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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_aircraft_carrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_aircraft_carrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Development of the aircraft carrier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_aircraft_carrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-war developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fleet_air_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet_air_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fleet air defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet_air_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_projection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_projection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Strategic projection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_projection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mine_countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mine_countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mine countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mine_countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-surface_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-surface_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anti-surface warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-surface_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibious_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibious_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Amphibious warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibious_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_patrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_patrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Maritime patrol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_patrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_replenishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_replenishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Vertical replenishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_replenishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Anti-submarine warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disaster_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Disaster relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_naval_aviation_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_naval_aviation_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of naval aviation units</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_naval_aviation_units-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of naval aviation units subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_naval_aviation_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Former</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_II_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Naval aviation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="الطيران البحري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الطيران البحري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="নৌ বিমানচালনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৌ বিমানচালনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Марская авіяцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марская авіяцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aervorlu" title="Aervorlu – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aervorlu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Уһан далайн сэрэгэй авиаци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһан далайн сэрэгэй авиаци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3_naval" title="Aviació naval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aviació naval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1mo%C5%99n%C3%AD_letectvo" title="Námořní letectvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Námořní letectvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marineflieger" title="Marineflieger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marineflieger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ναυτική αεροπορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναυτική αεροπορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3n_naval" title="Aviación naval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aviación naval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="هوانوردی دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوانوردی دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ronautique_navale" title="Aéronautique navale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aéronautique navale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5" title="해군 항공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해군 항공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbangan_angkatan_laut" title="Penerbangan angkatan laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerbangan angkatan laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazione_di_marina" title="Aviazione di marina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aviazione di marina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საგემბანო ავიაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საგემბანო ავიაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8-%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Әскери-теңіз флоты авиациясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әскери-теңіз флоты авиациясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviazzion_de_marina" title="Aviazzion de marina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aviazzion de marina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_udara_tentera_laut" title="Pasukan udara tentera laut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pasukan udara tentera laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%9A%8A" title="海軍航空隊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海軍航空隊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautica_navala" title="Aeronautica navala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aeronautica navala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengiz_aviatsiyasi" title="Dengiz aviatsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dengiz aviatsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotnictwo_morskie" title="Lotnictwo morskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lotnictwo morskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_naval" title="Aviação naval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aviação naval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia%C8%9Bie_naval%C4%83" title="Aviație navală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aviație navală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Air warfare conducted by forces under naval authority, or in direct support of naval operations</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg/310px-An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg/465px-An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg/620px-An_F-A-18C_Hornet_launches_from_the_flight_deck_of_the_conventionally_powered_aircraft_carrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/F/A-18C_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18C Hornet">F/A-18C Hornet</a> launches from the flight deck of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_(CV-63)" title="USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)">USS <i>Kitty Hawk</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Naval aviation / Aeronaval</b> is the application of <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">military air power</a> by <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navies</a>, whether from <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> that embark aircraft, or land bases. It often involves <i><a href="/wiki/Navalised_aircraft" title="Navalised aircraft">navalised aircraft</a></i>, specifically designed for naval use. <b>Seaborne aviation</b> encompasses similar activities not restricted to navies, including <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guards</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/U.S._naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. naval aviator">U.S. naval aviators</a>. </p><p>Naval aviation units are typically projected to a position nearer the target by way of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based aircraft</a> must be sturdy enough to withstand the demands of carrier operations. They must be able to launch in a short distance and be sturdy and flexible enough to come to a sudden stop on a pitching flight deck; they typically have robust <a href="/wiki/Folding_wing" title="Folding wing">folding mechanisms</a> that allow higher numbers of them to be stored in below-decks hangars and small spaces on flight decks. These aircraft are designed for many purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">air-to-air combat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">surface attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">submarine attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A9riel" class="mw-redirect" title="Matériel">matériel</a> transport, <a href="/wiki/Weather_observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather observation">weather observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> and wide area <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> duties. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naval_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval helicopter">Naval helicopters</a> can be used for many of the same missions as <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> while operating from aircraft carriers, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">helicopter carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Airships_Q112310_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Airships_Q112310_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-British_Airships_Q112310_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Airships_Q112310_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-British_Airships_Q112310_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/British_Airships_Q112310_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-British_Airships_Q112310_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/HMA_No._1" title="HMA No. 1">Mayfly</a></i> was built in 1908 and was the first aircraft to be used in a naval capacity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early experiments on the use of kites for naval reconnaissance took place in 1903 at <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Common" title="Woolwich Common">Woolwich Common</a> for the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Franklin_Cody" title="Samuel Franklin Cody">Samuel Franklin Cody</a> demonstrated the capabilities of his 8-foot-long black kite and it was proposed for use as either a mechanism to hold up wires for <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> communications or as a manned reconnaissance device that would give the viewer the advantage of considerable height.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908 <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> approved the formation of an "Aerial Sub-Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Imperial_Defence" title="Committee of Imperial Defence">Committee of Imperial Defence</a>" to investigate the potential for naval aviation. In 1909 this body accepted the proposal of Captain <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bacon" title="Reginald Bacon">Reginald Bacon</a> made to the <a href="/wiki/First_Sea_Lord" title="First Sea Lord">First Sea Lord</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Sir John Fisher</a> that rigid airships should be constructed for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to be used for reconnaissance. This resulted in the construction of <i><a href="/wiki/HMA_No._1" title="HMA No. 1">Mayfly</a></i> in 1909, the first air component of the navy to become operational, and the genesis of modern naval aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first pilots for the Royal Navy were transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aero_Club" title="Royal Aero Club">Royal Aero Club</a> in June 1910 along with two aircraft with which to train new pilots, and an airfield at <a href="/wiki/Eastchurch_airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastchurch airfield">Eastchurch</a> became the Naval Flying School, the first such facility in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two hundred applications were received, and four were accepted: Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rumney_Samson" title="Charles Rumney Samson">C R Samson</a>, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Longmore" title="Arthur Longmore">A M Longmore</a>, Lieutenant A Gregory and Captain <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Gerrard" title="Eugene Gerrard">E L Gerrard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marine Light Infantry">RMLI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French also established a naval aviation capability in 1910 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Naval_Aviation" title="French Naval Aviation">Service Aeronautique</a> and the first flight training schools.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. naval aviation began with pioneer aviator <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a> who contracted with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> to demonstrate that airplanes could take off from and land aboard ships at sea. One of his pilots, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ely" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Ely">Eugene Ely</a>, took off from the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-2)" title="USS Birmingham (CL-2)">USS <i>Birmingham</i></a> anchored off the <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> coast in November 1910. Two months later Ely landed aboard another cruiser, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(ACR-4)" title="USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4)">USS <i>Pennsylvania</i></a>, in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, proving the concept of shipboard operations. However, the platforms erected on those vessels were temporary measures. The U.S. Navy and Glenn Curtiss experienced two firsts during January 1911. On 27 January, Curtiss flew the first <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a> from the water at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego Bay</a> and the next day U.S. Navy Lt. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_G._Ellyson" title="Theodore G. Ellyson">Theodore G. Ellyson</a>, a student at the nearby Curtiss School, took off in a Curtiss "grass cutter" plane to become the first <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval aviator">naval aviator</a>. </p><p>$25,000 was appropriated for the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Navigation_(United_States_Navy)" title="Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)">Bureau of Navigation (United States Navy)</a> to purchase three airplanes and in the spring of 1911 four additional officers were trained as pilots by the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> and Curtiss. A camp with a primitive landing field was established on the <a href="/wiki/Severn_River_(Maryland)" title="Severn River (Maryland)">Severn River</a> at Greenbury Point, near <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>. The vision of the aerial fleet was for scouting. Each aircraft would have a pilot and observer. The observer would use the wireless radio technology to report on enemy ships. Some thoughts were given to deliver counterattacks on hostile aircraft using "explosives or other means". Using airplanes to bomb ships was seen as largely impractical at the time. CAPT <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving_Chambers" title="Washington Irving Chambers">Washington Irving Chambers</a> felt it was much easier to defend against airplanes than mines or torpedoes. The wireless radio was cumbersome (greater than 50 pounds), but the technology was improving. Experiments were underway for the first ICS (pilot to observer comms) using headsets, as well as connecting the observer to the radio. The navy tested both telephones and voice tubes for ICS. As of August 1911, Italy was the only other navy known to be adapting hydroplanes for naval use.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group expanded with the addition of six aviators in 1912 and five in 1913, from both the Navy and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>, and conducted maneuvers with the Fleet from the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_battleship_Kilkis" title="Greek battleship Kilkis">USS <i>Mississippi</i></a>, designated as the Navy's aviation ship. Meanwhile, Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Mustin_(1874%E2%80%931923)" title="Henry C. Mustin (1874–1923)">Henry C. Mustin</a> successfully tested the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">catapult launch</a> in August 1912, and in 1915 made the first catapult launching from a ship underway. The first permanent <a href="/wiki/Naval_air_station" title="Naval air station">naval air station</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/NAS_Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="NAS Pensacola">Pensacola, Florida</a>, in January 1914 with Mustin as its commanding officer. On April 24 of that year, and for a period of approximately 45 days afterward, five <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying boats">flying boats</a> flown by ten aviators operated from <i>Mississippi</i> and the cruiser <i>Birmingham</i> off <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampico,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampico, Tamaulipas">Tampico</a>, Mexico, respectively, conducting reconnaissance for troops ashore in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg/220px-HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg/330px-HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg/440px-HMS_Hibernia_first_ship_aircraft_takeoff_1912_IWM_Q_71041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rumney_Samson" title="Charles Rumney Samson">Charles Samson</a>'s historic takeoff from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hibernia_(1905)" title="HMS Hibernia (1905)"><i>Hibernia</i></a> in 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1912, the British battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Africa_(1905)" title="HMS Africa (1905)">HMS <i>Africa</i></a> took part in aircraft experiments at <a href="/wiki/Sheerness" title="Sheerness">Sheerness</a>. She was fitted for flying off aircraft with a 100-foot (30 m) downward-sloping runway which was installed on her foredeck, running over her forward 12-inch (305 mm) <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">gun turret</a> from her forebridge to her <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bow</a> and equipped with rails to guide the aircraft. The <a href="/wiki/Gnome_Engine_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnome Engine Company">Gnome</a>-engined <a href="/wiki/Short_Improved_S.27" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Improved S.27">Short Improved S.27</a> "S.38", <a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher</a> seaplane piloted by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rumney_Samson" title="Charles Rumney Samson">Charles Samson</a> become the first British aircraft to take-off from a ship while at <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/River_Medway" title="River Medway">River Medway</a>, on 10 January 1912. <i>Africa</i> then transferred her flight equipment to her <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hibernia_(1905)" title="HMS Hibernia (1905)"><i>Hibernia</i></a>. </p><p>In May 1912, with Commander Samson again flying the "S.38", the first ever instance of an aircraft to take off from a ship which was under way occurred. <i>Hibernia</i> steamed at 10.5 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Fleet Review">Royal Fleet Review</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Bay" title="Weymouth Bay">Weymouth Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. <i>Hibernia</i> then transferred her aviation equipment to battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_London_(1899)" title="HMS London (1899)"><i>London</i></a>. Based on these experiments, the Royal Navy concluded that aircraft were useful aboard ship for spotting and other purposes, but that interference with the firing of guns caused by the runway built over the foredeck and the danger and impracticality of recovering seaplanes that alighted in the water in anything but calm weather more than offset the desirability of having airplanes aboard. In 1912, the nascent naval air detachment in the United Kingdom was amalgamated to form the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1913 a seaplane base on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Grain" title="Isle of Grain">Isle of Grain</a>, an airship base at <a href="/wiki/Kingsnorth" title="Kingsnorth">Kingsnorth</a> and eight new airfields were approved for construction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first aircraft participation in naval manoeuvres took place in 1913 with the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(1898)" title="HMS Hermes (1898)"><i>Hermes</i></a> converted into a <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaplane carrier">seaplane carrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, naval aviation was split again, and became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, shipboard naval aviation had begun in the Royal Navy, and would become a major part of fleet operations by 1917. </p><p>Other early operators of seaplanes were <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, within its <i>Marine-Fliegerabteilung</i> naval aviation units within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy"><i>Kaiserliche Marine</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. In May 1913 Germany established a naval <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelin</a> detachment in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Johannisthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Johannisthal">Berlin-Johannisthal</a> and an airplane squadron in <a href="/wiki/Puck,_Poland" title="Puck, Poland">Putzig</a> (Puck, Poland).<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Japanese</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a>, modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">RNAS</a>, in 1913. On 24 January 1913 came the first wartime naval aviation interservice cooperation mission. Greek pilots on a seaplane observed and drew a diagram of the positions of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Navy">Turkish fleet</a> against which they dropped four bombs. This event was widely commented upon in the press, both Greek and international.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseMauriceFarman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JapaneseMauriceFarman.jpg/220px-JapaneseMauriceFarman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JapaneseMauriceFarman.jpg/330px-JapaneseMauriceFarman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/JapaneseMauriceFarman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Farman_Aviation_Works" title="Farman Aviation Works">Maurice Farman</a> seaplane from <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Wakamiya" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya"><i>Wakamiya</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of war the Royal Naval Air Service had 93 aircraft, six <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>, two balloons and 727 personnel, making it larger than the Royal Flying Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main roles of the RNAS were fleet reconnaissance, patrolling coasts for enemy ships and submarines, attacking enemy coastal territory and defending Britain from enemy air-raids, along with deployment along the Western Front. In 1914 the first aerial torpedo was dropped in trials performed in a <a href="/wiki/Short_Folder" title="Short Folder">Short "Folder"</a> by Lieutenant (later <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> Sir) <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Longmore" title="Arthur Longmore">Arthur Longmore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in August 1915, a <a href="/wiki/Short_Type_184" title="Short Type 184">Short Type 184</a> piloted by Flight Commander <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edmonds" title="Charles Edmonds">Charles Edmonds</a> from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ben-my-Chree" title="HMS Ben-my-Chree">HMS <i>Ben-my-Chree</i></a> sank a Turkish supply ship in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> with a 14-inch-diameter (360 mm), 810-pound (370 kg) torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalSecurity-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first strike from a seaplane carrier against a land target as well as a sea target took place in September 1914 when the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_seaplane_carrier_Wakamiya" title="Japanese seaplane carrier Wakamiya"><i>Wakamiya</i></a> conducted ship-launched air raids<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Kiaochow_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiaochow Bay">Kiaochow Bay</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsingtao" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tsingtao">Battle of Tsingtao</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Farman" title="Maurice Farman">Maurice Farman</a> seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets (communication centers and command centers) and damaged a German <a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">minelayer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Tsingtao</a> peninsula from September until 6 November 1914, when the Germans surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Japanese plane was credited being shot down by the German aviator <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Pl%C3%BCschow" title="Gunther Plüschow">Gunther Plüschow</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Etrich_Taube" title="Etrich Taube">Etrich Taube</a>, using his pistol. </p><p>On the Western front the first naval air raid occurred on 25 December 1914 when twelve seaplanes from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Engadine_(1911)" title="HMS Engadine (1911)">HMS <i>Engadine</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Riviera" title="HMS Riviera"><i>Riviera</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Empress_(1914)" title="HMS Empress (1914)"><i>Empress</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">cross-channel</a> steamers converted into seaplane carriers) <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuxhaven Raid">attacked the Zeppelin base at Cuxhaven</a>. The raid was not a complete success, owing to sub-optimal weather conditions, including fog and low cloud, but the raid was able to conclusively demonstrate the feasibility of air-to-land strikes from a naval platform. Two German airships were destroyed at the <a href="/wiki/Tondern_raid" title="Tondern raid">Tøndern base</a> on July 19, 1918, by seven <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a> launched from the carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)" title="HMS Furious (47)">HMS <i>Furious</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1914 Germany operated 20 planes and one Zeppelin, another 15 planes were confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-Welt_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They operated from bases in Germany and Flanders (Belgium). On 19 August 1918 several British torpedo boats were sunk by 10 German planes near Heligoland. These are considered as the first naval units solely destroyed by airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war the German "Marineflieger" claimed the destruction of 270 enemy planes, 6 balloons, 2 airships, 1 Russian destroyer, 4 merchant ships, 3 submarines, 4 torpedo boats and 12 vehicles, for the loss of 170 German sea and land planes as well as 9 vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable Marineflieger aces were <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Sachsenberg" title="Gotthard Sachsenberg">Gotthard Sachsenberg</a> (31 victories), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zenzes" title="Alexander Zenzes">Alexander Zenzes</a> (18 victories), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christiansen" title="Friedrich Christiansen">Friedrich Christiansen</a> (13 victories, 1 airship and 1 submarine), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Meyer_(aviator)" title="Karl Meyer (aviator)">Karl Meyer</a> (8 victories), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Scharon" title="Karl Scharon">Karl Scharon</a> (8 victories), and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Goerth" title="Hans Goerth">Hans Goerth</a> (7 victories). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_aircraft_carrier">Development of the aircraft carrier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of the aircraft carrier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg/220px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg/330px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg/440px-100_years_of_the_RAF_MOD_45163717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5065" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Dunning" title="Edwin Harris Dunning">Sqn. Cdr. E. H. Dunning</a> makes the first landing of an aircraft on a moving ship, a <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">Sopwith Pup</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)" title="HMS Furious (47)">HMS <i>Furious</i></a>, 2 August 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The need for a more mobile strike capacity led to the development of the aircraft carrier - the backbone of modern naval aviation. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(1914)" title="HMS Ark Royal (1914)">HMS <i>Ark Royal</i></a> was the first purpose-built seaplane carrier and was also arguably the first modern aircraft carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was originally <a href="/wiki/Keel_laying" title="Keel laying">laid down</a> as a merchant ship, but was converted on the building stocks to be a hybrid airplane/seaplane carrier with a launch platform and the capacity to hold up to four wheeled aircraft. <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching" title="Ceremonial ship launching">Launched</a> on 5 September 1914, she served in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> campaign and throughout World War I. </p><p>During World War I the Royal Navy also used HMS <i>Furious</i> to experiment with the use of wheeled aircraft on ships. This ship was reconstructed three times between 1915 and 1925: first, while still under construction, it was modified to receive a <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck" title="Flight deck">flight deck</a> on the fore-deck; in 1917 it was reconstructed with separate flight decks fore and aft of the superstructure; then finally, after the war, it was heavily reconstructed with a three-quarter length main flight deck, and a lower-level take-off only flight deck on the fore-deck. </p><p>On 2 August 1917, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Dunning" title="Edwin Harris Dunning">Squadron Commander E.H. Dunning</a>, Royal Navy, landed his <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Pup" title="Sopwith Pup">Sopwith Pup</a> aircraft on <i>Furious</i> in <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, becoming the first person <i>to land</i> a plane on a moving ship.<sup id="cite_ref-furious_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furious-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was killed five days later during another landing on <i>Furious</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-furious_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furious-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/HMS_Argus_(I49)" title="HMS Argus (I49)">HMS <i>Argus</i></a> was converted from an <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a> and became the first example of what is now the standard pattern of aircraft carrier, with a full-length flight deck that allowed wheeled aircraft to take off and land. After <a href="/wiki/Ship_commissioning" title="Ship commissioning">commissioning</a>, the ship was heavily involved for several years in the development of the optimum design for other aircraft carriers. <i>Argus</i> also evaluated various types of <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a>, general procedures needed to operate a number of aircraft in concert, and fleet tactics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tondern_raid" title="Tondern raid">Tondern raid</a>, a British bombing raid against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>'s airship base at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nder" title="Tønder">Tønder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> was the first attack in history made by aircraft flying from a carrier flight deck, with seven <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a> launched from HMS <i>Furious</i>. For the loss of one man, the British destroyed two German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">zeppelins</a>, L.54 and L.60 and a captive balloon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Grumman_J2F-6_Duck_Candy_Clipper_BuNo_33549_N1214N_1st_Pass_10_15thAnny_FOF_28Nov2010_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grumman_J2F_Duck" title="Grumman J2F Duck">Grumman J2F Duck</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_aircraft" title="Amphibious aircraft">amphibious</a> <a href="/wiki/Biplane" title="Biplane">biplane</a> used for patrol</figcaption></figure> <p>Genuine aircraft carriers did not emerge beyond Britain until the early 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hōshō"><i>Hōshō</i></a> (1921) was the world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, although the initial plans and <a href="/wiki/Laid_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Laid down">laying down</a> for <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS <i>Hermes</i></a> (1924) had begun earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>Hōshō</i> and <i>Hermes</i> initially boasted the two most distinctive features of a modern aircraft carrier: a full-length flight deck and a starboard-side control tower <a href="/wiki/Island_(aircraft_carrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Island (aircraft carrier)">island</a>. Both continued to be adjusted in the light of further experimentation and experience, however: <i>Hōshō</i> even opted to remove its island entirely in favor of a less obstructed flight deck and improved pilot visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Japanese carriers opted to control their flight operations from a platform extending from the side of the flight deck.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_S._Benson" title="William S. Benson">William Benson</a> attempted to entirely dissolve the USN's <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics#Origins:_1920s_and_1930s" title="Bureau of Aeronautics">Naval Aeronautics</a> program in 1919. Assistant Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(1913–1919)" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and others succeeded in maintaining it, but the service continued to support battleship-based doctrines. To counter <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a>'s campaign to establish a separate Department of Aeronautics, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus Daniels</a> ordered a rigged test against <a href="/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-1)" title="USS Indiana (BB-1)">USS <i>Indiana</i></a> in 1920 which reached the conclusion that "the entire experiment pointed to the improbability of a modern battleship being either destroyed or completely put out of action by aerial bombs."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigation by the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i> that discovered the rigging led to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> resolutions compelling <a href="/wiki/Project_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Project B">more honest studies</a>. The sinking of <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland">SMS <i>Ostfriesland</i></a> involved violating the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">rules of engagement</a> but completely vindicated Mitchell to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some men, such as Captain (soon Rear Admiral) <a href="/wiki/William_A._Moffett" title="William A. Moffett">William A. Moffett</a>, saw the publicity stunt as a means to increase funding and support for the Navy's aircraft carrier projects. Moffett was sure that he had to move decisively in order to avoid having his fleet air arm fall into the hands of a proposed combined Land/Sea Air Force which took care of <i>all</i> the United States's airpower needs. (That very fate had befallen the two air services of the United Kingdom in 1918: the Royal Flying Corps had been combined with the Royal Naval Air Service to become the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, a condition which would remain until 1937.) Moffett supervised the development of naval air tactics throughout the '20s. The first aircraft carrier entered the U.S. fleet with the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">collier</a> USS <i>Jupiter</i> and its recommissioning as <a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a> in 1922. </p><p>Many British naval vessels carried float planes, seaplanes or amphibians for reconnaissance and spotting: two to four on battleships or <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruisers</a> and one on cruisers. The aircraft, a <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Seafox" title="Fairey Seafox">Fairey Seafox</a> or later a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">Supermarine Walrus</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">catapult-launched</a>, and landed on the sea alongside for recovery by crane. Several <a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine aircraft carriers">submarine aircraft carriers</a> were built by Japan, each carrying one floatplane, which did not prove effective in war. The French Navy built one large <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Surcouf" title="French submarine Surcouf"><i>Surcouf</i></a>, which also carried one floatplane, and was also not effective in war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier_operations_during_World_War_II" title="Aircraft carrier operations during World War II">Aircraft carrier operations during World War II</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> saw the emergence of naval aviation as the decisive element in the war at sea. The principal users were Japan, United States (both with Pacific interests to protect) and Britain. Germany, the Soviet Union, France and Italy had a lesser involvement. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Soviet Naval Aviation</a> was mostly organised as land-based coastal defense force (apart from some scout floatplanes it consisted almost exclusively of land-based types also used by its air arms). </p><p>During the course of the war, seaborne aircraft were used in fleet actions at sea (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a>), strikes against naval units in port (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>), support of ground forces (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>). <a href="/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">Carrier-based aircraft</a> were specialised as <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>. Surface-based aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">PBY Catalina</a> helped finding submarines and surface fleets. </p><p>In World War II the aircraft carrier replaced the battleship as the most powerful naval offensive weapons system as battles between fleets were increasingly fought out of gun range by aircraft. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato"><i>Yamato</i></a>, the heaviest battleship ever built, was first turned back by light <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carrier</a> aircraft and later sunk lacking its own air cover. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg/220px-Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg/330px-Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg/440px-Douglas_SBD_5_tricolor_with_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>The Douglas Dauntless SBD was used extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> of 1942, 16 <a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Air Force">Army</a> medium bombers were launched from the carrier <i>Hornet</i> on one-way missions to bomb Japan. All were lost to fuel exhaustion after bombing their targets and the experiment was not repeated. Smaller carriers were built in large numbers to escort slow cargo convoys or supplement fast carriers. Aircraft for observation or light raids were also carried by battleships and cruisers, while blimps were used to search for attack submarines. </p><p>Experience showed that there was a need for widespread use of aircraft which could not be met quickly enough by building new fleet aircraft carriers. This was particularly true in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, where convoys were highly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> attack. The British authorities used unorthodox, temporary, but effective means of giving air protection such as <a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">merchant aircraft carriers</a>, merchant ships modified to carry a small number of aircraft. The solution to the problem were large numbers of mass-produced merchant hulls converted into <a href="/wiki/Escort_aircraft_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Escort aircraft carriers">escort aircraft carriers</a> (also known as "jeep carriers"). These basic vessels, unsuited to fleet action by their capacity, speed and vulnerability, nevertheless provided air cover where it was needed. </p><p>The Royal Navy had observed the impact of naval aviation and, obliged to prioritise their use of resources, abandoned battleships as the mainstay of the fleet. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS <i>Vanguard</i></a> was therefore the last British battleship and her sisters were cancelled. The United States had already instigated a large construction programme (which was also cut short) but these large ships were mainly used as anti-aircraft batteries or for <a href="/wiki/Naval_gunfire_support" title="Naval gunfire support">shore bombardment</a>. </p><p>Other actions involving naval aviation included: </p> <ul><li>Battle of the Atlantic, aircraft carried by low-cost escort carriers were used for antisubmarine patrol, defense, and attack.</li> <li>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> in 1941, Japanese carrier-based aircraft sank many US warships during the attack on Pearl Harbor and land-based aircraft <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sank two large British warships</a>. Engagements between Japanese and American naval fleets were then conducted largely or entirely by aircraft - examples include the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a>, Midway, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boyne_227_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyne_227-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, with the first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikazes</a>, perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Largest_naval_battle_in_history" title="Largest naval battle in history">largest naval battle in history</a>. Japan's last carriers and pilots are deliberately sacrificed, a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">battleship</a> is sunk by aircraft.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go" title="Operation Ten-Go">Operation Ten-Go</a> demonstrated U.S. air supremacy in the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Pacific theater</a> by this stage in the war and the vulnerability of <a href="/wiki/Surface_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface ship">surface ships</a> without air cover to aerial attack.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_developments">Post-war developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1,_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1%2C_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg/220px-British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1%2C_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1%2C_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg/330px-British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1%2C_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1%2C_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg/440px-British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier_FRS1%2C_UK_-_Navy_AN2111926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The ski-jump and a <a href="/wiki/Sea_Harrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Harrier">Sea Harrier</a> on Royal Navy carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(R05)" title="HMS Invincible (R05)">HMS <i>Invincible</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jet aircraft were used on aircraft carriers after the War. The first jet landing on a carrier was made by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Brown_(pilot)" title="Eric Brown (pilot)">Lt Cdr Eric 'Winkle' Brown</a> who landed on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(R68)" title="HMS Ocean (R68)">HMS <i>Ocean</i></a> in the specially modified <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">de Havilland Vampire</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_military_aircraft_registration_number" title="United Kingdom military aircraft registration number">registration</a> LZ551/G) on 3 December 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Flight_deck#Angled_flight_deck" title="Flight deck">angled flight decks</a>, jets were regularly operating from carriers by the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important development of the early 1950s was the British invention of the angled flight deck by Capt D.R.F. Campbell RN in conjunction with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Boddington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Boddington (page does not exist)">Lewis Boddington</a> of the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The runway was canted at an angle of a few degrees from the longitudinal axis of the ship. If an aircraft missed the arrestor cables (referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Bolter_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolter (aviation)">bolter</a>"), the pilot only needed to increase <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> power to maximum to get airborne again, and would not hit the parked aircraft because the angled deck pointed out over the sea. The angled flight deck was first tested on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(R16)" title="HMS Triumph (R16)">HMS <i>Triumph</i></a>, by painting angled deck markings onto the centerline flight deck for touch and go landings.<sup id="cite_ref-SPCflightdeck_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPCflightdeck-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_catapult" title="Aircraft catapult">steam-powered catapult</a>, powered by steam from a ship's <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a> or reactors, was invented by Commander C.C. Mitchell of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Naval Reserve">Royal Naval Reserve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was widely adopted following trials on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Perseus_(R51)" title="HMS Perseus (R51)">HMS <i>Perseus</i></a> between 1950 and 1952 which showed it to be more powerful and reliable than the hydraulic catapults which had been introduced in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Optical_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Landing System">Optical Landing System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mirror_landing_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror landing aid">Mirror Landing Aid</a> was invented by Lieutenant Commander H. C. N. Goodhart RN.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first trials of a mirror landing sight were conducted on HMS <i>Illustrious</i> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Navy built the first aircraft carrier to be powered by <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> was powered by eight nuclear reactors and was the second surface warship (after <a href="/wiki/USS_Long_Beach_(CGN-9)" title="USS Long Beach (CGN-9)">USS <i>Long Beach</i></a>) to be powered in this way. The post-war years also saw the development of the <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>, with a variety of useful roles and mission capability aboard aircraft carriers and other naval ships. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United Kingdom and the United States converted some older carriers into Commando Carriers or <a href="/wiki/Landing_Platform_Helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Platform Helicopter">Landing Platform Helicopters</a> (LPH); seagoing helicopter airfields like <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bulwark_(R08)" title="HMS Bulwark (R08)">HMS <i>Bulwark</i></a>. To mitigate the expensive connotations of the term "aircraft carrier", the <a href="/wiki/Invincible-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Invincible-class aircraft carrier"><i>Invincible</i>-class</a> carriers were originally designated as "through deck cruisers" and were initially to operate as helicopter-only craft escort carriers. </p><p>The arrival of the Sea Harrier <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a>/<a href="/wiki/STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> fast jet meant that the Invincible-class could carry fixed-wing aircraft, despite their short flight decks. The British also introduced the <a href="/wiki/Ski-jump_ramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ski-jump ramp">ski-jump ramp</a> as an alternative to contemporary catapult systems.<sup id="cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Royal Navy retired or sold the last of its World War II-era carriers, they were replaced with smaller ships designed to operate helicopters and the V/STOVL Sea Harrier jet. The ski-jump gave the Harriers an enhanced STOVL capability, allowing them to take off with heavier payloads.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the US Navy completed the first successful catapult launch and arrested landing of an <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle</a> (UAV) aboard an aircraft carrier. After a decade of research and planning, the US Navy has been testing the integration of UAVs with carrier-based forces since 2013, using the experimental <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_X-47B" title="Northrop Grumman X-47B">Northrop Grumman X-47B</a>, and is working to procure a fleet of carrier-based UAVs, referred to as the Unmanned Carrier Launched Airborne Surveillance and Strike (UCLASS) system.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval aviation forces primarily perform naval roles at sea. However, they are also used for other tasks which vary between states. Common roles for such forces include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_071112-N-1465K-005_An_MH-53E_Sea_Dragon,_from_Helicopter_Mine_Countermeasure_Squadron_(HM)_15,_performs_mine_countermeasure_training_using_the_MK-105_sled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_071112-N-1465K-005_An_MH-53E_Sea_Dragon%2C_from_Helicopter_Mine_Countermeasure_Squadron_%28HM%29_15%2C_performs_mine_countermeasure_training_using_the_MK-105_sled.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_071112-N-1465K-005_An_MH-53E_Sea_Dragon%2C_from_Helicopter_Mine_Countermeasure_Squadron_%28HM%29_15%2C_performs_mine_countermeasure_training_using_the_MK-105_sled.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/US_Navy_071112-N-1465K-005_An_MH-53E_Sea_Dragon%2C_from_Helicopter_Mine_Countermeasure_Squadron_%28HM%29_15%2C_performs_mine_countermeasure_training_using_the_MK-105_sled.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-53E_Super_Stallion" title="Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion">MH-53E</a> helicopter, performs mine countermeasure training using the MK-105 sled</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet_air_defense">Fleet air defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fleet air defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carrier-based naval aviation provides a country's seagoing forces with air cover over areas that may not be reachable by land-based aircraft, giving them a considerable advantage over navies composed primarily of surface combatants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_projection">Strategic projection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Strategic projection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval aviation also provides countries with the opportunity to deploy military aircraft over land and sea, without the need for air bases on land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mine_countermeasures">Mine countermeasures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mine countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft may be used to conduct <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mine</a> <a href="/wiki/Minesweeping" title="Minesweeping">clearance</a>, the aircraft tows a sled through the water but is itself at a significant distance from the water, hopefully putting itself out of harm's way. Aircraft include the <a href="/wiki/MH-53E" class="mw-redirect" title="MH-53E">MH-53E</a> and <a href="/wiki/AW101" class="mw-redirect" title="AW101">AW101</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-surface_warfare">Anti-surface warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-surface warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aircraft operated by navies are also used in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-surface_warfare" title="Anti-surface warfare">anti-surface warfare</a> (ASUW or ASuW) role, to attack enemy ships and other, <a href="/wiki/Surface_combatant" title="Surface combatant">surface combatants</a>. This is generally conducted using air-launched <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibious_warfare">Amphibious warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amphibious warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval aviation is also used as part of <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a>. Aircraft based on naval ships provide support to <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marines</a> and other forces performing amphibious landings. Ship-based aircraft may also be used to support amphibious forces as they move inland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_patrol">Maritime patrol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Maritime patrol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval aircraft are used for various <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol</a> missions, such as reconnaissance, search and rescue, and maritime law enforcement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breguet_1150_Atlantic,_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Breguet_1150_Atlantic%2C_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg/220px-Breguet_1150_Atlantic%2C_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Breguet_1150_Atlantic%2C_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg/330px-Breguet_1150_Atlantic%2C_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Breguet_1150_Atlantic%2C_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg/440px-Breguet_1150_Atlantic%2C_Germany_-_Navy_AN1088449.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_1150_Atlantic" title="Bréguet 1150 Atlantic">1150 Atlantic</a> is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">ASW</a> land based aircraft</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_replenishment">Vertical replenishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vertical replenishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vertical_replenishment" title="Vertical replenishment">Vertical replenishment</a> (VERTREP) is a method of supplying naval vessels at sea, by <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>. This means moving cargo and supplies from supply ships to the flight decks of other naval vessels using naval helicopters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-submarine_warfare">Anti-submarine warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the navies of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> faced a significant threat from <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> submarine forces, specifically <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/SSN_(U.S._Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSN (U.S. Navy)">SSN</a> and <a href="/wiki/SSGN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSGN">SSGN</a> assets. This resulted in the development and deployment of light aircraft carriers with major <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> (ASW) capabilities by European NATO navies. One of the most effective weapons against submarines is the ASW helicopter, several of which could be based on these light ships. These carriers are typically around 20,000 tons <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displacement</a> and carry a mix of ASW helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. Land-based maritime patrol aircraft are also useful in this role, since they can operate independently of aircraft carriers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_relief">Disaster relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disaster relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Naval aircraft are used to airlift supplies, insert specialized personnel (e.g. medical staff, relief workers), and evacuate persons in distress in the aftermath of natural disasters. Naval aircraft are vital in cases where traditional infrastructure to provide relief are destroyed or overtaxed in the wake of a disaster, such as when a region's airport is destroyed or overcrowded and the region cannot be effectively accessed by road or helicopter. The capability of ships to provide clean, fresh water which can be transported by helicopter to affected areas is also valuable. Naval aircraft played an important part in providing relief in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Typhoon Haiyan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_naval_aviation_units">List of naval aviation units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of naval aviation units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Naval_Aviation" title="Argentine Naval Aviation">Argentine Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm_(RAN)" title="Fleet Air Arm (RAN)">Fleet Air Arm (RAN)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Naval_Aviation" title="Bangladesh Naval Aviation">Bangladesh Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a>)<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Atl%C3%A2ntico_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4562" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>A Brazilian Navy EC725 helicopter</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Naval_Aviation" title="Brazilian Naval Aviation">Brazilian Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Naval_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force">People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Naval_Aviation_Command" title="Republic of China Naval Aviation Command">Republic of China Naval Aviation Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy" title="Republic of China Navy">Republic of China Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_Navy_Aviation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean Navy Aviation (page does not exist)">Chilean Navy Aviation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviaci%C3%B3n_Naval_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Aviación Naval de Chile">es</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy#Aircraft" title="Colombian Navy">Colombian Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Colombian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation" title="United States Marine Corps Aviation">Department of Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flotilla_de_Aeronaves_(FLOAN)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flotilla de Aeronaves (FLOAN) (page does not exist)">Flotilla de Aeronaves (FLOAN)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Naval_Aviation" title="French Naval Aviation">French Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marineflieger" title="Marineflieger">Marineflieger</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Aviation_Command" title="Navy Aviation Command">Navy Aviation Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Air_Arm" title="Indian Naval Air Arm">Indian Naval Air Arm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Naval_Aviation_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesian Naval Aviation Center (page does not exist)">Indonesian Naval Aviation Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy_Aviation" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation">Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Islamic Republic of Iran Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Naval_Aviation" title="Italian Naval Aviation">Italian Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Force_(JMSDF)" title="Fleet Air Force (JMSDF)">Fleet Air Force</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy#Republic_of_Korea_Fleet" title="Republic of Korea Navy">Air Wing Six</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">Republic of Korea Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy_Aviation" title="Royal Malaysian Navy Aviation">Royal Malaysian Navy Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy" title="Royal Malaysian Navy">Royal Malaysian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Naval_Aviation" title="Mexican Naval Aviation">Mexican Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Navy" title="Mexican Navy">Mexican Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Naval_Air_Arm" title="Pakistan Naval Air Arm">Pakistan Naval Air Arm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Pakistan Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Naval_Aviation" title="Peruvian Naval Aviation">Peruvian Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Navy" title="Peruvian Navy">Peruvian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Navy#Ships_and_naval_aircraft" title="Polish Navy">Polish Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Navy" title="Polish Navy">Polish Navy</a>) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Australian_Air_Force_(A47-006)_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_%28A47-006%29_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg/220px-Royal_Australian_Air_Force_%28A47-006%29_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_%28A47-006%29_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg/330px-Royal_Australian_Air_Force_%28A47-006%29_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Royal_Australian_Air_Force_%28A47-006%29_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg/440px-Royal_Australian_Air_Force_%28A47-006%29_Boeing_P-8A_Poseidon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Although operated by the <a href="/wiki/RAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF">RAAF</a> the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-8_Poseidon" title="Boeing P-8 Poseidon">Boeing P-8A</a> flies patrol for naval operations</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Naval_Aviation" title="Portuguese Naval Aviation">Portuguese Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Aviation" title="Russian Naval Aviation">Russian Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Naval_Air_Division" title="Royal Thai Naval Air Division">Royal Thai Naval Air Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Navy" title="Royal Thai Navy">Royal Thai Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Naval Aviation">Turkish Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Navy">Turkish Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Naval_Aviation" title="Ukrainian Naval Aviation">Ukrainian Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Navy" title="Ukrainian Navy">Ukrainian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> (United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander,_Naval_Air_Forces" title="Commander, Naval Air Forces">United States Naval Air Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Force,_Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Naval Air Force, Vietnam People's Navy">Naval Air Force, Vietnam People's Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy" title="Vietnam People's Navy">Vietnam People's Navy</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former">Former</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Former"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K.u.K._Seefliegerkorps" class="mw-redirect" title="K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps">K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Service_(Greece)" title="Naval Air Service (Greece)">Naval Air Service (Greece)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greece_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece Navy">Greece Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Naval_Aviation_Service" title="Netherlands Naval Aviation Service">Netherlands Naval Aviation Service</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy" title="Royal Netherlands Navy">Royal Netherlands Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (UK <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Soviet Naval Aviation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_aviation" title="Army aviation">Army aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_air_forces" title="List of naval air forces">List of naval air forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">Military aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_United_States_Navy_carrier_air_operations" title="Modern United States Navy carrier air operations">Modern United States Navy carrier air operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_air_squadron" title="Naval air squadron">Naval air squadron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fleetairarmoa.org/fleet-air-arm-history-timeline">"Fleet Air Arm History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fleet+Air+Arm+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fleetairarmoa.org%2Ffleet-air-arm-history-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Benbow2011" class="citation book cs1">Tim Benbow, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U96KYjd7hPEC"><i>British Naval Aviation: The First 100 Years</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409406129" title="Special:BookSources/9781409406129"><bdi>9781409406129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Naval+Aviation%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781409406129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU96KYjd7hPEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill" class="citation book cs1">Roskill. <i>The Naval Air Service</i>. Vol. I. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Air+Service&rft.pages=6&rft.au=Roskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGollin" class="citation book cs1">Gollin. <i>Impact of Air Power on the British People and the Government</i>. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Air+Power+on+the+British+People+and+the+Government&rft.pages=168&rft.au=Gollin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill" class="citation book cs1">Roskill. <i>The Naval Air Service</i>. Vol. I. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Air+Service&rft.pages=33&rft.au=Roskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/france/navy/fra-navy-home.htm">"France Naval Aviation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+Naval+Aviation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeroflight.co.uk%2Fwaf%2Ffrance%2Fnavy%2Ffra-navy-home.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Times-Picayune. Our Aero Amphibian Fleet. John Elfreth Watkins. August 20, 1911. Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill" class="citation book cs1">Roskill. <i>The Naval Air Service</i>. Vol. I. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Air+Service&rft.pages=37&rft.au=Roskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill" class="citation book cs1">Roskill. <i>The Naval Air Service</i>. Vol. I. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Air+Service&rft.pages=70&rft.au=Roskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill" class="citation book cs1">Roskill. <i>The Naval Air Service</i>. Vol. I. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Air+Service&rft.pages=138&rft.au=Roskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill" class="citation book cs1">Roskill. <i>The Naval Air Service</i>. Vol. I. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Air+Service&rft.pages=156&rft.au=Roskill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welt_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welt_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/geschichte/article115906361/Als-Wilhelm-II-seiner-Flotte-das-Fliegen-befahl.html">"Marineflieger: Als Wilhelm II. seiner Flotte das Fliegen befahl"</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a>, 6 May 2013, <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haf.gr/en/history/history/history_2.asp">Hellenic Air Force History – Balkan Wars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718062057/http://www.haf.gr/en/history/history/history_2.asp">Archived</a> 2009-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayman" class="citation book cs1">Layman. <i>Naval Aviation in the First World War</i>. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Aviation+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=206&rft.au=Layman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalSecurity-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlobalSecurity_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">GlobalSecurity.org. Military. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/tb.htm">TB Torpedo Bomber. T Torpedo and bombing.</a> Retrieved on 29 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guinness-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guinness_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guinness Book of Air Facts and Feats</i> (3rd ed.). 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+Air+Facts+and+Feats&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wakamiya</i> is "credited with conducting the first successful carrier air raid in history"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/index.html">Source:GlobalSecurity.org</a>, also "the first air raid in history to result in a success" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/wakamiya-av.htm">here</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sabre et pinceau", Christian Polak, p92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/wakamiya-av.htm">IJN Wakamiya Aircraft Carrier</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed., McFarland, 2017, p. 430</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed., McFarland, 2017, p. 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Paul Neumann, Die deutschen Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege, E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin, 1920, p. 589</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayman1989" class="citation book cs1">Layman, R. D. (1989). <i>Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-210-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-210-9"><bdi>978-0-87021-210-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Aircraft+Carrier%3A+The+Development+of+Aviation+Vessels+1859%E2%80%931922&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-210-9&rft.aulast=Layman&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-furious-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-furious_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-furious_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613210138/http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.880/changeNav/3533">"HMS Furious 1917"</a>. <i>Royal Navy</i>. RN official web site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.880/changeNav/3533">the original</a> on 13 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Navy&rft.atitle=HMS+Furious+1917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal-navy.mod.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2FconWebDoc.880%2FchangeNav%2F3533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021206155632/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1910/ely-birm.htm">"Eugene Ely's Flight from USS <i>Birmingham</i>, 14 November 1910"</a>. U.S. Department of the Navy – Naval Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1910s/ev-1910/ely-birm.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eugene+Ely%27s+Flight+from+USS+Birmingham%2C+14+November+1910&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Navy+%E2%80%93+Naval+Historical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fphotos%2Fevents%2Fev-1910s%2Fev-1910%2Fely-birm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanovich, Kathrin. "Hôshô: The First Aircraft Carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy", <span class="nowrap">pp. 9 ff.</span> in John Jordan's <i>Warship</i>. Conway (London), 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-062-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-062-3">978-1-84486-062-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanovich (2008), <span class="nowrap">p. 17 ff.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peattie, Mark. <i>Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909–1941</i>, <span class="nowrap">p. 53.</span> Naval Institute Press (Annapolis), 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-432-6">1-55750-432-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Correll, John T. "Billy Mitchell and the Battleships" in <i>Air Force Magazine</i>, <span class="nowrap">pp. 64 f.</span> June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History & Heritage Command">Naval History & Heritage Command</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb2.htm">The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201213720/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb2.htm">Archived</a> 2014-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. 3 Apr 2007. Accessed 31 Dec 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boyne_227-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boyne_227_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyne (2003), pp.227–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishNavalAviation-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritishNavalAviation_32-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturtivant1990" class="citation book cs1">Sturtivant, Ray (1990). <i>British Naval Aviation, The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England: Arm & Armour Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-938-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85368-938-6"><bdi>978-0-85368-938-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Naval+Aviation%2C+The+Fleet+Air+Arm%2C+1917-1990&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Arm+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85368-938-6&rft.aulast=Sturtivant&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPCflightdeck-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPCflightdeck_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.gov.au/history/angled-flight-deck">"The angled flight deck"</a>. <i>Sea Power Centre Australia</i>. Royal Australian Navy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sea+Power+Centre+Australia&rft.atitle=The+angled+flight+deck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.gov.au%2Fhistory%2Fangled-flight-deck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125013609/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA378145">"Using Simulation to Optimize Ski Jump Ramp Profiles for STOVL Aircraft"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA378145">the original</a> on January 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+Simulation+to+Optimize+Ski+Jump+Ramp+Profiles+for+STOVL+Aircraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DADA378145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2014" class="citation news cs1">Ernst, Douglas (19 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/aug/19/navys-new-x-47b-drone-completes-key-aircraft-carri/">"Navy's X-47B drone completes 'key' carrier tests alongside F/A-18 Hornet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Navy%27s+X-47B+drone+completes+%27key%27+carrier+tests+alongside+F%2FA-18+Hornet&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Faug%2F19%2Fnavys-new-x-47b-drone-completes-key-aircraft-carri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2014" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, Sean (23 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/04/top-gun-robot-style-navy-moves-ahead-on-carrier-based-drone-program/">"Top Gun, robot-style: Navy moves ahead on carrier-based drone program"</a>. <i>arstechnica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=arstechnica&rft.atitle=Top+Gun%2C+robot-style%3A+Navy+moves+ahead+on+carrier-based+drone+program&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2014%2F04%2Ftop-gun-robot-style-navy-moves-ahead-on-carrier-based-drone-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron2011" class="citation web cs1">Waldron, Greg (25 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/japan-selects-northrop-mine-hunting-gear-for-mch101-fleet-363840/">"Japan selects Northrop mine-hunting gear for MCH101 fleet"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111110121208/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/japan-selects-northrop-mine-hunting-gear-for-mch101-fleet-363840/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Japan+selects+Northrop+mine-hunting+gear+for+MCH101+fleet&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fjapan-selects-northrop-mine-hunting-gear-for-mch101-fleet-363840%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANaval+aviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grosnick, Roy A. United States Naval Aviation 1910 - 1995 (4th ed. 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Comprehensive-Guide-Aviation-History-ebook/dp/B00D9HLFB4/">partly online</a>. Full text (775 pages) public domain edition is also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/usna1910.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216235851/http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/usna1910.htm">Archived</a> 2014-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Ireland, Bernard. <i> The History of Aircraft Carriers: An authoritative guide to 100 years of aircraft carrier development</i> (2008)</li> <li>Polmar, Norman. <i>Aircraft carriers;: A graphic history of carrier aviation and its influence on world events</i> (1969)</li> <li>Polmar, Norman. <i>Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and Its Influence on World Events</i> (2nd ed. 2 vol 2006)</li> <li>Polmar, Norman, ed. <i>Historic Naval Aircraft: The Best of "Naval History" Magazine</i> (2004)</li> <li>Smith, Douglas, V. <i>One Hundred Years of U.S. Navy Air Power</i> (2010)</li> <li>Trimble, William F. <i>Hero of the Air: Glenn Curtiss and the Birth of Naval Aviation</i> (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King, Dan, ed. <i>The Last Zero Fighter: Firsthand Accounts from WWII Japanese Naval Pilots</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Last-Zero-Fighter-Firsthand/dp/1468178806/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Lundstrom, John B. <i>The First Team: Pacific Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-First-Team-Pacific-Combat/dp/159114471X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_G._Reynolds" title="Clark G. Reynolds">Reynolds, Clark G.</a>, <i>The fast carriers: the forging of an air navy</i> (3rd ed. 1992)</li> <li>Reynolds, Clark G. <i> On the Warpath in the Pacific: Admiral Jocko Clark and the Fast Carriers</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/On-Warpath-Pacific-Admiral-Carriers/dp/1591147166/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Symonds, Craig L. <i>The Battle of Midway</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Pivotal-Moments-American-History/dp/0195397932/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Tillman, Barrett. <i>Enterprise: America's Fightingest Ship and the Men Who Helped Win World War II</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Enterprise-Americas-Fightingest-Helped-World/dp/1439190879/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_aviation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Naval_aviation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Naval aviation">Naval aviation</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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