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id="toc-Aluminium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Aluminium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_mud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_mud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Red mud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_mud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Storage methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storage_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Storage methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Storage_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tailings_dams_and_ponds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tailings_dams_and_ponds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tailings dams and ponds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tailings_dams_and_ponds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paste_tailings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paste_tailings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Paste tailings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paste_tailings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dry_stacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dry_stacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dry stacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dry_stacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_in_underground_workings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_in_underground_workings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Storage in underground workings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_in_underground_workings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riverine_tailings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riverine_tailings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Riverine tailings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riverine_tailings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_tailings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_tailings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Submarine tailings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_tailings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytostabilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytostabilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Phytostabilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytostabilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Different_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Different methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pond_reclamation_by_microbiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pond_reclamation_by_microbiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Pond reclamation by microbiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pond_reclamation_by_microbiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprocessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprocessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Reprocessing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reprocessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>International policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tailings</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مخلفات التعدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخلفات التعدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deixies_(mineria)" title="Deixies (mineria) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deixies (mineria)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwynlif" title="Mwynlif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwynlif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tailings" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relave" title="Relave – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relave" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meategiko_hondakin" title="Meategiko hondakin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Meategiko hondakin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_minier" title="Résidu minier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résidu minier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%AF%B8" title="광미 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광미" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin_hakar_ma%27adinai" title="Ramin hakar ma'adinai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ramin hakar ma'adinai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gango" title="Gango – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gango" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cd%E1%BB%A5d%E1%BB%8D" title="Ọdụdọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọdụdọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amang" title="Amang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B1%E6%BB%93%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="鉱滓ダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉱滓ダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejeito" title="Rejeito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rejeito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steril" title="Steril – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Steril" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE)" title="Хвосты (горное дело) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хвосты (горное дело)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalovina" title="Jalovina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jalovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Јаловиште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јаловиште" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anrikningssand" title="Anrikningssand – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anrikningssand" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maden_at%C4%B1klar%C4%B1" title="Maden atıkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maden atıkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Хвости збагачення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хвости збагачення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90u%C3%B4i_qu%E1%BA%B7ng" title="Đuôi quặng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đuôi quặng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BE%E7%9F%BF" title="尾矿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尾矿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1784525#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <b>tailings</b> or <b>tails</b> are the materials left over after the process of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">separating</a> the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (<a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a>) of an <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>. Tailings are different from <a href="/wiki/Overburden" title="Overburden">overburden</a>, which is the waste rock or other material that overlies an ore or mineral body and is displaced during mining without being processed. </p><p>The extraction of minerals from ore can be done two ways: <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placer mining</a>, which uses water and gravity to concentrate the valuable minerals, or <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard rock mining">hard rock mining</a>, which pulverizes the rock containing the ore and then relies on chemical reactions to concentrate the sought-after material. In the latter, the extraction of minerals from ore requires <a href="/wiki/Comminution" title="Comminution">comminution</a>, i.e., grinding the ore into fine particles to facilitate extraction of the target element(s). Because of this comminution, tailings consist of a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a> of fine particles, ranging from the size of a grain of sand to a few micrometres.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mine tailings are usually produced from the <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mill</a> in slurry form, which is a mixture of fine mineral particles and water.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tailings are likely to be dangerous sources of toxic chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> content. These chemicals are especially dangerous when stored in water in ponds behind <a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">tailings dams</a>. These ponds are also vulnerable to major breaches or leaks from the dams, causing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">environmental disasters</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Polley_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Polley Mine">Mount Polley disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Because of these and other environmental concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater leakage</a>, toxic emissions and bird death, tailing piles and ponds have received more scrutiny, especially in developed countries, but the first UN-level standard for tailing management was only established 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a wide range of methods for recovering economic value, containing, or otherwise mitigating the impacts of tailings. However, internationally, these practices are poor, sometimes violating human rights. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tailings are also called mine dumps, culm dumps, slimes, refuse, leach residue, slickens, or terra-cone (terrikon).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfide_minerals">Sulfide minerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sulfide minerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effluent from the tailings from the mining of sulfidic minerals has been described as "the largest environmental liability of the mining industry".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tailings contain large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> (FeS<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">Iron(II) sulfide</a> (FeS), which are rejected from the sought-after ores of copper and nickel, as well as coal. Although harmless underground, these minerals are reactive toward air in the presence of microorganisms, which if not properly managed lead to <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg/220px-Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg/330px-Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg/440px-Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yellow_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow boy">Yellow boy</a> in a stream receiving <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a> from surface <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphate_rock_mining">Phosphate rock mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phosphate rock mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GypStack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/GypStack.JPG/210px-GypStack.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/GypStack.JPG/315px-GypStack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/GypStack.JPG/420px-GypStack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Phosphogypsum stack located near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade,_Florida" title="Fort Meade, Florida">Fort Meade, Florida</a>. These contain the waste byproducts of the phosphate fertilizer industry.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 100 million and 280 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">phosphogypsum</a> waste are estimated to be produced annually as a consequence of the processing of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> for the production of phosphate fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to being useless and abundant, phosphogypsum is radioactive due to the presence of naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Daughter_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter isotope">daughter isotopes</a>. Depending on the price achievable on the <a href="/wiki/Uranium_market" title="Uranium market">uranium market</a>, extraction of the uranium content may be economically lucrative even absent other incentives, such as reducing the harm the radioactive heavy metals do to the environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminium">Aluminium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aluminium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_tailings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauxite tailings">Bauxite tailings</a> is a waste product generated in the industrial production of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Making provision for the approximately 70 million tonnes (150 billion pounds) that is produced annually is one of the most significant problems for the aluminium <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">mining industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayr_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayr-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_mud">Red mud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red mud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">Red mud</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_mud&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg/280px-B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg/420px-B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg/560px-B%C3%BCtzflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Red mud near <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg/280px-Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg/420px-Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg/560px-Bauxite_bedarieux_herault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a>, an aluminium ore (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9rault" title="Hérault">Hérault</a> department, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>). The reddish colour is due to <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron oxides">iron oxides</a> that make up the main part of the red mud.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">Red mud</a>, now more frequently termed bauxite residue, is an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a> generated during the processing of <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> into <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">alumina</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a>. It is composed of various <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> compounds, including the iron oxides which give its red colour. Over 97% of the alumina produced globally is through the Bayer process; for every tonne (2,200 lb) of alumina produced, approximately 1 to 1.5 tonnes (2,200 to 3,300 lb) of red mud are also produced; the global average is 1.23. Annual production of alumina in 2023 was over 142 million tonnes (310 billion pounds) resulting in the generation of approximately 170 million tonnes (370 billion pounds) of red mud.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to this high level of production and the material's high <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a>, if not stored properly, it can pose a significant environmental hazard. As a result, significant effort is being invested in finding better methods for safe storage and dealing with it such as <a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">waste valorization</a> in order to create useful materials for <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Red_mud_Evans_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Red_mud_Evans-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Less commonly, this material is also known as bauxite tailings, red sludge, or alumina refinery residues. Increasingly, the name processed bauxite is being adopted, especially when used in cement applications.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal">Coal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_refuse&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton,_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/220px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/330px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/440px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Coal waste in Pennsylvania</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse</a> (also described as coal waste, rock, slag, coal tailings, waste material, rock bank, culm, boney, or gob<sup id="cite_ref-Coal_refuse_:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the material left over from <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a>, usually as tailings piles or <a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">spoil tips</a>. For every tonne of hard coal generated by mining, 400 kg (880 lb) of waste material remains, which includes some lost coal that is partially economically recoverable.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal refuse is distinct from the byproducts of burning coal, such as <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/220px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/330px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/440px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Coal spoil stones</figcaption></figure> <p>Piles of coal refuse can have significant negative environmental consequences, including the leaching of iron, manganese, and aluminum residues into waterways and <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The runoff can create both surface and groundwater contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piles also create a fire hazard, with the potential to spontaneously ignite. Because most coal refuse harbors toxic components, it is not easily reclaimed by replanting with plants like beach grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal_refuse_:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Gob has about four times as much toxic mercury and more sulfur than typical coal.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal_refuse_:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culm is the term for waste <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> coal.<sup id="cite_ref-Coal_refuse_:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early mining operations often did not take adequate steps to make tailings areas environmentally safe after closure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern mines, particularly those in jurisdictions with well-developed mining regulations and those operated by <a href="/wiki/Responsible_mining" title="Responsible mining">responsible mining</a> companies, often include the rehabilitation and proper closure of tailings areas in their costs and activities. For example, the Province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, requires not only the submission of a closure plan before the start of mining activity, but also the deposit of a financial guarantee equal to 100% of the estimated rehabilitation costs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tailings dams are often the most significant environmental liability for a mining project.<sup id="cite_ref-StewardDams_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewardDams-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mine tailings may have economic value in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> due to the large exposed surface area of the minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_concerns">Environmental concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fraction of tailings to ore can range from 90 to 98% for some copper ores to 20–50% of the other (less valuable) minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rejected minerals and rocks liberated through mining and processing have the potential to damage the environment by releasing toxic metals (arsenic and mercury being two major culprits), by acid drainage (usually by microbial action on sulfide ores), or by damaging aquatic wildlife that rely on clear water (vs suspensions).<sup id="cite_ref-Franks_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tailings ponds can also be a source of <a href="/wiki/Acid_drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid drainage">acid drainage</a>, leading to the need for permanent monitoring and treatment of water passing through the tailings dam; the cost of mine cleanup has typically been 10 times that of mining industry estimates when acid drainage was involved.<sup id="cite_ref-collapse_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disasters">Disasters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tailings_dam_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tailings dam failures">List of tailings dam failures</a></div> <p>The greatest danger of tailings ponds is dam failure, with the most publicized failure in the U.S. being the failure of a coal slurry dam in the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Creek_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Creek Flood">Buffalo Creek Flood</a> of 1972, which killed 125 people; other collapses include the <a href="/wiki/Ok_Tedi_environmental_disaster" title="Ok Tedi environmental disaster">Ok Tedi environmental disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, which destroyed the fishery of the <a href="/wiki/Ok_Tedi_River" title="Ok Tedi River">Ok Tedi River</a>. On average, worldwide, there is one big accident involving a tailings dam each year.<sup id="cite_ref-collapse_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other disasters caused by tailings dam failures are, <a href="/wiki/2000_Baia_Mare_cyanide_spill" title="2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill">the 2000 Baia Mare cyanide spill</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ajka_alumina_plant_accident" title="Ajka alumina plant accident">Ajka alumina plant accident</a>. In 2015, the iron ore tailings dam failure at the Germano mine complex in Minas Gerais, Brazil, was the country's biggest environmental disaster. The dam breach caused the death of 19 people due to flooding of tailings slime downstream and affected some 400 km of the Doce river system with toxic effluence and out into the Atlantic Ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tailings deposits tend to be located in rural areas or near <a href="/wiki/Marginalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalized">marginalized</a> communities, such as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous communities">indigenous communities</a>. The Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) recommends that "a human rights due diligence process is required to identify and address those that are most at risk from a tailings facility or its potential failure."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_methods">Storage methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Storage methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, tailings were disposed of in the most convenient manner, such as in downstream running water or down <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drains</a>. Because of concerns about these sediments in the water and other issues, tailings ponds came into use. The sustainability challenge in the management of tailings and waste rock is to dispose of material, such that it is inert or, if not, stable and contained, to minimise water and energy inputs and the surface footprint of wastes and to move toward finding alternate uses.<sup id="cite_ref-Franks_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franks-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tailings_dams_and_ponds">Tailings dams and ponds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tailings dams and ponds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tailings_dam" title="Tailings dam">Tailings dam</a></div> <p>Bounded by impoundments (an impoundment is a dam), these dams typically use "local materials" including the tailings themselves, and may be considered <a href="/wiki/Embankment_dam" title="Embankment dam">embankment dams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the only option for tailings storage was to contain the tailings slurry with locally available earthen materials.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This slurry is a dilute stream of the tailings solids within water that was sent to the tailings storage area. The modern tailings designer has a range of tailings products to choose from depending upon how much water is removed from the slurry prior to discharge. It is increasingly common for tailings storage facilities to require special barriers like <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_geomembrane" title="Bituminous geomembrane">bituminous geomembranes</a> (BGMs) to contain liquid tailings slurries and prevent impact to the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of water not only can create a better storage system in some cases (e.g. dry stacking, see below) but can also assist in water recovery which is a major issue as many mines are in arid regions. In a 1994 description of tailings impoundments, however, the U.S. EPA stated that dewatering methods may be prohibitively expensive except in special circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subaqueous storage of tailings has also been used.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tailing ponds are areas of refused <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> tailings where the waterborne refuse material is pumped into a <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">pond</a> to allow the <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a> (meaning separation) of solids from the water. The pond is generally impounded with a dam, and known as tailings impoundments or tailings dams.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated in 2000 that there were about 3,500 active tailings impoundments in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-StewardDams_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewardDams-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ponded water is of some benefit as it minimizes fine tailings from being transported by wind into populated areas where the toxic chemicals could be potentially hazardous to human health; however, it is also harmful to the environment. Tailing ponds are often somewhat dangerous because they attract wildlife such as waterfowl or caribou as they appear to be a natural pond, but they can be highly toxic and harmful to the health of these animals. Tailings ponds are used to store the waste made from separating minerals from rocks, or the slurry produced from tar sands mining. Tailings are sometimes mixed with other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> to form a thicker slurry that slows the release of impacted water to the environment. </p><p>There are many different subsets of this method, including valley impoundments, ring dikes, in-pit impoundments, and specially dug pits.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common is the valley pond, which takes advantage of the natural topographical depression in the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large earthen dams may be constructed and then filled with the tailings. Exhausted open pit mines may be refilled with tailings. In all instances, due consideration must be made to contamination of the underlying water table, among other issues. Dewatering is an important part of pond storage, as the tailings are added to the storage facility the water is removed – usually by draining into decant tower structures. The water removed can thus be reused in the processing cycle. Once a storage facility is filled and completed, the surface can be covered with topsoil and revegetation commenced. However, unless a non-permeable capping method is used, water that infiltrates into the storage facility will have to be continually pumped out into the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paste_tailings">Paste tailings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paste tailings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paste tailings is a modification to the conventional methods of disposal of tailings (pond storage). Conventional tailings slurries are composed of a low percent of solids and relatively high water content (normally ranging from 20% to 60% solids for most hard rock mining) and when deposited into the tailings pond the solids and liquids separate. In paste tailings the percent of solids in the tailings slurry is increased through the use of paste thickeners to produce a product where the minimal separation of water and solids occurs and the material is deposited into a storage area as a paste (with a consistency somewhat like toothpaste). Paste tailings has the advantage that more water is recycled in the processing plant and therefore the process is more water efficient than conventional tailings and there is a lower potential for seepage. However the cost of the thickening is generally higher than for conventional tailings and the pumping costs for the paste are also normally higher than for conventional tailings as positive displacement pumps are normally required to transport the tailings from the processing plant to the storage area. Paste tailings are used in several locations around the world including Sunrise Dam in Western Australia and Bulyanhulu Gold Mine in Tanzania.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dry_stacking">Dry stacking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dry stacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tailings do not have to be stored in ponds or sent as slurries into oceans, rivers, or streams. There is a growing use of the practice of dewatering tailings using vacuum or pressure filters so the tailings can then be stacked.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This saves water which potentially reduces the impacts on the environment in terms of a reduction in the potential seepage rates, space used, leaves the tailings in a dense and stable arrangement and eliminates the long-term liability that ponds leave after mining is finished. However although there are potential merits to dry stacked tailings these systems are often cost prohibitive due to increased capital cost to purchase and install the filter systems and the increase in operating costs (generally associated electricity consumption and consumables such as filter cloth) of such systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_in_underground_workings">Storage in underground workings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Storage in underground workings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tailings" title="Special:EditPage/Tailings">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tailings%22">"Tailings"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tailings%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tailings%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tailings%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tailings%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tailings%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While disposal into exhausted open pits is generally a straightforward operation, disposal into underground voids is more complex. A common modern approach is to mix a certain quantity of tailings with waste aggregate and cement, creating a product that can be used to backfill underground voids and <a href="/wiki/Stoping_(mining_method)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoping (mining method)">stopes</a>. A common term for this is high-density paste fill (HDPF). HDPF is a more expensive method of tailings disposal than pond storage, however it has many other benefits as it can significantly increase the stability of underground excavations by providing a means for ground stress to be transmitted across voids – rather than having to pass around them – which can cause mining induced seismic events like that suffered previously at the <a href="/wiki/Beaconsfield_Mine_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaconsfield Mine Disaster">Beaconsfield Mine Disaster</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riverine_tailings">Riverine tailings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Riverine tailings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usually called riverine tailings disposal (RTD). In most environments, not a particularly environmentally sound practice, it has seen significant utilisation in the past, leading to such spectacular environmental damage as done by the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lyell_Mining_and_Railway_Company" title="Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company">Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> to the <a href="/wiki/King_River_(Tasmania)" title="King River (Tasmania)">King River</a>, or the poisoning from the <a href="/wiki/Panguna" title="Panguna">Panguna</a> mine on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a>, which led to large-scale civil unrest on the island, and the eventual permanent closing of the mine.<sup id="cite_ref-collapse_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2005, only three mines operated by international companies continued to use river disposal: The <a href="/wiki/Ok_Tedi_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ok Tedi mine">Ok Tedi mine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grasberg_mine" title="Grasberg mine">Grasberg mine</a><sup id="cite_ref-collapse_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Porgera_Gold_Mine" title="Porgera Gold Mine">Porgera mine</a>, all on <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. This method is used in these cases due to seismic activity and landslide dangers which make other disposal methods impractical and dangerous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_tailings">Submarine tailings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Submarine tailings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly referred to as STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) or DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Disposal). Tailings can be conveyed using a pipeline then discharged so as to eventually descend into the depths. Practically, it is not an ideal method, as the close proximity to off-shelf depths is rare. When STD is used, the depth of discharge is often comparatively shallow, and extensive damage to the seafloor can result due to covering by the tailings product.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the density and temperature of the tailings product is not controlled, it may travel long distances, or even float to the surface. </p><p>This method is used by the gold mine on <a href="/wiki/Lihir_Island" title="Lihir Island">Lihir Island</a>; its waste disposal has been viewed by environmentalists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> as highly damaging, while the owners claim that it is not harmful.<sup id="cite_ref-collapse_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapse-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phytostabilisation">Phytostabilisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phytostabilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phytostabilisation is a form of <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Hyperaccumulator" title="Hyperaccumulator">hyperaccumulator plants</a> for long-term stabilisation and containment of tailings, by sequestering pollutants in soil near the roots. The plant's presence can reduce wind erosion, or the plant's roots can prevent water erosion, immobilise metals by adsorption or accumulation, and provide a zone around the roots where the metals can precipitate and stabilise. Pollutants become less bioavailable and livestock, wildlife, and human exposure is reduced. This approach can be especially useful in dry environments, which are subject to wind and water dispersion.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_methods">Different methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Different methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considerable effort and research continues to be made into discovering and refining better methods of tailings disposal. Research at the Porgera Gold Mine is focusing on developing a method of combining tailings products with coarse waste rock and waste muds to create a product that can be stored on the surface in generic-looking waste dumps or stockpiles. This would allow the current use of riverine disposal to cease. Considerable work remains to be done. However, co-disposal has been successfully implemented by several designers including <a href="/wiki/AMEC" class="mw-redirect" title="AMEC">AMEC</a> at, for example, the Elkview Mine in British Columbia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pond_reclamation_by_microbiology">Pond reclamation by microbiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pond reclamation by microbiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During extraction of the oil from oil sand, tailings consisting of water, silt, clays, and other solvents are also created. This solid will become mature fine tailings by gravity. Foght <i>et al</i> (1985) estimated that there are 10<sup>3</sup> anaerobic <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophs">heterotrophs</a> and 10<sup>4</sup> sulfate-reducing <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotes">prokaryotes</a> per milliliter in the tailings pond, based on conventional most probable number methods. Foght set up an experiment with two tailings ponds and an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and the gas released from tailings ponds showed that those were <a href="/wiki/Methanogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Methanogens">methanogens</a>. As the depth increased, the moles of CH<sub>4</sub> released actually decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siddique (2006, 2007) states that methanogens in the tailings pond live and reproduce by anaerobic degradation, which will lower the molecular weight from <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic</a>, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and methane. Those archaea and bacteria can degrade the naphtha, which was considered as waste during the procedure of refining oil. Both of those degraded products are useful. Aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons and methane can be used as fuel in the humans' daily lives. In other words, these methanogens improve the coefficient of utilization. Moreover, these methanogens change the structure of the tailings pond and help the pore water efflux to be reused for processing oil sands. Because the archaea and bacteria metabolize and release bubbles within the tailings, the pore water can go through the soil easily. Since they accelerate the densification of mature fine tailings, the tailings ponds are enabled to settle the solids more quickly so that the tailings can be reclaimed earlier. Moreover, the water released from the tailings can be used in the procedure of refining oil. Reducing the demand of water can also protect the environment from drought.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reprocessing">Reprocessing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reprocessing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mining techniques and the price of minerals improve, it is not unusual for tailings to be reprocessed using new methods, or more thoroughly with old methods, to recover additional minerals. Extensive tailings dumps of <a href="/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a> / Boulder in Western Australia were re-processed profitably in the 1990s by KalTails Mining.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A machine called the PET4K Processing Plant has been used in a variety of countries for the past 20 years to remediate contaminated tailings.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_policy">International policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UN and business communities developed an international standard for tailings management in 2020 after the critical failure of the <a href="/wiki/Brumadinho_dam_disaster" title="Brumadinho dam disaster">Brumadinho dam disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was convened by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP), <a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Mining_and_Metals" title="International Council on Mining and Metals">International Council on Mining and Metals</a> (ICMM) and the <a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment" title="Principles for Responsible Investment">Principles for Responsible Investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry_impoundment" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal slurry impoundment">Coal slurry impoundment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_iron_ore_mining" title="Environmental impact of iron ore mining">Environmental impact of iron ore mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfarming" title="Landfarming">Landfarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_closure_planning" title="Mine closure planning">Mine closure planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_reclamation" title="Mine reclamation">Mine reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands_tailings_ponds_(Canada)" title="Oil sands tailings ponds (Canada)">Oil sands tailings ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">Spoil tip</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EPADesignDams-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPADesignDams_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">US EPA. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tailings.info/kaltails.htm">the original</a> on 24 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaltails+project%2C+Kalgoorlie%2C+Western+Australia&rft.au=J.Engels+%26+D.Dixon-Hardy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tailings.info%2Fkaltails.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATailings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Mike (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missoulian.com/news/state-and-regional/can-african-machine-produce-a-promising-future-in-butte/article_a2d81c9d-38ec-5262-ad36-2b8ac9ed27fa.html#tncms-source=infinity-scroll-summary-siderail-latest">"Can African machine produce a promising future in Butte?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Missoulian" title="Missoulian">Missoulian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missoulian&rft.atitle=Can+African+machine+produce+a+promising+future+in+Butte%3F&rft.date=2017-09-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissoulian.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fcan-african-machine-produce-a-promising-future-in-butte%2Farticle_a2d81c9d-38ec-5262-ad36-2b8ac9ed27fa.html%23tncms-source%3Dinfinity-scroll-summary-siderail-latest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATailings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tailings&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tailings" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tailings">Tailings</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Slag_heaps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Slag heaps">Slag heaps</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ga.gov.au/persona/minewaste">Atlas of Australian Mine Waste</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tailing.grida.no/">Global Tailings Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tailings.info/">Tailings Info site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/safedrink/mines.htm">Extox.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228041032/http://www.mpi.org.au/campaigns/waste/submarine_tailings_disposal/">Submarine Tailings Disposal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Policy_Institute" title="Mineral Policy Institute">Mineral Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lablemminglounge.blogspot.com/2007/06/carbon-sequestration-in-mine-tailings.html">Carbon sequestration in mine tailings</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extractive_metallurgy322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extractive_metallurgy" title="Template:Extractive metallurgy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extractive_metallurgy" title="Template talk:Extractive metallurgy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extractive_metallurgy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extractive metallurgy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extractive_metallurgy322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Extractive metallurgy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_assay" title="Metallurgical assay">Metallurgical assay</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_extractive_metallurgy" title="Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy">Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">Mineral processing</a><br /><small>(by physical means)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">Geological survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">Ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground in hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground in soft rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comminution" title="Comminution">Comminution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_mill" title="Stamp mill">Stamp mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrastra" title="Arrastra">Arrastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusher" title="Crusher">Crusher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Autogenous_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">AG mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#SAG_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">SAG mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Pebble_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Pebble mill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">Ball mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)#Rod_mill" title="Mill (grinding)">Rod mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaMill" title="IsaMill">IsaMill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sizing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ore_sorting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ore sorting">Ore sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanning" title="Vanning">Vanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocyclone" title="Hydrocyclone">Hydrocyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trommel_screen" title="Trommel screen">Trommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyratory_equipment" title="Gyratory equipment">Gyratory equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_screening" title="Mechanical screening">Mechanical screening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ore_concentrate" title="Ore concentrate">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_cell" title="Jameson cell">Jameson cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_panning" title="Gold panning">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_concentrators" title="Jig concentrators">Jig concentrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing#Gravity_concentration" title="Mineral processing">Gravity Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_separation" title="Magnetic separation">Magnetic separation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnetation_(iron_ore)" title="Magnetation (iron ore)">Magnetation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_box" title="Rocker box">Rocker box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drywasher" title="Drywasher">Dry washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddle_pit" title="Buddle pit">Buddle pit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrometallurgy" title="Pyrometallurgy">Pyrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by heat)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Iron smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_smelting" title="Zinc smelting">Zinc smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_smelting" title="Flash smelting">Flash smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISASMELT" title="ISASMELT">ISASMELT</a> furnace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory linings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refining_(metallurgy)" title="Refining (metallurgy)">Refining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">Cupellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_process" title="Parkes process">Parkes process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom-blown_oxygen_converter" title="Bottom-blown oxygen converter">Bottom-blown oxygen converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(metallurgy)" title="Poling (metallurgy)">Poling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsaKidd_refining_technology" title="IsaKidd refining technology">IsaKidd process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">Calcination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting_(metallurgy)" title="Roasting (metallurgy)">Roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquation" title="Liquation">Liquation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">Hydrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by aqueous solution)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">Leaching</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lixiviant" title="Lixiviant">Lixiviant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heap_leaching" title="Heap leaching">Heap leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_leaching" title="Dump leaching">Dump leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_leaching" title="Tank leaching">Tank leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_leach" title="In situ leach">In situ leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbery%E2%80%93Vautin_chlorination_process" title="Newbery–Vautin chlorination process">Gold chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">Gold cyanidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">Amalgamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patio_process" title="Patio process">Patio process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_amalgamation" title="Pan amalgamation">Pan amalgamation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrometallurgy" title="Electrometallurgy">Electrometallurgy</a><br /><small>(by electricity)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Electrolysis16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_process" title="Castner process">Castner process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downs_cell" title="Downs cell">Downs cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tailings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">Gangue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">Slag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(waste)" title="Clinker (waste)">Clinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_(mining)" title="Chat (mining)">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_tailings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauxite tailings">Red mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_sand" title="Stamp sand">Stamp sand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management615" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management615" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_colonialism" title="Toxic colonialism">Toxic colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ponds,_pools,_and_puddles88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ponds" title="Template:Ponds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ponds" title="Template talk:Ponds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ponds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ponds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ponds,_pools,_and_puddles88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Ponds</a>, pools, and <a href="/wiki/Puddle" title="Puddle">puddles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Ponds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_pond" title="Ballast pond">Ballast pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beel" title="Beel">Beel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_pond" title="Cooling pond">Cooling pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_pond" title="Garden pond">Garden pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pond" title="Ice pond">Ice pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion pond">Immersion pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_pond" title="Log pond">Log pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melt_pond" title="Melt pond">Melt pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_pond" title="Mill pond">Mill pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon#Subsequent_polishing_ponds" title="Facultative lagoon">Polishing pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sag_pond" title="Sag pond">Sag pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Salt evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_basin" title="Sediment basin">Sediment pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_pond" title="Solar pond">Solar pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew_pond" title="Stew pond">Stew pond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tailings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_(lake)" title="Tarn (lake)">Tarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_pond" title="Waste pond">Waste pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_stabilization_pond" title="Waste stabilization pond">Waste stabilization pond</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg/160px-Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg/320px-Small_pond_on_the_West_branch_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine_pool" title="Brine pool">Brine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_pool" title="Infinity pool">Infinity pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural pool">Natural pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean pool">Ocean pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">Spent fuel pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puddle" title="Puddle">Puddles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_bath" title="Bird bath">Bird bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ring_effect" title="Coffee ring effect">Coffee ring effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddle" title="Puddle">Puddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension#Puddles_on_a_surface" title="Surface tension">Puddles on a surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seep_(hydrology)" title="Seep (hydrology)">Seep puddle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_dam" title="Beaver dam">Beaver dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_pond" title="Duck pond">Duck pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldfish pond">Goldfish pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_pond" title="Koi pond">Koi pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">Freshwater ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakki_shower" title="Bakki shower">Bakki shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-fish%E2%80%93little-pond_effect" title="Big-fish–little-pond effect">Big fish–little pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_pond" title="Full pond">Full pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytotelma" title="Phytotelma">Phytotelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond_of_Abundance" title="Pond of Abundance">Pond of Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond_liner" title="Pond liner">Pond liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponding" title="Ponding">Ponding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddle_(M._C._Escher)" title="Puddle (M. C. Escher)"><i>Puddle</i> (M C Escher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_hole" title="Swimming hole">Swimming hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">Water aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Lilies_(Monet_series)" title="Water Lilies (Monet series)"><i>Water Lilies</i> (Monet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailings&oldid=1275784205">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tailings&oldid=1275784205</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_of_mining" title="Category:Environmental impact of mining">Environmental impact of mining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metallurgical_processes" title="Category:Metallurgical processes">Metallurgical processes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Waste</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2024">Articles needing additional references from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 01:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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