CINXE.COM
Accessibility
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class=" no-js"> <head> <!-- Google Consent Mode --> <script data-cookieconsent="ignore"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){ dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag("consent", "default", { ad_storage: "denied", analytics_storage: "denied", functionality_storage: "denied", personalization_storage: "denied", security_storage: "granted", wait_for_update: 500 }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); gtag("set", "url_passthrough", false); </script> <!-- End Google Consent Mode--> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script data-cookieconsent="ignore"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5BVDRXH'); </script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Cookiebot CMP--> <script id="Cookiebot" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="9bb7fc8b-05a2-4292-85e6-45213b19c5ff" data-blockingmode="auto" type="text/javascript" ></script> <!-- End Cookiebot CMP --> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/acm.css?antiCache=1739195479132" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/print.css?antiCache=1739195479132" type="text/css" media="print"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/classList.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/webfontloader.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/analytics.js?="></script> <script data-cookieconsent="ignore" type="text/javascript" src="/js/modernizr.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/catalog/favicon.ico?v=10"> <meta class="foundation-data-attribute-namespace"> <meta class="foundation-mq-xxlarge"> <meta class="foundation-mq-xlarge-only"> <meta class="foundation-mq-xlarge"> <meta class="foundation-mq-large-only"> <meta class="foundation-mq-large"> <meta class="foundation-mq-medium-only"> <meta class="foundation-mq-medium"> <meta class="foundation-mq-small-only"> <meta class="foundation-mq-small"> <meta class="foundation-mq-topbar"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.acm.org/accessibility"/> <title>Accessibility</title> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Ads: 968097012 --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-968097012"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-968097012'); </script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Ads: 968097012 --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=AW-968097012"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('set', 'linker', { 'domains': ['acm.org/','cvent.com/'], 'accept_incoming': true }); gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'AW-968097012'); </script><script>(function(w,d,t,r,u){var f,n,i;w[u]=w[u]||[],f=function(){var o={ti:"97170212", enableAutoSpaTracking: true};o.q=w[u],w[u]=new UET(o),w[u].push("pageLoad")},n=d.createElement(t),n.src=r,n.async=1,n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=function(){var s=this.readyState;s&&s!=="loaded"&&s!=="complete"||(f(),n.onload=n.onreadystatechange=null)},i=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],i.parentNode.insertBefore(n,i)})(window,document,"script","//bat.bing.com/bat.js","uetq");</script></head> <body> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe data-cookieblock-src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5BVDRXH" data-cookieconsent="marketing" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- place holder --><div id="header" class="row"> <nav class="top-bar eyebrow show-for-medium-up" data-topbar data-options="is_hover: false"> <section class="top-bar-section"> <div id="skiptocontent"><a href="#SkipTarget">skip to main content</a></div> <ul class="right"> <li><a href="//dl.acm.org/" title="Digital Library">Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="//cacm.acm.org/" title="CACM">CACM</a></li> <li><a href="//queue.acm.org/" title="Queue">Queue</a></li> <li><a href="//technews.acm.org/" title="TechNews">TechNews</a></li> <li><a href="https://jobs.acm.org/" title="Career Center">Career Center</a></li> </ul> </section> </nav> <div class="clearfix utilities-area"> <div class="logo-section"> <div class="navbar-header show-for-large-up"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="/"> <img alt="ACM Logo" class="img-responsive" title="Home" src="/binaries/content/gallery/global/top-menu/acm_logo_tablet.svg"> </a> </div> <div class="navbar-header hide-for-large-up"> <a href="/"> <img alt="ACM Logo" class="img-responsive hide-for-large-up" title="Home" src="/binaries/content/gallery/global/top-menu/acm_logo_mobile.svg"> </a> </div> </div> <div id="acm-description" class="column large-5 show-for-large-up"> <div> Advancing Computing as a Science & Profession<!-- We're an international society of educators, scientists, technologists and engineers dedicated to the advancement of computer science. We offer a world-class <a href="#">Digital Library</a>, <a href="#">publications</a>, <a href="#">conferences</a>, and more. --> </div> </div> <div id="ctas-and-search" class="column large-5 medium-6 no-pad-left ctas-and-search"> <ul class="block-grid right"> <li><a href="/membership/join-acm">Join</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/get-involved">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/myacm-at-a-glance">myACM</a></li> <li class="hide-for-small"> <form class="acm-search-form" id="form_1"> <label for="input_1"> <span class="visually-hidden">Search Input</span> </label> <input type="text" name="q" id="input_1" class="acm-searchbox-input st-default-search-input"/> <label for="search-site_1" class="toggle"> <span class="visually-hidden">Search Submit</span> <i class="fa fa-search left"></i> <input type="button" class="acm-searchbox-submit left" value="Search" name="search-site_1" id="search-site_1" /> </label> </form> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(w,d,t,u,n,s,e){w['SwiftypeObject']=n;w[n]=w[n]||function(){ (w[n].q=w[n].q||[]).push(arguments);};s=d.createElement(t); e=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0];s.async=1;s.src=u;e.parentNode.insertBefore(s,e); })(window,document,'script','//s.swiftypecdn.com/install/v2/st.js','_st'); _st('install','1zovVgsHWDwg2HYP6vzB','2.0.0'); </script> <nav class="top-bar main-nav" data-topbar data-options="is_hover: false"> <ul class="title-area"> <li class="toggle-topbar menu-icon"><a href="/#"><span></span> </a></li> </ul> <section id="mobile-nav-topbar" class="top-bar-section"> <div class="mobile-links"> <div class="btn-group"> <a class="btn btn-primary" role="button" href="/membership/join-acm">Join</a> <a class="btn btn-primary" role="button" href="/about-acm/get-involved">Volunteer</a> <a class="btn btn-primary" role="button" href="/membership/myacm-at-a-glance">myACM</a> </div> <div class="mobile-search"> <form class="acm-search-form" id="mobile_form_1"> <i class="fa fa-search left"></i> <label class="" for="search_mobile_1">Search</label> <input type="text" id="search_mobile_1" class="acm-searchbox-input st-default-search-input" name="q"/> </form> </div> </div> <ul> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">About ACM</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/about-acm" class="first">About Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/about-acm/about-the-acm-organization" title="About ACM" >About ACM</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/mission-vision-values-goals" title="ACM's Mission, Vision, Core Values and Goals" >ACM's Mission, Vision, Core Values and Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/governance" title="Governance" >Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/acm-council" title="ACM Council" >ACM Council</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/boards-and-committees" title="Boards and Committees" >Boards and Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/past-presidents" title="Past Presidents" >Past Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/acm-constitution" title="ACM Constitution" >ACM Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/acm-bylaws" title="Bylaws" >Bylaws</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/annual-reports-current-fy" title="Annual Reports" >Annual Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/acm-history" title="History" >History</a></li> <li><a href="/code-of-ethics" title="Code of Ethics" >Code of Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/code-of-ethics/enforcement-procedures" title="Code of Ethics Enforcement Procedures" >Code of Ethics Enforcement Procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/policy-against-harassment" title="Stop Harassment" >Stop Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/reporting-unacceptable-behavior" title="Report Unacceptable Behavior" >Report Unacceptable Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/disclosure-policy" title="Policy on Complaint Process Disclosure" >Policy on Complaint Process Disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/acm-statements" title="ACM Statements" >ACM Statements</a></li> <li><a href="/media-center/acm-in-the-news" title="ACM in the News" >ACM in the News</a></li> <li><a href="/media-center/acm-updates" title="ACM Updates" >ACM Updates</a></li> <li><a href="/media-center" title="Media Center" >Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/contact-us" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">About ACM</p> <p>ACM, the world's largest educational and scientific computing society, delivers resources that advance computing as a science and a profession. ACM provides the computing field's premier Digital Library and serves its members and the computing profession with leading-edge publications, conferences, and career resources.</p> <p><a href="/about-acm/about-the-acm-organization">[Learn More about ACM...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/about-acm/regional-councils' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/regional-councils.jpg" alt="Regional Councils.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/about-acm/regional-councils' >ACM Regional Councils</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/about-acm/acm-history' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/history.jpg" alt="ACM History"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/about-acm/acm-history' target='_blank'>ACM: Formed at the Dawn of Computing</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Membership</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/membership" class="first">Membership Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/membership/about-acm-membership" title="About Membership" >About Membership</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/membership-options" title="Membership Options" >Membership Options</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/membership-benefits" title="Membership Benefits" >Membership Benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/ambassadors-for-acm" title="Ambassadors for ACM" >Ambassadors for ACM</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/people-of-acm" title="People of ACM" >People of ACM</a></li> <li><a href="/media-center/members-in-the-news" title="Members in the News" >Members in the News</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/join-acm" title="Join" >Join</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/acm-membership-renewal" title="Renew" >Renew</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/subscribe-publications" title="Subscribe" >Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/myacm-at-a-glance" title="Manage your Account / myACM" >Manage your Account / myACM</a></li> <li><a href="https://speakers.acm.org/" title="Distinguished Speakers" >Distinguished Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/membership-contact" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">ACM Membership</p> <p>ACM offers the resources, access and tools to invent the future. No one has a larger global network of professional peers. No one has more exclusive content. No one presents more forward-looking events. Or confers more prestigious awards. Or provides a more comprehensive learning center. </p> <p><a href="/membership/about-acm-membership">[Learn More about ACM Membership...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/skills-bundle' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/learning-center/skills-bundle.jpg" alt="skills-bundle.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/skills-bundle' target='_blank'>ACM Skills Bundle Add-On</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/membership/csfaq' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/membership-faq.jpg" alt="ACM membership FAQ"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/membership/csfaq' target='_blank'>Customer Service FAQs</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/membership/ambassadors-for-acm/ambassadors-for-acm' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/ambassadors-for-acm.jpg" alt="Ambassador for ACM Program"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/membership/ambassadors-for-acm/ambassadors-for-acm' target='_blank'>Become an Ambassador for ACM</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Publications</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/publications" class="first">Publications Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/publications/about-publications" title="About Publications" >About Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/digital-library" title="Digital Library" >Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="/cacm" title="CACM" >CACM</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/journals" title="Journals" >Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/magazines" title="Magazines" >Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/acm-books" title="Books" >Books</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/proceedings" title="Conference Proceedings" >Conference Proceedings</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/icps" title="ICPS" >ICPS</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/newsletters" title="SIGs Newsletters" >SIGs Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/pubs-newsletter-archive" title="Blue Diamond Newsletter" >Blue Diamond Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/papers-for-practitioners" title="Applications-Oriented Content" >Applications-Oriented Content</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/submit" title="For Authors" >For Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/taps/word-template-workflow" title="Primary Article Templates" >Primary Article Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/openaccess" title="Open Access" >Open Access</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/artifacts" title="Artifacts and Reproducibility" >Artifacts and Reproducibility</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/new-journals" title="New ACM Journals" >New ACM Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/start-a-new-acm-publication" title="Propose New Publications" >Propose New Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/policies/toc" title="Policies" >Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/policies/publications-violation" title="Report a Potential Violation" >Report a Potential Violation</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/policies/ethics-and-plagiarism-update" title="Ethics & Plagiarism" >Ethics & Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/publications-board-committees" title="Publications Board" >Publications Board</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/subscribe" title="Subscribe" >Subscribe</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/advertising" title="Advertise" >Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/publications-hq-staff-contacts" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">About ACM Publications</p> <p>For more than 60 years, the best and brightest minds in computing have come to ACM to meet, share ideas, publish their work and change the world. ACM's publications are among the most respected and highly cited in the field because of their longstanding focus on quality and their ability to attract pioneering thought leaders from both academia and industry.</p> <p><a href="/publications/about-publications">[Learn More about ACM Publications...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/publications/authors' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/publish-your-work.jpg" alt="Publish your work"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/publications/authors' >Publish with ACM</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/publications/papers-for-practitioners' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/practical_content_journals.jpg" alt="practical_content_journals.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/publications/papers-for-practitioners' target='_blank'>Select Application-Oriented Papers</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/publications/artifacts' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/publications/artifact-badges.jpg" alt="artifact-badges.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/publications/artifacts' >Software and Data Artifacts in the ACM Digital Library</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">SIGs</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/special-interest-groups" class="first">Special Interest Groups Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/about-special-interest-groups" title="About SIGs" >About SIGs</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/sigs-by-knowledge-area" title="SIG Listing" >SIG Listing</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/eigs" title="Emerging Interest Groups" >Emerging Interest Groups</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/sig-awards" title="SIG Awards" >SIG Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/sig-chapters" title="SIG Chapters" >SIG Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/sig-newsletters" title="Publications" >Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences" title="Conferences" >Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/join-a-sig" title="Join a SIG" >Join a SIG</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/volunteer-resources" title="Volunteer Resources" >Volunteer Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/sig-governance" title="SIG Leaders" >SIG Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/contact-sigs" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">Special Interest Groups</p> <p>ACM's Special Interest Groups (SIGs) represent major areas of computing, addressing the interests of technical communities that drive innovation. SIGs offer a wealth of conferences, publications and activities focused on specific computing sub-disciplines. They enable members to share expertise, discovery and best practices.</p> <p><a href="/special-interest-groups/about-special-interest-groups">[Learn More about ACM's SIGs...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/special-interest-groups/join' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/join-an-acm-sig.jpg" alt="Join an ACM SIG"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/special-interest-groups/join' >Join an ACM SIG</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://www.acm.org/virtual-conferences' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/publications/authors/promoting-sharing.jpg" alt="promoting-sharing.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://www.acm.org/virtual-conferences' >Virtual Conferences: A Guide to Best Practices</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Conferences</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/conferences" class="first">Conferences Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/conferences/about-conferences" title="About Conferences" >About Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="http://dl.acm.org/events.cfm" title="Conference Series" >Conference Series</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences/conference-events" title="Upcoming Conferences" >Upcoming Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences/conference-proceedings" title="Get Conference Proceedings" >Get Conference Proceedings</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences/upcoming-submission-deadlines" title="Upcoming Submission Deadlines" >Upcoming Submission Deadlines</a></li> <li><a href="http://authors.acm.org/" title="ACM Author Rights & Permissions" >ACM Author Rights & Permissions</a></li> <li><a href="/conferences/best-paper-awards" title="Best Paper Awards" >Best Paper Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/volunteer-resources" title="Volunteer Resources" >Volunteer Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/contact-sigs" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">ACM and its Special Interest Groups Host More Than 170 Events Worldwide</p> <p>Our conferences, workshops and symposia unite innovators like you to push computing technology forward and to continue the legacy that unites us as like-minded thinkers and makers.</p> <p><a href="/conferences/about-conferences">[Learn More about ACM Conferences...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/conferences/conference-events' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/find-a-sig-conference.jpg" alt="Find a SIG Conference"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/conferences/conference-events' >Find an ACM Conference</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://www.acm.org/virtual-conferences' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/publications/authors/promoting-sharing.jpg" alt="promoting-sharing.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://www.acm.org/virtual-conferences' >Virtual Conferences: A Guide to Best Practices</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Chapters</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/chapters" class="first">Chapters Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/chapters/about-chapters" title="About Chapters" >About Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/professionals" title="Professional Chapters" >Professional Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/students" title="Student Chapters" >Student Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/acm-meetups" title="Meetups" >Meetups</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/chapter-newsletters/chapter-newsletters-archive" title="Newsletter" >Newsletter</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/local-activities" title="Calendar of Local Activities" >Calendar of Local Activities</a></li> <li><a href="https://speakers.acm.org/" title="Distinguished Speakers" >Distinguished Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/chapters-annual-reports" title="Annual Reports" >Annual Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/find-a-chapter" title="Find a Chapter" >Find a Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/start-chapter" title="Start a Chapter" >Start a Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/chapter-policies" title="Chapter Policies" >Chapter Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/chapter-administrative-interface" title="Chapter Administrative Interface" >Chapter Administrative Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/chapters-contact" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">About ACM Chapters</p> <p>ACM’s Professional and Student chapters worldwide serve as hubs of activity for ACM members and the computing community at large. They provide seminars, lectures, learning forums and networking opportunities with peers and experts across the computing spectrum.</p> <p>[<a href="/chapters/about-chapters">Learn More about ACM Chapters...</a>]</p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/chapters/chapter-in-a-box' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/chapter_box.jpg" alt="chapter_box.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/chapters/chapter-in-a-box' target='_blank'>Chapter-in-a-Box: Everything You Need to Run and Grow Your ACM Chapter</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/chapters/chapter-administrative-interface' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/chapters-admin-interface.jpg" ></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/chapters/chapter-administrative-interface' target='_blank'>Chapter Administrative Interface</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/chapters/start-chapter' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/start-a-chapter.jpg" ></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/chapters/start-chapter' target='_blank'>Start an ACM Chapter</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Awards</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/awards" class="first">Awards Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org" title="About Awards" >About Awards</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/award_winners" title="Award Recipients" >Award Recipients</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/fellows" title="ACM Fellows" >ACM Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/advanced-member-grades" title="ACM Advanced Member Grades" >ACM Advanced Member Grades</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/committees" title="ACM Awards Committee" >ACM Awards Committee</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/award-nominations" title="Nominate" >Nominate</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/sponsors" title="Award Sponsors" >Award Sponsors</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/guides" title="Establish a New Award" >Establish a New Award</a></li> <li><a href="http://awards.acm.org/contact-us" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">About ACM Awards</p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-align: left;">ACM recognizes excellence through its eminent awards for technical and professional achievements and contributions in computer science and information technology. It also names as Fellows and Distinguished Members those members who, in addition to professional accomplishments, have made significant contributions to ACM's mission.</p> <div class="clearfix" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20.8px; text-align: left;"> <p><a href="http://awards.acm.org">More on ACM Awards</a></p> </div></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/media-center/2025/january/fellows-2024' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/awards/acm-fellows-member-badge.jpg" alt="acm-fellows-member-badge.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/media-center/2025/january/fellows-2024' >ACM Names 2024 Fellows</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/media-center/2025/february/distinguished-members-2024' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/awards/acm-distinguished-member-badge.jpg" alt="ACM Distinguished Members"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/media-center/2025/february/distinguished-members-2024' target='_blank'>ACM Names 2024 Distinguished Members</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Education</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/education" class="first">Education Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/education/about-education" title="About Education" >About Education</a></li> <li><a href="/education/curricula-recommendations" title="Curricula Recommendations" >Curricula Recommendations</a></li> <li><a href="/education/affiliated-educational-organizations" title="Affiliated Organizations" >Affiliated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/" title="ACM Learning Center" >ACM Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.csteachers.org/" title="Resources for Educators" >Resources for Educators</a></li> <li><a href="/education/resources-for-grads" title="Resources for Graduating Students" >Resources for Graduating Students</a></li> <li><a href="/education/education-governance" title="Education Board and Advisory Committee" >Education Board and Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/education/reports" title="Reports and Studies" >Reports and Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/education/education-contact" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">Education</p> <p>ACM’s educational activities, conducted primarily through our Education Board and Advisory Committee, range from the K-12 space (CSTA) and two-year programs to undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral-level education, and professional development for computing practitioners at every stage of their career...</p> <p><a href="/education/about-education" target="_blank">[Learn More about Education…]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yQ2G7EnB3L9tsEqVwNLE_pMINDdWUwwrJxelsU2D3hw/edit?usp=sharing' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/education/education-advisory-committee-ppl.jpg" alt="education-advisory-committee-ppl.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://docs.google.com/document/d/1yQ2G7EnB3L9tsEqVwNLE_pMINDdWUwwrJxelsU2D3hw/edit?usp=sharing' target='_blank'>ACM Education Advisory Committee Applications Open</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://events.zoom.us/ev/AtbpEvtDc01b-yUPPB-RaiihAQSHdBrcul8bHTodQV2r7oXeUA17~AoKyuA1pl3ETrIJLdwZCSNuHsqs967pd0zqQdkUb4BGxxmkCSKmyMRNhlg' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/people/wei-meng-lee-techtalk.jpg" alt="wei-meng-lee-techtalk.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://events.zoom.us/ev/AtbpEvtDc01b-yUPPB-RaiihAQSHdBrcul8bHTodQV2r7oXeUA17~AoKyuA1pl3ETrIJLdwZCSNuHsqs967pd0zqQdkUb4BGxxmkCSKmyMRNhlg' target='_blank'>Wei-Meng Lee TechTalk</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep63-alvin-wang-graylin' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/people/alvin-graylin-bytecast.jpg" alt="Image of Alvin Wang Graylin"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep63-alvin-wang-graylin' >ByteCast Ep63: Alvin Wang Graylin</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Learning Center</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="https://learning.acm.org/" class="first">Learning Center Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/about" title="About the Learning Center" >About the Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/e-learning" title="E-Learning" >E-Learning</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/member-offers" title="Member Offers" >Member Offers</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/techtalks" title="TechTalks" >TechTalks</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/bytecast" title="ByteCast" >ByteCast</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/resources" title="Resources" >Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/faq" title="FAQs" >FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/practitioner-board" title="Practitioner Board" >Practitioner Board</a></li> <li><a href="https://learning.acm.org/professional-development-committee" title="Professional Development Committee" >Professional Development Committee</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">About ACM Learning Center</p> <p>The ACM Learning Center offers ACM members access to lifelong learning tools and resources. Our E-Learning collections offer complimentary access to more than 80,000 online books, courses, and videos from top content publishers. The ACM TechTalk series brings leading computing luminaries and visionaries to your screen. Members enjoy exclusive offers and discounts on IT industry certifications and vendor-specific training.</p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep63-alvin-wang-graylin' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/people/alvin-graylin-bytecast.jpg" alt="Image of Alvin Wang Graylin"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep63-alvin-wang-graylin' >ByteCast Ep63: Alvin Wang Graylin</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep62-jennifer-chayes' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/people/jennifer-chayes-bytecast.jpg" alt="Image of Jennifer Chayes"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep62-jennifer-chayes' target='_blank'>ByteCast Ep62: Jennifer Hayes</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep61-roger-dannenberg' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/people/roger-dannenberg-bytecast.jpg" alt="Image of Roger Dannenberg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://learning.acm.org/bytecast/ep61-roger-dannenberg' target='_blank'>ByteCast Ep61: Roger Dannenberg</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Public Policy</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/public-policy" class="first">Public Policy Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/public-policy/about" title="About ACM's Public Policy Work" >About ACM's Public Policy Work</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/tpc" title="Tech Policy Council" >Tech Policy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/europe-tpc" title="Europe Tech Policy" >Europe Tech Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/ustpc" title="US Tech Policy" >US Tech Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/ustpc/hottopics" title="USTPC HotTopics Webinars" >USTPC HotTopics Webinars</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/techbriefs" title="ACM TechBriefs" >ACM TechBriefs</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/public-policy-statements" title="Policy Products" >Policy Products</a></li> <li><a href="/media-center" title="Media Releases" >Media Releases</a></li> <li><a href="/public-policy/public-policy-contact" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">Public Policy</p> <p>ACM provides independent, nonpartisan, and technology-neutral research and resources to policy leaders, stakeholders, and the public about public policy issues, drawn from the deep technical expertise of the computing community.</p> <p><a href="/public-policy/about">[Learn More about ACM's Public Policy Work...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.1145/3679004' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/public-policy/tech-briefs/techbrief-iss11-data-privacy-protection.jpg" alt="techbrief-iss11-data-privacy-protection.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.1145/3679004' target='_blank'>TechBrief on Data Privacy Protection</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/remote-proctoring-statement.pdf' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/public-policy/tpc-remote-proctoring-software.jpg" alt="tpc-remote-proctoring-software.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/remote-proctoring-statement.pdf' target='_blank'>USTPC Issues Revised Statement on Remote Proctoring</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/europetpc-diggreencerts-stmt.pdf' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/public-policy/europetpc-diggreencerts-stmt.jpg" alt="europetpc-diggreencerts-stmt.jpg"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/europetpc-diggreencerts-stmt.pdf' >ACM Europe TPC Statement on Digital Green Certificates</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="has-dropdown not-click"><a href="#">Diversity, Equity & Inclusion</a> <div class="dropdown clearfix"> <ul class="infonav clearfix"> <li class="infonav__linkList clearfix"> <a href="/diversity-inclusion" class="first">Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Home</a> <ul class="infonav__linkList-list clearfix"> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/about" title="About Diversity, Equity and Inclusion" >About Diversity, Equity and Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/diverse-teams" title="Forming Diverse Teams" >Forming Diverse Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/words-matter" title="Words Matter" >Words Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/awareness-months" title="ACM Celebrates Awareness Months" >ACM Celebrates Awareness Months</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/code-of-ethics" title="ACM Code of Ethics" >ACM Code of Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/stop-harassment" title="Stop Harassment" >Stop Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/contact-us" title="Contact Us" >Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="/diversity-inclusion/report-unacceptable-behavior" title="Report Unacceptable Behavior" >Report Unacceptable Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="https://women.acm.org/" title="ACM-W" >ACM-W</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="infonav__landingPage"> <div> <p class="first">Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion</p> <p>Anyone, from any background, should feel encouraged to participate and contribute to ACM. ACM is committed to creating an environment that welcomes new ideas and perspectives, and where hostility or other antisocial behaviors are not tolerated.</p> <p><a href="/diversity-inclusion/about" target="_blank">[Learn More about ACM's Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion...]</a></p></div> </li> <li class="infonav__ctaList"> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/diversity-inclusion/dei-cacm-articles' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/diversity-inclusion/dei-cacm/dei-cacm-articles.jpg" alt="Image with the text, "Communication of the ACM," and ACM Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Council"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/diversity-inclusion/dei-cacm-articles' >DEI Articles in CACM</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/diversity-inclusion/dei-ce-webinars' ><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/diversity-inclusion/dei-ce-webinars.jpg" alt="Image with the text, "Panels and Webinars" hosted by the ACM Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Council"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/diversity-inclusion/dei-ce-webinars' >DEI CE Webinars</a></div> </div> <div class="infonav__ctaList-cta"> <a href='/diversity-inclusion/diverse-teams' target='_blank'><img src="/binaries/ctaimagelarge/content/gallery/acm/ctas/diversity-inclusion/di-teams.jpg" alt="Image of different skin tone hands in a high-five circle"></a><div class="cta-text"> <a href='/diversity-inclusion/diverse-teams' target='_blank'>How Diverse Is Your Team?</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> <div id="main" > <div class="article" id="maincontent"> <article class="has-edit-button" id="SkipTarget" tabindex="-1"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 zone-1"> <div> <div> <ul class="breadcrumbs"> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li class="current"><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-8 medium-8 small-12 zone-2"> <div> <div> <div class="articles"> <div> <h2> ACM Web Accessibility Statement</h2> <p>ACM, the Association of Computing Machinery, is committed to diversity, inclusion and accessibility in everything we do. These core values are fundamental to the way we operate our organization and support our constituents. </p> <p>The ACM US Public Policy Committee identified accessibility as <a href="/public-policy/ustpc/key-issues">one of its core issues</a> and has <a target="_blank" href="/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/ustpc-doj_web-access.pdf">recently provided comments</a> and information to the legislative and executive branches of the US Government toward advancing accessibility standards. It also has issued a <a target="_blank" href="/binaries/content/assets/public-policy/ustpc-mandatory-accessibity-standards-statement.pdf">related policy Statement</a>. ACM's technology policy groups have often been joined by the ACM Special Interest Groups on <a href="http://www.sigaccess.org/" target="_blank">Accessibility</a> and <a href="http://www.sigchi.org/" target="_blank">Computer Human Interaction</a>, both concerned with ensuring systems are accessible and usable by a broad range of stakeholders.</p> <h2 id="h-digital-accessibility">Digital Accessibility</h2> <p>ACM continues to take steps to improve web accessibility on <a href="https://www.acm.org">www.acm.org</a> by aligning with best practices and standards defined by <a href="https://www.usdoj.gov/crt/508/508home.php">Section 508 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act</a> and the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a> of the <a href="http://www.w3.org/">World Wide Web Consortium</a>.</p> <p>Our website is monitored and tested periodically by internal and third-party accessibility consultants. These people help us identify usability issues and discover new solutions to further improve the accessibility of our site.</p> <p>Customers with disabilities who experience difficulty using our website, please contact us using ACM's <a href="https://services.acm.org/accessibility/contact.cfm" target="_blank">Accessibility Contact Form</a> or email us directly at: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#611604034c1504000c2100020c4f0e13065e1214030b0402155c2002020412120803080d08151847000c115a030e05185c38041244535044535144535128445351000c445351080f1504130412150405445351080f44535111130e170805080f06445351070404050300020a4453510e0f4453511509044453510002020412120803080d0815184453510e074453511509044453510f041644535120222c445351120815044f"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="3a5b5957525f564a7a5b59571455485d">[email protected]</span></a>.</p> <h2 id="h-accessible-conferences">Accessible Conferences</h2> <p>ACM affirms the principle that its meetings, communications, and other activities shall be accessible to any and all persons, and will make every reasonable effort to accommodate their needs for attendance and participation. The ACM Special Interest Group on Accessibility (<a href="http://www.sigaccess.org/" target="_blank">SIGACCESS</a>) has issued an <a href="http://www.sigaccess.org/welcome-to-sigaccess/resources/accessible-conference-guide" target="_blank">Accessible Conference Guide</a> with information on digital and physical accessibility standards.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="columns large-4 medium-4 small-12 zone-3"> <div> <div> <div class="articles"> <div> <h2> Accessibility Style Guide</h2> <p>ACM has developed an Accessibility Style Guide to assist those in the ACM community engaged in developing or contributing content for the web – developers, designers, project managers, and others. This style guide includes WCAG 2.0 Level A high priority accessibility best practices, examples, and implementation techniques for the associated best practices and examples. <a href="/binaries/content/assets/site-wide/acm-style-guide-wcag-2.0-level-a.pdf">Download</a><br /> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="articles"> <div> <h2> Our Current Accessibility Features</h2> <ul> <li>Alternative text detail for appropriate images and other non-text elements.</li> <li>Title attributes for additional information about links and indication of new browser windows.</li> <li>Structural markup to indicate headings and lists to aid in page comprehension.</li> <li>Association of forms with labels.</li> <li>Association of all data cells in a data table with their headers.</li> </ul> <p>Further accessibility efforts are under way. As we continue to improve our website, we will reflect any changes here within our accessibility statement. That way you’ll know about the progress we’re making.<br /> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="articles"> <div> <h2> ACM Digital Accessibility Contact Form</h2> <p>If you are a person with a disability having difficulty with our website or online services, please contact ACM’s Web Accessibility Team via the following link. <a href="https://services.acm.org/accessibility/contact.cfm" target="_blank" title="Link opens in a new window">Contact Us</a> or email us directly at: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#dea9bbbcf3aabbbfb39ebfbdb3f0b1acb9e1adabbcb4bbbdaae39fbdbdbbadadb7bcb7b2b7aaa7f8bfb3aee5bcb1baa7e387bbadfbeceffbeceefbecee97fbeceebfb3fbeceeb7b0aabbacbbadaabbbafbeceeb7b0fbeceeaeacb1a8b7bab7b0b9fbeceeb8bbbbbabcbfbdb5fbeceeb1b0fbeceeaab6bbfbeceebfbdbdbbadadb7bcb7b2b7aaa7fbeceeb1b8fbeceeaab6bbfbeceeb0bba9fbecee9f9d93fbeceeadb7aabbf0"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="a8c9cbc5c0cdc4d8e8c9cbc586c7dacf">[email protected]</span></a>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="columns small-12 zone-4"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <footer> <nav> <div class="footer-nav"> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> About ACM</li> <li><a href="/about-acm" title="About ACM">About ACM</a></li> <li><a href="/about-acm/get-involved" title="About ACM">Volunteer</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Membership</li> <li><a href="/membership/join-acm" title="Membership">Join ACM</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/acm-membership-renewal" title="Membership">Renew My Membership</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/membership-options" title="Membership">Membership Options</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/membership-benefits" title="Membership">Membership Benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/membership/myacm-at-a-glance" title="Membership">MyACM Sign In</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Publications</li> <li><a href="/publications/about-publications" title="Publications">About Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/digital-library" title="Publications">Digital Library</a></li> <li><a href="http://dl.acm.org/pubs.cfm" title="Publications">Submit a Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/advertising" title="Publications">Advertise with ACM</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Chapters</li> <li><a href="/chapters/chapter-administrative-interface" title="Chapters">Chapter Admin Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/local-activities" title="Chapters">Chapter Activities Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/chapters/start-chapter" title="Chapters">Start a Chapter</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Special Interest Groups</li> <li><a href="/special-interest-groups/sig-newsletters" title="Special Interest Groups">SIGs Newsletter</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Awards</li> <li><a href="/awards/about-awards" title="Awards">About ACM's Awards</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Conferences</li> <li><a href="/conferences" title="Conferences">ACM's Conferences</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Code of Ethics</li> <li><a href="/code-of-ethics" title="Code of Ethics">ACM's Code of Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/code-of-ethics/enforcement-procedures" title="Code of Ethics">Enforcement Procedures</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Media Center</li> <li><a href="/media-center" title="Media Center">ACM Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/publications/advertising" title="Media Center">Advertise with ACM</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Education</li> <li><a href="/education" title="Education">Education Home</a></li> </ul> <ul class="footer-nav-lists"> <li> Privacy Policy</li> <li><a href="/privacy-policy" title="Privacy Policy">Privacy Policy Home</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div> <div> <div class="logo_social_group"> <hr /> <img src='/binaries/content/gallery/acm/logos/logo_footer_acm.png' alt='ACM Logo' /> <ul class="footer__social"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AssociationForComputingMachinery/" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_facebook.png" alt="Facebook logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/theofficialacm" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_x_twitter.png" alt="Twitter logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/association-for-computing-machinery" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_linkedin.png" alt="LinkedIn logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/TheOfficialACM" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_reddit.png" alt="Reddit logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheOfficialACM" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_youtube.png" alt="YouTube logo" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/theofficialacm/" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_instagram.png" alt="Instagram" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/theofficialacm" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_flickr.png" alt="Flickr" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://mastodon.acm.org/@ACM" target="_blank"> <img src="/binaries/content/gallery/acm/social-media/icon_mastodon.png" alt="Mastodon" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div> <div class="articles"> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <ul class="footer__legal clearfix"> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.acm.org/about-acm/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.acm.org/membership/acm-hq-contact">Member Services</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.acm.org/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.acm.org/media-center/social-media-policy">Social Media Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.acm.org/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.acm.org/cookie-declaration">Cookie Declaration</a></li> <li class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2025, ACM, Inc</li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <!-- Scripts --> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script data-cookieconsent="ignore" type="text/javascript" src="/js/acm.js?antiCache=1739195479132"></script> <script>$(document).foundation();</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5654b74db1437702" async="async"></script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-RX448GM2EK"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){ dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-RX448GM2EK'); </script> </body> </html>