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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early military service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Anglo-Mysore_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second Anglo-Mysore War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Anglo-Mysore_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruler_of_Mysore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_of_Mysore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ruler of Mysore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruler_of_Mysore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruler of Mysore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruler_of_Mysore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_with_Maratha_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_with_Maratha_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conflicts with Maratha Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_with_Maratha_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Invasion_of_Malabar_(1766–1790)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Invasion_of_Malabar_(1766–1790)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Invasion of Malabar (1766–1790)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Invasion_of_Malabar_(1766–1790)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Anglo-Mysore_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Third Anglo-Mysore War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Anglo-Mysore_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleon's_attempt_at_a_junction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleon's_attempt_at_a_junction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Napoleon's attempt at a junction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleon's_attempt_at_a_junction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mysorean_rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mysorean_rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mysorean rockets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mysorean_rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Road development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Social system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Judicial system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Moral Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>British accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Relations with Hindus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Kodavas_outside_Mysore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Kodavas_outside_Mysore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.3</span> <span>Persecution of Kodavas outside Mysore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Kodavas_outside_Mysore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_coinage_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_coinage_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The coinage system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_coinage_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The coinage system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_coinage_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coinage_dating_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage_dating_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Coinage dating system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage_dating_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sword_and_tiger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sword_and_tiger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sword and tiger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sword_and_tiger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipu_Sultan_Jayanti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipu_Sultan_Jayanti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tipu Sultan Jayanti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipu_Sultan_Jayanti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88" title="السلطان تيبو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلطان تيبو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="টিপু চুলতান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টিপু চুলতান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیپو سولطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیپو سولطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="টিপু সুলতান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টিপু সুলতান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыпу Султан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыпу Султан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тыпу Султан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыпу Султан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टीपू सुल्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टीपू सुल्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Типу Султан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Типу Султан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Al%C3%AD_Tip%C3%BA" title="Fateh Alí Tipú – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fateh Alí Tipú" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n_Fateh_Ali_Tipu" title="Sultán Fateh Ali Tipu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultán Fateh Ali Tipu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sahib" title="Tipu Sahib – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tipu Sahib" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تیپو سلطان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیپو سلطان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%C3%BB_S%C3%A2hib" title="Tipû Sâhib – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tipû Sâhib" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sabhd%C3%A1n" title="Tipu Sabhdán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tipu Sabhdán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ટીપુ સુલતાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ટીપુ સુલતાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टिपू सुलतान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="टिपू सुलतान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%B0%ED%91%B8_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84" title="티푸 술탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="티푸 술탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टीपू सुल्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टीपू सुल्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_Sultan" title="Tippu Sultan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tippu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateh_Ali_Tipu" title="Fateh Ali Tipu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fateh Ali Tipu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טיפו סולטאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפו סולטאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტიპუ სულთანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიპუ სულთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टिपु सुल्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टिपु सुल्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टिपू सुलतान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टिपू सुलतान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88" title="السلطان تيبو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السلطان تيبو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_van_Mysore" title="Tipu Sultan van Mysore – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tipu Sultan van Mysore" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="टिपु सुल्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टिपु सुल्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ティプー・スルターン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティプー・スルターン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਟੀਪੂ ਸੁਲਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੀਪੂ ਸੁਲਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ٹیپو سلطان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیپو سلطان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate_Ali_Tipu" title="Fate Ali Tipu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fate Ali Tipu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Типу Султан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Типу Султан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tipu Sultan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%C5%AB_Sult%C4%81n" title="Tipū Sultān – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tipū Sultān" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippo_Sahib" title="Tippo Sahib – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tippo Sahib" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="திப்பு சுல்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திப்பு சுல்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="టిప్పు సుల్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టిప్పు సుల్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ทีพู สุลต่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีพู สุลต่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tipu Sultan" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 17:47, 22 November 2024 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Radiantsiraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Radiantsiraj (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1258974732"><bdi>Radiantsiraj</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Radiantsiraj" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Radiantsiraj">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Radiantsiraj" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Radiantsiraj">contribs</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&diff=prev&oldid=1258974732" title="Tipu Sultan">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&direction=prev&oldid=1258974732" title="Tipu Sultan">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&diff=cur&oldid=1258974732" title="Tipu Sultan">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&direction=next&oldid=1258974732" title="Tipu Sultan">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tipu_Sultan&diff=next&oldid=1258974732" title="Tipu Sultan">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tipu Sultan (disambiguation)">Tipu Sultan (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tipu (disambiguation)">Tipu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Tipu Sultan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Badshah</a><br />Nasib-ud-Daulah<br />Mir Fateh Ali Bahadur Tipu</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TipuSultan1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TipuSultan1790.jpg/220px-TipuSultan1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TipuSultan1790.jpg/330px-TipuSultan1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/TipuSultan1790.jpg/440px-TipuSultan1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Tipu Sultan, from Mysore (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1790–1800</span>).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Sultan of Mysore</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1782 – 4 May 1799</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1782</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wodeyar_III" title="Krishnaraja Wodeyar III">Krishnaraja III</a> <br /> <small> (as <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Mysore" title="Maharaja of Mysore">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>) </small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1750-11-10</span>)</span>10 November 1750<br /><a href="/wiki/Devanahalli" title="Devanahalli">Devanahalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> <br /> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 May 1799<span style="display:none">(1799-05-04)</span> (aged 48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Sultanate of Mysore</a> <br /> (present-day Karnataka, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Srirangapatna, present-day <a href="/wiki/Mandya" title="Mandya">Mandya</a>, Karnataka<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tipu_Sultan&params=12_24_36_N_76_42_50_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°24′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°42′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.41000°N 76.71389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.41000; 76.71389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Sultan Begum Sahib</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1774)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Ruqaya Banu Begum</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1774)<wbr /></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Khadija Zaman Begum</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1796; died 1797)<wbr /></div><br />Buranti Begum<br />Roshani Begum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shezada_Hyder_Ali" title="Shezada Hyder Ali">Shezada Hyder Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Sultan_Sahib" title="Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib">Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib</a> and many others</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Badshah Sultan Mir Fateh Ali Bahadur Saheb Tipu bin Hyder Ali</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Hazrat Tipu Sultan Shaheed R.A</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syed_of_Mysore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syed of Mysore (page does not exist)">Syed of Mysore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tipu Sultan's signature"><img alt="Tipu Sultan's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png/125px-Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png/188px-Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png/250px-Seal_of_Tipu_Sultan.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="234" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Mysore_Hyder_Ali_%26_TipuSultan.png/23px-Flag_of_Mysore_Hyder_Ali_%26_TipuSultan.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Mysore_Hyder_Ali_%26_TipuSultan.png/35px-Flag_of_Mysore_Hyder_Ali_%26_TipuSultan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Mysore_Hyder_Ali_%26_TipuSultan.png/46px-Flag_of_Mysore_Hyder_Ali_%26_TipuSultan.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="565" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annagudi" title="Battle of Annagudi">Battle of Annagudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha-Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha-Mysore War">Maratha-Mysore War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moti_Talab" title="Battle of Moti Talab">Battle of Moti Talab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Nargund" class="mw-redirect" title="Second siege of Nargund">Siege of Nargund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Siege of Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" title="Battle of Savanur">Battle of Savanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Siege of Bahadur Benda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Malabar" title="Mysorean invasion of Malabar">Mysorean invasion of Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bednore" title="Siege of Bednore">Siege of Bednore</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta" title="Battle of Nedumkotta">Battle of Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Seringapatam (1799)</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tipu Sultan</b> (<i>Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu</i>; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as <b>Sher-e-Mysore</b> or "Tiger of Mysore",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> based in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019243_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019243-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expanded the iron-cased <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a> and commissioned the military manual <i><a href="/wiki/Fathul_Mujahidin" title="Fathul Mujahidin">Fathul Mujahidin</a>. <b>Mysore economy was at its zenith during his reign</b></i> He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1780)" title="Battle of Pollilur (1780)">Battle of Pollilur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srirangapatna_(1799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Srirangapatna (1799)">Siege of Srirangapatna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Narasimha_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narasimha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu Sultan and his father <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> used their French-trained army in alliance with the French in their struggle with the British,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201177_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers: against the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sira,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sira, India">Sira</a>, and rulers of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_(Northern_Kerala)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar (Northern Kerala)">Malabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka Kingdom">Bednore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>. Tipu became the ruler of Mysore upon his father's death from cancer in 1782 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a>. He negotiated with the British in 1784 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a> which ended the war in <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>. </p><p>Tipu's conflicts with his neighbours included the <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a>, which ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Gajendragarh#Treaty_of_Gajendragad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajendragarh">Treaty of Gajendragad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu remained an enemy of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. He initiated an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nedumkotta">attack</a> on British-allied Travancore in 1789. In the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a>, he was forced into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">Treaty of Seringapatam</a>, losing a number of previously conquered territories, including Malabar and <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a>, a combined force of British East India Company troops supported by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Marathas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> defeated Tipu. He was killed on 4 May 1799 while <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">defending his stronghold of Seringapatam</a>. </p><p>Tipu also introduced administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and calendar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005399_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005399-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a new land revenue system, which initiated the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Silk_Industry_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Silk_Industry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for his patronage to <a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a>. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Channapatna_Toys_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Channapatna_Toys-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippu_Birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tippu_Birthplace.jpg/220px-Tippu_Birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tippu_Birthplace.jpg/330px-Tippu_Birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Tippu_Birthplace.jpg/440px-Tippu_Birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2496" /></a><figcaption>Tipu's birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Devanahalli" title="Devanahalli">Devanahalli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <p>Tipu Sultan was born in <a href="/wiki/Devanahalli" title="Devanahalli">Devanahalli</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural district</a>, about 33 km (21 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> on 1 December 1751.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan20056_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan20056-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-N18_20210719_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N18_20210719-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of <a href="/wiki/Arcot,_Vellore" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot, Vellore">Arcot</a>. Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a prince's education and a very early exposure to military and political affairs. At age of 17 onwards Tipu was given charge of diplomatic and military missions and supported his father Hyder in his wars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu's father, <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, was a military officer in service to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> who had become the <i>de facto</i> ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of <a href="/wiki/Kadapa" title="Kadapa">Kadapa</a>. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, Persian, Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">beary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">riding</a>, shooting and fencing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan20056_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan20056-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AnwarH_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnwarH-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger20174_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger20174-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <p>Tipu Sultan's mother tongue was <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. The French noted that "Their language is Moorish[Urdu] but they also speak Persian."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Moors</i> at the time was a European designation for Urdu: "I have a deep knowledge [<i>je possède à fond</i>] of the common tongue of India, called <i>Moors</i> by the English, and <i>Ourdouzebain</i> by the natives of the land."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_service">Early military service</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/170px-War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/255px-War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/340px-War_coat_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>War coat used by Tipu Sultan of Mysore.c. 1785-1790</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg/220px-Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg/330px-Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg/440px-Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Blunderbuss" title="Blunderbuss">blunderbuss</a>, built for Tipu Sultan in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>, 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Moma_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moma-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Conflicts">Early Conflicts</h3></div> <p>Tipu Sultan was instructed in military tactics by French officers in the employment of his father. At age 15, he accompanied his father against the British in the <a href="/wiki/First_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Mysore War">First Mysore War</a> in 1766. He commanded a corps of cavalry in the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic</a> in 1767 at age 16. He also took part in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First Anglo-Maratha War</a> of 1775–1779.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beatson" title="Alexander Beatson">Alexander Beatson</a>, who published a volume on the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Mysore War">Fourth Mysore War</a> entitled <i>View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun</i>, described Tipu Sultan as follows: "His stature was about five feet eight inches; he had a short neck, square shoulders, and was rather corpulent: his limbs were small, particularly his feet and hands; he had large full eyes, small arched eyebrows, and an aquiline nose; his complexion was fair, and the general expression of his countenance, not void of dignity".<sup id="cite_ref-Beatson1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatson1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Anglo-Mysore_War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annagudi" title="Battle of Annagudi">Battle of Annagudi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_pollilur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Battle_of_pollilur.jpg/220px-Battle_of_pollilur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Battle_of_pollilur.jpg/330px-Battle_of_pollilur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Battle_of_pollilur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pollilur">Battle of Pollilur</a> on the walls of Tipu's summer palace, painted to celebrate his triumph over the British</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg/220px-Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg/330px-Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg/440px-Tipu_Sultan%27s_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Very small Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces now in Government Museum (Egmore), Chennai</figcaption></figure><p>In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept <a href="/wiki/William_Baillie_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="William Baillie (East India Company officer)">Colonel William Baillie</a> who was on his way to join Sir <a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th of Novar">Hector Munro</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pollilur">Battle of Pollilur</a>, Tipu defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he retreated to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu Sultan defeated Colonel Braithwaite at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annagudi" title="Battle of Annagudi">Annagudi</a> near Tanjore on 18 February 1782. Braithwaite's forces, consisting of 100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> and 10 field pieces, was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tipu Sultan seized all guns and took the detachment prisoner. In December 1781 Tipu Sultan seized Chittur from the British. Tipu Sultan had gained sufficient military experience by the time Hyder Ali died on Friday, 6 December 1782. Some historians put Hyder Ali's death at 2 or 3 days later or before due to the Hijri date being 1 <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, 1197 as per some records in Persian (which can result in a difference of 1 to 3 days due to the Lunar Calendar). He became the ruler of Mysore on Sunday, 22 December 1782 (the inscriptions in some of Tipu's <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> show it as 20 <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a>, 1197 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a> Sunday) in a simple coronation ceremony. He subsequently worked on to check the advances of the British by making alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Marathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathas">Marathas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>. The Second Mysore War came to an end with the 1784 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruler_of_Mysore">Ruler of Mysore</h2></div> <p>On 29 December 1782, Tipu Sultan was crowned <i>Sultan</i> or Emperor of Mysore with the title Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur at age 32, and struck coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittlebank_2022_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittlebank_2022-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_with_Maratha_Confederacy">Conflicts with Maratha Confederacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battles_involving_the_Maratha_Empire#Conflict_with_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles involving the Maratha Empire">Battles involving the Maratha Empire § Conflict with the Kingdom of Mysore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan_seated_on_his_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tipu_Sultan_seated_on_his_throne.jpg/220px-Tipu_Sultan_seated_on_his_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tipu_Sultan_seated_on_his_throne.jpg/330px-Tipu_Sultan_seated_on_his_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Tipu_Sultan_seated_on_his_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Tipu Sultan seated on his throne (1800), by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Tonelli" title="Anna Tonelli">Anna Tonelli</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg/220px-Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg/330px-Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg/440px-Gardens_Tipu_Summer_Palace_Srirangapatna_Jan24_A7C_08975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="2506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daria_Daulat_Bagh" title="Daria Daulat Bagh">Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> under its new <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhavrao I</a> regained most of Indian subcontinent, twice defeating Tipu's father in 1764 and then in 1767. In 1767 Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao defeated both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and entered Srirangapatna, the capital of Mysore. Hyder Ali accepted the authority of Madhavrao who gave him the title of Nawab of Mysore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201172_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201172-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, to escape the treaty, Tipu tried to take some Maratha forts in Southern India captured by in the previous war and also stopped the tribute to Marathas which was promised by Hyder Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-tipu_2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipu_2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought Tipu in direct conflict with the Marathas, leading to <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a><sup id="cite_ref-tipu_2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipu_2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflicts between Mysore (under Tipu) and Marathas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Nargund" class="mw-redirect" title="Second siege of Nargund">Siege of Nargund</a> during February 1785 won by Mysore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badami" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Badami">Siege of Badami</a> during May 1786 in which Mysore surrendered</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Siege of Adoni</a> during June 1786 won by Mysore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gajendragad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gajendragad">Battle of Gajendragad</a>, June 1786 won by Marathas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" title="Battle of Savanur">Battle of Savanur</a> during October 1786 won by Mysore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Siege of Bahadur Benda</a> during January 1787 won by Mysore</li></ul> <p>Conflict ended with <a href="/wiki/Gajendragarh#Treaty_of_Gajendragad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajendragarh">Treaty of Gajendragad</a> in March 1787, as per which Tipu returned all the territory captured by <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tipu_2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipu_2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen199554_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen199554-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipu would elease Kalopant and return Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas and Tipu would also pay an annual tribute totaling 12 lakhs for an agreed period of 4 years to the Marathas. In return, Tipu Sultan would get all the region that he had captured during the war. This included Gajendragarh and Dharwar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen199559_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen199559-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marathas in return agreed to recognize his authority and to address Tipu sultan as "Nawab Tipu Sultan Fateh Ali Khan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen199559_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen199559-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Marathas ultimately reneged on the treaty and in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> the Marathas presented their support to the British East India Company which helped the British to take over Mysore in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105Sen199559_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105Sen199559-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Invasion_of_Malabar_(1766–1790)"><span id="The_Invasion_of_Malabar_.281766.E2.80.931790.29"></span>The Invasion of Malabar (1766–1790)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Malabar" title="Mysorean invasion of Malabar">Mysorean invasion of Malabar</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg/200px-Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg/300px-Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg/400px-Tippoo_Sahib_at_the_lines_of_Travancore_in_the_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Tipu Sultan at the lines of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1766 when he was 15 years old Tipu accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the incident- <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tellicherry" title="Siege of Tellicherry">Siege of Tellicherry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> in North <a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came from <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> to reinstate the authority over Malabar. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nedumkotta">Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90</a>), due to the monsoon flood, the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the attack of British in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Srirangapatnam">Srirangapatnam</a> he went back.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Anglo-Mysore_War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg/220px-Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg/330px-Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg/440px-Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a> 1799</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>, receiving two of Tipu Sultan's sons as hostages in the year 1793.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1789, Tipu Sultan disputed the acquisition by <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma Raja of Travancore">Dharma Raja of Travancore</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch-held</a> fortresses in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>. In December 1789 he massed troops at <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, and on 28 December <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nedumkotta">made an attack</a> on the lines of Travancore, knowing that Travancore was (according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a>) an ally of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On account of the staunch resistance by the Travancore army, Tipu was unable to break through the Tranvancore lines and the Maharajah of Travancore appealed to the East India Company for help. In response, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> mobilised company and British military forces, and formed alliances with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Tipu. In 1790 the company forces advanced, taking control of much of the Coimbatore district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipu counter-attacked, regaining much of the territory, although the British continued to hold Coimbatore itself. He then descended into the Carnatic, eventually reaching <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondicherry</a>, where he attempted without success to draw the French into the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791 his opponents advanced on all fronts, with the main British force under Cornwallis <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore" title="Siege of Bangalore">taking Bangalore</a> and threatening Srirangapatna. Tipu harassed the British supply and communication and embarked on a "scorched earth" policy of denying local resources to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this last effort he was successful, as the lack of provisions forced Cornwallis to withdraw to Bangalore rather than attempt a siege of Srirangapatna. Following the withdrawal, Tipu sent forces to Coimbatore, which they retook <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbatore" title="Siege of Coimbatore">after a lengthy siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1792 campaign was a failure for Tipu. The allied army was well-supplied, and Tipu was unable to prevent the junction of forces from Bangalore and Bombay before Srirangapatna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1792)">about two weeks of siege</a>, Tipu opened negotiations for terms of surrender. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">ensuing treaty</a>, he was forced to cede half his territories to the allies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and deliver two of his sons as hostages until he paid in full three crores and thirty lakhs rupees fixed as war indemnity to the British for the campaign against him. He paid the amount in two instalments and got back his sons from Madras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleon's_attempt_at_a_junction"><span id="Napoleon.27s_attempt_at_a_junction"></span>Napoleon's attempt at a junction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_alliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Indian alliances">Franco-Indian alliances</a></div><p>In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club_of_Mysore" title="Jacobin Club of Mysore">Jacobin Club of Mysore</a> for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the motivations of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">invasion of Egypt</a> was to establish a junction with India against the British. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon assured the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 13 February 1798 report by <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon was unsuccessful in this strategy, losing the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> in 1799 and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1801)" title="Battle of Abukir (1801)">Battle of Abukir</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-karsh11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karsh11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: centre; width: 33%;"><p>Although I never supposed that he (<i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></i>) possessed, allowing for some difference of education, the liberality of conduct and political views which were sometimes exhibited by old <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, yet I did think he might have shown the same resolved and dogged spirit of resolution which induced Tipu Sahib to die manfully upon the breach of his capital city with his sabre clenched in his hand.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, commenting on the abdication of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte in 1814</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan,_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tipu_Sultan%2C_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif/180px-Tipu_Sultan%2C_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tipu_Sultan%2C_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif/270px-Tipu_Sultan%2C_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tipu_Sultan%2C_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif/360px-Tipu_Sultan%2C_Indian_warrior_Emperor_of_Mysore.gif 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Tipu Sultan confronts his opponents during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Srirangapatna.</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Paul_Brueys_D%27Aigalliers" class="mw-redirect" title="François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers">François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They besieged the capital <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Mysore War">Fourth Mysore War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were more than 60,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces numbered only around 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to make an easy path for the British.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sunderlal_2018_p._364_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sunderlal_2018_p._364-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Tipu Sultan led British General Harris to exclaim "Now India is ours."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Srirangapatna" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Srirangapatna">broke through</a> the city walls, French military advisers told Tipu Sultan<sup id="cite_ref-Tipu's_french_advisors_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipu's_french_advisors-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to escape via secret passages and to fight the rest of the wars from other forts, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipu famously said "Better to live one day as a tiger than a thousand years as a sheep".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/220px-Tipu_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/330px-Tipu_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/440px-Tipu_death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Effort and Fall of Tipu Sultan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(painter)" title="Henry Singleton (painter)">Henry Singleton</a>, c. 1800</figcaption></figure> <p>Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located 300 yards (270 m) from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried the next afternoon at the <a href="/wiki/Gumbaz,_Seringapatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumbaz, Seringapatam">Gumaz</a>, next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Carnatic">Nawab of Carnatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Umdat_Ul-Umra" class="mw-redirect" title="Umdat Ul-Umra">Umdat Ul-Umra</a> secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the war and sought his deposition after 1799.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These five men include Mir Sadiq, Purnaiya, two military commanders Saiyed Saheb and Qamaruddin, and Mir Nadim, commandant of the fort of Seringapatam. The episode of treachery as narrated by Hasan starts with the disobedience of Tipu's instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he died there were jubilant celebrations in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Tipu Sultan was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-te_Deum_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te_Deum-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <p>Tipu introduced a new calendar, new coinage, and seven new government departments, during his reign, and made military innovations in the use of rocketry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mysorean_rockets">Mysorean rockets</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg/170px-Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="570" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg/255px-Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg/340px-Indian_soldier_of_Tipu_Sultan%27s_army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="2416" /></a><figcaption>A soldier from Tipu Sultan's army, using his <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> as a flagstaff.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congreve_rockets.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Congreve_rockets.gif/220px-Congreve_rockets.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Congreve_rockets.gif/330px-Congreve_rockets.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Congreve_rockets.gif/440px-Congreve_rockets.gif 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Tipu Sultan organised his <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a> artillery brigades known as <i>Cushoons</i>, Tipu Sultan expanded the number of servicemen in the various <i>Cushoons</i> from 1500 to almost 5000. The <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a> utilised by Tipu Sultan, were later updated by the British and successively employed during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dr <a href="/wiki/APJ_Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="APJ Abdul Kalam">APJ Abdul Kalam</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, in his Tipu Sultan Shaheed Memorial Lecture in Bangalore (30 November 1991), called Tipu Sultan the innovator of the world's first war rocket. Two of these rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatna, were displayed in the <a href="/wiki/Firepower_%E2%80%93_The_Royal_Artillery_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Firepower – The Royal Artillery Museum">Royal Artillery Museum</a> in London. According to historian Dr <a href="/wiki/Dulari_Qureshi" title="Dulari Qureshi">Dulari Qureshi</a> Tipu Sultan was a fierce warrior king and was so quick in his movement that it seemed to the enemy that he was fighting on many fronts at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipu managed to subdue all the petty kingdoms in the south. He was also one of the few Indian rulers to have defeated British armies. </p><p>Tipu Sultan's father had expanded on <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysore's use of rocketry</a>, making critical innovations in the rockets themselves and the military logistics of their use. He deployed as many as 1,200 specialised troops in his army to operate rocket launchers. These men were skilled in operating the weapons and were trained to launch their rockets at an angle calculated from the diameter of the cylinder and the distance to the target. The rockets had twin side sharpened blades mounted on them, and when fired <i>en masse</i>, spun and wreaked significant damage against a large army. Tipu greatly expanded the use of rockets after Hyder's death, deploying as many as 5,000 rocketeers at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-5000_rockets_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5000_rockets-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rockets deployed by Tipu during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1780)" title="Battle of Pollilur (1780)">Battle of Pollilur</a> were much more advanced than those the British East India Company had previously seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missiles (up to 2 km range).<sup id="cite_ref-5000_rockets_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5000_rockets-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Narasimha_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narasimha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British accounts describe the use of the rockets during the third and fourth wars.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the climactic battle at Srirangapatna in 1799, British shells struck a magazine containing rockets, causing it to explode and send a towering cloud of black smoke with cascades of exploding white light rising up from the battlements. After Tipu's defeat in the fourth war the British captured a number of the Mysorean rockets. These became influential in British rocket development, inspiring the <a href="/wiki/Congreve_rocket" title="Congreve rocket">Congreve rocket</a>, which was soon put into use in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Narasimha_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narasimha-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3></div> <p>In 1786 Tipu Sultan, again following the lead of his father, decided to build a navy consisting of 20 battleships of 72 cannons and 20 frigates of 65 cannons. In the year 1790 he appointed Kamaluddin as his <i>Mir Bahar</i> and established massive dockyards at <a href="/wiki/Jamalabad" title="Jamalabad">Jamalabad</a> and Majidabad. Tipu Sultan's board of admiralty consisted of 11 commanders in service of a <i>Mir Yam</i>. A <i>Mir Yam</i> led 30 admirals and each one of them had two ships. Tipu Sultan ordered that the ships have <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper-bottoms</a>, an idea that increased the longevity of the ships and was introduced to Tipu by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren_de_Saint_Tropez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez">Admiral Suffren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201122_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201122-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3></div> <p>Due to their perpetual battle engagements, Haidar and Tipu required a disciplined standing army. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, Muslims and able tribal men were enrolled for full time service replacing the local militia called the <i>Kandachar</i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier. The removal of the <a href="/wiki/Vokkaliga" title="Vokkaliga">Vokkaligas</a> from the local militia which had taken part in wars for centuries and the imposition of higher taxes on them in place of their quit rent led indirectly to the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Ryotwari" title="Ryotwari">Ryotwari</a> system. Now the <a href="/wiki/Ryot#Ryotwari_system" title="Ryot">Ryots</a> could not rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities since their slaves were enrolled in the army in some places. Besides paying higher taxes they had to endure the additional responsibility of feeding the slaves and financing their marriages. This led to the weakening of the system of slavery in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore">Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic history of India</a></div> <p>The peak of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore's economic power</a> was under Tipu Sultan in the late 18th century. Along with his father Hyder Ali, he embarked on an ambitious program of economic development, aiming to increase the wealth and revenue of Mysore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi2011207_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi2011207-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his reign, Mysore overtook <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> as <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">India's dominant economic power</a>, with highly productive <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201138,_271_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201138,_271-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mysore's average income was five times higher than <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> level at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201145_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201145-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu Sultan laid the foundation for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kannambadi" title="Kannambadi">Kannambadi</a> dam (present-day <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Sagara" title="Krishna Raja Sagara">Krishna Raja Sagara</a> or KRS dam) on the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a> river, as attested by an extant stone plaque bearing his name, but was unable to begin the construction.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam was later built and opened in 1938. It is a major source of drinking water for the people of Mysore and Bangalore. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a> industry was first initiated during the reign of Tipu Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter512_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter512-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent an expert to <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> cultivation and processing, after which Mysore began developing polyvoltine silk.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Silk_Industry_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Silk_Industry-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greater prominence of the <a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a> can be traced to patronage from Tipu Sultan, the historic ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, though these toys existed before this period historically given as gifts as part of <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Dusshera</a> celebrations. It is known that he was an ardent admirer of arts, and in particular of woodwork.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Channapatna_Toys_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Channapatna_Toys-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road_development">Road development</h4></div> <p>Tipu Sultan was considered as pioneer of road construction, especially in Malabar, as part of his campaigns, he connected most of the cities by roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Edgar185_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgar185-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg/220px-Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg/330px-Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg/440px-Louis_XVI_Receives_the_Ambassadors_of_Tipu_Sultan_1788_Voyer_after_Emile_Wattier_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> receives the ambassadors of Tipu Sultan in 1788. Tipu Sultan is known to have sent many diplomatic missions to France, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Oman">Sultanate of Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Mughal Empire</dt></dl> <p>Both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan owed nominal allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>; both were described as <a href="/wiki/Nabob" title="Nabob">Nabobs</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> in all existing treaties. But unlike the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Carnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Carnatic">Nawab of Carnatic</a>, they did not acknowledge the overlordship of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrittlebank1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittlebank1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after his coronation as <i>Badshah</i>, Tipu Sultan sought the investiture of the Mughal emperor. He earned the title <i>"Nasib-ud-Daula"</i> with the heavy heart of those loyal to Shah Alam II. Tipu was a selfdeclared "<a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>" this fact drew towards him the hostility of <a href="/wiki/Nizam_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Ali Khan">Nizam Ali Khan</a>, the Nizam of Hyderabad, who clearly expressed his hostility by dissuading the Mughal emperor and laying claims on Mysore. Disheartened, Tipu Sultan began to establish contacts with other Muslim rulers of that period.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu Sultan was the master of his own diplomacy with foreign nations, in his quest to rid India of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> and to ensure the international strength of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Like his father before him he fought battles on behalf of foreign nations which were not in the best interests of Shah Alam II. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Kadir" title="Ghulam Kadir">Ghulam Qadir</a> had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have broken into tears.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini,_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini%2C_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg/220px-The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini%2C_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini%2C_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg/330px-The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini%2C_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini%2C_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg/440px-The_storming_of_Seringapatam_-_John_Vendramini%2C_1802_-_BL_P779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tipu Sultan's forces during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Srirangapatna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Fall of Seringapatam</a> in 1799, the blind emperor did remorse for Tipu, but maintained his confidence in the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, who had now made peace with the British. </p> <dl><dt>Afghanistan</dt></dl> <p>After facing substantial threats from the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, Tipu Sultan began to correspond with <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a>, the ruler of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>, so they could defeat the British and Marathas. Initially, Zaman Shah agreed to help Tipu, but the Persian attack on Afghanistan's Western border diverted its forces, and hence no help could be provided to Tipu. </p> <dl><dt>Ottoman Empire</dt></dl> <p>In 1787, Tipu Sultan sent an embassy to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> capital Constantinople, to the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a> requesting urgent assistance against the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. Tipu Sultan requested the Ottoman Sultan to send him troops and military experts. Furthermore, Tipu Sultan also requested permission from the Ottomans to contribute to the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> shrines in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>. </p><p>However, the Ottomans were themselves in crisis and still recuperating from the devastating <a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_of_1716%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18">Austro-Ottoman War</a> and a new conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had begun, for which Ottoman Turkey needed British alliance to keep off the Russians, hence it could not risk being hostile to the British in the Indian theatre. </p><p>Due to the Ottoman inability to organise a fleet in the Indian Ocean, Tipu Sultan's ambassadors returned home only with gifts from their Ottoman brothers. </p><p>Nevertheless, Tipu Sultan's correspondence with the Ottoman Empire and particularly its new Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> continued till his final battle in the year 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Persia and Oman</dt></dl> <p>Like his father before him, Tipu Sultan maintained friendly relations with <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Khan_Zand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Khan Zand">Mohammad Ali Khan</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. Tipu Sultan also maintained correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Said" title="Hamad bin Said">Hamad bin Said</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Oman">Sultanate of Oman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Qing China</dt></dl> <p>Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received an ambassador from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty-ruled China</a> at his court. The ambassador presented him with a silk cloth. Tipu was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production in his kingdom. He sent a return journey to China, which returned after twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/300px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/450px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/600px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>In his attempts to junction with Tipu Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> in the year 1798.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Hyder Ali and Tipu sought an alliance with the French, the only European power still strong enough to challenge the British East India Company in the subcontinent. In 1782, Louis XVI concluded an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_II" title="Madhavrao II">Madhu Rao Narayan</a>. This treaty enabled <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Bussy-Castelnau" title="Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau">Bussy</a> to move his troops to the <a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>). In the same year, French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren_de_Saint_Tropez" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre André de Suffren de Saint Tropez">De Suffren</a> ceremonially presented a portrait of Louis XVI to Haidar Ali and sought his alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in an attempt to link with Tipu Sultan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In February 1798, Napoleon wrote a letter to Tipu Sultan appreciating his efforts of resisting the British annexation and plans, but this letter never reached Tipu and was seized by a British spy in Muscat. The idea of a possible Tipu-Napoleon alliance alarmed the British Governor, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley</a> (also known as Lord Wellesley), so much that he immediately started large scale preparations for a final battle against Tipu Sultan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_system">Social system</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_system">Judicial system</h4></div> <p>Tipu Sultan appointed judges from both communities for Hindu and Muslim subjects. <b>Qadi</b> for Muslims and <b>Pandit</b> for Hindus in each province. Upper courts also had similar systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SocialScientist110_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SocialScientist110-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moral_Administration">Moral Administration</h4></div> <p>Usage of liquor and prostitution were strictly prohibited in his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1943269_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1943269-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage and agriculture of <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic">psychedelics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a>, was also prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-BSN211_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSN211-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polyandry in Kerala was prohibited by Tipu Sultan. He passed a decree for all women to cover their breasts, which was not practised in Kerala in the previous era.<sup id="cite_ref-REMiller_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REMiller-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1943270_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1943270-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3></div> <p>On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special attention to mosques in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular endowments were made during this period to about 156 Hindu temples,<sup id="cite_ref-chetty2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chetty2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the famed <a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangapatna" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna">Ranganathaswami Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pande_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pande-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in Tipu's administration<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his land grants and endowments to Hindu temples,<sup id="cite_ref-padiga3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padiga3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A._Subbaraya_Chetty_2002_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Subbaraya_Chetty_2002-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005360_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005360-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are cited as evidence for his religious tolerance. </p><p>His religious legacy has become a source of considerable controversy in India, with some groups (including Christians<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even Muslims) proclaiming him a great warrior for the faith or <i>Ghazi</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrittlebank19991–3_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittlebank19991–3-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rpersecutor1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rpersecutor1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for both religious and political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-pande_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pande-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various sources describe the massacres,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imprisonment<sup id="cite_ref-acc_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acc-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forced conversion<sup id="cite_ref-cariappa_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cariappa-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Hindus (<a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam">Kodavas of Coorg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Nairs_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam">Nairs of Malabar</a>) and Christians (<a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Catholics of Mangalore</a>), the destruction of churches<sup id="cite_ref-Lobo2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobo2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and temples, and the clamping down on Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila of Kerala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a> Muslims, the <a href="/wiki/Savanur_State" title="Savanur State">rulers of Savanur</a> and the people of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a>), which are sometimes cited as evidence for his intolerance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_accounts">British accounts</h4></div> <p>Historians such as Brittlebank, Hasan, Chetty, Habib, and Saletare, amongst others, argue that controversial stories of Tipu Sultan's religious persecution of Hindus and Christians are largely derived from the work of early British authors (who were very much against Tipu Sultan's independence and harboured prejudice against the Sultan) such as <a href="/wiki/James_Achilles_Kirkpatrick" title="James Achilles Kirkpatrick">James Kirkpatrick</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wilks" title="Mark Wilks">Mark Wilks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom they do not consider to be entirely reliable and likely fabricated.<sup id="cite_ref-habib_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habib-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A. S. Chetty argues that Wilks' account in particular cannot be trusted.<sup id="cite_ref-chetty111_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chetty111-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> and Mohibbul Hasan argue that these early British authors had a strong vested interest in presenting Tipu Sultan as a tyrant from whom the British had liberated Mysore.<sup id="cite_ref-habib_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habib-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005368_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005368-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assessment is echoed by Brittlebank in her recent work where she writes that Wilks and Kirkpatrick must be used with particular care as both authors had taken part in the wars against Tipu Sultan and were closely connected to the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrittlebank19992–12_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrittlebank19992–12-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_Hindus">Relations with Hindus</h4></div> <p>Tipu Sultan's treasurer was Krishna Rao, <a href="/wiki/Shamaiya_Iyengar" title="Shamaiya Iyengar">Shamaiya Iyengar</a> was his Minister of Post and Police, his brother Ranga Iyengar was also an officer, and <a href="/wiki/Purnaiah" title="Purnaiah">Purnaiya</a> held the very important post of "Mir Asaf". Moolchand and Sujan Rai were his chief agents at the Mughal court, and his chief "Peshkar", Suba Rao, was also a Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Editor of Mysore Gazette reports of correspondence between his court and temples, and his having donated jewellery and deeded land grants to several temples, which he was compelled to for forming alliances with Hindu rulers. Between 1782 and 1799 Tipu Sultan issued 34 "Sanads" (deeds) of endowment to temples in his domain, while also presenting many of them with gifts of silver and gold plate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005360_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005360-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Srikanteswara Temple in Nanjangud still possesses a jeweled cup presented by the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-A._Subbaraya_Chetty_2002_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A._Subbaraya_Chetty_2002-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also gave a greenish <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a>; to Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatna, he donated seven silver cups and a silver <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> burner. This temple was hardly a stone's throw from his palace from where he would listen with equal respect to the ringing of temple bells and the <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a>'s call from the mosque; to the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmikanta_Temple,_Kalale" title="Lakshmikanta Temple, Kalale">Lakshmikanta Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kalale" title="Kalale">Kalale</a> he gifted four cups, a plate and <a href="/wiki/Spitoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitoon">Spitoon</a> in silver.<sup id="cite_ref-padiga3_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padiga3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005360_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005360-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore War">Maratha–Mysore War</a> in 1791, a group of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> horsemen under Raghunath Rao Patwardhan raided the temple and <i>matha</i> of <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a></i>. They wounded and killed many people, including Brahmins, plundered the monastery of all its valuable possessions, and desecrated the temple by displacing the image of goddess Sarada.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incumbent <i>Shankaracharya</i> petitioned Tipu Sultan for help. About 30 letters written in <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, which were exchanged between Tipu Sultan's court and the <a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>, were discovered in 1916 by the Director of Archaeology in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. Tipu Sultan expressed his indignation and grief at the news of the raid:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005357–358-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"People who have sinned against such a holy place are sure to suffer the consequences of their misdeeds at no distant date in this Kali age in accordance with the verse: "Hasadbhih kriyate karma rudadbhir-anubhuyate" (People do [evil] deeds smilingly but suffer the consequences crying)."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>He immediately ordered the Asaf of <a href="/wiki/Bednur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bednur">Bednur</a> to supply the Swami with 200 <i>rahati</i>s (<i><a href="/wiki/Travancore_Fanam" title="Travancore Fanam">fanam</a></i>s) in cash and other gifts and articles. Tipu Sultan's interest in the Sringeri temple continued for many years, and he was still writing to the Swami in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005359_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005359-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of this and other events, historian B. A. Saletare has described Tipu Sultan as a defender of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, who also patronised other temples including one at Melkote, for which he issued a Kannada decree that the Shrivaishnava invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form.<sup id="cite_ref-tipu_defender_of_Hindu_faith_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipu_defender_of_Hindu_faith-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple at Melkote still has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were presented by the Sultan. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale.<sup id="cite_ref-tipu_defender_of_Hindu_faith_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tipu_defender_of_Hindu_faith-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipu Sultan does seem to have repossessed unauthorised grants of land made to <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> and temples, but those which had proper <i>sanads</i> (certificates) were not. It was a normal practice for any ruler, Muslim or Hindu, on his accession or on the conquest of new territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution_of_Kodavas_outside_Mysore">Persecution of Kodavas outside Mysore</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam">Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam</a></div> <p>Tipu got Runmust Khan, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kurnool" title="Kurnool">Nawab of Kurnool</a></i>, to launch a surprise attack upon the <a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a> who were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas fled to the woods and concealed themselves in the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrabhu1999223_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrabhu1999223-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Kodavas were seized along with the Raja and held captive at Seringapatam.<sup id="cite_ref-cariappa_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cariappa-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mohibbul Hasan, Prof. Sheikh Ali, and other historians cast great doubt on the scale of the deportations and forced conversions in Coorg in particular. Hassan says that it is difficult to estimate the real number of <a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodava</a> captured by Tipu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan200579_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan200579-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a letter to Runmust Khan, Tipu himself stated:<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and sedition-exciting <a href="/wiki/Kodava_people" title="Kodava people">Kodavas</a>, who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our Ahmedy corps." <sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_coinage_system">The coinage system</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/220px-Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/330px-Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/440px-Double_paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Among his many innovations, Tipu introduced new coin denominations and new coin types, including this copper double paisa weighing over 23 gm. The coin on the left also contains the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Sultanate of Mysore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_(AD_1790-1791)._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_%28AD_1790-1791%29._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg/220px-Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_%28AD_1790-1791%29._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_%28AD_1790-1791%29._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg/330px-Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_%28AD_1790-1791%29._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_%28AD_1790-1791%29._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg/440px-Mysore_AV_Fanam._AM_1218_%28AD_1790-1791%29._Tipu_Sultan._vz_-_MA-Shops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>A gold coin issued by the Kingdom of Mysore during the reign of the Tipu Sultan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan,_Zarb_Bengalur,_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan%2C_Zarb_Bengalur%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg/220px-Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan%2C_Zarb_Bengalur%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan%2C_Zarb_Bengalur%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg/330px-Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan%2C_Zarb_Bengalur%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan%2C_Zarb_Bengalur%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg/440px-Quarter_Paisa_of_Tipu_Sultan%2C_Zarb_Bengalur%2C_photographed_by_Yogabrata_Chakraborty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Quarter paisa of Tipu Sultan, Zarb Bengalur.</figcaption></figure> <p>The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of the most complex and fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local South India coinage had been struck in the area that became <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> since ancient times, with the first gold coinage introduced about the 11th century (the elephant <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">pagoda</a>), and other pagodas continuing through the following centuries. These <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">pagoda</a> were always in the South Indian style until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Haidar Ali</a> (1761–1782), who added pagodas with Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver rupees, always in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> plus the Arabic letter "ح" as the first letter of his name. His successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">pagodas</a>, mohurs and <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupees</a>, with legends that were completely new. As for copper, the new large <a href="/wiki/Paisa" title="Paisa">paisa</a> was commenced by Haidar Ali in AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan introduced a set of new <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were: </p><p><b>Copper</b>: Qutb "قطب" for the 1/8 paisa (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a>) – Akhtar "اختر" for the 1/4 paisa (star) – Bahram "بهرام" for the 1/2 paisa (the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>) – Zohra "زهره" for the paisa (the planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>) – either Othmani "عثمانی" for the double-paisa (<a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">the third caliph</a> of the Rashidun) or Mushtari "مشتری" (the planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>). </p><p><b>Silver</b>: Khizri "خضری" for the 1/32 rupee (<a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khizr</a> the prophet) – Kazimi "کاظمی" for the 1/16 rupee (for <a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kadhim" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa al-Kadhim">Musa</a>, the seventh Shi'ite Imam) – Ja'fari "جعفری" for the 1/8 rupee (<a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, the sixth Shi'ite Imam) – Bâqiri "باقری" for the 1/4 rupee (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a>, the fifth Imam) – Abidi "عبیدی" for the 1/2 rupee (<a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali Zain al-'Abidin</a>, the fourth Imam) – Imami for the rupee (reference to the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">12 Shi'ite Imams</a>) – Haidari "حیدری" for the double-rupee (lion, for <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali b. Abi Talib</a>, who was both the fourth caliph and the first Shi'ite Imam). </p><p><b>Gold</b>: Faruqi "فاروقی" for the pagoda (<a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar al-Faruq</a>, the second caliph) – Sadîqi "صدیقی" for the double-pagoda (<a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> al-Sadiq, the first caliph) – Ahmadi "احمدی" for the four-pagoda ( "most praised ", one of the name of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>). During his first 4 years, the large gold coin was the <a href="/wiki/Mohur" title="Mohur">mohur</a>, with an average weight of about 10.95g (AH1197-1200), replaced with the four-pagoda of 13.74g with the calendar change to the Mauludi "مولودی" system (AM1215-1219). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage_dating_system">Coinage dating system</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>2 gold Two <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_(coin)" title="Pagoda (coin)">Pagoda</a> Coins issued by tipu Sultan </figcaption></figure> <p>The denomination does not appear on the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a> dated gold coins, but was added on all the Mauludi dated pieces. </p><p>At the beginning of his first year, Tipu Sultan abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a> dating system and introduced the Mauludi system (from the Arabic word "walad ", which means "birth "), based on the <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar</a> year and the birth year of Muhammad (actually 571 AD, but for some perplexing reason reckoned as 572 by Tipu Sultan for his staff). </p><p>From the beginning of his reign, Tipu Sultan added the name of the Indian cyclic year on the large silver and gold coins, including this double-pagoda, together with his regnal year. Each of the names is Persian, though in several examples, the meaning of the names in India was different from the Iranian meaning (not indicated here). According to the Indian meanings, these are the cyclic years: Zaki "زکي" for cyclic 37, which corresponded to his year 1 ( "pure ") – Azâl "أزل" for 38 ( "<a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a> ", year 2) – Jalal "جَلال" for 39 ( "splendor ", year 3) – Dalv "دَلو" for 40 (the sign of <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a>, year 4) – Shâ "شاه" for 41 ( "king ", year 5) – Sârâ "سارا" for 42 ( "fragrant ", year 6) – Sarâb "سراب" for 43 ( "<a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a> ", for year 7) – Shitâ "شتا" for 44 ( "winter ", year 8) – Zabarjad "زبرجد" for 45 ( "topaz ", year 9) – sahar "سَحَر" ( "<a href="/wiki/Dawn" title="Dawn">dawn</a> ", year 10) – Sâher "ساحِر" ( "magician ", year 11).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan,_Death_Place.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tipu_Sultan%2C_Death_Place.jpg/220px-Tipu_Sultan%2C_Death_Place.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tipu_Sultan%2C_Death_Place.jpg/330px-Tipu_Sultan%2C_Death_Place.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tipu_Sultan%2C_Death_Place.jpg/440px-Tipu_Sultan%2C_Death_Place.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2793" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption>The spot in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a> where Tipu's body was found</figcaption></figure> <p>Assessments of Tipu Sultan have often been passionate and divided. Successive <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> governments have often celebrated Tipu Sultan's memory and monuments and relics of his rule while the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> has been largely critical. School and college textbooks in India officially recognize him as a "freedom-fighter" along with many other rulers of the 18th century who fought European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-textbooks_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textbooks-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original copy of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> bears a painting of Tipu Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 the 14th Indian president <a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> hailed Tipu Sultan in his address to the Karnataka Assembly on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the state secretariat <a href="/wiki/Vidhana_Soudha" title="Vidhana Soudha">Vidhana Soudha</a> saying "Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This technology was later adopted by the Europeans."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu Sultan is also admired as a hero in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistani Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> has said that he admires Tipu Sultan as a freedom fighter.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tipu also patronised art forms such as <a href="/wiki/Ganjifa" title="Ganjifa">Ganjifa</a> cards, effectively saving this art form.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ganjifa card of Mysore have the GI Tag today.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sword_and_tiger">Sword and tiger</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu's Tiger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG/220px-Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG/330px-Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG/440px-Tipu_Sultan%27s_Tiger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu Sultan's Tiger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/220px-Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/330px-Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg/440px-Inscribed_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Sword of Tipu Sultan. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, New Delhi">National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tipu Sultan had lost his sword in a war with the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nedumkotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nedumkotta">Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789)</a>, in which he was forced to withdraw due to the severe joint attack from the Travancore army and British army.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nair_Brigade" title="Nair Brigade">Nair army</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Kesavadas" title="Raja Kesavadas">Raja Kesavadas</a> again defeated the army of Tipu near Aluva. The Maharaja, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Raja" title="Dharma Raja">Dharma Raja</a>, gave the famous sword to the Nawab of <a href="/wiki/Arcot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcot">Arcot</a>, from whom the sword was taken as a war trophy by the British after annexing Arcot and sent to London. The sword was on display at the Wallace Collection, No. 1 Manchester Square, London. </p><p>Tipu was commonly known as the <b>Tiger of Mysore</b> and adopted this animal as the symbol (<i>bubri/babri</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-ModernAsianStudies_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModernAsianStudies-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that Tipu Sultan was hunting in the forest with a French friend. They came face to face with a tiger there. The tiger first pounced on the French soldier and killed him. Tipu's gun did not work, and his dagger fell on the ground as the tiger jumped on him. He reached for the dagger, picked it up, and killed the tiger with it. That earned him the name "the Tiger of Mysore". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He even had French engineers build a mechanical tiger for his palace.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device, known as <a href="/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu's Tiger</a>, is on display in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only did Tipu place relics of tigers around his palace and domain, but also had the emblem of a tiger on his banners and some arms and weapons. Sometimes this tiger was very ornate and had inscriptions within the drawing, alluding to Tipu's faith – Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beatson" title="Alexander Beatson">Alexander Beatson</a> reported that "in his palace was found a great variety of curious swords, daggers, fusils, pistols, and blunderbusses; some were of exquisite workmanship, mounted with gold, or silver, and beautifully inlaid and ornamented with tigers' heads and stripes, or with Persian and Arabic verses".<sup id="cite_ref-Beatson_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beatson-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last sword used by Tipu in his last <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Srirangapatna" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Srirangapatna">battle, at Sri Rangapatnam</a>, and the ring worn by him were taken by the British forces as war trophies. Till April 2004, they were kept on display at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> London as gifts to the museum from Maj-Gen Augustus W.H. Meyrick and Nancy Dowager.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auction</a> in London in April 2004, <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Mallya" title="Vijay Mallya">Vijay Mallya</a> purchased the sword of Tipu Sultan and some other historical artefacts, and brought them back to India.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, another sword owned by Tipu Sultan and decorated with his <i>babri</i> (tiger stripe motif) surfaced and was auctioned by <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was purchased for £98,500<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a telephone bidder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tipu_Sultan_Jayanti">Tipu Sultan Jayanti</h3></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka" title="Government of Karnataka">Government of Karnataka</a>, under the leadership of then Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> party, began to celebrate Tipu's birth anniversary as the "Tipu Sultan Jayanti".<sup id="cite_ref-dc:_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dc:-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress regime declared it as an annual event to be celebrated on 20 November.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially celebrated in Karnataka initially by the Minority Welfare department, and later by the Kannada & Culture department. However, on 29 July 2019, the next Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/B._S._Yediyurappa" title="B. S. Yediyurappa">B. S. Yediyurappa</a>, who belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), ordered the celebrations cancelled, saying: "Legislators from <a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a> had highlighted incidents of violence during Tipu Jayanti." </p><p>Objecting against the cancellation of the celebrations, the previous Chief Minister Siddaramaiah said: "BJP has cancelled it because of their hatred towards minorities. It's a big crime. He [Tipu] was a king of Mysore and fought against the British [as] a freedom fighter. It was during his time when the foundation was laid for the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Raja_Sagara" title="Krishna Raja Sagara">Krishna Raja Sagara</a> dam. He also tried to improve industry, agriculture and trade". The previous year, not a single JD(S) leader, including the then chief minister HD Kumaraswamy, attended the event, turning it into a fiasco.<sup id="cite_ref-dc:_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dc:-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> Congress leader, <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a>, also earlier criticized BJP and <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">RSS</a> for their opposition against holding the celebrations, and asked: "When RSS can celebrate <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, can't we celebrate Tipu Sultan?"<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg/220px-General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg/330px-General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg/440px-General_Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tippoo_Sahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5298" data-file-height="6959" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Baird_Discovering_the_Body_of_Sultan_Tipoo_Sahib" title="Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib">Sir David Baird Discovering the Body of Sultan Tipoo Sahib</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkie_(artist)" title="David Wilkie (artist)">David Wilkie</a>, 1839</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>He has a role in <a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty's</a> 1896 book <i><a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty#List_of_titles" title="G. A. Henty">The Tiger of Mysore</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also mentioned in Henty's 1902 <i><a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty#List_of_titles" title="G. A. Henty">At the Point of the Bayonet</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which deals with much of the same period.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysterious Island">Mysterious Island</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a> is described as Tipu's nephew.</li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Paidi_Jairaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Paidi Jairaj">Paidi Jairaj</a> in the 1959 Indian historical drama film <i>Tipu Sultan</i>, directed by Jagdish Gautam.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ek_Khoj" title="Bharat Ek Khoj">Bharat Ek Khoj</a></i>, a 1988 Indian television series based on <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a></i> which aired on <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a>, dedicated an episode to Tipu Sultan with <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ghouse" title="Salim Ghouse">Salim Ghouse</a> portraying the king.</li> <li>Tipu's life and adventures were the central theme of a short-running <a href="/wiki/South_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian">South Indian</a> television series <i>The Adventures of Tipu Sultan</i>, and of a more popular national television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan_(TV_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sword of Tipu Sultan (TV serial)">The Sword of Tipu Sultan</a></i> based on a historical novel by Bhagwan Gidwani.<sup id="cite_ref-pod_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pod-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreams_of_Tipu_Sultan" title="The Dreams of Tipu Sultan">The Dreams of Tipu Sultan</a></i> is a 1997 play written in Kannada by Indian writer <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a>. It follows the last days as well as the historic moments in the life of Tipu, through the eyes of an Indian court historian and a British Oriental scholar.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan:_The_Tiger_Lord" title="Tipu Sultan: The Tiger Lord">Tipu Sultan: The Tiger Lord</a></i> is a Pakistani television series that broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">PTV</a> in 1997, deals with the life of Sultan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseem_Hijazi" title="Naseem Hijazi">Naseem Hijazi</a>'s novels <i>Muazam Ali</i> and <i>Aur Talvar Ṭūṭ Gaye</i> (<i>And The Sword Broke</i>) describe Tipu's wars.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moonstone" title="The Moonstone">The Moonstone</a></i> contains an account of Tipu and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a> in the prologue.</li> <li>In <i>The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Erich_Raspe" title="Rudolf Erich Raspe">Rudolf Erich Raspe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Munchausen</a> vanquishes Tipu near the end of the novel.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Tiger_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpe's Tiger (novel)">Sharpe's Tiger</a></i> is a novel by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a> in which Napoleonic–era British soldier <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharpe_(fictional_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Sharpe (fictional character)">Richard Sharpe</a> fights at Seringapatam, later killing Tipu.</li> <li>Tipu appears as a "Great Person" in the video games, <a href="/wiki/Civilization_Revolution" title="Civilization Revolution">Sid Meier's Civilization: Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilization_IV" title="Civilization IV">Sid Meier's Civilization IV</a>.</li> <li>In his historical <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>-language novels on the <a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Seringapatam captivity</a> of Konkani Catholics by Indian littérateur <a href="/wiki/V._J._P._Saldanha" title="V. J. P. Saldanha">V. J. P. Saldanha</a>, <i>Belthangaddicho Balthazar</i> (Balthazar of <a href="/wiki/Belthangady" title="Belthangady">Belthangady</a>), <i>Devache Krupen</i> (By the Grace of God), <i>Sardarachi Sinol</i> (The sign of the Knights) and <i>Infernachi Daram</i> (The gates of Hell), Tipu is portrayed as "cunning, haughty, hard-hearted, revengeful, yet full of self-control".<sup id="cite_ref-Saldanha_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saldanha-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gumbaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gumbaz.jpg/220px-Gumbaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gumbaz.jpg/330px-Gumbaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Gumbaz.jpg/440px-Gumbaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>The mausoleum housing Tipu Sultan's tomb is another example of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>.Tipu Sultan's flag is in the foreground.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tipu_tomb.jpg/220px-Tipu_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tipu_tomb.jpg/330px-Tipu_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tipu_tomb.jpg/440px-Tipu_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Tipu Sultan at Srirangapatna. Tipu's tomb is adjacent to his mother's and father's graves.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tipu had several wives.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first wife was Sultan Begum Sahib also known as Padishah Begum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of Imam Sahib Bakhshi Naita from Arcot,<sup id="cite_ref-d118_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d118-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sister of Ghulam Husain Khan, known as the Pondicherry Nawab, a descendant of Chanda Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married in 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-c791_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c791-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife married at the same time was Ruqaya Banu Begum. She was the daughter of Lala Miyan Shaheed Charkoli,<sup id="cite_ref-u647_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u647-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the sister of Sheikh Burhanuddin.<sup id="cite_ref-i329_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i329-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in February 1792 at the time of the siege of Seringapatam.<sup id="cite_ref-d118_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d118-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife was Khadija Zaman Begum. She was the daughter of Mir Sayyid Moinuddin Khan<sup id="cite_ref-i329_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i329-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Sayyid Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-u252_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u252-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married in 1796. She died in childbirth in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-c791_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c791-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife was Buranti Begum. She was the daughter of Mir Muhammad Pasand Beg, a nobleman from Delhi and her mother's father was Sayyid Muhammad Khan, once a <i>subedar</i> of Kashmir. Another wife was Roshani Begum. She was the mother of his eldest son Fath Haider.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His sons were <a href="/wiki/Shezada_Hyder_Ali" title="Shezada Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali Khan Sultan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muin-ud-din Sultan, Abdul Khaliq Sultan, Muiz-ud-din Sultan, Muhammad Subhan Sultan, Shukrullah Sultan, Ghulam Ahmad Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Sultan_Sahib" title="Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib">Ghulam Muhammad Sultan</a>, Sarwar-ud-din Sultan, Muhammad Yasin Sultan, Jamal-ud-din Sultan and Munir-ud-din Sultan. One of his daughters was married to Husain Ali Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005372-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Tipu's descendants live in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and have expressed objection to use of Tipu Sultan's name by political parties for polarising votes.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway,_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed,_Seringapatam_(Mysore)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the Hoally Gateway, Srirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham (c. 1799)"><img alt="A view of the Hoally Gateway, Srirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham (c. 1799)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway%2C_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed%2C_Seringapatam_%28Mysore%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway%2C_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed%2C_Seringapatam_%28Mysore%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway%2C_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed%2C_Seringapatam_%28Mysore%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway%2C_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed%2C_Seringapatam_%28Mysore%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway%2C_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed%2C_Seringapatam_%28Mysore%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-View_of_the_Hoally_Gateway%2C_where_Tipu_Sultan_was_killed%2C_Seringapatam_%28Mysore%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of the Hoally Gateway, Srirangapatnam, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore), by Thomas Sydenham (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1799</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flintlock blunderbuss, made for Tipu Sultan in Srirangapatnam in 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.[25]"><img alt="A flintlock blunderbuss, made for Tipu Sultan in Srirangapatnam in 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg/200px-Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg/300px-Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg/400px-Flintlock_Blunderbuss_Tipoo_Sahib_Seringapatam_1793_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</a> blunderbuss, made for Tipu Sultan in <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatnam</a> in 1793–94. Tipu Sultan used many Western craftsmen, and this gun reflects the most up-to-date technologies of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Moma_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moma-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cannon used by Tipu Sultan in the battle of Srirangapatnam 1799"><img alt="Cannon used by Tipu Sultan in the battle of Srirangapatnam 1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg/200px-Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg/300px-Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg/400px-Tippu%27s_cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cannon used by Tipu Sultan in the battle of <a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatnam</a> 1799</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014,_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="During the Republic Day Parade in 2014, in New Delhi, the tableau of Karnataka, highlighting "Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore," made its way through the Rajpath."><img alt="During the Republic Day Parade in 2014, in New Delhi, the tableau of Karnataka, highlighting "Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore," made its way through the Rajpath." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23%2C_2014.jpg/200px-The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23%2C_2014.jpg/300px-The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23%2C_2014.jpg/400px-The_tableau_of_Karnataka_passes_through_the_Rajpath_during_the_full_dress_rehearsal_for_the_Republic_Day_Parade-2014%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_January_23%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During the Republic Day Parade in 2014, in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, the tableau of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, highlighting <i>"Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore,"</i> made its way through the <a href="/wiki/Rajpath" title="Rajpath">Rajpath</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim warriors">Muslim warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_invasion_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore invasion of Kerala">Mysore invasion of Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNS_Tippu_Sultan" title="PNS Tippu Sultan">PNS Tippu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan" title="The Sword of Tipu Sultan">The Sword of Tipu Sultan</a> – an Indian TV series on Tipu Sultan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu's Tiger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dreams_of_Tipu_Sultan" title="The Dreams of Tipu Sultan">The Dreams of Tipu Sultan</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ghulam_Ali" title="Mir Ghulam Ali">Mir Ghulam Ali</a>, an official and senior military commander</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFH._Davis1999" class="citation book cs1">H. Davis, Richard (1999). <i>Lives of Indian Images</i>. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00520-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00520-6"><bdi>0-691-00520-6</bdi></a>. <q>Both Haidar 'Ali and Tipu Sultan were parvenu Sunni Muslim rulers...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+Indian+Images&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-691-00520-6&rft.aulast=H.+Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_kvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tipu+Sunni&pg=PT59"><i>The Writing of the Nation by Its Elite: The Politics of Anglophone Indian Literature in the Global Age</i></a>. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158, USA: Routledge. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-54129-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-54129-3"><bdi>978-0-367-54129-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+of+the+Nation+by+Its+Elite%3A+The+Politics+of+Anglophone+Indian+Literature+in+the+Global+Age&rft.place=605+Third+Avenue%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10158%2C+USA&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-367-54129-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_kvEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTipu%2BSunni%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazdani2017" class="citation book cs1">Yazdani, Kaveh (2017). "2: Mysore". <i>India, Modernity and the Great Divergence: Mysore and Gujarat (17th to 19th C.)</i>. Brill. pp. 312, 313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004330795_004">10.1163/9789004330795_004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33078-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33078-8"><bdi>978-90-04-33078-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-3206">1877-3206</a>. <q>After coming into power, Tipu ordered his 'ulama' to collect significant matters of Mohammadan law, especially those corresponding to the <i>Hanafi</i> School of thought. As a result, a Persian treatise on the important laws of Islam called <i>Fiqh-i Mohammadi</i> was written down. Indeed, the existing sources suggest that Tipu was in all likelihood a Sunni Muslim who belonged to the <i>Hanafi</i> School.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Mysore&rft.btitle=India%2C+Modernity+and+the+Great+Divergence%3A+Mysore+and+Gujarat+%2817th+to+19th+C.%29&rft.pages=312%2C+313&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1877-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004330795_004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33078-8&rft.aulast=Yazdani&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KO_1EAAAQBAJ&dq=tipu+Sultan+Sunni&pg=PT70">"6: The Private as Public"</a>. <i>The Politics of Modern Indian Language Literature</i>. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158, USA: Routledge. 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-032-69578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-032-69578-5"><bdi>978-1-032-69578-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+The+Private+as+Public&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Modern+Indian+Language+Literature&rft.place=605+Third+Avenue%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10158%2C+USA&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-032-69578-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKO_1EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtipu%2BSultan%2BSunni%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cavendish, Richard (4 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/tipu-sultan-killed-seringapatam">"Tipu Sultan killed at Seringapatam"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>49</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Tipu+Sultan+killed+at+Seringapatam&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1999-05-04&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Ftipu-sultan-killed-seringapatam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittlebank2022" class="citation book cs1">Brittlebank, Kate (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ"><i>Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan</i></a>. Claritas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905837-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905837-87-8"><bdi>978-1-905837-87-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger%3A+The+Life+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Claritas+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-905837-87-8&rft.aulast=Brittlebank&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1F9jEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span> Quote=Aer he died, it became his epithet – 'the Tiger of Mysore' the British called him.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazdani2017" class="citation book cs1">Yazdani, Kaveh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdrzDQAAQBAJ&dq=Tipu+Sultan+indian+muslim+ruler&pg=PA318"><i>India, Modernity and the Great Divergence</i></a>. Brill. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004330795" title="Special:BookSources/9789004330795"><bdi>9789004330795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Modernity+and+the+Great+Divergence&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789004330795&rft.aulast=Yazdani&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdrzDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTipu%2BSultan%2Bindian%2Bmuslim%2Bruler%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley2000" class="citation journal cs1">Colley, Linda (2000). "Going Native, Telling Tales: Captivity, Collaborations and Empire". <i>Past & Present</i> (168): 190. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651308">651308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Going+Native%2C+Telling+Tales%3A+Captivity%2C+Collaborations+and+Empire&rft.issue=168&rft.pages=190&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F651308%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019243-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalrymple2019243_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalrymple2019">Dalrymple 2019</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil" class="citation web cs1">Jamil, Arish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-jamil.pdf">"Why Mysore? The Idealistic and Materialistic Factors Behind Tipu Sultan's War Rocket Success"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Emory Endeavors in World History – Volume 5</i>. Emory College of Arts and Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emory+Endeavors+in+World+History+%E2%80%93+Volume+5&rft.atitle=Why+Mysore%3F+The+Idealistic+and+Materialistic+Factors+Behind+Tipu+Sultan%27s+War+Rocket+Success&rft.aulast=Jamil&rft.aufirst=Arish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.emory.edu%2Fhome%2Fdocuments%2Fendeavors%2Fvolume5%2Fgunpowder-age-v-jamil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narasimha-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimha_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimha_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narasimha_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimha2011" class="citation web cs1">Narasimha, Roddam (27 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034357/https://www.nal.res.in/pdf/pdfrocket.pdf">"Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 1750–1850 A.D."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Aeronautical Laboratory and Indian Institute of Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/37179995">the original</a> on 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rockets+in+Mysore+and+Britain%2C+1750%E2%80%931850+A.D.&rft.pub=National+Aeronautical+Laboratory+and+Indian+Institute+of+Science.&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.aulast=Narasimha&rft.aufirst=Roddam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F37179995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201177-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201177_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2011">Roy 2011</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105–107_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan 2005</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005399-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005399_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan 2005</a>, p. 399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Silk_Industry-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Silk_Industry_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Silk_Industry_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta2007" class="citation book cs1">Datta, R.K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC"><i>Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-313-0087-9"><bdi>978-81-313-0087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Silk+Industry%3A+A+Complete+Source+Book&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-313-0087-9&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8U1lmEGEdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Channapatna_Toys-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Channapatna_Toys_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Channapatna_Toys_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://craftdeals.in/origins-of-channapatna-toys/">"History of Channapatna Toys"</a>. <i>Craftdeals.in</i>. January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craftdeals.in&rft.atitle=History+of+Channapatna+Toys&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcraftdeals.in%2Forigins-of-channapatna-toys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan20056-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan20056_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan20056_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan 2005</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N18_20210719-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N18_20210719_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/rewriting-history-how-i-discovered-the-true-birth-date-of-tipu-sultan-3980294.html">"Rewriting History: How I Discovered the True Birth Date of Tipu Sultan"</a>. <i>News18</i>. 19 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Rewriting+History%3A+How+I+Discovered+the+True+Birth+Date+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Frewriting-history-how-i-discovered-the-true-birth-date-of-tipu-sultan-3980294.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/the-history-of-south-india-is-relatively-unknown-rajmohan-gandhi-118120900174_1.html">"The history of South India is relatively unknown: Rajmohan Gandhi"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=The+history+of+South+India+is+relatively+unknown%3A+Rajmohan+Gandhi&rft.date=2018-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-ians%2Fthe-history-of-south-india-is-relatively-unknown-rajmohan-gandhi-118120900174_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnwarH-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AnwarH_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaroon2013" class="citation book cs1">Haroon, Anwar (June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7y-KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483615349" title="Special:BookSources/9781483615349"><bdi>9781483615349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Hyder+Ali+and+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2013-06&rft.isbn=9781483615349&rft.aulast=Haroon&rft.aufirst=Anwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7y-KAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger20174-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger20174_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenger2017">Wenger 2017</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/">"The Sultan of Mysore – Tipu Sultan"</a>. Karnataka.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sultan+of+Mysore+%E2%80%93+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Karnataka.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnataka.com%2Fpersonalities%2Ftipu-sultan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColler2020" class="citation book cs1">Coller, Ian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uF_SDwAAQBAJ&dq=moors+urdu&pg=PA31"><i>Muslims and Citizens:Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300243369" title="Special:BookSources/9780300243369"><bdi>9780300243369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Citizens%3AIslam%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780300243369&rft.aulast=Coller&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuF_SDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmoors%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2017" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71h7DgAAQBAJ&dq=follow+theme+in+their+conversation,+even+though+i+have+a+deep+knowledge+%5Bje+possede+a+fond%5D+of+the+common+tongue+of+India,+called+Moors+by+the+English,+and+Ourdouzebain+by+the+natives+of+the+land.&pg=PA259"><i>Europe's India: Words, People, Empires, 1500–1800</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674977556" title="Special:BookSources/9780674977556"><bdi>9780674977556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+India%3A+Words%2C+People%2C+Empires%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780674977556&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D71h7DgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfollow%2Btheme%2Bin%2Btheir%2Bconversation%2C%2Beven%2Bthough%2Bi%2Bhave%2Ba%2Bdeep%2Bknowledge%2B%255Bje%2Bpossede%2Ba%2Bfond%255D%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcommon%2Btongue%2Bof%2BIndia%2C%2Bcalled%2BMoors%2Bby%2Bthe%2BEnglish%2C%2Band%2BOurdouzebain%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bnatives%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bland.%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moma-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moma_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moma_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beatson1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beatson1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatson1800" class="citation book cs1">Beatson, Alexander (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104725/http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html">"Appendix No. XXXIII"</a>. <i>A View of the Origin and Conduct of the War with Tippoo Sultaun</i>. London: G. & W. Nichol. pp. ci–civ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digital/seringapatam/other/tipu.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+No.+XXXIII&rft.btitle=A+View+of+the+Origin+and+Conduct+of+the+War+with+Tippoo+Sultaun&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ci-civ&rft.pub=G.+%26+W.+Nichol&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Beatson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.mq.edu.au%2Fdigital%2Fseringapatam%2Fother%2Ftipu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue1902" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, John William (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis%20medows%20mysore&pg=PA546"><i>A history of the British army, Volume 3</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. 431–432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+British+army%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=431-432&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1GlKAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcornwallis%2520medows%2520mysore%26pg%3DPA546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061111064154/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm">"The Tiger and The Thistle – Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India"</a>. <i>nationalgalleries.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalgalleries.org&rft.atitle=The+Tiger+and+The+Thistle+%E2%80%93+Tipu+Sultan+and+the+Scots+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgalleries.org%2Ftipu%2Ftipu311.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vs6AQAAMAAJ&q=treaty+of+mangalore&pg=PA139"><i>The Parliamentary History of England from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803</i></a>. T.C. Hansard. 1817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliamentary+History+of+England+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Year+1803&rft.pub=T.C.+Hansard&rft.date=1817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Vs6AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bmangalore%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brittlebank_2022-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brittlebank_2022_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittlebank2022" class="citation book cs1">Brittlebank, K. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ"><i>Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan</i></a>. Claritas Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905837-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905837-87-8"><bdi>978-1-905837-87-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiger%3A+The+Life+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Claritas+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-905837-87-8&rft.aulast=Brittlebank&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1F9jEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201172-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201172_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2011">Roy 2011</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tipu_2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tipu_2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tipu_2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tipu_2_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaravane2006" class="citation book cs1">Naravane, M. S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&q=tipu+48+lacs+maratha&pg=PA175"><i>Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj</i></a>. APH Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131300343" title="Special:BookSources/9788131300343"><bdi>9788131300343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Honourable+East+India+Company%3A+Making+of+the+Raj&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788131300343&rft.aulast=Naravane&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbxsa3jtHoCEC%26q%3Dtipu%2B48%2Blacs%2Bmaratha%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen199554-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen199554_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1995">Sen 1995</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan 2005</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen199559-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen199559_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen199559_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1995">Sen 1995</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoienuddin2000_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoienuddin2000">Moienuddin 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105Sen199559-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasan2005105Sen199559_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasan2005">Hasan 2005</a>, p. 105; <a href="#CITEREFSen1995">Sen 1995</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/86/mode/1up"><i>Dictionary of Indian biography</i></a>. London S. Sonnenschein. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Indian+biography&rft.pub=London+S.+Sonnenschein&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofindi00buckuoft%23page%2F86%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/">"Tipu Sultan – Personalities"</a>. <i>Karnataka.com</i>. 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karnataka.com&rft.atitle=Tipu+Sultan+%E2%80%93+Personalities&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnataka.com%2Fpersonalities%2Ftipu-sultan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenger201711–_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenger2017">Wenger 2017</a>, pp. 11–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoychoudhury2004" class="citation book cs1">Roychoudhury, Upendrakishore (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&pg=PA101"><i>White Mughals</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303046-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303046-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Mughals&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303046-1&rft.aulast=Roychoudhury&rft.aufirst=Upendrakishore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7BCr-QIWGIC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Boutier, Jean (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc">"Les "lettres de créances" du corsaire Ripaud. Un "club jacobin" à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797"</a>. <i>Les Indes Savantes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Indes+Savantes&rft.atitle=Les+%22lettres+de+cr%C3%A9ances%22+du+corsaire+Ripaud.+Un+%22club+jacobin%22+%C3%A0+Srirangapatnam+%28Inde%29%2C+mai-juin+1797&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Boutier&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00007971%2Fdocument%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dfr%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Den%26_x_tr_pto%3Dnui%2Csc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13"><i>Tricolor and Crescent</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275974701" title="Special:BookSources/9780275974701"><bdi>9780275974701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780275974701&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4vrUbMK5eEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmini1999" class="citation book cs1">Amini, Iradj (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12"><i>Napoleon and Persia</i></a>. Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780934211581" title="Special:BookSources/9780934211581"><bdi>9780934211581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Persia&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=9780934211581&rft.aulast=Amini&rft.aufirst=Iradj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5IOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karsh11-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karsh11_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarshKarsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilxxaKRKkC&pg=PA11"><i>Empires of the Sand</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674005419" title="Special:BookSources/9780674005419"><bdi>9780674005419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Sand&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780674005419&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft.au=Karsh%2C+Inari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUBilxxaKRKkC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis" class="citation web cs1">Francis, P. Sempa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/wellington-in-india-a-great-commander-in-embryo/">"Wellington in India: A Great Commander in Embryo"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Wellington+in+India%3A+A+Great+Commander+in+Embryo&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=P.+Sempa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F05%2Fwellington-in-india-a-great-commander-in-embryo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the [House of Lords and House of Commons]-J. Almon, 1793</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindu-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindu_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindu_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachariah2010" class="citation news cs1">Zachariah, Mini Pant (7 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029152509/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm">"Tipu's legend lives on"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mag/2010/11/07/stories/2010110750210500.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tipu%27s+legend+lives+on&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft.aulast=Zachariah&rft.aufirst=Mini+Pant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmag%2F2010%2F11%2F07%2Fstories%2F2010110750210500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sunderlal_2018_p._364-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sunderlal_2018_p._364_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunderlal2018" class="citation book cs1">Sunderlal, Pandit (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364"><i>How India Lost Her Freedom</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-642-3"><bdi>978-93-5280-642-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+India+Lost+Her+Freedom&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-5280-642-3&rft.aulast=Sunderlal&rft.aufirst=Pandit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4lIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipu's_french_advisors-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipu's_french_advisors_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siasat.com/tipu-sultan-herere-lesser-known-facts-about-tiger-mysore-1715508/">"Tipu Sultan: Here're lesser known facts about 'Tiger of Mysore'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Siasat Daily</i>. 2 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Siasat+Daily&rft.atitle=Tipu+Sultan%3A+Here%27re+lesser+known+facts+about+%27Tiger+of+Mysore%27&rft.date=2019-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siasat.com%2Ftipu-sultan-herere-lesser-known-facts-about-tiger-mysore-1715508%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/history/the-citizen-sultan-a-jacobin-club-in-india">"Tipu, the Citizen-Sultan and the Myth of a Jacobin Club in India"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Tipu%2C+the+Citizen-Sultan+and+the+Myth+of+a+Jacobin+Club+in+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fhistory%2Fthe-citizen-sultan-a-jacobin-club-in-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeakeSimpson2008" class="citation book cs1">Speake, Jennifer; Simpson, John (23 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199539536.001.0001/acref-9780199539536-e-156"><i>Better to live one day as a tiger than a thousand years as a sheep</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953953-6"><bdi>978-0-19-953953-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Better+to+live+one+day+as+a+tiger+than+a+thousand+years+as+a+sheep.&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953953-6&rft.aulast=Speake&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Simpson%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199539536.001.0001%2Facref-9780199539536-e-156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000138u00000000.html">"View of the Hoally Gateway, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore)"</a>. British Library Online Gallery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=View+of+the+Hoally+Gateway%2C+where+Tipu+Sultan+was+killed%2C+Seringapatam+%28Mysore%29&rft.pub=British+Library+Online+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fapac%2Fother%2F019wdz000000138u00000000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafiq2018" class="citation web cs1">Rafiq, Ayesha (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/323998/a-re-evaluation-of-tales-of-betrayal-concerning-Tipu-Sultan's-defeat">"A Revaluation of tales of concerning Tipu Sultan's defeat"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=A+Revaluation+of+tales+of+concerning+Tipu+Sultan%27s+defeat&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Rafiq&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F323998%2Fa-re-evaluation-of-tales-of-betrayal-concerning-Tipu-Sultan%27s-defeat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittlebank2016" class="citation web cs1">Brittlebank, Kate (22 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter">"Seven things you may not have known about Tipu Sultan, India's first freedom fighter"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184846/https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+things+you+may+not+have+known+about+Tipu+Sultan%2C+India%27s+first+freedom+fighter&rft.pub=Scroll.in&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.aulast=Brittlebank&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F812199%2Fseven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-te_Deum-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-te_Deum_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta1984" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Anjali (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHwtAAAAMAAJ&q=tipu+public+holiday"><i>Cameos of Twelve European Women in India, 1757-1857</i></a>. Ṛddhi-India. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13531696">13531696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cameos+of+Twelve+European+Women+in+India%2C+1757-1857&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=%E1%B9%9Addhi-India&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13531696&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Anjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHwtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtipu%2Bpublic%2Bholiday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5000_rockets-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5000_rockets_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-5000_rockets_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/state/over-1000-war-rockets-tipu-684169.html">"Over 5,000 'war rockets' of Tipu Sultan unearthed"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 28 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Over+5%2C000+%27war+rockets%27+of+Tipu+Sultan+unearthed&rft.date=2018-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fstate%2Fover-1000-war-rockets-tipu-684169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-mysorean-rocket-helped-tipu-sultans-military-might-gain-new-heights/">"How the Mysorean rocket helped Tipu Sultan's military might gain new heights"</a>. 5 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Mysorean+rocket+helped+Tipu+Sultan%27s+military+might+gain+new+heights&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fhow-the-mysorean-rocket-helped-tipu-sultans-military-might-gain-new-heights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201122-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy201122_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoy2011">Roy 2011</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1960" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Mysore Hatti (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UJKAAAAMAAJ&q=Kandachar+militia"><i>The Finances Of The Mysore State 1799 – 1831</i></a>. Orient Longmans. p. 255. <q>These were armed militia who served as police officers, helped in the collection of revenue and often garrisoned small forts . They resembled the sibundi in the Company ' s territories . In Mysore they were divided into the huzur kandachar or those who were in the capital and about the Maharaja, and the taluq kandachar or those in the taluqs, the latter being far more numerous than the former.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finances+Of+The+Mysore+State+1799+%E2%80%93+1831&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Mysore+Hatti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UJKAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKandachar%2Bmilitia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Gopal2010" class="citation book cs1">R. Gopal, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDT0UsWn7mUC&q=vokkaliga+kandachar"><i>Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore</i></a>. Mysore: Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813417527">813417527</a>. <q>Since Haidar and Tipu were perpetually engaged in battles, they formed a disciplined standing army . Thus, instead of the local militia called the Kandachar force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier, Haidar and Tipu enrolled to their army forces the able tribal men, Muslims and Rajputs on full time service. In this way, Haidar and Tipu removed the Vokkaligas of the agricultural base from the local militia which took part in wars for centuries and in place of their quit rent, they imposed higher taxes and thus became indirectly responsible for implementation of Ryotwari system. The Ryots were not liberated from the shackles of Kandachar service; the slaves who were with them were enrolled in the army in some places. As a result, the Ryots removed from the military service could not even rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities. Hence these ryots had to endure the greater responsibility of feeding the slaves and of financing their marriages besides paying the higher taxes. So in the plains of Mysore the system of slavery was loosened.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipu+Sultan%3A+The+Tiger+of+Mysore&rft.place=Mysore&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Archaeology+and+Museums%2C+Government+of+Karnataka&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813417527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDT0UsWn7mUC%26q%3Dvokkaliga%2Bkandachar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi2011207-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi2011207_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParthasarathi2011">Parthasarathi 2011</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201138,_271-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201138,_271_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParthasarathi2011">Parthasarathi 2011</a>, pp. 38, 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201145-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParthasarathi201145_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParthasarathi2011">Parthasarathi 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/040819/tiger-of-mysore-saviour-or-savage.html">"Tiger of Mysore: Saviour or savage?"</a>. <i>Deccan Chronicle</i>. 4 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Tiger+of+Mysore%3A+Saviour+or+savage%3F&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F040819%2Ftiger-of-mysore-saviour-or-savage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShekhar2017" class="citation news cs1">Shekhar, Divya (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/miscellaneous/how-tipu-sultan-was-the-original-tech-innovator/articleshow/61588682.cms">"How Tipu Sultan was the original tech innovator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Trubner, London. p. 512<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+empire+%3A+its+peoples%2C+history%2C+and+products&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Trubner%2C+London&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianempireitsp00huntrich%2Fpage%2F512%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3Dtipu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Handmade in India: A Geographic Encyclopedia of Indian, Page 362, Aditi Ranjan, M. P. 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(1981). <i>Keralathile Sthacharithrangal – Thrissur Jilla</i> (in Malayalam). Kerala Sahithya Academy. pp. 74–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keralathile+Sthacharithrangal+%E2%80%93+Thrissur+Jilla&rft.pages=74-79&rft.pub=Kerala+Sahithya+Academy&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Valath&rft.aufirst=V.+V.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoel1993" class="citation book cs1">Goel, Sita Ram (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero? : an Anthology</i></a>. 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P.; Cariappa, Ponnamma (1981), <i>The Coorgs and their Origins</i>, Aakar Books, p. 48, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/641505186">641505186</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coorgs+and+their+Origins&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F641505186&rft.aulast=Cariappa&rft.aufirst=M.+P.&rft.au=Cariappa%2C+Ponnamma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobo2-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lobo2_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi.">Sarasvati's Children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206081443/https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi.">Archived</a> 6 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Joe Lobo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirkpatrick, W. (1811) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectlettersoft00tipu"><i>Select Letters of Tipu Sultan</i></a>, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilks, M. (1930) <i>Report on the Interior Administration, Resources and Expenditure of the Government of Mysore under the System prescribed by the Order of the Governor-General in Council dated 4 September 1799</i>, Bangalore 1864, and <i>Historical Sketches of the South of India in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysore</i>, 2 vols, ed. M. Hammick, Mysore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habib-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-habib_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-habib_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Habib, Irfan (2001). "War and Peace. Tipu Sultan's Account of the last Phase of the Second War with the English, 1783-4", p. 5 in <i>State and Diplomacy Under Tipu Sultan: Documents and Essays</i>, Manohar Publishers and Distributors, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85229-52-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-85229-52-X">81-85229-52-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chetty111-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chetty111_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. 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Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-725-1"><bdi>978-81-7304-725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Without+Hats%3A+Dialogue%2C+Discipline%2C+and+Discontent+in+the+Madras+Army+1806-1807&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-725-1&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/karunanidhi-to-release-stamp-on-vellore-sepoy-mutiny/article3102882.ece">"Karunanidhi to release stamp on Vellore sepoy mutiny"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 9 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Karunanidhi+to+release+stamp+on+Vellore+sepoy+mutiny&rft.date=2006-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2Ftp-tamilnadu%2Fkarunanidhi-to-release-stamp-on-vellore-sepoy-mutiny%2Farticle3102882.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/descendent-objects-to-use-of-tipu-sultans-name-for-polarising-votes/videoshow/98128971.cms?from=mdr">"Descendent objects to use of Tipu Sultan's name for polarising votes | News – Times of India Videos"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Descendent+objects+to+use+of+Tipu+Sultan%27s+name+for+polarising+votes+%7C+News+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India+Videos&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fvideos%2Fnews%2Fdescendent-objects-to-use-of-tipu-sultans-name-for-polarising-votes%2Fvideoshow%2F98128971.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/misuse-his-name-and-well-sue-for-defamation-say-tipu-sultans-descendants-as-karnataka-poll-heat-rises-7075579.html">"Misuse His Name and We'll Sue for Defamation, Say Tipu Sultan's Descendants as Karnataka Poll Heat Rises"</a>. <i>News18</i>. 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Misuse+His+Name+and+We%27ll+Sue+for+Defamation%2C+Say+Tipu+Sultan%27s+Descendants+as+Karnataka+Poll+Heat+Rises&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fmisuse-his-name-and-well-sue-for-defamation-say-tipu-sultans-descendants-as-karnataka-poll-heat-rises-7075579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittlebank1999" class="citation book cs1">Brittlebank, Kate (1999). <i>Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy</i>. Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563977-3"><bdi>978-0-19-563977-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246448596">246448596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipu+Sultan%27s+Search+for+Legitimacy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246448596&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563977-3&rft.aulast=Brittlebank&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tippoo Sahib"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tippoo_Sahib">"Tippoo Sahib" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tippoo+Sahib&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1005&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2019" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William (2019). <i>The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company</i> (Hardcover). New York: Bloomsbury publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-395-4"><bdi>978-1-63557-395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anarchy%3A+The+Relentless+Rise+of+the+East+India+Company&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-63557-395-4&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes1969" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, Praxy (1969). <i>Storm over Seringapatam: the incredible story of Hyder Ali & Tippu Sultan</i>. Thackers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+over+Seringapatam%3A+the+incredible+story+of+Hyder+Ali+%26+Tippu+Sultan&rft.pub=Thackers&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Praxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Confronting" class="citation book cs1">Habib, Irfan, ed. (2002). <i>Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies)</i>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-024-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-024-4"><bdi>1-84331-024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Colonialism%3A+Resistance+and+Modernization+Under+Haider+Ali+and+Tipu+Sultan+%28Anthem+South+Asian+Studies%29&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84331-024-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2005" class="citation cs2">Hasan, Mohibbul (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC"><i>History of Tipu Sultan</i></a>, Aakar Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87879-57-2"><bdi>978-81-87879-57-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Aakar+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-87879-57-2&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mohibbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhkbJ6xA1_jEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1858" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Charles (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_QuY-AAAAYAAJ_2"><i>The English cyclopædia: a new dictionary of universal knowledge, Volume 6</i></a>. Bradbury & Evans<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+cyclop%C3%A6dia%3A+a+new+dictionary+of+universal+knowledge%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=Bradbury+%26+Evans&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_QuY-AAAAYAAJ_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoienuddin2000" class="citation book cs1">Moienuddin, Mohammad (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim"><i>Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan</i></a>. London: Sangam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-850-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86311-850-0"><bdi>978-0-86311-850-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48995204">48995204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunset+at+Srirangapatam%3A+After+the+Death+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sangam+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48995204&rft.isbn=978-0-86311-850-0&rft.aulast=Moienuddin&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBFWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dexclaim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalsokar1969" class="citation book cs1">Palsokar, R. 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Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79087-4"><bdi>978-1-136-79087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%2C+1740%E2%80%931849&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79087-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0FbTniNaYC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1943" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, K.N.V. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100038/page/n291"><i>Moral Laws under Tipu Sultan</i></a>. Indian History Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Laws+under+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.N.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.100038%2Fpage%2Fn291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1995" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC"><i>Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171547890" title="Special:BookSources/9788171547890"><bdi>9788171547890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Maratha+Relations%2C+1785-96&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788171547890&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-kanqrtVhYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1991" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Hari Dev (1991). <i>The real Tipu: a brief history of Tipu Sultan</i>. Rishi Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+real+Tipu%3A+a+brief+history+of+Tipu+Sultan&rft.pub=Rishi+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Hari+Dev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenger2017" class="citation book cs1">Wenger, Estefania (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rQQ1DgAAQBAJ"><i>Tipu Sultan: A Biography</i></a>. Vij Books India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789386367440" title="Special:BookSources/9789386367440"><bdi>9789386367440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipu+Sultan%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Vij+Books+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2017-03&rft.isbn=9789386367440&rft.aulast=Wenger&rft.aufirst=Estefania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrQQ1DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakrishna" class="citation cs2">Balakrishna, Sandeep, <i>Tipu Sultan, The Tyrant of Mysore</i>, Rare Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tipu+Sultan%2C+The+Tyrant+of+Mysore&rft.pub=Rare+Publications&rft.aulast=Balakrishna&rft.aufirst=Sandeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1930" class="citation cs2">Sen, Surendra Nath (1930), <i>Studies in Indian History</i>, University of Calcutta, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/578119748">578119748</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indian+History&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F578119748&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Surendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1928" class="citation cs2">Subramanian, K. R. (1928), <i>The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore</i>, self-published, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249773661">249773661</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maratha+Rajas+of+Tanjore&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249773661&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam1887" class="citation cs2">William, Logan (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC"><i>Malabar Manual</i></a>, Asian Educational Services, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0446-9"><bdi>978-81-206-0446-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0446-9&rft.aulast=William&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9mR2QXrVEJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroseCharmichael1777" class="citation cs2">Grose, John Henry; Charmichael (1777), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrA2AAAAMAAJ"><i>A Voyage to the East Indies</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+to+the+East+Indies&rft.date=1777&rft.aulast=Grose&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft.au=Charmichael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrA2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="fort" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Rev. E. W. (1990) [1923]. <i>The last siege of Seringapatam</i>. Mysore City: Wesleyan Mission. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120606029" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120606029"><bdi>978-8120606029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+siege+of+Seringapatam&rft.place=Mysore+City&rft.pub=Wesleyan+Mission&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-8120606029&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Rev.+E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Agha, Shamsu. <i>Tipu Sultan", "Mirza Ghalib in London";, "Flight Delayed"</i>, Paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901974-42-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-901974-42-0">0-901974-42-0</a></li> <li>Ali, B Sheik. <i>Tipu Sultan</i>, Nyasanal Buk Trast</li> <li>Amjad, Sayyid. 'Ali Ashahri, <i>Savanih Tipu Sultan</i>, Himaliyah Buk Ha®us</li> <li>Banglori, Mahmud Khan Mahmud. <i>Sahifah-yi Tipu Sultan</i>, Himālayah Pablishing Hā'ūs,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagwan1976" class="citation book cs1">Bhagwan, Gidwami S (1976). <i>The Sword of Tipu Sultan: a historical novel about the life and legend of Tipu Sultan of India</i>. Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173807200">173807200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+of+Tipu+Sultan%3A+a+historical+novel+about+the+life+and+legend+of+Tipu+Sultan+of+India&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173807200&rft.aulast=Bhagwan&rft.aufirst=Gidwami+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATipu+Sultan" class="Z3988"></span> A fictionalised account of Tipu's life.</li> <li>Buddle, Anne. <i>Tigers Round the Throne</i>, Zamana Gallery, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-869933-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-869933-02-8">1-869933-02-8</a></li> <li>Campbell, Richard Hamilton. <i>Tippoo Sultan: The fall of Srirangapattana and the restoration of the Hindu raj</i>, Govt. Press</li> <li>Chinnian, P. <i>Tipu Sultan the Great</i>, Siva Publications</li> <li>Hashimi, Sajjad. <i>Tipu Sultan</i>, Publisher: Maktabah-yi Urdu Da®ijast</li> <li>Home, Robert. <i>Select Views in Mysore: The Country of Tipu Sultan from Drawings Taken on the Spot by Mr. Home</i>, Asian Educational Services, India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1512-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1512-3">81-206-1512-3</a></li> <li>Kareem, C.K (1973). Kerala Under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan. Kerala History Association: distributors, Paico Pub. House.</li> <li>V.M. Korath, P. Parameswaran, Ravi Varma, Nandagopal R Menon, S.R. Goel & P.C.N. Raja: Tipu Sultan: Villain or hero? : an anthology. (1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185990088" title="Special:BookSources/9788185990088">9788185990088</a></li> <li>Mohibbul Hasan. <i>Tipu Sultan's Mission to Constantinople</i>, Aakar Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87879-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-87879-56-4">81-87879-56-4</a></li> <li>Pande, B. N. <i>Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of their religious policies (IOS series)</i>, Institute of Objective Studies</li> <li>Sil, Narasingha P. "Tipu Sultan: A Re-Vision," <i>Calcutta Historical Journal' (2008) 28#1 pp 1–23. historiography</i></li> <li>Strandberg, Samuel. <i>Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore: or, to fight against the odds</i>, AB Samuel Travel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-7333-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-7333-1">91-630-7333-1</a></li> <li>Taylor, George. <i>Coins of Tipu Sultan</i>, Asian Educational Services, India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0503-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0503-9">81-206-0503-9</a></li> <li>Wigington, Robin. <i>Firearms of Tipu Sultan, 1783–99</i>, J. Taylor Book Ventures, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871224-13-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-871224-13-6">1-871224-13-6</a></li> <li>Ashfaq Ahmed Mathur – "SALTANATH-E-KHUDADAT" and a book by Allama Iqbal ahmed (RH) "Daana e Raaz Diyaar e Dakan mein"</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tipu_Sultan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXM3vZhVhrs">The Sword of Tipu Sultan – Volume 1</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18813" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:18813">The Tiger of Mysore</a> – Dramatised account of the British campaign against Tipu Sultan by <a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00003-00075/">Illuminated Qurʾān from the library of Tippoo Ṣāḥib, Cambridge University Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tipu-sultans-gun-sword-discovered-in-attic-in-uk-2004365">UK Family Finds Tipu Sultan's Gun, Sword In Attic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiquestradegazette.com/print-edition/2019/february/2377/news/collection-of-tipu-sultan-treasure-including-gold-encrusted-sword-offered-at-anthony-cribb-sale/">Tipu's Legacy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tipu_Sultan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tipu_Sultan" title="Template:Tipu Sultan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Tipu_Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Tipu Sultan (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tipu_Sultan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tipu Sultan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tipu_Sultan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tipu Sultan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyar_dynasty" title="Wadiyar dynasty">Wadiyar dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shezada_Hyder_Ali" title="Shezada Hyder Ali">Shezada Hyder Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Sultan_Sahib" title="Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib">Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoor_Ali_Tipu" title="Mansoor Ali Tipu">Mansoor Ali Tipu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Sultanate" title="Carnatic Sultanate">Carnatic Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal Kingdom">Arakkal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Indian_Alliances" title="Franco-Indian Alliances">Franco-Indian Alliances</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First Anglo-Mysore War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengam" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chengam">Battle of Chengam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tiruvannamalai" title="Battle of Tiruvannamalai">Battle of Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ambur" title="Siege of Ambur">Siege of Ambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ooscota" title="Battle of Ooscota">Battle of Ooscota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mulwagul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mulwagul (page does not exist)">Battle of Mulwagul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baugloor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Baugloor (page does not exist)">Battle of Baugloor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1780)" title="Battle of Pollilur (1780)">Battle of Pollilur (1780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1781)" title="Battle of Pollilur (1781)">Battle of Pollilur (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Novo" title="Battle of Porto Novo">Battle of Porto Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sholinghur" title="Battle of Sholinghur">Battle of Sholinghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arakere" title="Battle of Arakere">Battle of Arakere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore" title="Capture of Cannanore">Capture of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hooly_Honore" title="Capture of Hooly Honore">Capture of Hooly Honore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koppal" title="Siege of Koppal">Siege of Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta" title="Battle of Nedumkotta">Battle of Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Shimoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Shimoga">Capture of Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sittimungulum" title="Battle of Sittimungulum">Battle of Sittimungulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellicherry" title="Battle of Tellicherry">Battle of Tellicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tirurangadi" title="Battle of Tirurangadi">Battle of Tirurangadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nedumkotta" title="Battle of Nedumkotta">Battle of Nedumkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battel_of_Calicut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battel of Calicut (page does not exist)">Battel of Calicut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore" title="Capture of Cannanore">Capture of Cannanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darwar" title="Siege of Darwar">Siege of Darwar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_Koppal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege Koppal (page does not exist)">Siege Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sittimungulum" title="Battle of Sittimungulum">Battle of Sittimungulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore" title="Siege of Bangalore">Siege of Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arakere" title="Battle of Arakere">Battle of Arakere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbatore" title="Siege of Coimbatore">Siege of Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goorumconda" title="Siege of Goorumconda">Siege of Goorumconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nundydroog" title="Siege of Nundydroog">Siege of Nundydroog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tellicherry" title="Battle of Tellicherry">Battle of Tellicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hooly_Honore" title="Capture of Hooly Honore">Capture of Hooly Honore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savendroog" title="Siege of Savendroog">Siege of Savendroog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Shimoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Shimoga">Capture of Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1792)">Siege of Seringapatam (1792)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seedaseer" title="Battle of Seedaseer">Battle of Seedaseer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mallavelly" title="Battle of Mallavelly">Battle of Mallavelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sultanpet_Tope" title="Battle of Sultanpet Tope">Battle of Sultanpet Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Seringapatam (1799)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha–Mysore Wars">Maratha–Mysore Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rutehalli_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rutehalli Fort (page does not exist)">Battle of Rutehalli Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sira_and_Madgiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sira and Madgiri (page does not exist)">Battle of Sira and Madgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chinkurli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chinkurli (page does not exist)">Battle of Chinkurli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saunshi" title="Battle of Saunshi">Battle of Saunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nargund_(1778)" title="Siege of Nargund (1778)">Siege of Nargund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badami" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Badami">Siege of Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Siege of Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gajendragad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gajendragad">Battle of Gajendragad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savanur" title="Battle of Savanur">Battle of Savanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Siege of Bahadur Benda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adoni" title="Siege of Adoni">Siege of Adoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ambur" title="Siege of Ambur">Siege of Ambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bahadur_Benda" title="Siege of Bahadur Benda">Siege of Bahadur Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bangalore" title="Siege of Bangalore">Siege of Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bednore" title="Siege of Bednore">Siege of Bednore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbatore" title="Siege of Coimbatore">Siege of Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuddalore" title="Siege of Cuddalore">Siege of Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darwar" title="Siege of Darwar">Siege of Darwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Goorumconda" title="Siege of Goorumconda">Siege of Goorumconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Koppal" title="Siege of Koppal">Siege of Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore" title="Siege of Mangalore">Siege of Mangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nargund_(1778)" title="Siege of Nargund (1778)">Siege of Nargund (1778)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">Siege of Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nundydroog" title="Siege of Nundydroog">Siege of Nundydroog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savendroog" title="Siege of Savendroog">Siege of Savendroog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nargund_(1785)" title="Siege of Nargund (1785)">Siege of Nargund (1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1792)">Siege of Seringapatam (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Seringapatam (1799)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tellicherry" title="Siege of Tellicherry">Siege of Tellicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vellore" title="Siege of Vellore">Siege of Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mangalore" title="Siege of Mangalore">Siege of Mangalore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">Treaty of Seringapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madras" title="Treaty of Madras">Treaty of Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invasion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Malabar" title="Mysorean invasion of Malabar">Mysorean invasion of Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_invasion_of_Chirakkal" title="Mysore invasion of Chirakkal">Mysore invasion of Chirakkal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wodeyar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wodeyar II">Krishnaraja Wodeyar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjaraja_Wodeyar" title="Nanjaraja Wodeyar">Nanjaraja Wodeyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaraja_Wodeyar_VIII" title="Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII">Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaraja_Wodeyar_IX" title="Chamaraja Wodeyar IX">Chamaraja Wodeyar IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnaiah" title="Purnaiah">Purnaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Sadiq" title="Mir Sadiq">Mir Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ghulam_Ali" title="Mir Ghulam Ali">Mir Ghulam Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Lang" title="Ross Lang">Ross Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Auchmuty_(British_Army_officer)" title="Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)">Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Worthington_Adams" title="John Worthington Adams">John Worthington Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore">Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathul_Mujahidin" title="Fathul Mujahidin">Fathul Mujahidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreams_of_Tipu_Sultan" title="The Dreams of Tipu Sultan">The Dreams of Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Tipu_Sultan" title="The Sword of Tipu Sultan">The Sword of Tipu Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gumbaz,_Srirangapatna" title="Gumbaz, Srirangapatna">Gumbaz, Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan%27s_Summer_Palace" title="Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace">Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan_Mosque" title="Tipu Sultan Mosque">Tipu Sultan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu%27s_Tiger" title="Tipu's Tiger">Tipu's Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Kodavas_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam">Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Nairs_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam">Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_of_Mangalorean_Catholics_at_Seringapatam" title="Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam">Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64808584">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7368495">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17633/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHbPmcPfGmDKcm34hWDq">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjMBBxxhDkx3qmCbKCH3Hy">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11902327X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-bvk76","wgBackendResponseTime":2839,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.259","walltime":"2.613","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16601,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":373138,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23825,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":503473,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2226.513 1 -total"," 31.88% 709.834 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.04% 423.880 3 Template:Infobox"," 18.22% 405.702 64 Template:Cite_book"," 16.40% 365.133 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 10.41% 231.726 47 Template:Sfn"," 5.42% 120.765 3 Template:Marriage"," 5.15% 114.585 28 Template:Cite_web"," 4.93% 109.731 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.47% 99.443 18 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1,\n [\"CITEREFParthasarathi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPunganuri1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Gopal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafiq2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamdas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoychoudhury2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampath2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1930\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShekhar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeakeSimpson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSultan1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunderlal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwaminathan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValath1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYazdani2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZachariah2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzcan1997\"] 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