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Encyclopaedia Iranica
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But for nostalgia's sake, I'm leaving it in. TBH, I have no idea what "message" utilized Flash when it did work! --> <div id="search-results" class="clearfix"> <h1>Table of Contents</h1> <div class="pagination"> <ul class="per-page"> <li>VIEW PER PAGE:</li> <li ><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:10" rel="nofollow">10</a></li> <li ><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:20" rel="nofollow">20</a></li> <li ><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:50" rel="nofollow">50</a></li> <li class="here"><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000">ALL</a></li> </ul> <ul class="pages"> <li><span class="current">1</span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:2" rel="nofollow">2</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:3" rel="nofollow">3</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:4" rel="nofollow">4</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:5" rel="nofollow">5</a></span></li> <li class="more"><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:5" rel="nofollow">Â </a></li> </ul> SHOWING 1-100 of 496</div> <ul class="search-results"> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab">ĀB</span></a></h2> <h3>Multiple Authors</h3> <p><p>Persian word meaning “water.”</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-i-the-concept-of-water-in-ancient-iranian-culture">ĀB i. The concept of water in ancient Iranian culture</span></a></h2> <h3>Mary Boyce</h3> <p><p>The ancient Iranians respected water as the source of life, which nourished plants, animals, and men. In their cosmology water was the second of the seven “creations.”</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-ii-water-in-muslim-iranian-culture">ĀB ii. Water in Muslim Iranian culture</span></a></h2> <h3>I. K. Poonawala</h3> <p><p>Water constitutes an essential element in Islamic ritual, as a means of purification, and serves as a common theme in folklore. </p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-iii-the-hydrology-and-water-resources-of-the-iranian-plateau">ĀB iii. The hydrology and water resources of the Iranian plateau</span></a></h2> <h3>P. Beaumont</h3> <p><p>Over the most of the central part of the plateau, in the Dašt-e Kavīr and Dašt-e Lūt, annual precipitation averages less than 100 mm, making these among the most arid parts of the world.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-anbar">ĀB-ANBĀR</span></a></h2> <h3>R. Holod, M. Sotūda</h3> <p><p>"Water reservoir,” a term commonly used throughout Iran as a designation for roofed underground water cisterns.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-anbar-i-history">ĀB-ANBĀR i. History</span></a></h2> <h3>R. Holod</h3> <p><p>The āb-anbār was one of the constructions developed in Iran as part of a water management system in areas reliant on permanent (springs, qanāts) or on seasonal (rain) water. A settlement’s capacity for storing water ensured its survival over the hot, dry season when even the permanent water supply would diminish.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-anbar-ii-construction">AB-ANBĀR ii. Construction</span></a></h2> <h3>M. Sotūda</h3> <p><p>Cisterns are built in towns and villages throughout Iran, as well as at crossroads, caravanseries, and hospices (<em>rebāṭ</em>). While town cisterns may be filled with rain water or from <em>qanāt</em>s, most <em>āb-anbār</em>s along caravan routes are filled from the spring torrents of nearby streams.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-e-dez">ĀB-E DEZ</span></a></h2> <h3>H. Gaube</h3> <p><p>a major river of Ḵūzestān and the one most vital to its economy. It rises in the central Zagros mountains about 20 km northeast of Borūǰerd near the village of Čahār Borra.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-e-garm-warm-water">ĀB-E GARM</span></a></h2> <h3>E. Ehlers</h3> <p><p>There is a special kind of spring, the karst spring, in areas which have no consistent water table. The water usually collects in great clefts within chalky formations or flows in a subterranean channel and often includes the best-known springs in Iran.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-e-hayat">ĀB-E ḤAYĀT</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p>Āb-e Ḥayāt, also called ʿAyn al-Ḥayāt or Nahr al-Ḥayāt, meaning the fountain of life, is associated with Ḵeżr, who is identified with the unnamed companion of Moses in the Koran (18:65-82). See <a href="/articles/ab-ii-water-in-muslim-iranian-culture">ĀB ii. Water in Muslim Iranian culture</a>.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-e-istada-">ĀB-E ĪSTĀDA </span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>“Still water,” a salt lake in the province of Ḡazna in modern Afghanistan, lying 30 km southeast of the present Ḡazna-Kandahār highway and 100 km south of Ḡazna itself.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-gura">ĀB-ḠŪRA</span></a></h2> <h3>N. Ramazani</h3> <p><p>(or ĀB-E ḠŪRA), the juice of unripe grapes, used in Persian cuisine.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-gust">ĀB-GŪŠT</span></a></h2> <h3>EIr and N. Ramazani</h3> <p><p>“meat juice,” a popular Persian meat-based soup or stew, consisting of lamb, some legume, and herb and seasoning.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/ab-nahid">ĀB-NĀHĪD</span></a></h2> <h3>Mary Boyce</h3> <p><p> “Nāhid of the Water,” a Zoroastrian woman’s name, first attested in the poem <em>Vis o Rāmīn</em>.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/ab-zohr">ĀB-ZŌHR</span></a></h2> <h3>Mary Boyce</h3> <p><p>“offering of water,” the Middle Persian form of a Zoroastrian technical term, Av. <em>Ape zaoθra</em>. Making the offering of water is the culminating rite of the main Zoroastrian act of worship, the <em>yasna</em>; and preparing and consecrating it is at the center of the rituals of the second part of this service.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/aba-loose-garment">ʿABĀʾ</span></a></h2> <h3>H. Algar</h3> <p><p>(in Arabic, also ʿabāʾa and ʿabāya), a loose outer garment, generally for men, worn widely throughout the Middle East, particularly by Arab nomads. </p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abad">ABAD</span></a></h2> <h3>Joseph van Ess</h3> <p><p>“Eternity a parte post,” Arabic theological term meaning “eternity a parte post” (already in early Muʿtazilite theology); it corresponds to Greek <em>atéleuton</em>. It sometimes also serves as a general term for unlimited time (<em>dahr</em>).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abada">ĀBĀDA</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>Name of (1) a small town in northern Fārs province, and (2) a medieval town near the northern shore of Lake Baḵtegān in Fārs.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abadan">ĀBĀDĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>Multiple Authors</h3> <p><p>island and city in the <em>ostān</em> (province) of Ḵūzestān at the head of the Persian Gulf.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abadan-01-history">ĀBĀDĀN i. History</span></a></h2> <h3>L. P. Elwell-Sutton</h3> <p><p>In medieval sources, and up to the present century, the name of the island always occurs in the Arabic form ʿAbbādān; this name has sometimes been derived from <em>ʿabbād </em>“worshiper.”</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abadan-02-modern">ĀBĀDĀN ii. The modern city</span></a></h2> <h3>X. de Planhol</h3> <p><p>At the turn of this century the alluvial island of ʿAbbādān had a few peasant hamlets and a scattering of palm groves along the coast. The city which devel­oped after 1900 under a foreign impulse has a struc­ture unique among Iran’s urban forms.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abadan-03-basic-population-data">ĀBĀDĀN iii. Basic Population Data, 1956-2011</span></a></h2> <h3>Mohammad Hossein Nejatian</h3> <p><p>the population growth from 1956 to 2011, age structure, average household size, literacy rate, economic activity status for 2006 and/or 2011, and population projection from 2014 to 2021.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abadi">ĀBĀDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>Ahmad Ashraf</h3> <p><p>“Settlement, inhabited space,” Persian term usally applied to the rural environment; in colloquial usage it often refers to towns and cities as well.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abalis">ABĀLIŠ</span></a></h2> <h3>Aḥmad Tafażżolī</h3> <p><p>Zoroastrian of the 9th century A.D. who apostatized to Islam.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/aban">ĀBĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>Mary Boyce</h3> <p><p>Middle Persian term meaning “the waters” (Av. āpō). In Indo-Iranian the word for water is grammatically feminine; the element itself was always characterized as female and was represented by a group of goddesses, the Āpas.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/aban-b-abd-al-hamid">ABĀN B. ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD</span></a></h2> <h3>I. Abbas</h3> <p><p>late 2nd/8th century poet. He was of a Persian family, originally from Fasā, which had settled (probably at an early date) in Baṣra.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/aban-mah">ĀBĀN MĀH</span></a></h2> <h3>Mary Boyce</h3> <p><p>the eighth month of the Zoroastrian year, dedicated to the waters, Ābān.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/aban-yast">ĀBĀN YAŠT</span></a></h2> <h3>Mary Boyce</h3> <p><p>Middle Persian name of the fifth hymn among the Zoroastrian hymns to individual divinities. It is the third longest, with 131 verses.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abanagan">ĀBĀNAGĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p>the name used by Bīrūnī (<em>Āṯār</em>, p. 224) for the Zoroastrian feast-day dedicated to the Waters, which was celebrated on the day Ābān of the month Ābān. See further under <a href="/articles/aban-mah">ĀBĀN MĀH</a>.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abandokt">ĀBĀNDOḴT</span></a></h2> <h3>W. L. Hanaway, Jr.</h3> <p><p>Character in the prose romance <em>Dārāb-nāma</em> of Abū Ṭāher Moḥammad b. Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. Mūsā al-Ṭarsūsī, a storyteller of the Ghaznavid period.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abaqa">ABAQA</span></a></h2> <h3>Peter Jackson</h3> <p><p>(or ABAḠA, “paternal uncle” in Mongolian; ABĀQĀ in Persian and Arabic), eldest son and first successor of the Il-khan Hülegü.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abaqat-al-anwar">ʿABAQĀT AL-ANWĀR</span></a></h2> <h3>ʿA.-N. Monzavi</h3> <p><p>a large Persian and Arabic work by Mīr Ḥāmed Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad-qolī b. Moḥammad b. Ḥāmed of Lucknow on the legitimacy of the imamate and the defense of Shiʿite theology.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abar-nahara-beyond-across-the-river">ABAR NAHARA</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p>Aramaic name for the lands to the west of the Euphrates—i.e., Phoenicia, Syria, and Palestine (Parpola, p. 116; Zadok, p. 129; see ASSYRIA ii). These regions apparently passed from Neo-Babylonian to Persian control in 539 B.C.E. when Cyrus the Great conquered Mesopotamia. See <a href="/articles/eber-nari">EBER-NĀRĪ</a>.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abarkavan">ABARKĀVĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>M. Kasheff</h3> <p><p>Late Sasanian name of Qešm island in the Straits of Hormoz.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abarqobad">ABARQOBĀḎ</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>Ancient town of lower Iraq between Baṣra and Vāseṭ, to the east of the Tigris, in the region adjacent to Ahvāz, known in pre-Islamic and early Islamic times as Mēšūn (Mid. Pers. form) or Maysān/Mayšān (Syriac and Arabic forms).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abarquh">ABARQUH</span></a></h2> <h3>Multiple Authors</h3> <p><p>(or ABARQŪYA), a town in northern Fārs; it was important in medieval times, but, being off the main routes, it is now largely decayed.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abarquh-i-history">ABARQUH i. History</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>In present-day Iran, Abarqūh is situated in the tenth <em>ostān</em>, that of Isfahan, and forms a <em>baḵš</em> or district of the <em>šahrestān</em> of Yazd.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abarquh-ii-monuments">ABARQUH ii. Monuments</span></a></h2> <h3>R. Hillenbrand</h3> <p><p>Numerous pre-Safavid monuments survive in Abarqūh, but the lack of important later buildings suggests a sharp decline in the city’s wealth.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abarsahr">ABARŠAHR</span></a></h2> <h3>H. Gaube</h3> <p><p>Name of Nīšāpūr province in western Khorasan. From the early Sasanian period, Nišāpur, which was founded or rebuilt by Šāpur I in the first years of his reign, was the administrative center of the province.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abarsam">ABARSĀM</span></a></h2> <h3>E. Yarshater</h3> <p><p>(APURSĀM in Middle Persian), a dignitary and high-ranking officeholder of the court of the Sasanian king Ardašīr I (A.D. 226-42).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abarsen">ABARSĒN</span></a></h2> <h3>C. J. Brunner</h3> <p><p>Middle Persian form of the Avestan name <em>Upāiri.saēna</em>, designating the Hindu Kush mountains (Av. <em>iškata</em>; Mid. Pers. <em>kōf</em>, <em>gar</em>) of central and eastern Afghanistan.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abaskun">ABASKŪN</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>(ĀBASKŪN), a port of the medieval period on the southwest shore of the Caspian Sea in Gorgān province.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abba-isaiah">ABBĀ ISAIAH</span></a></h2> <h3>N. Sims-Williams</h3> <p><p>(i.e., “Father” Isaiah), late 4th century A.D., author of Christian ascetical texts; from these it appears that he was a hermit who lived in the desert of Scete in Egypt, of whom several anecdotes are told in the Apophthegmata patrum.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbad-b-salman">ʿABBĀD B. SALMĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>W. Madelung</h3> <p><p>(or SOLAYMĀN), Muʿtazilite theologian of the 3rd/9th century.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-ahval">ʿABBĀS AḤVAL</span></a></h2> <h3>D. M. Dunlop</h3> <p><p>Leader of an Arab invasion of the lower Euphrates region in which the Savād of Iraq was ravaged, in about A.D. 589, toward the end of the reign of Hormozd IV.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-b-ali-b-abu-taleb">ʿABBĀS B. ʿALĪ B. ABŪ ṬĀLEB</span></a></h2> <h3>J. Calmard</h3> <p><p>half brother of Imam Ḥosayn, who fought bravely at the battle of Karbalā. According to most traditions, he was killed on the day of ʿĀšurā (10 Moḥarram 61/10 October 680) while trying to bring back water from the Euphrates river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged Ahl-e Bayt (holy family).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-b-hosayn">ʿABBĀS B. ḤOSAYN</span></a></h2> <h3>C. Cahen</h3> <p><p>Buyid vizier, d. 362/973.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-b-reza-qoli-khan-nuri">ʿABBĀS B. REŻĀ-QOLĪ KHAN NŪRĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>P. P. Soucek</h3> <p><p>calligrapher and civil servant, d. 1255/1839-40.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-effendi">ʿABBĀS EFFENDI</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p>the eldest son of Bahāʾallāh and founder of the Bahaʾi movement. See <a href="/articles/abd-al-baha">ʿABD-AL-BAHĀʾ</a>.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-i">ʿABBĀS I</span></a></h2> <h3>R. M. Savory</h3> <p><p>Shah Abbas, Safavid king of Iran (996-1038/1588-1629). Styled "Shah ʿAbbās the Great," he was the third son and successor of Solṭān Moḥammad Shah.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-ii">ʿABBĀS II</span></a></h2> <h3>Rudi Matthee</h3> <p><p>Safavid king of Iran (1052-77/1642-66). The expedition to Kandahar, which had been lost to the Mughals under Shah Ṣafi I, counts as Shah ʿAbbās II’s main military venture.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-iii">ʿABBĀS III</span></a></h2> <h3>R. M. Savory</h3> <p><p>son of Shah Ṭahmāsp II, <em>roi fainéant</em> of the Safavid dynasty (1732-40).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-mirza-qajar">ʿABBĀS MĪRZĀ QAJAR</span></a></h2> <h3>H. Busse</h3> <p><p>son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and father of the line of Qajar rulers from Moḥammad Shah on (1789-1833).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-haji">ʿABBĀS, ḤĀJĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>J. W. Allan</h3> <p><p>Signature found on a number of pieces of metalwork from Iran.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-qoli-khan">ʿABBĀS-QOLĪ KHAN</span></a></h2> <h3>D. M. Lang</h3> <p><p>persian viceroy in eastern Georgia (1099-1105/1688-94), under the Safavid shahs Solaymān and Solṭān Ḥosayn.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbas-qoli-mirza-qajar">ʿABBĀS-QOLĪ MĪRZĀ QAJAR</span></a></h2> <h3>H. Busse</h3> <p><p>a grandson of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Qajar (d. 1824 or 1825).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbasabad-fortress">ʿABBĀSĀBĀD</span></a></h2> <h3>Kamran Ekbal</h3> <p><p>The fortress built in 1810 by ʿAbbās Mīrzā on the northern bank of the Araxes river; it commanded the passage of the Araxes and was of special strategic importance for the defense of the Naḵjavān khanate.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbasabad-caravan-station">ʿABBĀSĀBĀD Caravan Station</span></a></h2> <h3>W. Kleiss</h3> <p><p>Flourishing caravan station of the Safavid period.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbasi">ʿABBĀSĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>P. Avery, B. G. Fragner, J. B. Simmons</h3> <p><p>A name first applied to the principal gold and silver coins issued by the Safavid king ʿAbbās I (1581-1629); it continued in use until the beginning of the 20th century.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbasi-gojarati">ʿABBĀSĪ GOJARĀTĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>Y. Richard</h3> <p><p>Indian literary figure who wrote in Persian (d. 1048/1638).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbasi-rabenjani">ʿABBĀSĪ RABENJANĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>Dj. Khaleghi-Motlagh</h3> <p><p>10th century Samanid poet.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abbasi-sayk">ʿABBĀSĪ, ŠAYḴ</span></a></h2> <h3>R. Skelton</h3> <p><p>Apart from an apparently early work in the standard Isfahan style of the second quarter of the 17th century (Cristie’s 10 July 1975, lot 197), Šayḵ ʿAbbāsī departed from the established conventions of Safavid painting and embarked upon an eclectic manner in which European and Indian elements played an important role.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abbasid-caliphate">ʿABBASID CALIPHATE</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>the third dynasty of caliphs who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs in Damascus.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-abdih">ABD, ABDĪH</span></a></h2> <h3>Cross-Reference</h3> <p><p class="p1">“marvel, wonder” in Middle Persian. See <a href="/articles/miracles-01-ancient-iran">MIRACLES i. In Ancient Iranian Tradition</a>.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-ali-bahr-al-olum">ʿABD-AL-ʿALĪ BAḤR-AL-ʿOLŪM</span></a></h2> <h3>F. Robinson</h3> <p><p>A leading Indian theologian of the Ḥanafī school (18th century).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-ali-birjandi">ʿABD-AL-ʿALĪ BĪRJANDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>D. Pingree</h3> <p><p>(or BARJANDĪ) Islamic astronomer, said to have died in 934/1527-28.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-alim-nasrallah-khan">ʿABD-AL-ʿALĪM NAṢRALLĀḤ KHAN</span></a></h2> <h3>Hameed ud-Din</h3> <p><p>“QAMAR,” government official, historian, biographer, translator, and grammarian in British India (19th century).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-azim-al-hasani">ʿABD-AL-ʿAẒĪM AL-ḤASANĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>W. Madelung</h3> <p><p>Shiʿite ascetic and transmitter buried in the main sanctuary of Ray (9th century).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-aziz-b-abd-al-vahhab">ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ B. ʿABD-AL-VAHHĀB</span></a></h2> <h3>D. Duda</h3> <p><p>painter of the Safavid period employed in the royal workshops of Tabriz who lost his nose under mysterious and debated circumstances. According to the historian Qāẓī Aḥmad, both father and son were excellent painters from Kāšān.</p></p> <small><em>This Article Has Images/Tables.</em></small> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-aziz-b-nadr-mohammad">ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ B. NAḎR MOḤAMMAD</span></a></h2> <h3>M. H. Siddiqi</h3> <p><p>Toghay-Timurid (Janid) dynast of the Uzbeks in Bukhara (r. 1647-80).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-aziz-hekimbasi">ʿABD-al-ʿAZĪZ ḤEKĪMBĀŠĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>T. Yazici</h3> <p><p>Ottoman physician and translator (d. 1782-83).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-aziz-mohadde-dehlavi">ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ MOḤADDEṮ DEHLAVĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>Azduddin Khan</h3> <p><p>Sunni theologian and mystic (1746-1824).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-aziz-qara-celebizada">ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ QARA ČELEBIZĀDA</span></a></h2> <h3>T. Yazici</h3> <p><p>Ottoman historian and translator (1591-1658).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-aziz-soltan">ʿABD-AL-ʿAZĪZ SOLṬĀN</span></a></h2> <h3>Yu. Bregel</h3> <p><p>Shaibanid ruler of Bokhara (d. 1550).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-baha">ʿABD-AL-BAHĀʾ</span></a></h2> <h3>A. Bausani, D. MacEoin</h3> <p><p>epithet assumed by ʿAbbās Effendi, the eldest son of Bahāʾallāh, founder of the Bahaʾi movement. The epithet means “servant of the glory of God” or “servant of Bahāʾallāh.”</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-baqi-lalizada-ottoman-scholar-d-1746">ʿABD-AL-BĀQĪ LAʿLĪZĀDA</span></a></h2> <h3>T. Yazici</h3> <p><p>(d. 1746 A.D.), Ottoman scholar, son of Shaikh Laʿlī Meḥmed, the grandson of Sarı ʿAbdallāh, a commentator on the <em>Maṯnavī</em>. </p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-baqi-nahavandi-mughal-noble-and-biographer-1570-1632">ʿABD-AL-BĀQĪ NAHĀVANDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>Hameed ud-Din</h3> <p><p>Mughal noble and biographer.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-baqi-tabrizi-religious-scholar-of-azerbaijan-d-1629-30">ʿABD-AL-BĀQĪ TABRĪZĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>ʿAbd-al-ʿAlī Kārang</h3> <p><p>religious scholar and notable of Azerbaijan (d. 1039/1629-30).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-baqi-yazdi-safavid-official-and-poet-killed-at-calderan-august-1514">ʿABD-AL-BĀQĪ YAZDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>P. P. Soucek</h3> <p><p>Safavid official and poet skilled in calligraphy, killed at the battle of Čālderān in Raǰab 920/August 1514.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-bari-qiam-al-din-mohammad-early-20th-century-indian-scholar">ʿABD-AL-BARĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>F. Robinson</h3> <p><p>early 20th century Indian scholar and pīr of the Ferangī Maḥal family.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-fattah-garmrudi-ca-1786-1848-scribe-and-minor-author">ʿABD-AL-FATTĀḤ GARMRŪDĪ </span></a></h2> <h3>H. Algar</h3> <p><p>(ca. 1200-64/1786-1848), a scribe and minor author of the mid-Qajar period.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-fattah-hosayni-17th-century-indian-scholar">ʿABD-AL-FATTĀH ḤOSAYNĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>M. B. Badakhshani</h3> <p><p>Indian scholar of Persian and Arabic.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-gani-khan">ʿABD-AL-ḠANĪ KHAN</span></a></h2> <h3>M. Baqir</h3> <p><p>Indian literary scholar and a poet in Persian and Urdu (d. 1916).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hadi-sirazi-1888-1962-sii-scholar-of-naaf">ʿABD-AL-HĀDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>H. Algar</h3> <p><p>(1305-82/1888-1962), a Shiʿite scholar of Naǰaf, highly regarded for his learning and piety.</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-b-abul-hadid">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. ABUʾL-ḤADĪD</span></a></h2> <h3>W. Madelung</h3> <p><p>Muʿtazilite scholar and man of letters (13th century).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-b-ahmad">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. AḤMAD</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>vizier of the Ghaznavids in the late 5th/11th to early 6th/12th century. He is described as serving Sultan Ebrāhīm b. Masʿūd (451-92/1059-99).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-samad-shirazi">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMID b. AḤMAD b. ʿABD-AL-ṢAMAD ŠIRĀZI</span></a></h2> <h3>C. E. Bosworth</h3> <p><p>long-serving vizier to the Ghaznavid sultans Ebrāhim b. Masʿud (r. 451-92/1059-99) and his son Masʿud III (r. 492-508/1199-1215).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-b-isa">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. ʿĪSĀ</span></a></h2> <h3>G. C. Anawati</h3> <p><p>physician, theologian, philosopher, and jurist (580-652/1184-1254).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-b-vase">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. VĀSEʿ</span></a></h2> <h3>D. Pingree</h3> <p><p>mathematician, often referred to as Ebn Tork, who apparently flourished at the beginning of the 2nd/9th century.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-b-yahya">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD B. YAḤYĀ</span></a></h2> <h3>W. N. Brinner</h3> <p><p>an important figure in the development of Arabic epistolary style, especially in the stablishment of chancery style during the Umayyad period (d. 132/750).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-lahuri">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD LĀHŪRĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>R. M. Eaton</h3> <p><p>17th-century Indo-Persian historian and author of the <em>Pādšāh-nāma</em>, the official account of the reign of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (1037-67/1628-57).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hamid-malek-al-kalami">ʿABD-AL-ḤAMĪD MALEK-AL-KALĀMĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>P. P. Soucek</h3> <p><p>calligrapher, poet, and government official (d. 1949).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-haqq-dehlavi">ʿABD-AL-ḤAQQ DEHLAVĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>N. H. Zaidi</h3> <p><p>noted Mughal traditionist, historian, essayist, and biographer of saints (16th century).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hayy-awrangabadi">ʿABD-AL-ḤAYY AWRANGĀBĀDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>M. Baqir</h3> <p><p>administrator, poet, and biographer (1729-82).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hayy-abul-hasanat-1848-86-indian-theologian">ʿABD-AL-ḤAYY, ABŪ’L-ḤASANĀT</span></a></h2> <h3>F. Robinson</h3> <p><p>(1264-1304/1848-86), Indian theologian from the distinguished Farangī Maḥall family.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-hayy-kaja">ʿABD-AL-ḤAYY, ḴᵛĀJĀ</span></a></h2> <h3>P. P. Soucek</h3> <p><p>miniaturist (late 8th/14th century).</p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-jabbar">ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR</span></a></h2> <h3>D. Duda</h3> <p><p>calligrapher at the Safavid court in Isfahan in the time of Shah ʿAbbās I (17th century).</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-jabbar-astarabadi-16th-century-calligrapher">ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR ASTARĀBĀDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>D. Duda</h3> <p><p>calligrapher of the <em>taʿlīq </em>script and bookpainter. </p></p> </li> <li class="odd"> <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-jabbar-azdi">ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR AZDĪ</span></a></h2> <h3>D. M. Dunlop</h3> <p><p>Governor of Khorasan, executed in 142/759.</p></p> </li> <li > <h2><a href="/articles/abd-al-jabbar-b-ahmad">ʿABD-AL-JABBĀR B. AḤMAD</span></a></h2> <h3>W. Madelung</h3> <p><p>prominent theologian of the late Muʿtazilite school (10th century).</p></p> </li> </ul> <div class="pagination"> <ul class="per-page"> <li>VIEW PER PAGE:</li> <li ><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:10" rel="nofollow">10</a></li> <li ><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:20" rel="nofollow">20</a></li> <li ><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:50" rel="nofollow">50</a></li> <li class="here"><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000">ALL</a></li> </ul> <ul class="pages"> <li><span class="current">1</span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:2" rel="nofollow">2</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:3" rel="nofollow">3</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:4" rel="nofollow">4</a></span></li><li><span><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:5" rel="nofollow">5</a></span></li> <li class="more"><a href="/articles/index/Ab/limit:1000/page:5" rel="nofollow">Â </a></li> </ul> SHOWING 1-100 of 496</div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <div class="copy">©2025 Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation, Inc. 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