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<span>Solar resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_photovoltaics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_photovoltaics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Solar photovoltaics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Solar_photovoltaics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Solar photovoltaics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Solar_photovoltaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_PV_by_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_PV_by_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Solar PV by province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_PV_by_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_PV_by_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_PV_by_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Solar PV by type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_PV_by_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentrated_solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentrated_solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Concentrated solar power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concentrated_solar_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concentrated solar power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concentrated_solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_resource" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_resource"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Solar resource</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_resource-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Public policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_water_heating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_water_heating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Solar water heating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_water_heating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_global_solar_power_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_global_solar_power_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effects on the global solar power industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_global_solar_power_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government incentives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_incentives_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_incentives_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Government incentives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_incentives_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_cell_production_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_cell_production_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Solar cell production pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_cell_production_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Climate change contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_grabbing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_grabbing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Green grabbing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_grabbing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curtailment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curtailment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Curtailment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curtailment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Use of forced labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.1</span> <span>U.S. sanctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar power in China</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarenergie_in_China" title="Solarenergie in China – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Solarenergie in China" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energ%C3%ADa_solar_en_China" title="Energía solar en China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Energía solar en China" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_solaire_en_Chine" title="Énergie solaire en Chine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie solaire en Chine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_solar_na_China" title="Energia solar na China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Energia solar na China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Солнечная энергетика в Китае – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Солнечная энергетика в Китае" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1%BB%9Di_%E1%BB%9F_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Điện Mặt Trời ở Trung Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện Mặt Trời ở Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" title="中华人民共和国太阳能发电 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中华人民共和国太阳能发电" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png/330px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png/495px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png/660px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-China-Mainlands-en.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>China's <a href="/wiki/Solar_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar potential">solar potential</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:422px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:420px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cumulative installed PV capacity in gigawatts since 2007</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is the largest market in the world for both <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy" title="Solar thermal energy">solar thermal energy</a>. China's photovoltaic industry began by making panels for <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, and transitioned to the manufacture of domestic panels in the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After substantial government incentives were introduced in 2011, China's solar power market grew dramatically: the country became the <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">world's leading installer of photovoltaics</a> in 2013. China surpassed Germany as the world's largest producer of photovoltaic energy in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became the first country to have over 100 GW of total installed photovoltaic capacity in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of at least 2024, Chinese firms are the industry leaders in almost all of the key parts of the solar industry supply chain, including polysilicon, silicon wafers, batteries, and photovoltaic modules. </p><p>As of at least 2024, China has one third of the world's installed solar panel capacity. Most of China's solar power is generated within its western provinces and is transferred to other regions of the country. In 2011, China owned the largest solar power plant in the world at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Huanghe_Hydropower_Golmud_Solar_Park" title="Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park">Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park</a>, which had a photovoltaic capacity of 200 MW. In 2018, it held the record again with the <a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert_Solar_Park" title="Tengger Desert Solar Park">Tengger Desert Solar Park</a> with its photovoltaic capacity of 1.5 GW. China currently owns the second-largest solar plant in the world, the Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park, which has a capacity of 2.2 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, China completed the world's largest hydro-solar power plant in Sichuan, which utilises the consistency in hydropower production to offset the variability in solar power.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solar power contributes to a small portion of China's total energy use, accounting for 3.5% of China's total energy capacity in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> announced at the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit that China plans to have 1,200 GW of combined solar and wind energy capacity by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">Solar water heating</a> is also extensively implemented, with a total installed capacity of 290 <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt thermal">GWth</a> at the end of 2014, representing about 70% of world's total installed solar thermal capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SHC-IEA_2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHC-IEA_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of the solar sector in China has been criticized due to the large quantities of waste being produced and improperly disposed of from the production of photovoltaic cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism over large amounts of unused energy being produced has appeared along with criticism over the forced removal of native populations for development land and the usage of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">forced labor</a> in the production of photovoltaic cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:172_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:132_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of at least 2023, solar power is cheaper than coal-fired power in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 167">: 167 </span></sup> By the first quarter of 2024, the momentum continued with China installing 45.7 gigawatts of photovoltaic panels, a 34% increase from the previous year. This reflects ongoing growth, although the increase was less than the 154% surge seen in early 2023, showing some variability in expansion rates.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photovoltaic research in China began in 1958 with the development of China's first piece of <a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon" title="Monocrystalline silicon">monocrystalline silicon</a>. Research continued with the development of solar cells for space satellites in 1968. The Institute of Semiconductors of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> led this research for a year, stopping after batteries failed to operate. Other research institutions continued the development and research of solar cells for <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong_2" title="Dong Fang Hong 2">Dongfanghong satellites</a>. In 1975, domestic solar cell production began with factories in Ningbo and Kaifeng. These cells were produced in a similar fashion to the satellite cells of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual solar capacity installations were still low, as only 0.5 kW of photovoltaic capacity was installed. This increased to 8 kW in 1980, 70 kW in 1985, 500 kW in 1990, and 1550 kW in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's <a href="/wiki/Sixth_five-year_plan" title="Sixth five-year plan">Sixth Five-Year Plan</a> (1981-1985) was the first to address government <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">policy support</a> for solar PV panel manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-:324_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-Year Plan</a> since.<sup id="cite_ref-:324_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> scientists developed a new type of <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector#Evacuated_tube_collectors" title="Solar thermal collector">evacuated tube</a> solar water heater design.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 409">: 409 </span></sup> These units became ubiquitous in rural China during the early 2000s. By 2014, China had more than 85 million solar water heaters, primarily operating in rural households.<sup id="cite_ref-:122_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:122-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 409">: 409 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1998, demonstration projects for solar energy production began to appear, starting with a 3W polysilicon battery and applications for the energy. <a href="/wiki/Yingli" title="Yingli">Yingli</a> became one of the first producers of this new solar energy. However, annual capacity did not increase much until 2002 when a 10 MW solar cell production line was put into operation by <a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech Power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, a program aimed to install more solar and wind energy in Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Sichuan was introduced by the National Development and Planning Commission. This spurred solar cell production and annual installations skyrocketed from 3.3 MW in 2000 to 20.3 MW in 2002. Photovoltaic cell production expanded in the following years, with 140 MW manufactured in 2005. Only 5 MW of solar energy was installed in China that year, however, as most of the manufactured photovoltaic cells were sold to European countries, with Germany being the largest buyer. China's annual solar energy installations grew to 10 MW installed in 2006, increasing China's total installed solar energy capacity to 80 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual solar energy installations continued to grow, with 20 MW of capacity installed in 2007 and 40 MW installed in 2008. </p><p>After Suntech's listing on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> in 2005, founder <a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhengrong" title="Shi Zhengrong">Shi Zhengrong</a> became the richest person in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 144">: 144 </span></sup> Academic Lan Xiaohuan writes that Shi's wealth following the listing "acted as a strong demonstration effect and local governments across China soon began to invest in the solar industry."<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 144">: 144 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission</a> planned to have China's solar capacity increase to 1,800 MW by 2020. However, according to Wang Zhongying, the head of the National Development and Reform Commission's renewable energy development, stated that China would far exceed this goal, predicting that at least 10 GW can be installed by 2020, with 20 GW of installed capacity within the realm of possibility. Despite these predictions, solar energy accounted for only a small fraction of China's total installed energy in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">global financial crisis of 2007-2008</a> prompted significant stimulus efforts by China to invigorate its then-struggling solar industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:324_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Policy tools to stimulate growth in the industry included inexpensive land, tax incentives, and subsidized loans.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 144">: 144 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg/220px-Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg/330px-Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg/440px-Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="3272" /></a><figcaption>A part of <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Dunhuang_Solar_Park" title="Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park">Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park</a>（10MW， Solar PV）</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011, feed-in-tariffs for solar power projects completed before a certain deadline were introduced. These feed-in tariffs were extremely successful at expanding China's solar power sector, largely exceeding the Chinese government's expectations for growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park was also completed in 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Golmud" title="Golmud">Golmud</a>, a county-level city in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The solar park contains 200 MW of installed photovoltaic capacity and was the largest individual solar plant in the world on its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other solar parks such as the 20 MW <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Golmud_Solar_Park" title="Qinghai Golmud Solar Park">Qinghai Golmud Solar Park</a> were also installed in Golmud, with 570 MW of capacity installed in total at the end of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese PV production system faced severe external shocks since 2010. A sharp recession in the global demand due to institutional alterations in the German market in 2010, followed by <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">anti-dumping duties</a> and anti-subsidy countervailing duties on Chinese PV products enforced in both USA and EU.<sup id="cite_ref-Shubbak2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shubbak2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese PV manufacturers, which were already running at full capacity, faced a difficult situation in 2011 and 2012 with huge financial losses that led to the bankruptcy of some important companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech Power</a> in 2013 which defaulted on $541 million of convertible bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Shubbak2019_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shubbak2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To rescue the huge PV industry with its large labor market and assets, a comprehensive set of policies was introduced by the Chinese government mainly to stimulate the domestic market. Accordingly, the annual installed capacity in China experienced notable growth since 2011. This growth was mainly due to the construction of several PV power plants around the country. </p><p>In May 2011, the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (NPC) revised the solar target again, setting 5 GW as an official minimum PV target for 2015, with a longer-term target of 20–30 GW by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-epia-2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epia-2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2012 forecast by the European Photovoltaic Industry Association, the total installed capacity was predicted to reach between 47 GW and 66 GW by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-epia-2013_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epia-2013-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2013, China's domestic demand for the solar industry rapidly increase.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the National Development and Reform Commission increased the solar capacity target to 70 GW by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Energy Administration also announced plans to install 100 GW of solar power along with other renewable energy sources and nuclear energy by 2020 in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, market analysts expected for 110 GW to be installed by 2018 and that by 2020, more solar energy could be installed than planned.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the solar capacity target was initially planned to be 15 GW but was increased in March 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Energy Administration</a> to 17.8 GW of installed solar capacity for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This target was increased again to 23.1 GW in October, a very ambitious goal considering that the annual solar energy installations for the entire world in 2010 were less than 20 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these ambitious goals, China only 7.73 GW of solar energy in the first half of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2015, China installed 15.1 GW of solar energy, failing to meet both of the raised goals, but meeting the original goal.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan for annual solar capacity for 2020 was also increased in October 2015 to 150 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg/220px-Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg/330px-Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg/440px-Panda_Solar_Station_SkySat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="1957" /></a><figcaption>A 50 MW photovoltaic solar power station built in Shanxi Province in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, China added 34.5 GW of solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 105 GW solar capacity by 2020 goal set by Chinese authorities was met in July 2017. In the first nine months of 2017, China saw 43 GW of solar energy installed in the first nine months of the year and saw a total of 52.8 GW of solar energy installed for the entire year.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2017 is currently the year with the largest addition of solar energy capacity in China. China's total photovoltaic energy capacity at the end of 2017 was 130 GW, surpassing Germany as the world's largest producer of solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, China saw a decrease in annual solar energy, dropping down to 44.4 GW. In 2019, annual solar energy installation further dropped to 30.1 GW, even lower than the installations made in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline in growth is attributed to the Chinese government restructuring government incentives to start solar energy projects in May 2018. Despite this decline in growth, China remained the largest market for solar energy with 205 GW total installed capacity in 2019, which was almost as much as the total installed capacity in the European Union (132 GW) and the United States (76 GW) combined.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from all of the total energy produced by China in 2019, only 3.9% of that energy was produced by solar energy. This was lower than the percent energy production from solar power of the European Union (4.9%) but greater than the percent share in the United States (2.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, China saw an increase in annual solar energy installations with 48.4 GW of solar energy capacity being added, accounting for 3.5% of China's energy capacity that year. 2020 is currently the year with the second-largest addition of solar energy capacity in China's history. Combined with wind energy, almost 10% of China's energy came from non-hydroelectric renewable power in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's total photovoltaic energy capacity at the end of 2020 was 252.5 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has stated that it aims to increase the energy share of solar and wind energy to 11% by the end of 2021. Renewable energy subsidies for 2021 for increased, with subsidies for solar power having increased more than subsidies for wind energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park was also completed in 2020 in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. The solar park has an installed capacity of 2.2 GW, making it the second-largest solar plant in the world as of 2021, behind the <a href="/wiki/Bhadla_Solar_Park" title="Bhadla Solar Park">Bhadla Solar Park</a> in India. The solar plant is connected to the world's first ultra-high voltage power line which gets all of its power from renewable energy and is capable of transferring power over 1000 km. The solar plant is planned to expand to a photovoltaic capacity of 10 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-:102_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Climate Ambition Summit in 2020, Xi Jinping announced that China planned to have 1,200 GW of solar and wind energy capacity by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between first 6 months of 2022, China built nearly 31GW of new solar power capacity, which up 137% compared to a years before. It expected the full-year installations would hit a record high.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China added a total of 87.41 GW of solar in 2022, up 62% from the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-scmp2022_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because solar works well as a distributed power source, recent Chinese policies have focused on increasing the prevalence of distributed solar energy and for developing systems so that electricity from solar energy can be used at its point of generation instead of transmitted over long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-:324_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> </p><p>In June 2024, China activated the world's largest solar power facility, a 3.5-gigawatt (GW) installation in <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Urumqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Built by <a href="/wiki/Power_Construction_Corporation_of_China" title="Power Construction Corporation of China">Power Construction Corporation of China</a>, this plant produces around 6.09 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity annually.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in some countries there are aesthetic objections to large-scale solar farms, in China they are often perceived as an aesthetic positive due to their associations with modernity and green development.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 119">: 119 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_resources">Solar resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solar resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png/330px-China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png/495px-China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png/660px-China_GHI_Solar-resource-map_GlobalSolarAtlas_World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Global Horizontal Irradiation in China.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A July 2019 report found that local air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a> and sulfur dioxide) has decreased the available solar energy that can be harnessed today by up to 15% compared to the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_photovoltaics">Solar photovoltaics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solar photovoltaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center; width: 320px; margin-right: 16px;"> <caption>Photovoltaics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:Yellow;">Year</th> <th style="background:Yellow;">Capacity (MW)</th> <th style="background:Yellow;">Installed/yr </th></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>16</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>19</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>23.5</td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>42</td> <td>8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>52</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>62</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>70</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>80</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>100</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>140</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>300</td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>800</td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>3,300</td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>4,198</td> <td>898 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>16,137</td> <td>12,119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>28,050</td> <td>11,733 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>43,180</td> <td>15,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>77,420</td> <td>34,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>130,200</td> <td>52,780 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>174,460</td> <td>44,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>204,680</td> <td>30,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>253,430</td> <td>48,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>306,560</td> <td>53,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>392,610 </td> <td>87,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>609,490 </td> <td>216,880 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: left; padding: 6px 2px 4px 4px;">Sources: IEA for years up to and incl 2011;<sup id="cite_ref-iea_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iea-pvps-snapshot-1992-2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea-pvps-snapshot-1992-2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China National Energy Administration for data from 2012 onwards<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>As of at least 2024, China has one third of the world's installed solar panel capacity and is the largest domestic market for solar panels.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_PV_by_province">Solar PV by province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solar PV by province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large part of the solar power capacity installed in China is in the form of large PV power plants in the west of the country, an area much less populated than the eastern part but with better solar resources and available land. </p> <table style="text-align: right" class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Installed solar PV capacity in MW by province<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chinaenergyportal_2017_update_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinaenergyportal_2017_update-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chinaenergyportal_2018_update_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinaenergyportal_2018_update-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Province</th> <th>end of 2015</th> <th>end of 2016</th> <th>end of 2017</th> <th>end of 2018 </th> <th>end of 2019 </th> <th>end of 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td>China total</td> <td>43,170</td> <td>77,420</td> <td>130,200</td> <td>174,460 </td> <td>204,300 </td> <td>253,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></td> <td>1,330</td> <td>4,450</td> <td>10,520</td> <td>13,610 </td> <td>16,190 </td> <td>22,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></td> <td>2,390</td> <td>4,430</td> <td>8,680</td> <td>12,340 </td> <td>14,740 </td> <td>21,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></td> <td>4,220</td> <td>5,460</td> <td>9,070</td> <td>13,320 </td> <td>14,860 </td> <td>16,840 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></td> <td>5,640</td> <td>6,820</td> <td>7,910</td> <td>9,560 </td> <td>11,010 </td> <td>16,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></td> <td>1,640</td> <td>3,380</td> <td>8,410</td> <td>11,380 </td> <td>13,390 </td> <td>15,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></td> <td>1,210</td> <td>3,450</td> <td>8,880</td> <td>11,180 </td> <td>12,540 </td> <td>13,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></td> <td>1,140</td> <td>2,970</td> <td>5,910</td> <td>8,460 </td> <td>10,880 </td> <td>13,090 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></td> <td>4,060</td> <td>8,620</td> <td>9,470</td> <td>9,920 </td> <td>10,410 </td> <td>12,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></td> <td>4,880</td> <td>6,370</td> <td>7,430</td> <td>9,450 </td> <td>10,810 </td> <td>12,370 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></td> <td>3,080</td> <td>5,260</td> <td>6,200</td> <td>8,160 </td> <td>9,180 </td> <td>11,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></td> <td>410</td> <td>2,840</td> <td>7,030</td> <td>9,910 </td> <td>10,540 </td> <td>11,740 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></td> <td>1,170</td> <td>3,340</td> <td>5,240</td> <td>7,160 </td> <td>9,390 </td> <td>10,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>460</td> <td>1,370</td> <td>1,780 </td> <td>5,100 </td> <td>10,570 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></td> <td>6,100</td> <td>6,860</td> <td>7,840</td> <td>8,280 </td> <td>9,080 </td> <td>9,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></td> <td>440</td> <td>2,280</td> <td>4,500</td> <td>5,360 </td> <td>6,300 </td> <td>7,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></td> <td>480</td> <td>1,870</td> <td>4,140</td> <td>5,100 </td> <td>6,210 </td> <td>6,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></td> <td>640</td> <td>1,560</td> <td>3,310</td> <td>5,270 </td> <td>6,100 </td> <td>6,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></td> <td>170</td> <td>520</td> <td>2,230</td> <td>3,020 </td> <td>3,430 </td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></td> <td>290</td> <td>300</td> <td>1,760</td> <td>2,920 </td> <td>3,440 </td> <td>3,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></td> <td>640</td> <td>2,080</td> <td>2,330</td> <td>3,430 </td> <td>3,750 </td> <td>3,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>560</td> <td>1,590</td> <td>2,650 </td> <td>2,740 </td> <td>3,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>170</td> <td>940</td> <td>2,150 </td> <td>2,740 </td> <td>3,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></td> <td>120</td> <td>180</td> <td>690</td> <td>1,240 </td> <td>1,350 </td> <td>2,070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></td> <td>150</td> <td>270</td> <td>920</td> <td>1,480 </td> <td>1,690 </td> <td>2,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></td> <td>370</td> <td>960</td> <td>1,340</td> <td>1,810 </td> <td>1,880 </td> <td>1,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></td> <td>120</td> <td>600</td> <td>680</td> <td>1,280 </td> <td>1,430 </td> <td>1,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></td> <td>240</td> <td>340</td> <td>320</td> <td>1,360 </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>1,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shanghai</td> <td>200</td> <td>350</td> <td>580</td> <td>890 </td> <td>1,090 </td> <td>1,370 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></td> <td>170</td> <td>330</td> <td>790</td> <td>980 </td> <td>1,100 </td> <td>1,370 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>130</td> <td>430 </td> <td>650 </td> <td>630 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beijing</td> <td>160</td> <td>240</td> <td>250</td> <td>400 </td> <td>510 </td> <td>610 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_PV_by_type">Solar PV by type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solar PV by type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="text-align: right" class="wikitable"> <caption>PV installations by sector, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sector </th> <th>Annual MW </th> <th>Cumulative MW </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Power Plant </td> <td>23,300 </td> <td>123,730 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Distributed </td> <td>20,960 </td> <td>51,250 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Off-grid </td> <td> </td> <td>360 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i><b>Total</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>44,260</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>175,340</b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2018 23,300 MW of utility scale power plant installations were added bring the cumulative total in this sector to 123,730 MW of power. Distributed installations rose by almost as much during 2018 at 20,960 MW bringing the cumulative total in the sector to 51,250 MW by year end 2018. Off-grid solar was the smallest component in 2018 with just 360 MW cumulatively installed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg/220px-Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg/330px-Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg/440px-Largest_Producers_of_Solar_Cells_by_Country-Market_Share.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Data on the world's largest solar PV producers, including China, Taiwan, US, Japan, and Germany</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies" title="List of photovoltaics companies">List of photovoltaics companies</a></div> <p>China has been the world's largest manufacturer of solar panels since 2008 and, since 2011, has produced the majority of global photovoltaics on an annualized basis.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry projections estimated that, by the end of 2017, China would have enough manufacturing capacity to produce 51 GW of PV modules per year, an amount over twice as large as 2010's global production of 24 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry is dominated by several major manufacturers. They include <a href="/w/index.php?title=CHINT_Group_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHINT Group Corporation (page does not exist)">CHINT Group Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/JA_Solar_Holdings" title="JA Solar Holdings">JA Solar Holdings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinniu_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinniu Energy">Jinniu Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yingli" title="Yingli">Yingli</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_Sunergy" title="China Sunergy">China Sunergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanwha_SolarOne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanwha SolarOne">Hanwha SolarOne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GCL-Poly_Energy_Holdings_Limited_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCL-Poly_Energy_Holdings_Limited-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solar_Energy_Booming_in_China_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_Energy_Booming_in_China-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large debt challenges several manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concentrated_solar_power">Concentrated solar power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concentrated solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg/220px-50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg/330px-50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg/440px-50_MW_molten-salt_power_tower_in_hami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The China Energy Engineering Corporation 50 MW Hami power tower has 8 hours of molten-salt storage</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_resource">Solar resource</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solar resource"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has large potential for <a href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">concentrated solar power</a> (CSP), especially in the south-western part of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2017_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest daily mean values of <a href="/wiki/Direct_normal_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct normal radiation">direct normal radiation</a> are found in the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai-Tibet Plateau">Qinghai-Tibet Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a>, at 9 kWh/m2. Most of northern and western China has daily average direct normal radiation over 5 kWh/m2, considered the limit for economical use of CSP.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2017_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practical limitations for deployment of CSP include mountainous terrain and distance from energy load centers, mostly concentrated in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2017_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_policy">Public policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 12th five-year plan, for 2011 to 2015, called for the installation of 1,000 MW by 2015, and 3,000 MW of CSP plants by 2020. However, at the end of 2014, only several demonstration stations were operational in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-wang2017_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang2017-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent 13th five-year plan a demonstration batch for 20 CSP plants for 1.35 GW was launched, which aimed to bring latest international technologies to China and build a domestic CSP industry. Plants were located in different provinces and used several different routes, including parabolic trough, central receiver towers and a novel beam-down tower design.<sup id="cite_ref-Lilliestam2019_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lilliestam2019-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initially target for 2018 could not be met and deadlines were extended multiple times, and the initially planned second batch was canceled. At the end of 2021 the installed capacity stood at 550 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-Thonig2022_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thonig2022-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese industry has gained considerable experience in the molten-salt storage technology and operating results of the plants are promising and meet their design parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the current 14th five-year plan there is no federal support for CSP. However, several provinces including Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjian UAR and Jilin have announced CSP projects in the context of the storage and peak shaving legislation. Optimistic assessments suggest that several GW could be built in the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_water_heating">Solar water heating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Solar water heating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:533px;max-width:533px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg/300px-Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg/450px-Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg/600px-Tieshan-solar-water-heaters-0101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rooftop solar water heaters are ubiquitous in China</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:227px;max-width:227px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarGlobal2007V2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SolarGlobal2007V2.png/225px-SolarGlobal2007V2.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SolarGlobal2007V2.png/338px-SolarGlobal2007V2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/SolarGlobal2007V2.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">New solar hot water installations during 2007, worldwide</div></div></div></div></div> <p>China is the leading country for <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">solar water heating</a> capacity in the world, with 290 <a href="/wiki/GWth" class="mw-redirect" title="GWth">GW<sub>th</sub></a> in operation at the end of 2014, accounting for about 70% of the total world capacity. In terms of capacity per unit of population, China comes 7th in the world with 213 kW<sub>th</sub> per 1,000 people. Most of the installed capacity (92%) was <a href="/wiki/Evacuated_tube_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="Evacuated tube collector">evacuated tube</a> water heaters.<sup id="cite_ref-SHC-IEA_2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHC-IEA_2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_global_solar_power_industry">Effects on the global solar power industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects on the global solar power industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">Growth of photovoltaics</a></div><p>The growth of solar power industries worldwide has been rapidly accelerated by the growth of the solar market in China. Chinese-produced photovoltaic cells have made the construction of new solar power projects much cheaper than in previous years. Domestic solar projects have also been heavily subsidized by the Chinese government, allowing for China's solar energy capacity to dramatically soar. As a result, they have become the leading country for solar energy, passing Germany's capacity in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As other countries from around the world look to switch to renewable energy sources, cheap options for solar and wind have become focal points of interest for investments.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's mass production of cheap photovoltaic cells and wind energy have consequently spurred investments in Chinese products from around the world and expanded the construction of solar energy projects worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of at least 2024, Chinese firms are the industry leaders in almost all of the key parts of the solar industry supply chain, including polysilicon, silicon wafers, batteries, and photovoltaic modules.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> China's impact on economies of scale and technological development was an important contributor in the 85% drop in the price of photovoltaic modules from 2010-2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:622_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:622-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_incentives">Government incentives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government incentives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a> provided $20 billion of financing to domestic solar manufacturers in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-:324_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:324-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2011, new <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">feed-in tariffs</a> were promised to potential solar power developers to help drive investments and growth in the solar power market. The government of Qinghai province offered solar projects that were operational before 30 September, 1.15 yuan ($0.18) for each kWh they produced in May 2011. The National Development and Reform Commission offered same-priced subsidies to potential solar power project operators nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tariffs were not capped. Other subsidies, such as Top Runner and Poverty Alleviation programs, were used in conjunction with feed-in tariffs to help grow the solar power market immensely.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These incentives were more successful in garnering attention and investment to the solar power sector than the Chinese government expected. Consequently, the Chinese government has struggled to keep up with these incentives. The government incentives have also contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Curtailment_(electricity)" title="Curtailment (electricity)">curtailment</a> of solar energy, as many of the solar projects have been built in northern and western regions of China where there is a low demand for electricity and a lack of infrastructure to transfer energy towards China's main power grid.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the growing problems of the rapidly expanding solar power market and the need to meet promised subsidies, the National Development and Reform Commission announced in May 2018 that solar power subsidies would be slashed and feed-in tariffs would be significantly reduced in favor of an auction-based system.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China</a> slashed the solar energy subsidy budget down to 1.5 billion yuan ($233 million) from 3 billion yuan in 2019. With the auction-based system, companies are to submit subsidies bids for solar power construction projects to the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Energy Administration">National Energy Administration</a>. Companies that do not partake in competitive bidding must instead accept a largely reduced amount of subsidies for projects that are already in operation while new projects do not receive any subsidies outside of auctions.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The switch to the auction system and capping of subsidies was designed to alleviate costs of solar subsidies and is attributed to the decline of the growth of the Chinese solar market in 2018 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the auction system has made renewable energy in western provinces cheaper than thermal energy in some cases, with Qinghai observing periods of time in which all of its energy usage was supplied through renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China's budget for renewable energy subsidies was increased to 6 billion yuan for 2021, with solar power receiving 3.38 billion yuan.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grants are set to be distributed to 14 provinces, with Inner Mongolia receiving the majority of the funding with 5.10 billion yuan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_incentives_2">Government incentives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government incentives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government subsidies for solar power energy projects have been considered "unsustainable" as the costs of subsidizing a rapidly growing industry are massive and some of China's struggles dealing with the costs have become visible. The renewable energy fund, which is paid by consumers, has a 100 billion yuan deficit<sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while tariff payments have occasionally been paid late.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government subsidies for solar power have also been attributed to over construction, as many solar power projects have been funded by the Chinese government but do not operate at full capacity due to the inability to transfer the full energy capacity from production sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_cell_production_pollution">Solar cell production pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Solar cell production pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese green energy companies such as Luoyang Zhonggui High-Technology Co. in Henan have become large producers of <a href="/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon" title="Polycrystalline silicon">polysilicon</a> in response to growing the demand for solar cells. However, polysilicon production produces <a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">silicon tetrachloride</a> as a byproduct. Silicon tetrachloride is a poisonous material that can make soil infertile and harm humans if it is not disposed of properly. In developed countries, silicon tetrachloride is recycled and reprocessed, preventing the substance from entering the environment. However, special technology and large amounts of energy are required to reprocess silicon tetrachloride. Chinese green energy companies have not invested in recycling this byproduct, instead opting to lower production costs and dump waste into nearby residential areas. This lack of investment into environmental safety protocols has also been attributed to Chinese factories attempting to open much sooner than it would take normally.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some solar cells are also made with chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine gas</a> as well as metals such as lead, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>. These chemicals and metals are toxic to humans through contact and contamination of resources. While many developed countries that produce photovoltaic cells have properly disposed of or repurposed wasted solar cells, many Chinese firms have not adopted the practice recycling solar panels and waste. Non-hazardous materials have also been dumped instead of repurposed, further contributing to waste.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various protests over solar cell production pollution have been staged. In Zhejiang province, protests over the destruction of fish habitats emerged in September 2011. Hundreds of villagers rioted in the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. factory, which produces photovoltaic cells and wafers. The factory had previously failed pollution tests in April and that its waste control was inadequate despite warnings from the local environmental protection bureau. The protests occurred over multiple days, in which company property was damaged and destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_contribution">Climate change contribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate change contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China has pledged to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and has invested into renewable sources of energy, including solar power, to help meet this pledge.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has been opening new plants for solar energy production.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of China's climate policy argue that China is not trying to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy, but instead trying to increase the energy capacity of both forms of energy. Although China's solar energy capacity has increased dramatically in recent years, its carbon emissions have risen as well.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, critics have seen China's pledge to peak its carbon emissions as a time window for it to increase its carbon emissions rather than reduce them, with its investments into renewable energy sources such as solar power being used as a coverup for China's plan to continue expanding with fossil fuel-powered production.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mass government subsidy-fueled construction of solar power plants has also been linked to climate change contribution as mass construction has contributed to increases in carbon emissions while the energy produced by the projects has not been fully used.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_grabbing">Green grabbing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Green grabbing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China's expansion of solar power capacity has been met with criticism over implications of "<a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">green grabbing</a>". Critics argue that China has seized land from native populations and repurposed it for its own projects, such as solar farms, using the need to protect the country from climate change as a justification for land seizure. Renewable energy projects, such as solar power plants, have been built in western regions of China where many native nomadic people have had their land taken away. As such, critics argue that investments into renewable energy sources such as solar power are means to increase the power of the central state rather than protect the environment. This argument has been complemented by China's expansion of fossil fuel plants in conjunction with solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:172_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:172-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following claims of China has taken land from rural natives under the guise of climate protection, many rural populations have been encouraged to move to government housing or urban centers. However, as expectations for the arrival of urban citizens have risen, so has the construction of buildings infrastructure projects. This speculation of the growth of urban centers has led to a housing bubble in China, where buildings and infrastructure are being constructed at a rate in which much of the construction is unused or redundant.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these <a href="/wiki/Under-occupied_developments_in_China" title="Under-occupied developments in China">unused buildings and towns</a> are constructed, more carbon emissions are produced due to the usage of cement and other building materials. Thus, China's "green grabbing" has also been criticized by environmentalists who see China's urban expansion as useless and damaging to the environment. The forced movement of rural populations, as critics claim that these rural populations do not receive adequate compensation for removal<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and face discrimination and a lack of support to thrive in urban centers in contrast to citizens who have lived in urban centers throughout their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curtailment">Curtailment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Curtailment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high amount of government incentives has encouraged the mass development of solar projects, especially in the northern and western regions of China. Consequently, there has been mass investment in energy production in low-population regions where energy usage is relatively low and not enough investment in infrastructure to transfer this produced energy to China's main power grid. This has caused the curtailment of solar energy to which critics point out to argue that many of China's heavy investments in renewable energy are inefficient and will become unsustainable for the country in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This inability to transfer energy to regions that require it has led many critics to call for China to invest more into power transfer infrastructure instead of solely energy capacity. Although curtailment rates have lowered since 2016, dropping down from 17% to 7% in 2016, some critics argue that these rates are still too high. Critics have used solar power curtailment as an example to argue for China to change its methods for dealing with the climate crisis as they see that its current efforts are ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-:152_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_forced_labor">Use of forced labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Use of forced labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></div> <p>China's production of cheap photovoltaic cells has been the target of a large amount of criticism due to claims of forced labor being used to drive production costs down. Reports of large Chinese solar manufacturing companies using forced labor from <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> to produce photovoltaic cells have appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports for forced labor being used to acquire polysilicon, a key component of solar panels, have also emerged. Although the Chinese government claims that the labor used for material acquisition and production is voluntary, reports claim that there is substantial evidence that Uyghur laborers have been coerced to produce solar panels, threatened by internment camps.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the demand for solar power increases due to climate change, the cheap nature of Chinese photovoltaic cells has resulted in China's solar exports growing massively in recent years in spite of the labor used in production. The usage of forced labor in China has only been partially condemned globally, in part due to the fact that many countries depend on China's cheap labor and photovoltaic cells to afford the transition from thermal energy to renewable energy. Since China is responsible for 80% of the world's polysilicon production, with half of the world's polysilicon produced in Xinjiang, many critics of the forced labor usage have stated that it is difficult for many countries to avoid Chinese made solar power solutions. As a result, debates over whether or not solar energy components from China should be used have arisen.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._sanctions">U.S. sanctions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: U.S. sanctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">United States sanctions against China</a></div> <p>In June 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a> placed five Chinese solar companies, including <a href="/wiki/Daqo_New_Energy" title="Daqo New Energy">Daqo New Energy</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Industry_and_Security" title="Bureau of Industry and Security">Bureau of Industry and Security</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Entity_List" title="Entity List">Entity List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive questionnaire was sent to companies by US Customs and Border Protection in early 2024. The survey indicated Customs taking a strong enforcement approach that will be difficult to answer for small/medium-sized solar companies without stable supply chains.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solar_power_in_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Solar power in China">Solar power in China</a></span>.</div></div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electricity sector in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">Growth of photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies" title="List of photovoltaics companies">List of photovoltaics companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_China#Solar" title="List of power stations in China">List of power stations in China § Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations" title="List of solar thermal power stations">List of solar thermal power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Valley_(China)" title="Solar Valley (China)">Solar Valley (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">Solar power by country</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:42-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Solar+Energy+Firms+Leave+Waste+Behind+in+China&rft.date=2008-03-09&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=Ariana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F03%2F08%2FAR2008030802595_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Jill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillbaker/2018/06/18/solar-leader-china-is-slashing-its-subsidies-on-solar-power-what-you-need-to-know/">"Solar Leader China Is Slashing Its Subsidies On Solar Power -- What You Need To Know"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427221627/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillbaker/2018/06/18/solar-leader-china-is-slashing-its-subsidies-on-solar-power-what-you-need-to-know/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Solar+Leader+China+Is+Slashing+Its+Subsidies+On+Solar+Power+--+What+You+Need+To+Know&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjillbaker%2F2018%2F06%2F18%2Fsolar-leader-china-is-slashing-its-subsidies-on-solar-power-what-you-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:172-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:172_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:172_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2020" class="citation book cs1">Li, Yifei (2020). <i>China goes green: coercive environmentalism for a troubled planet</i>. Judith Shapiro. Cambridge, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4311-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5095-4311-3"><bdi>978-1-5095-4311-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1137747668">1137747668</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+goes+green%3A+coercive+environmentalism+for+a+troubled+planet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1137747668&rft.isbn=978-1-5095-4311-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yifei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:132-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:132_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:132_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinschArrieta-Kenna2021" class="citation journal cs1">Reinsch, William Alan; Arrieta-Kenna, Seán (19 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/dark-spot-solar-energy-industry-forced-labor-xinjiang">"A Dark Spot for the Solar Energy Industry: Forced Labor in Xinjiang"</a>. <i>csis.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516053426/https://www.csis.org/analysis/dark-spot-solar-energy-industry-forced-labor-xinjiang">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=csis.org&rft.atitle=A+Dark+Spot+for+the+Solar+Energy+Industry%3A+Forced+Labor+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft.aulast=Reinsch&rft.aufirst=William+Alan&rft.au=Arrieta-Kenna%2C+Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fanalysis%2Fdark-spot-solar-energy-industry-forced-labor-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Daokui_Li" title="David Daokui Li">Li, David Daokui</a> (2024). <i>China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393292398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393292398"><bdi>978-0393292398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+World+View%3A+Demystifying+China+to+Prevent+Global+Conflict&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0393292398&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=David+Daokui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-22/china-s-rapid-solar-growth-slows-as-grid-struggles-to-keep-pace">"China's Rapid Solar Growth Slows as Grid Struggles to Keep Pace"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. 22 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=China%27s+Rapid+Solar+Growth+Slows+as+Grid+Struggles+to+Keep+Pace&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2024-04-22%2Fchina-s-rapid-solar-growth-slows-as-grid-struggles-to-keep-pace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunfeng2007" class="citation book cs1">Junfeng, Li (2007). <i>2007 China Solar PV Report</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Environmental_Science_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Environmental Science Press (page does not exist)">China Environmental Science Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2007+China+Solar+PV+Report&rft.pub=China+Environmental+Science+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Junfeng&rft.aufirst=Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:324-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:324_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:324_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:324_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:324_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:324_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2023" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). <i>Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector</i>. Vol. 24. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 175–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Firap%2Flcad008">10.1093/irap/lcad008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54482-5"><bdi>978-0-262-54482-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperating+for+the+Climate%3A+Learning+from+International+Partnerships+in+China%27s+Clean+Energy+Sector&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=175-178&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Firap%2Flcad008&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54482-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Joanna+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrell2023" class="citation book cs1">Harrell, Stevan (2023). <i>An Ecological History of Modern China</i>. Seattle: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295751719" title="Special:BookSources/9780295751719"><bdi>9780295751719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ecological+History+of+Modern+China&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780295751719&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=Stevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:622-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:622_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan2024" class="citation book cs1">Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). <i>How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development</i>. Translated by Topp, Gary. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6">10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0"><bdi>978-981-97-0079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Works%3A+An+Introduction+to+China%27s+State-led+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6&rft.isbn=978-981-97-0079-0&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=Xiaohuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2009" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Rujun Shen, Jacqueline (5 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/china-solar-idAFPEK12384620090505">"CORRECTED - CORRECTED-China solar set to be 5 times 2020 target-researcher"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508113944/http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idAFPEK12384620090505">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=CORRECTED+-+CORRECTED-China+solar+set+to+be+5+times+2020+target-researcher&rft.date=2009-05-05&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Rujun+Shen%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fchina-solar-idAFPEK12384620090505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/03/content_15545080.htm">"Sun shines on development of power sector"</a>. Industries. <i>China Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725034325/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/03/content_15545080.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Sun+shines+on+development+of+power+sector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fbusiness%2F2012-07%2F03%2Fcontent_15545080.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405034226/http://www.accendo.ro/news/res/74-golmud-solar-park">"China PV plant largest in the world"</a>. 3 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accendo.ro/news/res/74-golmud-solar-park">the original</a> on 5 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PV+Tech&rft.atitle=China+targets+11%25+solar+and+wind+in+power+mix+in+2021&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pv-tech.org%2Fchina-targets-11-solar-and-wind-in-power-mix-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/huawei-smart-pv-solution-highlights-role-in-worlds-largest-pv-plant">"Huawei Smart PV Solution Highlights Role In World's Largest PV Plant - Saur Energy International"</a>. <i>saurenergy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302194835/https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/huawei-smart-pv-solution-highlights-role-in-worlds-largest-pv-plant">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China+adds+record+solar+power+capacity+as+it+cuts+back+on+fossil+fuels&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F3207250%2Fclimate-change-china-sets-another-solar-power-installation-record-while-putting-brakes-fossil-fuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2024" class="citation news cs1">Howe, Colleen (7 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/worlds-biggest-solar-farm-comes-online-chinas-xinjiang-2024-06-03/">"World's biggest solar farm comes online in China's Xinjiang"</a>. <i>www.reuters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/European_Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="European Council on Foreign Relations">European Council on Foreign Relations</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-916682-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-916682-42-9"><bdi>978-1-916682-42-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240717120845/https://ecfr.eu/publication/idea-of-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+China%3A+Chinese+Thinkers+on+Power%2C+Progress%2C+and+People&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=European+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2024-07-02&rft.isbn=978-1-916682-42-9&rft.aulast=Bachulska&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Mark&rft.au=Oertel%2C+Janka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecfr.eu%2Fpublication%2Fidea-of-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalsolaratlas.info/">"Global Solar Atlas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127131800/https://globalsolaratlas.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Solar+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalsolaratlas.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2019" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mike (6 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/58347-solar-energy-china-s-panels-reveal-a-big-issue">"China's Pollution-Hampered Solar Panels Reveal a Big Issue"</a>. <i>Inverse</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806211713/https://www.inverse.com/article/58347-solar-energy-china-s-panels-reveal-a-big-issue">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inverse&rft.atitle=China%27s+Pollution-Hampered+Solar+Panels+Reveal+a+Big+Issue&rft.date=2019-08-06&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F58347-solar-energy-china-s-panels-reveal-a-big-issue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iea-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iea_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=1&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=1236">"National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in China 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301103418/http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=1&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=1236">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Survey+Report+of+PV+Power+Applications+in+China+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea-pvps.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D1%26eID%3Ddam_frontend_push%26docID%3D1236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iea-pvps-snapshot-1992-2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iea-pvps-snapshot-1992-2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/technical/PVPS_report_-_A_Snapshot_of_Global_PV_-_1992-2014.pdf">"Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+%26+2013+distributed+and+utility+PV+installations+by+province+%28Original+title%3A2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%29&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinaenergyportal.org%2Fen%2F2012-2013-distributed-utility-pv-installations-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2014-pv-installations-utility-and-distributed-by-province/">"2014 distributed and utility PV installations by province (Original title:2014年光伏发电统计数据)"</a>. 9 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607023355/https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2014-pv-installations-utility-and-distributed-by-province/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+distributed+and+utility+PV+installations+by+province+%28Original+title%3A2014%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%29&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinaenergyportal.org%2Fen%2F2014-pv-installations-utility-and-distributed-by-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2015-pv-installations-utility-and-distributed-by-province/">"2015 distributed and utility PV installations by province (Original title:2015年光伏发电统计数据)"</a>. 5 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607021834/https://chinaenergyportal.org/en/2015-pv-installations-utility-and-distributed-by-province/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Chinese CSP for the World?". <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. SOLARPACES 2020: 26th International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. <b>2445</b> (1): 050007. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022AIPC.2445e0007T">2022AIPC.2445e0007T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F5.0085752">10.1063/5.0085752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Chinese+CSP+for+the+World%3F&rft.volume=2445&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=050007&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0085752&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022AIPC.2445e0007T&rft.aulast=Thonig&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gilmanova%2C+Alina&rft.au=Zhan%2C+Jing&rft.au=Lilliestam%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CNSTE,2021, SUPCON SOLAR Delingha 50MW Molten Salt Tower Concentrated Solar Power Plant Passed the Technical Assessment of Fichtner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://en.cnste.org/html/csp/2021/0126/986.html">http://en.cnste.org/html/csp/2021/0126/986.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921152033/http://en.cnste.org/html/csp/2021/0126/986.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraemer, 2022, China Announces Another 1.3 GW of CSP with 12,000 MWh of Thermal Storage, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.solarpaces.org/china-announces-another-1-3-gw-of-csp-with-12000-mwh-of-thermal-storage/">https://www.solarpaces.org/china-announces-another-1-3-gw-of-csp-with-12000-mwh-of-thermal-storage/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921152035/https://www.solarpaces.org/china-announces-another-1-3-gw-of-csp-with-12000-mwh-of-thermal-storage/">Archived</a> 21 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2019" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, David (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/6/18/18681591/renewable-energy-china-solar-pv-jobs">"The global transition to clean energy, explained in 12 charts"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530234150/https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/6/18/18681591/renewable-energy-china-solar-pv-jobs">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Industries. <i>China Daily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725034325/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/03/content_15545080.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singularity+Hub&rft.atitle=A+Ridiculously+Huge+New+Solar+Farm+Just+Came+Online+in+China&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Vanessa+Bates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsingularityhub.com%2F2020%2F10%2F09%2Fa-ridiculously-huge-new-solar-farm-just-came-online-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandalow2019" class="citation book cs1">Sandalow, David (2019). <i>Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2019</i>. 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London. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-663-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78680-663-5"><bdi>978-1-78680-663-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1164185270">1164185270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+engine+of+environmental+collapse&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xvi&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1164185270&rft.isbn=978-1-78680-663-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-27/china-ghost-cities-show-growth-driven-by-debt/9912186">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'An incredible amount of waste': What China's eerie ghost cities say about its economy"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605171218/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-27/china-ghost-cities-show-growth-driven-by-debt/9912186">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Voice of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516215106/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/new-allegations-made-forced-labor-chinese-solar-manufacturers">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Allegations+Made+of+Forced+Labor+at+Chinese+Solar+Manufacturers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Feast-asia-pacific%2Fnew-allegations-made-forced-labor-chinese-solar-manufacturers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57124636">"China uses Uyghur forced labour to make solar panels, says report"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606051424/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57124636">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+uses+Uyghur+forced+labour+to+make+solar+panels%2C+says+report&rft.date=2021-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-57124636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShellenberger" class="citation web cs1">Shellenberger, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2021/04/29/why-wont-environmentalists-speak-out-against-forced-labor-for-china-made-solar-panels/">"Why Won't Environmentalists Speak Out Against Forced Labor For China-Made Solar Panels?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210530144420/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2021/04/29/why-wont-environmentalists-speak-out-against-forced-labor-for-china-made-solar-panels/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Why+Won%27t+Environmentalists+Speak+Out+Against+Forced+Labor+For+China-Made+Solar+Panels%3F&rft.aulast=Shellenberger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaelshellenberger%2F2021%2F04%2F29%2Fwhy-wont-environmentalists-speak-out-against-forced-labor-for-china-made-solar-panels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/us-restricts-exports-5-chinese-firms-over-rights-violations-2021-06-23/">"U.S. restricts exports to 5 Chinese firms over rights violations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 23 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623235311/https://www.reuters.com/business/us-restricts-exports-5-chinese-firms-over-rights-violations-2021-06-23/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+restricts+exports+to+5+Chinese+firms+over+rights+violations&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fus-restricts-exports-5-chinese-firms-over-rights-violations-2021-06-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+power+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-26/us-customs-questions-solar-importers-about-supply-chains-amid-crackdown-on-china">"US Queries Solar Supply Import Chains Amid China Crackdown"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304123039/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-02-26/us-customs-questions-solar-importers-about-supply-chains-amid-crackdown-on-china">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_energy_companies_of_China" title="Template talk:Solar energy companies of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_energy_companies_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar energy companies of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Solar_energy_companies_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar energy companies in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Sunergy" title="China Sunergy">China Sunergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqo_New_Energy" title="Daqo New Energy">Daqo New Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanwha_SolarOne" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanwha SolarOne">Hanwha SolarOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JA_Solar_Holdings" title="JA Solar Holdings">JA Solar Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JinkoSolar" title="JinkoSolar">JinkoSolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinniu_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinniu Energy">Jinniu Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LONGi" title="LONGi">LONGi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongwei_Company" title="Tongwei Company">Tongwei Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topray_Solar" title="Topray Solar">Topray Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trina_Solar" title="Trina Solar">Trina Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingli" title="Yingli">Yingli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_China" title="Category:Energy companies of China">Energy companies of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_China" title="Template:Energy in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_China" title="Template talk:Energy in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_national_carbon_trading_scheme" title="Chinese national carbon trading scheme">Carbon trading scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Beijing_Environmental_Exchange" title="China Beijing Environmental Exchange">China Beijing Environmental Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_China" title="Electricity sector in China">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_security_of_China" title="Energy security of China">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_China" title="List of power stations in China">List of power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="China Atomic Energy Authority">China Atomic Energy Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Safety_Administration" title="National Nuclear Safety Administration">National Nuclear Safety Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission_of_the_State_Council" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council">SASAC of the State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Electricity_Regulatory_Commission" title="State Electricity Regulatory Commission">State Electricity Regulatory Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy_in_China" title="Bioenergy in China">Bioenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_China" title="Geothermal power in China">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_China" title="Hydroelectricity in China">Hydroelectricity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_China" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in China">Hydroelectric <span class="wrap">power stations</span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_China" title="Natural gas in China">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_in_China" title="Oil shale in China">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_China" title="Shale gas in China">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_China" title="Wind power in China">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electricity generation<br />and transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Gezhouba%E2%80%93Shanghai" title="HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai">HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Three_Gorges_%E2%80%93_Changzhou" title="HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou">HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Three_Gorges_%E2%80%93_Guangdong" title="HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong">HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Tian%E2%80%93Guang" title="HVDC Tian–Guang">HVDC Tian–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Zhoushan" title="HVDC Zhoushan">HVDC Zhoushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-voltage_electricity_transmission_in_China" title="Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission in China">Ultra-high-voltage transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangdong_HVDC" title="Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC">Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-owned energy<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Nuclear_International_Uranium_Corporation" title="China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation">China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Nuclear_Corporation" title="China National Nuclear Corporation">China National Nuclear Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_China" title="Category:Electric power companies of China">Electric power companies of China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_China" title="Category:Energy in China">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_power_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_power_by_country" title="Template:Solar power by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_power_by_country" title="Template talk:Solar power by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_power_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar power by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_power_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">Solar power by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics" title="Growth of photovoltaics">Growth of photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies" title="List of photovoltaics companies">List of photovoltaics companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_photovoltaics_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by photovoltaics production">List of countries by photovoltaics production</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_photovoltaics_exports" title="List of countries by photovoltaics exports">exports</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Africa" title="Solar power in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Morocco" title="Solar power in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Somalia" title="Solar power in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Africa" title="Solar power in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Israel" title="Solar power in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Japan" title="Solar power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Myanmar" title="Solar power in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Solar power in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Korea" title="Solar power in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Taiwan" title="Solar power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Thailand" title="Solar power in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Solar power in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Yemen" title="Solar power in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_European_Union" title="Solar power in the European Union">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Austria" title="Solar power in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Armenia" title="Solar power in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Belgium" title="Solar power in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Belarus" title="Solar power in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Bulgaria" title="Solar power in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Cyprus" title="Solar power in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Solar power in the Czech Republic">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Denmark" title="Solar power in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy_in_Finland" title="Solar energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_France" title="Solar power in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Greece" title="Solar power in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Hungary" title="Solar power in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar power in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_Netherlands" title="Solar power in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Poland" title="Solar power in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Portugal" title="Solar power in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Romania" title="Solar power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Spain" title="Solar power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Switzerland" title="Solar power in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Turkey" title="Solar power in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Ukraine" title="Solar power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Canada" title="Solar power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Jamaica" title="Solar power in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mexico" title="Solar power in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Australia" title="Solar power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Solar power in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Brazil" title="Solar power in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Chile" title="Solar power in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Portals:</b> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Template talk:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renewable energy by country and territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renewable_energy_by_country_and_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_energy_topics_by_country_and_territory" title="List of renewable energy topics by country and territory">Renewable energy by country and territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Renewable energy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kenya" title="Renewable energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Seychelles" title="Renewable energy in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_South_Africa" title="Renewable energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Asia" title="Renewable energy in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Renewable energy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bhutan" title="Renewable energy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brunei" title="Renewable energy in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Renewable energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Nepal" title="Renewable energy in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Palestine" title="Renewable energy in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Renewable energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Taiwan" title="Renewable energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Thailand" title="Renewable energy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Vietnam" title="Renewable energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_European_Union" title="Renewable energy in the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Austria" title="Renewable energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Renewable energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus#Renewable_energy" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Denmark" title="Renewable energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Finland" title="Renewable energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_France" title="Renewable energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Greece" title="Renewable energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Hungary" title="Renewable energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Lithuania" title="Renewable energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Renewable energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal" title="Renewable energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Spain" title="Renewable energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Armenia" title="Renewable energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Belarus" title="Renewable energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Russia" title="Renewable energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Turkey" title="Renewable energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Ukraine" title="Renewable energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Scotland" title="Renewable energy in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Canada" title="Renewable energy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Costa_Rica" title="Renewable energy in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Honduras" title="Renewable energy in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Australia" title="Renewable energy in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Renewable energy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_French_Polynesia" title="Renewable energy in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Tuvalu" title="Renewable energy in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Brazil" title="Renewable energy in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Chile" title="Renewable energy in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Colombia" title="Renewable energy in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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