsive block using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. P(DEGMA-<i>co</i>-OEGMA)-<i>b</i>-PNIPAAm copolymers showed two response temperatures at 33 and 43 °C in an aqueous solution forming stable aggregates at 37 °C. In contrast, P(DEGMA-<i>co</i>-OEGMA)-<i>b</i>-P(NIPAAm-<i>co</i>-BA) copolymers showed aggregation below room temperature due to the shift in response temperature provoked by the presence of hydrophobic butyl acrylate (BA) units, and shrinkage upon heating up to body temperature, while maintaining the second response temperature above 40 °C. The terminal trithiocarbonate group of the block copolymers was modified to a thiol functionality and used to stabilize gold nanorods (GNRDs) via the “grafting to” approach. The Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) absorption band of GNRDs with an aspect ratio of 3.9 (length/diameter) was located at 820 nm after surface grafting with block copolymers showing a hydrodynamic diameter of 160 nm at 37 °C. On the other hand, the stability of the P(DEGMA-<i>co</i>-OEGMA)-<i>b</i>-PNIPAAm@GNRDs and P(DEGMA-<i>co</i>-OEGMA)-<i>b</i>-P(NIPAAm-<i>co</i>-BA)@GNRDs nanohybrids was monitored for 8 days; where the LSPR absorption band did not shift or show any broadening. Aqueous dispersed nanohybrids were irradiated with a near-infrared laser (300 mW), where the temperature of the surroundings increased 16 °C after 16 min, where conditions for no precipitation were determined. These tailored temperature-responsive nanohybrids represent interesting candidates to develop drug nanocarriers for photo-thermal therapies. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3293">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/964O0F30NP ">State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Mexico</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3293/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529830"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529830"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529830" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529830" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g003-550.jpg?1732619022'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g004-550.jpg?1732619024'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g005-550.jpg?1732619026'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g006-550.jpg?1732619028'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g007-550.jpg?1732619031'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g008-550.jpg?1732619033'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g009-550.jpg?1732619035'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g010-550.jpg?1732619037'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g011-550.jpg?1732619039'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch001-550.jpg?1732619041'><p>Scheme 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch002-550.jpg?1732619041'><p>Scheme 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch003-550.jpg?1732619042'><p>Scheme 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1529830-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch004-550.jpg?1732619043'><p>Scheme 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529830-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g001-550.jpg?1732619019" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectrum (400 MHz) in CDCl<sub>3</sub> of the P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA) copolymer P2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g002-550.jpg?1732619020" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of <span class="html-italic">T<sub>cp</sub></span> of aqueous solutions of P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA) copolymers (inserted pictures correspond to sample P(DEGMA<sub>70%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA<sub>30%</sub>), P3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g003-550.jpg?1732619022" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra (400 MHz) in CDCl<sub>3</sub> of block copolymers: (<b>a</b>) P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm (P2-2), (<b>b</b>) P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-P(NIPAAm-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-BA) (P2-3). Colors of polymeric structures correspond to <a href="#polymers-16-03293-sch001" class="html-scheme">Scheme 1</a> and Figure 9c.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g004-550.jpg?1732619024" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of size change in aqueous media and size distribution at different temperatures for block copolymers (1 mg mL<sup>−1</sup>): (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>37%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm<sub>63%</sub>; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>48%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-P(NIPAAm<sub>43%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-BA<sub>9%</sub>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g005-550.jpg?1732619026" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) UV-vis spectra (c = 1 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> in ethanol), and (<b>b</b>) SEC traces in DMF for P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>37%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm<sub>63%</sub> (<span class="html-italic">M</span><sub>n</sub> = 32,600 g mol<sup>−1</sup>, <span class="html-italic">Ð</span> = 1.09) and P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>37%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm<sub>63%</sub>-SH (<span class="html-italic">M</span><sub>n</sub> = 35,800 g mol<sup>−1</sup>, <span class="html-italic">Ð</span> = 1.11).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g006-550.jpg?1732619028" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of the synthesized GNRDs featuring an aspect ratio of 3.98: (<b>a</b>) UV-Vis spectra with and without CTAB; (<b>b</b>) TEM micrograph of GNRDs dispersed after removing CTAB; (<b>c</b>) UV-Vis spectra of the block copolymer@GNRDs nanohybrids in an aqueous medium.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g007-550.jpg?1732619031" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of P(EGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>37%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm<sub>63%</sub>@GNRDs nanohybrid: (<b>a</b>) UV-Vis spectra of dispersions monitored for 8 days at room temperature, (<b>b</b>) Representative TEM micrographs of block copolymer@GNRDs in dry state (as stained with uranyl acetate).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g008-550.jpg?1732619033" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Size distributions of P(EGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>37%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm<sub>63%</sub>@GNRDs nanohybrids in an aqueous medium at different temperatures: (<b>a</b>) 25 °C; (<b>b</b>) 27 °C; (<b>c</b>) 40 °C; (<b>d</b>) self-assembly behavior of the nanohybrid in an aqueous medium upon increasing temperature; (<b>e</b>) schematic representation of the self-assembly behavior. Colors of polymeric structures correspond to <a href="#polymers-16-03293-sch001" class="html-scheme">Scheme 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g009-550.jpg?1732619035" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Size distributions of block copolymers@GNRDs nanohybrids: (<b>a</b>) at 25 °C; (<b>b</b>) at 37 °C; (<b>c</b>) schematic representation of the behavior of the block copolymer@GNRDs nanohybrids in the temperature range between 25 and 37 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g010-550.jpg?1732619037" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Evolution of size vs. temperature for different block copolymer@GNRDs nanohybrids in an aqueous medium; (<b>b</b>) UV-Vis absorption spectra of P(EGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)<sub>37%</sub>-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm<sub>63%</sub>@GNRDs in an aqueous medium at 25, 37 and 40 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-g011-550.jpg?1732619039" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Surrounding temperature of block copolymer@GNRDs and GNRDs aqueous dispersions vs. NIR-irradiation time (at 795 nm, 300 mW); (<b>b</b>) TGA thermograms of the investigated block copolymer@GNRDs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch001-550.jpg?1732619041" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the preparation of P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm@GNRDs nanohybrids.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch002-550.jpg?1732619041" title=" <strong>Scheme 2</strong><br/> <p>Synthesis route for P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA) copolymers vía RAFT polymerization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch003-550.jpg?1732619042" title=" <strong>Scheme 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the synthesis route of P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-PNIPAAm and P(DEGMA-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-OEGMA)-<span class="html-italic">b</span>-P(NIPAAm-<span class="html-italic">co</span>-BA) block copolymers via RAFT polymerization. Colors of polymeric structures correspond to <a href="#polymers-16-03293-sch001" class="html-scheme">Scheme 1</a> and Figure 9c.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03293/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03293-sch004-550.jpg?1732619043" title=" <strong>Scheme 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the preparation of thiol-terminated block copolymers via aminolysis of trithiocarbonates. Colors of polymeric structures correspond to <a href="#polymers-16-03293-sch001" class="html-scheme">Scheme 1</a> and Figure 9c.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3293'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 11453 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3292/pdf?version=1732617133" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Influence of Recycling and UV Exposure on the Properties of 3D Printing Polymer Materials" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3292">Influence of Recycling and UV Exposure on the Properties of 3D Printing Polymer Materials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jolanta Janutėnienė</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marius Vasylius</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Artūras Tadžijevas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Valentinas Kartašovas</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Deivydas Šapalas</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simona Grigaliūnienė</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3292; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233292">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233292</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The use of polymer materials in various fields has increased significantly due to their ease of thermoforming and relatively low production costs. The production volume of these materials is extremely high, and according to forecasts from global statistical centers, it is expected to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3292/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The use of polymer materials in various fields has increased significantly due to their ease of thermoforming and relatively low production costs. The production volume of these materials is extremely high, and according to forecasts from global statistical centers, it is expected to continue rising in the future. However, the extensive use and easy availability of polymeric materials have caused significant ecological problems. The world faces large amounts of polymer waste and environmental pollution. Plastic recycling remains challenging due to issues related to sorting polymer waste and separating it according to polymer types. Recycling certain plastics requires only a quarter of the energy needed to produce new plastic. To address this, circular economy principles should be applied to 3D printing products made from polymeric materials. A particularly wide application of these technologies is found when polymeric materials are used due to their low cost, low melting temperatures, and other advantageous properties. This paper investigates the impact of plastic recycling on the quality of 3D-printed products. During the research, samples were 3D printed and tested using both virgin and recycled PLA, ABS, and PET-G materials. The samples underwent static and dynamic tests to determine their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, and impact resistance. The research results showed that the properties of recycled polymer materials deteriorate, with relative elongation of recycled and 3D-printed materials decreased by 16–45%. Despite this, recycled polymer materials can still be used, but it is necessary to account for the reduction in plasticity when creating products that will be exposed to dynamic loads. The impact strength is reduced by 6% for PLA, 54% for ABS, and 58% for PET-G. Additionally, the research included tests on samples printed with 3D printing technology that were exposed to UV irradiation. The results indicated similar dependences, as UV exposure also affects the reduction of material plasticity. After 66 Wh/m<sup>2</sup> of UV radiation, the tensile strength of PET-G and PLA decreased by 17%, while ABS showed a reduction of about 5%. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3292">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Process_Eng">Polymer Processing and Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3292/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529785"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529785"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529785" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529785" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529785" 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data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g007-550.jpg?1732617226'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g008-550.jpg?1732617226'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g009-550.jpg?1732617230'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g010-550.jpg?1732617231'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g011-550.jpg?1732617231'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g012-550.jpg?1732617232'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g013-550.jpg?1732617235'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g014-550.jpg?1732617235'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g015-550.jpg?1732617236'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g016-550.jpg?1732617237'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g017-550.jpg?1732617238'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g018-550.jpg?1732617238'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g019-550.jpg?1732617239'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g020-550.jpg?1732617240'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1529785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g021-550.jpg?1732617240'><p>Figure 21</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529785-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g001-550.jpg?1732617215" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Universal testing machine Zwick/Roell Z020: 1—specimen-holding clamps “GRIPS”; 2—20 kN force cell; 3—machine controller; 4—specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g002-550.jpg?1732617216" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Specimen for a tensile test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g003-550.jpg?1732617219" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Dynamic testing machine Zwick/Roell RKP450. 1—specimen, 2—grip., 3—pendulum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g004-550.jpg?1732617221" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Specimen for impact test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g005-550.jpg?1732617225" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>UV-aging chamber Atlas UV Test: 1—UV calibration and intensity sensors; 2—UV lamp; 3—specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g006-550.jpg?1732617225" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain diagrams of printed PLA and R_PLA materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g007-550.jpg?1732617226" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain diagrams of printed ABS and R_ABS materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g008-550.jpg?1732617226" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain diagrams of printed PET-G and R_PET-G materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g009-550.jpg?1732617230" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>View of fracture surface of specimen of recycled material R_ABS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g010-550.jpg?1732617231" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Values of relative elongation at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> of virgin and recycled polymer materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g011-550.jpg?1732617231" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Force–deformation curve demonstrating elastic and plastic regions, and ultimate strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g012-550.jpg?1732617232" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The energy in the plastic region of polymer materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g013-550.jpg?1732617235" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Image of fracture specimens R_PET-G after impact test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g014-550.jpg?1732617235" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Impact strength of printed new and recycled materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g015-550.jpg?1732617236" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>ABS and R_ABS results of Charpy impact test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g016-550.jpg?1732617237" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Dependences of tensile stress in 3D-printed materials on the amount of UV irradiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g017-550.jpg?1732617238" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Dependences of elastic deformation of polymer 3D-printed materials on the amount of UV irradiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g018-550.jpg?1732617238" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Dependences of elastic deformation of 3D-printed materials on the amount of UV irradiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g019-550.jpg?1732617239" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Dependences of the amount of UV irradiation on the full energy required to break the specimens with different polymer materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g020-550.jpg?1732617240" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Dependences of the energy used for elastic deformation of 3D-printed materials on the amount of UV irradiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03292/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03292-g021-550.jpg?1732617240" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Dependences of the energy used for elastic deformation of 3D-printed materials on the amount of UV irradiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3292'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529721" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529721" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529721" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3291/s1?version=1732615191"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1322 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 5272 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3291/pdf?version=1732615190" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Preparation of Thermal Conductivity-Enhanced, Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials Using Cellulose-Assisted Graphene Dispersion for Thermal Regulation in Textiles" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3291">Preparation of Thermal Conductivity-Enhanced, Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials Using Cellulose-Assisted Graphene Dispersion for Thermal Regulation in Textiles</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fanfan Meng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaopeng Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Min Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yue Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zenghe Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shouxin Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heguo Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3291; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233291">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233291</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To improve the poor thermal conductivity of microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs), a strategy was designed with effective combinations between graphene nanosheets (GNs) and shells to prepare thermally conductive MPCMs–GNs by using cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to assist GN dispersion. The experiments and theoretical <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3291/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To improve the poor thermal conductivity of microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs), a strategy was designed with effective combinations between graphene nanosheets (GNs) and shells to prepare thermally conductive MPCMs–GNs by using cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) to assist GN dispersion. The experiments and theoretical calculations both illustrated that CNFs effectively prevented GNs from aggregating due to the strong Van der Walls interactions between CNFs and GNs. The morphologies and structures of MPCMs with and without GNs were characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD. The thermal properties of MPCMs were evaluated by DSC, TG, and a thermal conductivity test. The MPCMs with 10 wt.% GNs exhibited a melting enthalpy as high as 187.2 J/g and a thermal conductivity as high as 1.214 (W/m⋅K). The results indicate that the prepared MPCMs possessed a good thermal stability. In addition, MPCMs–GNs exhibited outstanding mechanical properties using a nano-indentation test. With an excellent melting enthalpy and thermal conductivity, the prepared MPCMs–GNs/textile showed a potential ability to be used for comfort thermal regulation. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3291">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Biobased_Biodegradable_Polymers">Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3291/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529721"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529721"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529721" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529721" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529721" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g001-550.jpg?1732615272" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529721" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g002-550.jpg?1732615275'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g003-550.jpg?1732615278'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g004-550.jpg?1732615285'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g005-550.jpg?1732615286'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g006-550.jpg?1732615288'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g007-550.jpg?1732615290'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g008-550.jpg?1732615291'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529721-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g009-550.jpg?1732615296'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529721-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g001-550.jpg?1732615272" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The design strategy for the MPCMs and MPCMs/textile composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g002-550.jpg?1732615275" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Pictures of GNs (left) and GNs/CNF (right) dispersion; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) metallographic microscope image of GNs, GNs/CNF; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) SEM of CNF, GNs, GNs/CNF; (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) TEM of GNs, GNs/CNF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g003-550.jpg?1732615278" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The motion states of the GNs system with molecular dynamic simulations at (<b>a</b>) 0 ns, (<b>b</b>) 40 ns, (<b>c</b>) 100 ns; the motion states of the GNs/CNF system with molecular dynamic simulations at (<b>d</b>) 0 ns, (<b>e</b>) 40 ns, (<b>f</b>) 100 ns; the quantitative calculation of GNs/CNF; (<b>g</b>) side view (left) and vertical view (right).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g004-550.jpg?1732615285" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEMs of MPCMs (<b>a</b>) M-0; (<b>b</b>) M-1; (<b>c</b>) M-2; (<b>d</b>) M-3; (<b>e</b>) M-4; (<b>f</b>) M-5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g005-550.jpg?1732615286" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>FTIR (<b>a</b>) and XRD (<b>b</b>) of n-octadecane, MF resin, MPCMs, GNs, CNF, and MPCMs–GNs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g006-550.jpg?1732615288" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Thermal properties of MPCMs (<b>a</b>) M-0; (<b>b</b>) M-1; (<b>c</b>) M-2; (<b>d</b>) M-3; (<b>e</b>) M-4; (<b>f</b>) M-5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g007-550.jpg?1732615290" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Thermal stability of n-octadecane, MF resin and MPCMs; (<b>b</b>) thermal conductivity of MPCMs; (<b>c</b>) phase change enthalpy of n-octadecane and MPCMs; (<b>d</b>) thermal cycling property of M-3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g008-550.jpg?1732615291" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Leakage prevention of M-0, M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4 and M-5; (<b>b</b>) load–displacement curves of MPCMs and MPCMs–GNs in nanoindentation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03291/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03291-g009-550.jpg?1732615296" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The designed strategy for MPCMs/textile and MPCMs–GNs/textile composite; (<b>b</b>) representative infrared thermographic images of textile, MPCMs/textile and MPCMs–GNs/textile during the heating and cooling processes; plots of temperature evolution as a function of time for textile, MPCMs/textile and MPCMs–GNs/textile during (<b>c</b>) the heating and (<b>d</b>) cooling processes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3291'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 40521 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3290/pdf?version=1732614671" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Sound Absorption Performance of Laser-Sintered Composite Biomimetic Wood Porous Structures" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3290">The Sound Absorption Performance of Laser-Sintered Composite Biomimetic Wood Porous Structures</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Li Zou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aitian Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenbo Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pengfei Du</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanling Guo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3290; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233290">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233290</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the development of biomimetic sound-absorbing components through laser sintering technology, drawing inspiration from wood’s natural porous structure. Using a pine wood powder/phenolic resin composite, various specimens were fabricated with different structural configurations (solid, fully porous, and varying straight-pore ratios) and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3290/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the development of biomimetic sound-absorbing components through laser sintering technology, drawing inspiration from wood’s natural porous structure. Using a pine wood powder/phenolic resin composite, various specimens were fabricated with different structural configurations (solid, fully porous, and varying straight-pore ratios) and cavity thicknesses. Sound absorption performance was evaluated using the impedance tube transfer function method. The effect of different composite structures, placement orientations, and cavity thicknesses on sound absorption performance was evaluated. The results demonstrate that solid laser-sintered samples exhibit inherent sound absorption properties due to microscopic pores, with absorption coefficients exceeding 0.234. The biomimetic wood-like structure, featuring multi-scale porosity at both microscopic and mesoscopic levels, shows enhanced broadband sound absorption, particularly in mid-high frequencies, with characteristic double-peak absorption curves. The study reveals that absorption performance can be optimized by adjusting structural parameters and thickness, enabling targeted frequency-specific sound absorption. This research establishes the feasibility of creating multi-frequency sound-absorbing materials using laser-sintered biomimetic wood structures, providing a foundation for future applications and development in acoustic engineering. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3290">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Biobased_Biodegradable_Polymers">Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3290/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529691"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529691"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529691" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529691" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529691" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g001-550.jpg?1732614802" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529691" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g002-550.jpg?1732614806'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g003-550.jpg?1732614808'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g004-550.jpg?1732614808'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g005-550.jpg?1732614809'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g006-550.jpg?1732614811'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g007-550.jpg?1732614812'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g008-550.jpg?1732614812'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g009-550.jpg?1732614813'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g010-550.jpg?1732614814'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g011-550.jpg?1732614814'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g012-550.jpg?1732614815'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g013-550.jpg?1732614815'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g014-550.jpg?1732614816'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g015-550.jpg?1732614817'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g016-550.jpg?1732614818'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g017-550.jpg?1732614818'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g018-550.jpg?1732614819'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1529691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g019-550.jpg?1732614820'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529691-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g001-550.jpg?1732614802" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Preparation of sintered specimens with different pine wood percentages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g002-550.jpg?1732614806" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A 200-fold pore morphology on the surface and cross-section of sintered parts of pine/phenolic composite materials with different amounts of pine wood addition: (<b>a</b>) 20%, surface; (<b>b</b>) 30%, surface; (<b>c</b>) 40%, surface; (<b>d</b>) 20%, cross-section; (<b>e</b>) 30%, cross-section; (<b>f</b>) 40%, cross-section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g003-550.jpg?1732614808" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the porous composite structure of biomimetic wood: (<b>a</b>) Microscopic diagram of the arrangement of wood tracheids; (<b>b</b>) Cell structure; (<b>c</b>) Biomimetic wood porous composite structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g004-550.jpg?1732614808" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Bending strength of standard specimens under 14~20 W laser power.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g005-550.jpg?1732614809" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Warpage of sintered specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g006-550.jpg?1732614811" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Step-by-step diagram of the preparation and experimental process of pine/phenolic resin composite powder.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g007-550.jpg?1732614812" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of solid laser-sintered specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g008-550.jpg?1732614812" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the impedance tube structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g009-550.jpg?1732614813" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram 1 of the impedance tube testing. D: The d specimens with 1/2 each of straight and porous holes were placed inside the impedance tube, with the porous cells placed in front; B, F: Fully porous b specimens and fully straight hole f specimens were placed inside the impedance tube.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g010-550.jpg?1732614814" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of three types of laser-sintered specimen testing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g011-550.jpg?1732614814" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram 2 of the impedance tube testing. C: The porous unit cell of the c specimen inside the impedance tube is placed in front; D: The d specimens with 1/2 each of straight and porous holes were placed inside the impedance tube, with the porous cells placed in front; E: The porous unit cell of the e specimen inside the impedance tube is placed in front.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g012-550.jpg?1732614815" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of laser-sintered specimens with different porous composite structures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g013-550.jpg?1732614815" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram 3 of impedance tube testing. The letter Z stands for straight pore unit cells placed in front; C, D, E: The porous unit cells of specimen c, specimen d, and specimen e in the impedance tube are placed in front; ZC, ZD, ZE: The straight pore cells of specimen c, specimen d, and specimen e in the impedance tube are placed in front.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g014-550.jpg?1732614816" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of the porous composite structures with different placements of the specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g015-550.jpg?1732614817" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of the porous composite structures with different placements of the d specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g016-550.jpg?1732614818" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of the porous composite structures with different placements of the e specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g017-550.jpg?1732614818" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Absorption coefficient of solid specimens with different cavity thicknesses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g018-550.jpg?1732614819" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of the c specimen under different cavity thicknesses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03290/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03290-g019-550.jpg?1732614820" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Sound absorption coefficient of the d specimen under different cavity thicknesses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3290'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529650" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529650" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529650" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3289/s1?version=1732613958"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 177 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 3661 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3289/pdf?version=1732613958" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Treatment Methods on Material Properties and Performance of Sawdust-Concrete and Sawdust-Polymer Composites" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3289">Effect of Treatment Methods on Material Properties and Performance of Sawdust-Concrete and Sawdust-Polymer Composites</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arafater Rahman</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohammad Abu Hasan Khondoker</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3289; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233289">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233289</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The circular economic approach in polymer composite research has gained acceptance for offering low-cost, high-performance solutions. Sawdust-derived composites have drawn interest as alternatives in concrete and composite fabrication, addressing housing shortages and resource depletion. Sawdust concrete (SDC) and sawdust polymer composites (SDPC) are <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3289/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The circular economic approach in polymer composite research has gained acceptance for offering low-cost, high-performance solutions. Sawdust-derived composites have drawn interest as alternatives in concrete and composite fabrication, addressing housing shortages and resource depletion. Sawdust concrete (SDC) and sawdust polymer composites (SDPC) are key areas under investigation, with SDC additionally aiding in carbon reduction in building materials. However, challenges arise due to sawdust’s inherent hydrophilicity, porosity, and lower strength. This study introduces a novel approach by identifying specific chemical treatments, including alkali and silane, which effectively enhance sawdust’s compressive and tensile strengths, moisture resistance, and durability, optimizing it for structural applications. The study evaluates SDC’s compressive strength based on treatment type, concentration, and curing time, examining physical properties such as water absorption, moisture sensitivity, and fiber-matrix adhesion. The unique contribution lies in a detailed optimization analysis, revealing conditions under which sawdust reaches structural-grade performance, expanding its potential in sustainable construction. For SPDC, tensile strength improvements are assessed under various chemical compositions, showing that specific polymers form stronger fiber-matrix bonds for greater stability. Morphological studies further explore fiber-matrix compatibility, hydrophobicity, and failure mechanisms. By advancing the understanding of treatment efficacy, this review positions sawdust as a viable, low-cost material alternative, establishing a foundation for sustainable innovation in construction and bio-composite research. These findings contribute to sawdust’s potential as a practical, eco-friendly building material. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3289">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/polymer_composites_nanocomposites">Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3289/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529650"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529650"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529650" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529650" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529650" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g001-550.jpg?1732614034" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529650" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g002-550.jpg?1732614035'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g003-550.jpg?1732614036'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g004-550.jpg?1732614038'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g005-550.jpg?1732614040'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g006-550.jpg?1732614040'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g007-550.jpg?1732614041'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g008-550.jpg?1732614043'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g009-550.jpg?1732614044'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529650-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g010-550.jpg?1732614046'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529650-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g001-550.jpg?1732614034" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>For mechanical performance evaluation, sawdust is grouped into 4 stages including (<b>a</b>) untreated sawdust; (<b>b</b>) Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> washed sawdust; and (<b>c</b>) treated with cutback asphalt; [<a href="#B60-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">60</a>] © 2020 Eyasu. Licensee Hindawi. Used under CC-BY 4.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g002-550.jpg?1732614035" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Sawdust particle size distribution information [<a href="#B62-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">62</a>] © 2024 Elsevier. Used with permission.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g003-550.jpg?1732614036" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Four different types of sawdust samples sourced from (<b>a</b>) sawmill; (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>) agricultural post and fence (differently sourced); and (<b>d</b>) railway sleepers before chemical treatment [<a href="#B63-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">63</a>] © 2021 Authors. Licensee Elsevier Ltd. Used under CC BY-NC-ND.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g004-550.jpg?1732614038" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Compressive strength for both water-treated and Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub>-treated SDC following BC composition [<a href="#B62-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">62</a>] © 2024 Elsevier. Used with permission. (<b>b</b>) Water-treated SDC compressive properties in CA-concrete composition [<a href="#B62-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">62</a>] © 2024 Elsevier. Used with permission.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g005-550.jpg?1732614040" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Curing effect on (<b>a</b>) compressive strength [<a href="#B46-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">46</a>] © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. Used with permission; (<b>b</b>) water absorption [<a href="#B64-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">64</a>] © 2020 Authors. Licensee IOP Publishing Ltd. Used under CC-BY. 3.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g006-550.jpg?1732614040" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Elastic modulus and (<b>b</b>) elongation of ABS-sawdust composites [<a href="#B51-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">51</a>] © 2020 Authors. Licensee Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Used under CC-BY 4.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g007-550.jpg?1732614041" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical properties (tensile strength and tensile modulus) with response to different flame retardant compositions [<a href="#B53-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">53</a>] © 2019 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd. Used with permission.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g008-550.jpg?1732614043" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SEM photograph of (<b>a</b>) untreated sawdust; (<b>b</b>) treated sawdust; (<b>c</b>) untreated SDPC; and (<b>d</b>) treated SDPC [<a href="#B48-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">48</a>] © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. Used under CC BY-NC-ND.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g009-550.jpg?1732614044" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>FTIR analysis for different volumes of sawdust addition [<a href="#B51-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">51</a>] © 2020 Authors. Licensee Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Used under CC-BY 4.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03289/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03289-g010-550.jpg?1732614046" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SEM photograph of SPDC under cryogenic treatment of (<b>a</b>) 30 min; (<b>b</b>) 60 min; and (<b>c</b>) 90 min. (<b>d</b>) Fibril formations [<a href="#B70-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">70</a>] © 2021 Authors. Licensee MDPI. Used under CC-BY 4.0. (<b>e</b>) Pores in raw sawdust; (<b>f</b>) pores in delignated sawdust; (<b>g</b>) UP-raw-sawdust-smoothed surface; and (<b>h</b>) UP-delignated-sawdust-smoothed surface [<a href="#B72-polymers-16-03289" class="html-bibr">72</a>] <b>©</b> 2021 society of plastic Engineers. Used with permission.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3289'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 4722 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3288/pdf?version=1732613496" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Tailoring Optical Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Crystal Violet Band-Pass Filters via Solvent Features" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3288">Tailoring Optical Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Crystal Violet Band-Pass Filters via Solvent Features</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raluca Marinica Albu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iuliana Stoica</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simona Luminita Nica</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marius Soroceanu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreea Irina Barzic</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3288; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233288">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233288</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Optical filters are essential components for a variety of applicative fields, such as communications, chemical analysis and optical signal processing. This article describes the preparation and characterization of a new optical filter made of polyvinyl alcohol and incremental amounts of crystal violet. By <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3288/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Optical filters are essential components for a variety of applicative fields, such as communications, chemical analysis and optical signal processing. This article describes the preparation and characterization of a new optical filter made of polyvinyl alcohol and incremental amounts of crystal violet. By using distinct solvents (H<sub>2</sub>O, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) to obtain the dyed polymer films, new insights were gained into the pathway that underlies the possibility of tailoring the material’s optical performance. The effect of the dye content on the sample’s main properties was inspected via UV–VIS spectroscopy analysis combined with colorimetry, refractometry and atomic force microscopy experiments. The results revealed that the colorimetric parameters are affected by the dye amount and are dramatically changed when the solvent used for film preparation is different. The rise in the refractive index upon polymer dyeing was due to the synergistic effect of the larger polarizability of the dye and the occurrence of hydrogen bonds among the system components. Spectral data evidenced that samples prepared in H<sub>2</sub>O and DMSO preserve the absorption characteristics of the added dye, whereas H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> acts as an oxidizing agent and enhances transparency. Also, for the first two solvents, multiple absorption edges were noted as a result of dye incorporation, which was responsible for the occurrence of new exciton-like states, hence the band gap reduction. The films processed in H<sub>2</sub>O were able to block radiations in the 506–633 nm range while allowing other wavelengths to pass with a transmittance above 90%. The samples attained in DMSO presented similar properties, with the difference that the domain of light attenuation was shifted towards higher wavelengths. Atomic force microscopy showed the dye’s effect on the level of surface roughness uniformity and morphology isotropy. The dyed polymer foils in non-oxidizing agents have suitable features for use as band-pass filters. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3288">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/B89T897367 ">Advances in Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3288/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529626"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529626"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529626" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529626" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529626" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g001-550.jpg?1732613580" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529626" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g002-550.jpg?1732613582'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g003-550.jpg?1732613583'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g004-550.jpg?1732613585'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g005-550.jpg?1732613587'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g006-550.jpg?1732613588'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g007-550.jpg?1732613590'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g008-550.jpg?1732613591'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g009-550.jpg?1732613594'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g010-550.jpg?1732613595'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-sch001-550.jpg?1732613596'><p>Scheme 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1529626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-sch002-550.jpg?1732613598'><p>Scheme 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529626-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g001-550.jpg?1732613580" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The chromaticity diagrams (CIE 1931) recorded for PVA and PVA/CV films prepared from the corresponding solutions in the selected three solvents.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g002-550.jpg?1732613582" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Dominant wavelength and (<b>b</b>) excitation purity versus CV content for the PVA and PVA/CV films prepared from the corresponding solutions in selected three solvents.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g003-550.jpg?1732613583" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The influence of CV content on the refractive index dispersion for the PVA and PVA/CV films prepared in (<b>a</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>b</b>) DMSO and (<b>c</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g004-550.jpg?1732613585" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Optical conductivity for the PVA and PVA/CV films prepared in (<b>a</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>b</b>) DMSO and (<b>c</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and electrical conductivity for the samples prepared in (<b>d</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>e</b>) DMSO and (<b>f</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g005-550.jpg?1732613587" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The transmittance versus wavelength for PVA and PVA/CV films prepared in solutions of (<b>a</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>b</b>) DMSO and (<b>c</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g006-550.jpg?1732613588" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The plots of absorption coefficients against photon energy for PVA and PVA/CV films prepared in solutions of (<b>a</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>b</b>) DMSO and (<b>c</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g007-550.jpg?1732613590" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The dependence of (αE)<sup>2</sup> on the photon energy for PVA and PVA/CV films prepared in solutions of (<b>a</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>b</b>) DMSO and (<b>c</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g008-550.jpg?1732613591" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The dependence of (αE)<sup>1/2</sup> on the photon energy for PVA and PVA/CV films prepared in solutions of (<b>a</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O, (<b>b</b>) DMSO and (<b>c</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g009-550.jpg?1732613594" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The height AFM images for (<b>a</b>) PVA and (<b>b</b>) PVA/CV films prepared in solutions of H<sub>2</sub>O and the corresponding images of the furrows analysis (<b>c</b>) and (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-g010-550.jpg?1732613595" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The height histograms and polar graphs of the texture direction, respectively, resulted from the AFM images for (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) PVA and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) PVA/CV films prepared in solutions of water.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-sch001-550.jpg?1732613596" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>The chemical structures of (<b>a</b>) PVA structural unit and (<b>b</b>) CV molecule.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03288/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03288-sch002-550.jpg?1732613598" title=" <strong>Scheme 2</strong><br/> <p>The scheme of preparation of the PVA and PVA/CV films from the solutions in the selected solvents and pictures of the samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3288'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1529671" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1529671" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1529671" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3287/s1?version=1732614312"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2925 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 10219 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3287/pdf?version=1732614312" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Alkyl Side Chain Length on Electrical Performance of Ion-Gel-Gated OFETs Based on Difluorobenzothiadiazole-Based D-A Copolymers" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3287">Effect of Alkyl Side Chain Length on Electrical Performance of Ion-Gel-Gated OFETs Based on Difluorobenzothiadiazole-Based D-A Copolymers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Han Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zaitian Cheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guoxing Pan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lin Hu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fapei Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3287; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233287">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233287</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is highly dependent on the dielectric–semiconductor interface, especially in ion-gel-gated OFETs, where a significantly high carrier density is induced at the interface at a low gate voltage. This study investigates how altering the alkyl side chain <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3287/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) is highly dependent on the dielectric–semiconductor interface, especially in ion-gel-gated OFETs, where a significantly high carrier density is induced at the interface at a low gate voltage. This study investigates how altering the alkyl side chain length of donor–acceptor (D-A) copolymers impacts the electrical performance of ion-gel-gated OFETs. Two difluorobenzothiadiazole-based D-A copolymers, PffBT4T-2OD and PffBT4T-2DT, are compared, where the latter features longer alkyl side chains. Although PffBT4T-2DT shows a 2.4-fold enhancement of charge mobility in the SiO<sub>2</sub>-gated OFETs compared to its counterpart due to higher crystallinity in the film, PffBT4T-2OD outperforms PffBT4T-2DT in the ion-gel-gated OFETs, manifested by an extraordinarily high mobility of 17.7 cm<sup>2</sup>/V s. The smoother surface morphology, as well as stronger interfacial interaction between the ion-gel dielectric and PffBT4T-2OD, enhances interfacial charge accumulation, which leads to higher mobility. Furthermore, PffBT4T-2OD is blended with a polymeric elastomer SEBS to achieve ion-gel-gated flexible OFETs. The blend devices exhibit high mobility of 8.6 cm<sup>2</sup>/V s and high stretchability, retaining 45% of initial mobility under 100% tensile strain. This study demonstrates the importance of optimizing the chain structure of polymer semiconductors and the semiconductor–dielectric interface to develop low-voltage and high-performance flexible OFETs for wearable electronics applications. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3287">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Polymer_Chemistry">Polymer Chemistry</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3287/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529671"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529671"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529671" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529671" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529671" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g001-550.jpg?1732614454" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529671" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g002-550.jpg?1732614456'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g003-550.jpg?1732614457'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g004-550.jpg?1732614459'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g005-550.jpg?1732614462'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g006-550.jpg?1732614467'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1529671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g007-550.jpg?1732614468'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529671-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g001-550.jpg?1732614454" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chemical structure of PffBT4T-2OD and PffBT4T-2DT. (<b>b</b>) The normalized UV-visible absorption spectra of the PffBT4T-2OD and PffBT4T-2DT film.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g002-550.jpg?1732614456" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Two-dimensional GIXRD patterns of the PffBT4T-2OD film (<b>a</b>) and PffBT4T-2DT film (<b>b</b>), respectively; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Cross-section profiles along the <span class="html-italic">q<sub>xy</sub></span> (<b>c</b>) and <span class="html-italic">q<sub>z</sub></span> (<b>d</b>) directions of the GIXRD patterns shown in (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g003-550.jpg?1732614457" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The molecular structure of [EMIM]<sup>+</sup>[TFSI]<sup>−</sup> and P(VDF-HFP). (<b>b</b>) The photograph of prepared ion-gel films. (<b>c</b>) The specific capacitance–frequency curve of ion-gel film. The inset shows the schematic of an Au/ion-gel/Au capacitor structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g004-550.jpg?1732614459" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Typical transfer curves of the ion-gel-gated OFETs (W = 2 mm/L = 50 μm) based on PffBT4T-2OD films (<b>a</b>) and PffBT4T-2DT films (<b>b</b>). The inset of (<b>a</b>) illustrates the schematic of ion-gel-gated OFETs on the TG/BC structure. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Corresponding output curves of the ion-gel-gated OFETs of PffBT4T-2OD films (<b>c</b>) and PffBT4T-2DT films (<b>d</b>), respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g005-550.jpg?1732614462" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>AFM height images (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and phase images (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) of PffBT4T-2OD films (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and PffBT4T-2DT films (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) in tapping mode.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g006-550.jpg?1732614467" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Photograph illustration of stretching polymer films at the strain of 25%, 50%, and 100%. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) OM images of the stretched PffBT4T-2OD films (<b>b</b>) and blended films (PffBT4T-2DT/SEBS = 7:3) (<b>c</b>) under various strains, where the white arrow denotes the strain direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03287/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03287-g007-550.jpg?1732614468" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Typical transfer curves of the ion-gated OFETs based on pure PffBT4T-2OD films (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and PffBT4T-2OD/SEBS (7:3) blend films (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) before tensile strain (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and under the strain of 100% (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>), respectively. The strain direction is parallel to the direction of channel current. The channel length (L) and channel width (W) are 200 μm and 2 mm, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3287'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=polymers&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/polymers"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="polymers-logo" title="Polymers" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width 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Polymers | An Open Access Journal from MDPI