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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Foundations of the academic discipline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations_of_the_academic_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positivism_and_Anti-positivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positivism_and_Anti-positivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Positivism and Anti-positivism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Positivism_and_Anti-positivism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Positivism and Anti-positivism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Positivism_and_Anti-positivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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id="toc-Functionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Functionalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Conflict theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_social_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_social_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 20th century social theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_social_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Structure and agency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research methodology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_methodology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research methodology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Sampling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Computational sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_applications_of_social_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_applications_of_social_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Practical applications of social research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practical_applications_of_social_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_of_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Areas of sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_and_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_and_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Scope and topics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scope_and_topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scope and topics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scope_and_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminality,_deviance,_law_and_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminality,_deviance,_law_and_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Criminality, deviance, law and punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminality,_deviance,_law_and_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Economic sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family,_gender,_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family,_gender,_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Family, gender, and sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family,_gender,_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Health and illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Knowledge and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Political sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Race and ethnic relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15 Social networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.16 Social psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.17 Stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_and_rural_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_and_rural_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.18 Urban and rural sociology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_and_rural_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.19 Work and industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology_and_the_other_academic_disciplines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology_and_the_other_academic_disciplines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sociology and the other academic disciplines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology_and_the_other_academic_disciplines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E_tun_wo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E_tun_wo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 E tun wo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E_tun_wo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Itokasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itokasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Itokasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itokasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iwe_fun_kika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iwe_fun_kika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Iwe fun kika </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 167 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-167" aria-hidden="true" > Àwọn èdè 167 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologie" title="Sosiologie – Èdè Afrikani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sosiologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Èdè Afrikani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Súwísì ti Jámánì" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Súwísì ti Jámánì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%8D_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የባሕል ጥናት – Èdè Amariki" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የባሕል ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Amariki" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioloch%C3%ADa" title="Sociolochía – Èdè Aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sociolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Èdè Aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="علم الاجتماع – Èdè Lárúbáwá" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الاجتماع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Èdè Lárúbáwá" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سوسيولوجيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سوسيولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="সমাজতত্ত্ব – Èdè Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সমাজতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Èdè Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolox%C3%ADa" title="Socioloxía – Èdè Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Socioloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologiya" title="Sosiologiya – Èdè Asabaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosiologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Èdè Asabaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="توپلوم‌بیلیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپلوم‌بیلیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Èdè Bashiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bashiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoc%C4%93luog%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Suocēluogėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Suocēluogėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялогія – Èdè Belarusi" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыялогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Èdè Belarusi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Сацыялёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыялёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_kemasarakatan" title="Èlmu kemasarakatan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu kemasarakatan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Èdè Bugaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bugaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_masarakat" title="Kaji masarakat – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji masarakat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সমাজবিজ্ঞান – Èdè Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমাজবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིག་པ། – Tibetán" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྱི་ཚོགས་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetán" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Èdè Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Èdè Katala" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Èdè Katala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Èdè Sebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کۆمەڵناسی – Ààrin Gbùngbùn Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمەڵناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Ààrin Gbùngbùn Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suciolugia" title="Suciolugia – Èdè Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Suciolugia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè Seeki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Èdè Seeki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Социологи – Èdè Ṣufasi" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Социологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ṣufasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymdeithaseg" title="Cymdeithaseg – Èdè Welshi" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymdeithaseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Èdè Welshi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologi" title="Sociologi – Èdè Denmaki" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sociologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Èdè Denmaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Èdè Jámánì" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Èdè Jámánì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolociye" title="Sosyolociye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sosyolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοινωνιολογία – Èdè Giriki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνιολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Èdè Giriki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolog%C3%ACa" title="Sociologìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sociologìa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologio" title="Sociologio – Èdè Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sociologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Èdè Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolog%C3%ADa" title="Sociología – Èdè Sípáníìṣì" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sípáníìṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsioloogia" title="Sotsioloogia – Èdè Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsioloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Èdè Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologia" title="Soziologia – Èdè Baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soziologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Èdè Baski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جامعه‌شناسی – Èdè Pasia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Èdè Pasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologia" title="Sosiologia – Èdè Finisi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Èdè Finisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsioloogia" title="Sotsioloogia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sotsioloogia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Èdè Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Èdè Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè Faransé" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Èdè Faransé" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjologii" title="Sosjologii – Èdè Ariwa Frisa" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sosjologii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ariwa Frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologjie" title="Sociologjie – Firiúlíànì" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sociologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Firiúlíànì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjology" title="Sosjology – Èdè Frisia" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sosjology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Èdè Frisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socheola%C3%ADocht" title="Socheolaíocht – Èdè Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Socheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="社會學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji" title="Sosyoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sosyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B2las-comainn" title="Eòlas-comainn – Èdè Gaelik ti Ilu Scotland" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eòlas-comainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Èdè Gaelik ti Ilu Scotland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolox%C3%ADa" title="Socioloxía – Èdè Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Socioloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Èdè Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarekokuaaty" title="Avarekokuaaty – Èdè Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avarekokuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="સમાજશાસ્ત્ર – Èdè Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સમાજશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Èdè Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheshoaylleeaght" title="Sheshoaylleeaght – Máǹkì" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sheshoaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Máǹkì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyar_al%27umma" title="Kimiyar al'umma – Èdè Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kimiyar al'umma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Èdè Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="סוציולוגיה – Èdè Heberu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוציולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Èdè Heberu" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Èdè Híńdì" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Èdè Híńdì" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Èdè Kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji" title="Sosyoloji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sosyoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szociol%C3%B3gia" title="Szociológia – Èdè Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Èdè Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոցիոլոգիա – Èdè Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Èdè Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Èdè pipo" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Èdè pipo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Èdè Iba" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Èdè Iba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Èdè Indonéṣíà" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Èdè Indonéṣíà" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè àtọwọ́dá" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Èdè àtọwọ́dá" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologio" title="Sociologio – Èdè Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sociologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lagsfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Félagsfræði – Èdè Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Félagsfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Èdè Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Èdè Ítálì" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ítálì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学 – Èdè Jàpáànù" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Èdè Jàpáànù" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suosialaji" title="Suosialaji – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suosialaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Èdè Javanasi" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Èdè Javanasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციოლოგია – Èdè Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Èdè Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Әлеуметтану – Kaṣakì" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kaṣakì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="សង្គមវិទ្យា – Èdè kameri" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គមវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Èdè kameri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಮಾಜಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Èdè Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮಾಜಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%ED%95%99" title="사회학 – Èdè Kòríà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Èdè Kòríà" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Èdè Karasha-Baka" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Èdè Karasha-Baka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civaknas%C3%AE" title="Civaknasî – Kọdiṣì" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Civaknasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kọdiṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Èdè Latini" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Èdè Latini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiolojiya" title="Sosiolojiya – Èdè Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sosiolojiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Lùṣẹ́mbọ́ọ̀gì" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lùṣẹ́mbọ́ọ̀gì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiolojia" title="Sosiolojia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sosiolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè Limbogishi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Èdè Limbogishi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2ciologia" title="Sòciologia – Liguriani" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sòciologia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguriani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologia" title="Soziologia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Soziologia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ສັງຄົມວິທະຍາ – Láò" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັງຄົມວິທະຍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Láò" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Èdè Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Èdè Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolo%C4%A3ija" title="Socioloģija – Èdè látífíànì" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Socioloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Èdè látífíànì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4si%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Sôsiôlôjia – Malagasì" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôsiôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Социологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Социологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социологија – Èdè Masidonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Èdè Masidonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സമൂഹശാസ്ത്രം – Málàyálámù" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമൂഹശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Málàyálámù" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Èdè marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Èdè marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Èdè Malaya" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Malaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C4%8Bjolo%C4%A1ija" title="Soċjoloġija – Èdè Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Soċjoloġija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Èdè Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè Mirandisi" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Èdè Mirandisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="လူမှုဗေဒ – Èdè Bumiisi" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူမှုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Bumiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziologie" title="Soziologie – Jámánì ìpìlẹ̀" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Soziologie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jámánì ìpìlẹ̀" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjologie" title="Sosjologie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sosjologie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Èdè Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Èdè Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="समाजशास्त्र – Èdè Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समाजशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Èdè Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè Dọ́ọ̀ṣì" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Èdè Dọ́ọ̀ṣì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Nọ́ọ́wè Nínọ̀sìkì" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nọ́ọ́wè Nínọ̀sìkì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Nọ́ọ́wè Bokímàl" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Nọ́ọ́wè Bokímàl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologia" title="Sosiologia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sosiologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Èdè Ọ̀kísítáànì" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ọ̀kísítáànì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiwwaasa" title="Xiwwaasa – Òròmọ́" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiwwaasa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Òròmọ́" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ସମାଜ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Èdè Òdíà" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସମାଜ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Òdíà" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Социологи – Ọṣẹ́tíìkì" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Социологи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ọṣẹ́tíìkì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਮਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Èdè Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologia" title="Sosiologia – Èdè Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sosiologia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolodjie" title="Sociolodjie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sociolodjie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjologia" title="Socjologia – Èdè Póláǹdì" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Póláǹdì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عمرانیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عمرانیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ټولنپوهنه – Páshítò" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Páshítò" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologia" title="Sociologia – Èdè Pọtogí" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sociologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Èdè Pọtogí" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologie" title="Sociologie – Èdè Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sociologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Èdè Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Èdè Rọ́ṣíà" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Èdè Rọ́ṣíà" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Соціолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="समाजशास्त्रम् – Èdè awon ara Indo" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="समाजशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Èdè awon ara Indo" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Sàkíhà" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sàkíhà" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="àyọkà pàtàkì"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotziologia" title="Sotziologia – Èdè Sadini" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sotziologia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sadini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suciulugg%C3%ACa" title="Suciuluggìa – Èdè Sikila" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Suciuluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sikila" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Èdè Sikoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sikoti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سماجيات – Èdè Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سماجيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Èdè Serbo-Croatiani" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Èdè Serbo-Croatiani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnamunt" title="Tasnamunt – Taṣelíìtì" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnamunt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Taṣelíìtì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sociology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociol%C3%B3gia" title="Sociológia – Èdè Slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Èdè Slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologija" title="Sociologija – Èdè Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sociologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Èdè Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambanzanga" title="Ruambanzanga – Ṣọnà" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambanzanga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Ṣọnà" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologjia" title="Sociologjia – Èdè Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sociologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Èdè Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социологија – Èdè Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Èdè Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi" title="Sosiologi – Èdè Sudanísì" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sosiologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Èdè Sudanísì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologi" title="Sociologi – Èdè Suwidiisi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sociologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Èdè Suwidiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimujamii" title="Elimujamii – Èdè Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimujamii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Èdè Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சமூகவியல் – Èdè Tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூகவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="సామాజిక శాస్త్రం – Èdè Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సామాజిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Èdè Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҷомеашиносӣ – Èdè Tàjíìkì" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷомеашиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tàjíìkì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="สังคมวิทยา – Èdè Tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังคมวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiologi%C3%BDa" title="Sosiologiýa – Èdè Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sosiologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Èdè Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiolosi" title="Sosiolosi – Èdè Tok Pisini" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sosiolosi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tok Pisini" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyoloji" title="Sosyoloji – Èdè Tọọkisi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Èdè Tọọkisi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социология – Tátárì" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Социология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tátárì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="جەمئىيەتشۇناسلىق – Yúgọ̀" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەمئىيەتشۇناسلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Yúgọ̀" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціологія – Èdè Ukania" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Èdè Ukania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عمرانیات – Èdè Udu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمرانیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Èdè Udu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiologiya" title="Sotsiologiya – Èdè Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sotsiologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Èdè Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socio%C5%82ozia" title="Sociołozia – Fènéṣìànì" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sociołozia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Fènéṣìànì" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Xã hội học – Èdè Jetinamu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã hội học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Èdè Jetinamu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyolohiya" title="Sosyolohiya – Èdè Wara" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sosyolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Èdè Wara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学 – Èdè Wu ti Saina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社会学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Èdè Wu ti Saina" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISosioloji" title="ISosioloji – Èdè Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISosioloji" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Èdè Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოციოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סאציאלאגיע – Èdè Yiddishi" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאציאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Èdè Yiddishi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolohie" title="Sociolohie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sociolohie" 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data-file-height="132" /></a></div></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> Àyọkà yìí únfẹ́ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%C3%8Cy%C3%ADl%C3%A9d%C3%A8d%C3%A0" title="Wikipedia:Ìyílédèdà">ìyílédèdà</a> sí Yorùbá. Ẹ ran <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> lọ́wọ́ <a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit">ṣàtúnṣe sí ìyílédèdà</a> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width:22em; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; width:18.5em;" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.2em; font-size:175%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:SNA_segment.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Social Network Analysis diagram"><img alt="Social Network Analysis diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/SNA_segment.png/170px-SNA_segment.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/SNA_segment.png/255px-SNA_segment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/SNA_segment.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Social Network Analysis diagram</figcaption></figure></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.4em; padding-bottom:0.3em;;background:none;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Outline</a></th> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom:0.3em;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àròjinlẹ̀</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ìtàn</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; ;"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Positivism</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipositivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipositivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Antipositivism</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural functionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Functionalism</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflict theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Conflict theory</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_range_theory_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle range theory (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Middle-range</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Mathematical</a> <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Socialization</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structure_and_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structure and agency (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Structure and agency</a> </div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom:0.3em;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Research methods</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; ;"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Quantitative</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Qualitative</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_comparative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical comparative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Historical</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computational sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Computational</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnography (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ethnographic</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network analysis (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Network analytic</a> </div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom:0.3em;;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Topics</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subfields_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subfields of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Subfields</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; ;"> <div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urban sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Cities</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Class</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Crime</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of culture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Culture</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deviance_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deviance (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Deviance</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demography (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Demography</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of education (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Education</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Economy</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Environment</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_the_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of the family (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Family</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_gender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of gender (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Gender</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_health_and_illness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of health and illness (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Health</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Industry</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_the_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of the Internet (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Internet</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of knowledge (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Knowledge</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of law (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Law</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Medicine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Politics</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_mobility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social mobility (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Mobility</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Race and ethnicity</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalization_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalization (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Rationalization</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of religion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Religion</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Science</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Secularization</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social networks</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social psychology</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_stratification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social stratification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Stratification</a> </div></td> </tr><tr> <th class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom:0.3em;;">Browse</th> </tr><tr> <td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; ;"> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%88b%C3%BAt%C3%A9:Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Èbúté:Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Portal</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_category_tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology category tree (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Category tree</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BA%B8%CC%80ka:Sociology_lists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ẹ̀ka:Sociology lists (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Lists</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BA%B8%CC%80ka:Sociology_journals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ẹ̀ka:Sociology journals (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Journals</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sociologists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sociologists (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociologists</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_sociology_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of sociology articles (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Article index</a> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right; font-size: 115%;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-wo"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Sociology" title="Àdàkọ:Sociology"><abbr title="Wo àdàkọ yìí">w</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-ọ̀rọ̀"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%BB%8C%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%A0d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ọ̀rọ̀ àdàkọ:Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)"><abbr title="Ìfọ̀rọ̀wérọ̀ àdàkọ yìí">ọ</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-àtúnṣe"><a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Sociology&action=edit"><abbr title="Àtúnṣe àdàkọ yìí">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀awùjọ ni àgbéwòkà onísáyẹ́nsì <a href="/wiki/%C3%80w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D" title="Àwùjọ">àwùjọ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Ó jẹ́ <a href="/wiki/Social_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Social science">sáyẹ́nsì àwùjọ</a> (a term with which it is sometimes synonymous) tó únlo oríṣi ọ̀nà ìwádìí oníìrírí<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements8-2">[2]</a> and critical analysis<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements4-3">[3]</a> láti ṣàgbédìde àpapọ̀ ìmọ̀ nípa àgbéṣe àwùjọ ọmọnìyàn. Fún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn aṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ èrò iṣẹ́ wọn ni láti ṣe ìwadìí tí yíò ṣe é múlò tààrà sí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social policy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ètòìlú àwùjọ</a> àti ìtọ́jú, nígbàtí àwọn míràn dá ṣẹ́ wọn lórí ìtúnṣe ìlóye aláròjinlẹ̀ àwọn àgbéṣe àwùjọ. Orí-ọ̀rọ̀ ṣegbàjá láti orí-pele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">oníkékeré</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìṣàgbéṣe</a> ẹnìkọ̀kan àti ìbáṣepọ̀ dé orí-pele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macrosociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macrosociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">onígbàngbà</a> àwọn sístẹ́mù àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social structure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìpele àwùjọ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giddens_Intro-4">[4]</a> Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ ti úndálórí <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_stratification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social stratification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìtòlẹ́se àwùjọ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">àtòsọ́tọ̀ àwùjọ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80%E1%B9%A3%C3%A0" title="Àṣà">àṣà</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_mobility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social mobility (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìyípòpadà àwùjọ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of religion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ẹ̀sìn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularisation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìsọditaráayé</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of law (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">òfin</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deviance_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deviance (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìyájú</a>. Gbogbo àyíká àgbéṣe ọmọnìyàn jẹ́ nínípa lórí látọwọ́ ìṣepapọ̀ láàrin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structure_and_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structure and agency (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìpele àwùjọ àti ìṣàgbéṣe ẹnìkọ̀kan</a>, Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀awùjọ ti fẹ̀ díẹ̀díẹ̀ dé orí-ọ̀rọ̀ bíi <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">àdìmúlẹ̀</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of health (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìlera</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">oníwòsàn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ológun</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_punishment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of punishment (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìjẹníyà</a> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_the_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of the Internet (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Internet</a>, bẹ́ẹ̀sìni iṣẹ́ àgbéṣe àwùjọ nínú ìdàgbàsókè <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì</a>. Gbàjá àwọn ọ̀nà sáyẹ́nsì àwùjọ náà tún ti fẹ̀ si. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àwọn aṣèwadìí àwùjọ</a> únlo oríṣi ọ̀nà <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìdárasí</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ìpòsí</a>. Àwọn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_turn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistic turn (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">linguistic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_turn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural turn (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural turns</a> of the mid-twentieth century led to increasingly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verstehen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verstehen (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">interpretative</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">hermeneutic</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">philosophic</a> approaches to the analysis of society. Conversely, recent decades have seen the rise of new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">analytically</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">mathematically</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computational sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">computationally</a> rigorous techniques, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agent-based_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agent-based model (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">agent-based modelling</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social network analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-From_Factors_to_Actors:_Computational_Sociology_and_Agent-Based_Modeling-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Computational_Social_Science-6">[6]</a> Sociology should not be confused with various general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social studies</a> courses which bear little relation to sociological theory or social science research methodology. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ìtàn">Ìtàn</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ìtàn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ìtàn">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ct%C3%A0n_%C3%AC%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ìtàn ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ìtàn ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80t%E1%BB%8D%CC%80j%E1%BB%8D_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_a%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àtọ̀jọ àwọn aṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àtọ̀jọ àwọn aṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Timeline of sociology</a></div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀">Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg/150px-Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg/225px-Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg/300px-Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332-1406)</figcaption></figure>Sociological reasoning predates the foundation of the discipline. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western culture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Western knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and has been carried out from at least as early as the time of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. The origin of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical survey (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">survey</a>, i.e., the collection of information from a sample of individuals, can be traced back at least early as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesday_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domesday Book (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Domesday Book</a> in 1086,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> while ancient philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Confucius" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> wrote on the importance of social roles. There is evidence of early sociology in medieval Islam. Some consider <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, a 14th century <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Islamic</a> scholar from North Africa, to have been the first sociologist; his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muqaddimah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muqaddimah (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Muqaddimah</a> was perhaps the first work to advance social-scientific reasoning on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_cohesion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social cohesion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social cohesion</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_conflict&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social conflict (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social conflict</a>. <a href="#cite_note-Akhtar-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Psychology_from_Islamic_Perspective:_Contributions_of_Early_Muslim_Scholars_and_Challenges_to_Contemporary_Muslim_Psychologists-10">[10]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Enan-11">[11]</a> <a href="#cite_note-The_Autonomous,_the_Universal_and_the_Future_of_Sociology-12">[12]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Gates-13">[13]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Mowlana-14">[14]</a> The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sociology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sociology">sociology</a> (or "sociologie") is derived from both Latin and Greek origins. The <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin">Latin</a> word: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/socius" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:socius">socius</a>, "companion"; -ology, "the study of", and in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:λόγος">λόγος</a>, lógos, "word", "knowledge". It was first coined in 1780 by the French essayist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel-Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès</a> (1748–1836) in an unpublished <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuscript (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">manuscript</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Sociology was later defined independently by the French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher_of_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosopher of science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">philosopher of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1798–1857), in 1838.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Comte used this term to describe a new way of looking at society.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Comte had earlier used the term "social physics", but that had subsequently been appropriated by others, most notably the Belgian statistician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Quetelet (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Adolphe Quetelet</a>. Comte endeavored to unify history, psychology and economics through the scientific understanding of the social realm. Writing shortly after the malaise of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">positivism</a>, an epistemological approach outlined in <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Course in Positive Philosophy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Course in Positive Philosophy</a> [1830–1842] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_General_View_of_Positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A General View of Positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">A General View of Positivism</a> (1848). Comte believed a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_three_stages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of three stages (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">positivist stage</a> would mark the final era, after conjectural <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theological&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theological (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">theological</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaphysics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaphysics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">metaphysical</a> phases, in the progression of human understanding.<a href="#cite_note-comte-18">[18]</a> In observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and having classified the sciences, Comte may be regarded as the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher_of_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosopher of science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">philosopher of science</a> in the modern sense of the term.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Auguste_Comte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Auguste_Comte.jpg/220px-Auguste_Comte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Auguste_Comte.jpg/330px-Auguste_Comte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Auguste_Comte.jpg/440px-Auguste_Comte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> (1798-1857)</figcaption></figure><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> Comte gave a powerful impetus to the development of sociology, an impetus which bore fruit in the later decades of the nineteenth century. To say this is certainly not to claim that French sociologists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durkheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durkheim (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Durkheim</a> were devoted disciples of the high priest of positivism. But by insisting on the irreducibility of each of his basic sciences to the particular science of sciences which it presupposed in the hierarchy and by emphasizing the nature of sociology as the scientific study of social phenomena Comte put sociology on the map. To be sure, [its] beginnings can be traced back well beyond <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, for example, and to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Condorcet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Condorcet (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Condorcet</a>, not to speak of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Henri_de_Rouvroy,_comte_de_Saint-Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Saint-Simon</a>, Comte's immediate predecessor. But Comte's clear recognition of sociology as a particular science, with a character of its own, justified Durkheim in regarding him as the father or founder of this science, in spite of the fact that Durkheim did not accept the idea of the three states and criticized Comte's approach to sociology. — <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Copleston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Copleston (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Frederick Copleston</a> A History of Philosophy: IX Modern Philosophy 1974, <a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></cite></blockquote><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Karl_Marx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/150px-Karl_Marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/225px-Karl_Marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/300px-Karl_Marx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1818-1883)</figcaption></figure>Both <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> set out to develop scientifically justified systems in the wake of European <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrialization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">industrialization</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">secularization</a>, informed by various key movements in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of history (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">philosophies of history</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">and science</a>. Marx rejected Comtean positivism but in attempting to develop a science of society nevertheless came to be recognized as a founder of sociology as the word gained wider meaning. For <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, Marx may be regarded as the "true father" of modern sociology, "in so far as anyone can claim the title."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> To have given clear and unified answers in familiar empirical terms to those theoretical questions which most occupied men's minds at the time, and to have deduced from them clear practical directives without creating obviously artificial links between the two, was the principle achievement of Marx's theory. The sociological treatment of historical and moral problems, which Comte and after him, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Taine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Taine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Taine</a>, had discussed and mapped, became a precise and concrete study only when the attack of militant Marxism made its conclusions a burning issue, and so made the search for evidence more zealous and the attention to method more intense. — <cite><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a> Karl Marx: His Life and Environment 1937, <a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></cite></blockquote><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Herbert_Spencer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Herbert_Spencer.jpg/150px-Herbert_Spencer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Herbert_Spencer.jpg/225px-Herbert_Spencer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Herbert_Spencer.jpg/300px-Herbert_Spencer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> (1820-1903)</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was one of the most popular and influential 19th century sociologists. It is estimated that he sold one million books in his lifetime, far more than any other sociologist at the time. So strong was his influence that many other 19th century thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, defined their ideas in relation to his. Durkheim’s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_Labour_in_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of Labour in Society (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Division of Labour in Society</a> is to a large extent an extended debate with Spencer from whose sociology, many commentators now agree, Durkheim borrowed extensively.<a href="#cite_note-Émile_Durkheim's_Division_of_Labor_and_the_Shadow_of_Herbert_Spencer-23">[23]</a> Also a notable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologist (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">biologist</a>, Spencer coined the term "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_of_the_fittest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival of the fittest (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">survival of the fittest</a>". Whilst Marxian ideas defined one strand of sociology, Spencer was a critic of socialism as well as strong advocate for a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laissez-faire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laissez-faire (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">laissez-faire</a> style of government. His ideas were highly observed by conservative political circles, especially in the United States and England.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundations_of_the_academic_discipline">Foundations of the academic discipline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Foundations of the academic discipline" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Foundations of the academic discipline">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/wiki/Emile_Durkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Durkheim">Emile Durkheim</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_facts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social facts (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social facts</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Emile_Durkheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emile_Durkheim.jpg/170px-Emile_Durkheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Emile_Durkheim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></figcaption></figure>Formal academic sociology was established by Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social research</a>. While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Bordeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Bordeaux (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Bordeaux</a> in 1895, publishing his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_the_Sociological_Method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rules of the Sociological Method (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Rules of the Sociological Method</a> (1895).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-26">[26]</a> For Durkheim, sociology could be described as the "science of <a href="/wiki/Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution">institutions</a>, their genesis and their functioning".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Durkheim's seminal monograph, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide (book) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Suicide</a> (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Catholic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protestant (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Protestant</a> populations, distinguished sociological analysis from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">psychology</a> or philosophy. It also marked a major contribution to the theoretical concept of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural functionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">structural functionalism</a>. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than that of Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychological (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">psychological</a>) causes. He developed the notion of objective suis generis "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> Through such studies he posited that sociology would be able to determine whether any given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anomie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anomie (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">anomie</a>". Sociology quickly evolved as an academic response to the perceived challenges of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">modernity</a>, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrialization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">industrialization</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbanization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">urbanization</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">secularization</a>, and the process of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalization_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalization (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">rationalization</a>".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The field predominated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental Europe (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">continental Europe</a>, with British <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">anthropology</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">statistics</a> generally following on a separate trajectory. By the turn of the 20th century, however, many theorists were active in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Saxon world (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Anglo-Saxon world</a>. Few early sociologists were confined strictly to the subject, interacting also with <a href="/wiki/Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisprudence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurisprudence (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">jurisprudence</a>, psychology and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, with theories being appropriated in a variety of different fields. Since its inception, sociological epistemologies, methods, and frames of inquiry, have significantly expanded and diverged.<a href="#cite_note-Giddens_Intro-4">[4]</a> Durkheim, Marx, and the German theorist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> are typically cited as the three principal architects of social science.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Weber_–_Stanford_Encyclopaedia_of_Philosophy-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Graham_Sumner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Graham Sumner (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">William Graham Sumner</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_F._Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lester F. Ward (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Lester F. Ward</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilfredo_Pareto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilfredo Pareto (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Vilfredo Pareto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexis_de_Tocqueville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexis de Tocqueville (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Sombart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Sombart (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Werner Sombart</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorstein_Veblen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorstein Veblen (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Thorstein Veblen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Tönnies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Georg Simmel</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mannheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mannheim (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Karl Mannheim</a> are occasionally included on academic curricula as founding theorists. Each key figure is associated with a particular theoretical perspective and orientation.<a href="#cite_note-transformation325-30">[30]</a> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> Marx and Engels associated the emergence of modern society above all with the development of capitalism; for Durkheim it was connected in particular with industrialization and the new social division of labor which this brought about; for Weber it had to do with the emergence of a distinctive way of thinking, the rational calculation which he associated with the Protestant Ethic (more or less what Marx and Engels speak of in terms of those 'icy waves of egotistical calculation'). Together the works of these great classical sociologists suggest what Giddens has recently described as 'a multidimensional view of institutions of modernity' and which emphasizes not only capitalism and industrialism as key institutions of modernity, but also 'surveillance' (meaning 'control of information and social supervision') and 'military power' (control of the means of violence in the context of the industrialization of war). — <cite>John Harriss The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century 1992, <a href="#cite_note-transformation325-30">[30]</a></cite></blockquote><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_developments">Other developments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Other developments" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Other developments">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg/170px-Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg/255px-Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg/340px-Ferdinand_Toennies_Bueste_Husum-Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Tönnies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bust_(sculpture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bust (sculpture) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">bust</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Husum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husum (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Husum</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure>The first college course entitled "Sociology" was taught in the United States at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yale (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Yale</a> in 1875 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Graham_Sumner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Graham Sumner (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">William Graham Sumner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1883 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lester_F._Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lester F. Ward (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Lester F. Ward</a>, the first president of the American Sociological Association, published Dynamic Sociology—Or Applied social science as based upon statical sociology and the less complex sciences and attacked the laissez-faire sociology of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and Sumner.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-24">[24]</a> Ward's 1200 page book was used as core material in many early American sociology courses. In 1890, the oldest continuing American course in the modern tradition began at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Kansas (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Kansas</a>, lectured by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_W._Blackmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank W. Blackmar (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Frank W. Blackmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_Kansas_Sociology_Department_Webpage-32">[32]</a> The Department of Sociology at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Chicago (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Chicago</a> was established in 1892 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albion_Woodbury_Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albion Woodbury Small (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Albion Small</a>, who also published the first sociology textbook: An introduction to the study of society 1894.<a href="#cite_note-uchicago1970-33">[33]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Herbert Mead (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">George Herbert Mead</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Cooley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Cooley (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Charles Cooley</a>, who had met at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Michigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Michigan (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Michigan</a> in 1891 (along with <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>), would move to Chicago in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Their influence gave rise to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social psychology</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_interactionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic interactionism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">symbolic interactionism</a> of the modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_school_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago school (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Chicago School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">American Journal of Sociology</a> was founded in 1895, followed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sociological_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Sociological Association (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">American Sociological Association</a> (ASA) in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-uchicago1970-33">[33]</a> The sociological "canon of classics" with Durkheim and <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> at the top owes in part to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talcott_Parsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talcott Parsons (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Talcott Parsons</a>, who is largely credited with introducing both to American audiences.<a href="#cite_note-camic-36">[36]</a> Parsons consolidated the sociological tradition and set the agenda for American sociology at the point of its fastest disciplinary growth. Sociology in the United States was less historically influenced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Marxism</a> than its European counterpart, and to this day broadly remains more statistical in its approach.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The first sociology department to be established in the United Kingdom was at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics and Political Science</a> (home of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Journal_of_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Journal of Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">British Journal of Sociology</a>) in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-British_Journal_of_Sociology_Website-38">[38]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Trelawny_Hobhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse</a> became a lecturer in the discipline at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_London&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of London (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of London</a> in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harriet_Martineau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harriet Martineau (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Harriet Martineau</a>, an English translator of Comte, has been cited as the first female sociologist.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 1909 the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie (<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Sociological_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Sociological Association (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">German Sociological Association</a>) was founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Tönnies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> and Max Weber, among others. Weber established the first department in Germany at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> in 1919, having presented an influential new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antipositivist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antipositivist (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">antipositivist</a> sociology.<a href="#cite_note-Bendix1-41">[41]</a> In 1920, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florian_Znaniecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florian Znaniecki (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Florian Znaniecki</a> set up the first department <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology in Poland (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">in Poland</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Social_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Social Research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Institute for Social Research</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goethe_University_Frankfurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goethe University Frankfurt (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Frankfurt</a> (later to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurt_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurt School (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Frankfurt School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>) was founded in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-42">[42]</a> International co-operation in sociology began in 1893, when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Worms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Worms (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">René Worms</a> founded the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Worms" class="extiw" title="fr:René Worms">Institut International de Sociologie</a>, an institution later eclipsed by the much larger <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Sociological_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Sociological Association (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">International Sociological Association</a> (ISA), founded in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positivism_and_Anti-positivism">Positivism and Anti-positivism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Positivism and Anti-positivism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Positivism and Anti-positivism">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positivism">Positivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Positivism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Positivism">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Positivism</a></div>The overarching <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">methodological</a> principle of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">positivism</a> is to conduct sociology in broadly the same manner as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">natural science</a>. An emphasis on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empiricism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empiricism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">empiricism</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific method (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">scientific method</a> is sought to provide a tested foundation for sociological research based on the assumption that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only arrive by positive affirmation through scientific methodology. <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> "Our main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism." — <cite><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, The Rules of Sociological Method (1895), <a href="#cite_note-DinW-44">[44]</a></cite></blockquote>The term has long since ceased to carry this meaning; there are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halfpenny-45">[45]</a> Many of these approaches do not self-identify as "positivist", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empiricism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empiricism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">empiricism</a>. The extent of antipositivist criticism has also diverged, with many rejecting the scientific method and others only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (broadly understood as a scientific approach to the study of society) remains dominant in contemporary sociology, especially in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loic_Wacquant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loic Wacquant (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Loic Wacquant</a> distinguishes three major strains of positivism: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durkheimian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durkheimian (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Durkheimian</a>, Logical and Instrumental.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> None of these are the same as that set forth by Comte, who was unique in advocating such a rigid (and perhaps optimistic) version.<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements11-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-47">[47]</a> While Émile Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method. Durkheim maintained that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisted that they should retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> He developed the notion of objective sui generis "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> The variety of positivism that remains dominant today is termed instrumental positivism. This approach eschews epistemological and metaphysical concerns (such as the nature of social facts) in favor of methodological clarity, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Replicability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Replicability (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">replicability</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reliabilism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliabilism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">reliability</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Validity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Validity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">validity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gartell-48">[48]</a> This positivism is more or less synonymous with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">quantitative research</a>, and so only resembles older positivism in practice. Since it carries no explicit philosophical commitment, its practitioners may not belong to any particular school of thought. Modern sociology of this type is often credited to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lazarsfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Lazarsfeld (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Paul Lazarsfeld</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> who pioneered large-scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analyzing them. This approach lends itself to what <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Merton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Merton (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Robert K. Merton</a> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_range_theory_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle range theory (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">middle-range theory</a>: abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole.<a href="#cite_note-Boudon-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-positivism">Anti-positivism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Anti-positivism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Anti-positivism">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Anti-positivism</a></div>Reactions against social empiricism began when German philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Hegel</a> voiced opposition to both empiricism, which he rejected as uncritical, and determinism, which he viewed as overly mechanistic.<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s methodology borrowed from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelian_dialectic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelian dialectic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Hegelian dialecticism</a> but also a rejection of positivism in favour of critical analysis, seeking to supplement the empirical acquisition of "facts" with the elimination of illusions.<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements2-51">[51]</a> He maintained that appearances need to be critiqued rather than simply documented. Early hermeneuticians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Dilthey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Dilthey (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> pioneered the distinction between natural and social science ('<a href="/w/index.php?title=Geisteswissenschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geisteswissenschaft (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Geisteswissenschaft</a>'). Various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantian (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">neo-Kantian</a> philosophers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenomenology (philosophy) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">phenomenologists</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">human scientists</a> further theorized how the analysis of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social reality (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social world</a> differs to that of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural world (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">natural world</a> due to the irreducibly complex aspects of human society, <a href="/wiki/Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture">culture</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Being&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Being (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">being</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> At the turn of the 20th century the first generation of German sociologists formally introduced methodological <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-positivism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">anti-positivism</a>, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norm_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norm (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">norms</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Value_(personal_and_cultural)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Value (personal and cultural) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">values</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbol (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">symbols</a>, and social processes viewed from a resolutely <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject (philosophy) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">subjective</a> perspective. <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> argued that sociology may be loosely described as a science as it is able to identify <a href="/w/index.php?title=Causality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causality (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">causal relationships</a> of human "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social action (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social action</a>"—especially among "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideal_type&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideal type (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ideal types</a>", or hypothetical simplifications of complex social phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements5-53">[53]</a> As a non-positivist, however, Weber sought relationships that are not as "historical, invariant, or generalizable"<a href="#cite_note-Classical_Statements6-54">[54]</a> as those pursued by natural scientists. Fellow German sociologist, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Tönnies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ferdinand Tönnies</a>, theorized on two crucial abstract concepts with his work on "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft</a>" (lit. community and society). Tönnies marked a sharp line between the realm of concepts and the reality of social action: the first must be treated axiomatically and in a deductive way ("pure sociology"), whereas the second empirically and inductively ("applied sociology").<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Max_Weber_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/170px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/255px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Weber_1894.jpg/340px-Max_Weber_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Max Weber</figcaption></figure><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> [Sociology is ] ... the science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give a causal explanation of the way in which the action proceeds and the effects which it produces. By 'action' in this definition is meant the human behavior when and to the extent that the agent or agents see it as subjectively meaningful ... the meaning to which we refer may be either (a) the meaning actually intended either by an individual agent on a particular historical occasion or by a number of agents on an approximate average in a given set of cases, or (b) the meaning attributed to the agent or agents, as types, in a pure type constructed in the abstract. In neither case is the 'meaning' to be thought of as somehow objectively 'correct' or 'true' by some metaphysical criterion. This is the difference between the empirical sciences of action, such as sociology and history, and any kind of prior discipline, such as jurisprudence, logic, ethics, or aesthetics whose aim is to extract from their subject-matter 'correct' or 'valid' meaning. — <cite><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> The Nature of Social Action 1922, <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></cite></blockquote>Both Weber and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Georg Simmel</a> pioneered the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Verstehen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verstehen (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Verstehen</a>" (or 'interpretative') method in social science; a systematic process by which an outside observer attempts to relate to a particular cultural group, or indigenous people, on their own terms and from their own point-of-view.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Through the work of Simmel, in particular, sociology acquired a possible character beyond positivist data-collection or grand, deterministic systems of structural law. Relatively isolated from the sociological academy throughout his lifetime, Simmel presented idiosyncratic analyses of modernity more reminiscent of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenomenology_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenomenology (philosophy) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">phenomenological</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Existentialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Existentialism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">existential</a> writers than of Comte or Durkheim, paying particular concern to the forms of, and possibilities for, social individuality.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1971-58">[58]</a> His sociology engaged in a neo-Kantian inquiry into the limits of perception, asking 'What is society?' in a direct allusion to Kant's question 'What is nature?'<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Simmel_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Simmel_01.JPG/170px-Simmel_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Simmel_01.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Georg Simmel</figcaption></figure><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> The deepest problems of modern life flow from the attempt of the individual to maintain the independence and individuality of his existence against the sovereign powers of society, against the weight of the historical heritage and the external culture and technique of life. The antagonism represents the most modern form of the conflict which primitive man must carry on with nature for his own bodily existence. The eighteenth century may have called for liberation from all the ties which grew up historically in politics, in religion, in morality and in economics in order to permit the original natural virtue of man, which is equal in everyone, to develop without inhibition; the nineteenth century may have sought to promote, in addition to man's freedom, his individuality (which is connected with the division of labor) and his achievements which make him unique and indispensable but which at the same time make him so much the more dependent on the complementary activity of others; Nietzsche may have seen the relentless struggle of the individual as the prerequisite for his full development, while socialism found the same thing in the suppression of all competition – but in each of these the same fundamental motive was at work, namely the resistance of the individual to being leveled, swallowed up in the social-technological mechanism. — <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Georg Simmel</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Metropolis_and_Mental_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Metropolis and Mental Life (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Metropolis and Mental Life</a> 1903, <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></cite></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_frameworks">Theoretical frameworks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Theoretical frameworks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Theoretical frameworks">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociological theory</a></div>The contemporary discipline of sociology is theoretically multi-paradigmatic.<a href="#cite_note-Abend-61">[61]</a> Modern sociological theory descends from the historical foundations of functionalist (Durkheim) and conflict-centered (Marx) accounts of social structure, as well as the micro-scale structural (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Simmel</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pragmatism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pragmatism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">pragmatist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Herbert Mead (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Mead</a>) theories of social interaction. Contemporary sociological theory retains traces of these approaches. Presently, sociological theories lack a single overarching foundation, and there is little consensus about what such a framework should consist of.<a href="#cite_note-Abend-61">[61]</a> However, a number of broad paradigms cover much present sociological theorizing. In the humanistic parts of the discipline, these paradigms are referred to as social theory, and are often shared with the humanities. The discipline's dominant scientifically-oriented areas generally focus on a different set of theoretical perspectives, which by contrast are generally referred to as sociological theory. These include <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_institutionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New institutionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">new institutionalism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social networks</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_identity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social identity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social identity</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social capital (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural capital (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural capital</a>, toolkit and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cognitive science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cognitive</a> theories of <a href="/wiki/Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture">culture</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resource_mobilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resource mobilization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">resource mobilization</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Analytical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Analytical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Analytical sociology</a> is an ongoing effort to systematize many of these <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_range_theory_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle range theory (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">middle-range theories</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functionalism">Functionalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Functionalism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Functionalism">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural functionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Structural functionalism</a></div>A broad historical paradigm in both sociology and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">anthropology</a>, functionalism addresses the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social structure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social structure</a> as a whole and in terms of the necessary function of its constituent elements. A common analogy (popularized by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>) is to regard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norm_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norm (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">norms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution">institutions</a> as 'organs' that work toward the proper-functioning of the entire 'body' of society.<a href="#cite_note-Sociology_beyond_societies:_mobilities_for_the_twenty-first_century-62">[62]</a> The perspective was implicit in the original sociological positivism of Comte, but was theorized in full by Durkheim, again with respect to observable, structural laws. Functionalism also has an anthropological basis in the work of theorists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Mauss (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Marcel Mauss</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronisław Malinowski (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bronisław Malinowski</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radcliffe-Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radcliffe-Brown (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Radcliffe-Brown</a>. It is in Radcliffe-Brown's specific usage that the prefix 'structural' emerged.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Classical functionalist theory is generally united by its tendency towards biological analogy and notions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_evolutionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social evolutionism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social evolutionism</a>. As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Giddens (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Giddens</a> states: "Functionalist thought, from Comte onwards, has looked particularly towards biology as the science providing the closest and most compatible model for social science. Biology has been taken to provide a guide to conceptualizing the structure and the function of social systems and to analyzing processes of evolution via mechanisms of adaptation ... functionalism strongly emphasizes the pre-eminence of the social world over its individual parts (i.e. its constituent actors, human subjects)."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_theory">Conflict theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Conflict theory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Conflict theory">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflict theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Conflict theory</a></div>Functionalism aims only toward a general perspective from which to conduct social science. Methodologically, its principles generally contrast those approaches that emphasize the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">"micro"</a>, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verstehen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verstehen (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">interpretivism</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_interactionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic interactionism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">symbolic interactionism</a>. Its emphasis on "cohesive systems", however, also holds political ramifications. Functionalist theories are often therefore contrasted with "conflict theories" which critique the overarching socio-political system or emphasize the inequality of particular groups. The works of Durkheim and Marx epitomize the political, as well as theoretical, disparities, between functionalist and conflict thought respectively: <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> To aim for a civilization beyond that made possible by the nexus of the surrounding environment will result in unloosing sickness into the very society we live in. Collective activity cannot be encouraged beyond the point set by the condition of the social organism without undermining health. — <cite>Émile Durkheim <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Division_of_Labor_in_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Division of Labor in Society (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Division of Labor in Society</a> 1893, <a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></cite></blockquote><blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes. — <cite><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> & <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> 1848, <a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </cite></blockquote><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_social_theory">20th century social theory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Àtúnṣe abala: 20th century social theory" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: 20th century social theory">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence,_Budapest,_Hungary,_2004_October.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg/150px-Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg/225px-Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg/300px-Anthony_Giddens_at_the_Progressive_Governance_Converence%2C_Budapest%2C_Hungary%2C_2004_October.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Giddens (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Anthony Giddens</a></figcaption></figure>The functionalist movement reached its crescendo in the 1940s and 1950s, and by the 1960s was in rapid decline.<a href="#cite_note-Coakley-67">[67]</a> By the 1980s, functionalism in Europe had broadly been replaced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflict theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">conflict</a>-oriented approaches.<a href="#cite_note-Slattery-68">[68]</a> While some of the critical approaches also gained popularity in the United States, the mainstream of the discipline instead shifted to a variety of empirically-oriented <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_range_theory_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle range theory (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">middle-range theories</a> with no single overarching theoretical orientation. To many in the discipline, functionalism is now considered "as dead as a dodo."<a href="#cite_note-Barnes-69">[69]</a> As the influence of both functionalism and Marxism in the 1960s began to wane, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_turn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistic turn (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">linguistic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_turn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural turn (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural turns</a> led to myriad new movements in the social sciences: "According to Giddens, the orthodox consensus terminated in the late 1960s and 1970s as the middle ground shared by otherwise competing perspectives gave way and was replaced by a baffling variety of competing perspectives. This third 'generation' of social theory includes phenomenologically inspired approaches, critical theory, ethnomethodology, symbolic interactionism, structuralism, post-structuralism, and theories written in the tradition of hermeneutics and ordinary language philosophy."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural linguistics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">structuralist</a> movement originated from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">linguistic</a> theory of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_de_Saussure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand de Saussure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> and was later expanded to the social sciences by theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>. In this context, 'structure' refers not to 'social structure' but to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semiotic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semiotic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">semiotic</a> understanding of human culture as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sign_(semiotics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sign (semiotics) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">system of signs</a>. One may delineate four central tenets of structuralism: First, structure is what determines the structure of a whole. Second, structuralists believe that every system has a structure. Third, structuralists are interested in 'structural' laws that deal with coexistence rather than changes. Finally, structures are the 'real things' beneath the surface or the appearance of meaning.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-structuralist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-structuralist (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Post-structuralist</a> thought has tended to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">reject 'humanist' assumptions</a> in the conduct of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> provides a potent critique in his <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Order_of_Things&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Order of Things (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">archaeology of the human sciences</a>, though <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habermas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habermas (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Habermas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Rorty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Rorty (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Rorty</a> have both argued that Foucault merely replaces one such system of thought with another.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The dialogue between these intellectuals highlights a trend in recent years for certain schools of sociology and philosophy to intersect. The anti-humanist position has been associated with "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodernism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postmodernism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">postmodernism</a>," a term used in specific contexts to describe an era or phenomena, but occasionally construed as a method. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_agency">Structure and agency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Structure and agency" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Structure and agency">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structure_and_agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structure and agency (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Structure and agency</a></div>Structure and agency, form an enduring ontological debate in social theory: "Do social structures determine an individual's behaviour or does human agency?" In this context '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">agency</a>' refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently and make free choices, whereas '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social structure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">structure</a>' relates to factors which limit or affect the choices and actions of individuals (such as social class, religion, gender, ethnicity, and so on). Discussions over the primacy of either structure and agency relate to the core of sociological epistemology ("What is the social world made of?", "What is a cause in the social world, and what is an effect?").<a href="#cite_note-The_Constitution_of_Society-75">[75]</a> A general outcome of incredulity toward structural or agential thought has been the development of multidimensional theories, most notably the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_theory_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action theory (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">action theory</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Talcott_Parsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talcott Parsons (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Talcott Parsons</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Giddens (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Anthony Giddens</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_structuration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory of structuration (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">theory of structuration</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_methodology">Research methodology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Research methodology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Research methodology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social research</a></div>Sociological research methods may be divided into two broad categories: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantitative_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantitative method (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Quantitative designs</a> approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Qualitative designs</a> emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress contextual and subjective accuracy over generality</li></ul>Sociologists are divided into camps of support for particular research techniques. These disputes relate to the epistemological debates at the historical core of social theory. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social theory">theory</a> and data.<a href="#cite_note-Methods-76">[76]</a> Quantitative methodologies hold the dominant position in sociology, especially in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Wacquant-25">[25]</a> In the discipline's two most cited journals, quantitative articles have historically outnumbered qualitative ones by a factor of two.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-77">[77]</a> (Most articles published in the largest British journal, on the other hand, are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualitative_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualitative research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">qualitative</a>.) Most textbooks on the methodology of social research are written from the quantitative perspective,<a href="#cite_note-Hanson-78">[78]</a> and the very term "methodology" is often used synonymously with "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistics (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">statistics</a>." Practically all sociology PhD program in the United States require training in statistical methods. The work produced by quantitative researchers is also deemed more 'trustworthy' and 'unbiased' by the greater public,<a href="#cite_note-gm-79">[79]</a> though this judgment continues to be challenged by antipositivists.<a href="#cite_note-gm-79">[79]</a> The choice of method often depends largely on what the researcher intends to investigate. For example, a researcher concerned with drawing a statistical generalization across an entire population may administer a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survey_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survey research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">survey questionnaire</a> to a representative sample population. By contrast, a researcher who seeks full contextual understanding of an individual's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_actions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social actions (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social actions</a> may choose ethnographic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Participant_observation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Participant observation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">participant observation</a> or open-ended interviews. Studies will commonly combine, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangulation_(social_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangulation (social science) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">'triangulate'</a>, quantitative and qualitative methods as part of a 'multi-strategy' design. For instance, a quantitative study may be performed to gain statistical patterns or a target sample, and then combined with a qualitative interview to determine the play of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agency_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agency (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Methods-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sampling">Sampling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Sampling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Sampling">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Planche_de_Galton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Planche_de_Galton.jpg/200px-Planche_de_Galton.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Planche_de_Galton.jpg/300px-Planche_de_Galton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Planche_de_Galton.jpg/400px-Planche_de_Galton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bean_machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bean machine (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">bean machine</a>, designed by early social research methodologist Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Galton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Galton (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Francis Galton</a> to demonstrate the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_distribution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normal distribution (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">normal distribution</a>, which is important to much quantitative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypothesis_testing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypothesis testing (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">hypothesis testing</a>.</figcaption></figure>Quantitative methods are often used to ask questions about a population that is very large, making a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Census&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Census (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">census</a> or a complete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enumeration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enumeration (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">enumeration</a> of all the members in that population infeasible. A 'sample' then forms a manageable <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subset (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">subset</a> of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistical_population&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistical population (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">population</a>. In quantitative research, statistics are used to draw <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inference (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">inferences</a> from this sample regarding the population as a whole. The process of selecting a sample is referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampling_(statistics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampling (statistics) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">'sampling'</a>. While it is usually best to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_sampling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random sampling (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">sample randomly</a>, concern with differences between specific subpopulations sometimes calls for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stratified_sampling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stratified sampling (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">stratified sampling</a>. Conversely, the impossibility of random sampling sometimes necessitates <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonprobability_sampling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonprobability sampling (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nonprobability sampling</a>, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convenience_sampling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convenience sampling (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">convenience sampling</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snowball_sampling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snowball sampling (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">snowball sampling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Methods-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Methods" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Methods">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div>The following list of research methods is neither exclusive nor exhaustive: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archival_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archival research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Archival research</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_method&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historical method (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Historical method</a>: draws upon the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_data&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary data (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">secondary data</a> located in historical archives and records, such as biographies, memoirs, journals, and so on.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Content_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Content analysis (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Content analysis</a>: The content of interviews and other texts is systematically analyzed. Often data is 'coded' as a part of the '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grounded_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grounded theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">grounded theory</a>' approach using qualitative data analysis (QDA) software, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=NVivo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVivo (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">NVivo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimental_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimental research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Experimental research</a>: The researcher isolates a single social process and reproduces it in a laboratory (for example, by creating a situation where unconscious sexist judgments are possible), seeking to determine whether or not certain social <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_and_independent_variables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dependent and independent variables (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">variables</a> can cause, or depend upon, other variables (for instance, seeing if people's feelings about traditional gender roles can be manipulated by the activation of contrasting gender <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stereotype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stereotype (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">stereotypes</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Jost-81">[81]</a> Participants are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_assignment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random assignment (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">randomly assigned</a> to different groups which either serve as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific control (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">controls</a>—acting as reference points because they are tested with regard to the dependent variable, albeit without having been exposed to any independent variables of interest—or receive one or more treatments. Randomization allows the researcher to be sure that any resulting differences between groups are the result of the treatment.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinal_study&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longitudinal study (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Longitudinal study</a>: An extensive examination of a specific person or group over a long period of time.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Observation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Observation</a>: Using data from the senses, the researcher records information about social phenomenon or behavior. Observation techniques may or may not feature participation. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Participant_observation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Participant observation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">participant observation</a>, the researcher goes into the field (such as a community or a place of work), and participates in the activities of the field for a prolonged period of time in order to acquire a deep understanding of it.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Data acquired through these techniques may be analyzed either quantitatively or qualitatively.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survey_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survey research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Survey research</a>: The researcher gathers data using interviews, questionnaires, or similar feedback from a set of people sampled from a particular population of interest. Survey items from an interview or questionnaire may be open-ended or closed-ended.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Data from surveys is usually analyzed statistically on a computer.</li></ul><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_sociology">Computational sociology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Computational sociology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Computational sociology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Sna_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sna_large.png/160px-Sna_large.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sna_large.png/240px-Sna_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sna_large.png/320px-Sna_large.png 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social network</a> diagram: individuals (or 'nodes') connected by relationships.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_(Italy_1919-1922).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_%28Italy_1919-1922%29.gif/220px-A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_%28Italy_1919-1922%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_%28Italy_1919-1922%29.gif/330px-A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_%28Italy_1919-1922%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_%28Italy_1919-1922%29.gif/440px-A_sociological_study_of_violence_in_history_%28Italy_1919-1922%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>A sociological study of violence by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_mining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Text mining (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">text mining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Arrow width proportional to number of violent acts. (Click on large animated GIF image to see evolution)</figcaption></figure><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computational sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Computational sociology</a></div>Sociologists increasingly draw upon computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwell-85">[85]</a> Using <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_simulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer simulation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">computer simulations</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artificial intelligence (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Text_mining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Text mining (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">text mining</a>, complex statistical methods, and new analytic approaches like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social network</a> analysis, computational sociology develops and tests theories of complex social processes through bottom-up modeling of social interactions.<a href="#cite_note-MW-86">[86]</a> Although the subject matter and methodologies in social science differ from those in natural science or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">computer science</a>, several of the approaches used in contemporary social simulation originated from fields such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Physics">physics</a> and artificial intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Artificial_Societies-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooperation-88">[88]</a> By the same token, some of the approaches that originated in computational sociology have been imported into the natural sciences, such as measures of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centrality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centrality (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">network centrality</a> from the fields of social network analysis and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">network science</a>. In relevant literature, computational sociology is often related to the study of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_complexity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social complexity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social complexity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Computer_as_Laboratory:_Toward_a_Theory_of_Complex_Adaptive_Systems-89">[89]</a> Social complexity concepts such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Complex systems (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">complex systems</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-linear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-linear (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">non-linear</a> interconnection among macro and micro process, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emergence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emergence (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">emergence</a>, have entered the vocabulary of computational sociology.<a href="#cite_note-Methodological_Implications_of_Complex_Systems_Approaches_to_Sociality:_Simulation_as_a_Foundation_for_Knowledge-90">[90]</a> A practical and well-known example is the construction of a computational model in the form of an "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artificial_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artificial society (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">artificial society</a>", by which researchers can analyze the structure of a social system.<a href="#cite_note-SfSS1-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Generative-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical_applications_of_social_research">Practical applications of social research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Practical applications of social research" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Practical applications of social research">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div>Social research informs <a href="/wiki/Politician" class="mw-redirect" title="Politician">politicians</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public policy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">policy makers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">educators</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_planner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urban planner (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">planners</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawmakers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawmakers (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">lawmakers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public administration (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">administrators</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Real_estate_development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Real estate development (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">developers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Business_magnate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Business magnate (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">business magnates</a>, managers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_worker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social worker (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social workers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-governmental_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-governmental organization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">non-governmental organizations</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-profit_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-profit organization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">non-profit organizations</a>, and people interested in resolving <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_issues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social issues (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social issues</a> in general. There is often a great deal of crossover between social research, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Market research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">market research</a>, and other statistical fields. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_sociology">Areas of sociology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Areas of sociology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Areas of sociology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><ul><li>Social organization is the study of the various institutions, social groups, social stratification, social mobility, bureaucracy, ethnic groups and relations, and other similar subjects like family, education, politics, religion, economy, and so on and so forth.</li> <li>Social psychology is the study of human nature as an outcome of group life, social attitudes, collective behavior, and personality formation. It deals with group life and the individual's traits, attitudes, beliefs as influenced by group life, and it views man with reference to group life.</li> <li>Social change and disorganization is the study of the change in culture and social relations and the disruption that may occur in society, and it deals with the study of such current problems in society such as juvenile delinquency, criminality, drug addiction, family conflicts, divorce, population problems, and other similar subjects.</li> <li>Human ecology deals with the nature and behavior of a given population and its relationships to the group's present social institutions. For instance, studies of this kind have shown the prevalence of mental illness, criminality, delinquencies, prostitution, and drug addiction in urban centers and other highly developed places.</li> <li>Population or demography is the study of population number, composition, change, and quality as they influence the economic, political, and social system.</li> <li>Sociological theory and method is concerned with the applicability and usefulness of the principles and theories of group life as bases for the regulation of man's environment, and includes theory building and testing as bases for the prediction and control of man's social environment.</li> <li>Applied sociology utilizes the findings of pure sociological research in various fields such as criminology, social work, community development, education, industrial relations, marriage, ethnic relations, family counseling, and other aspects and problems of daily life.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li></ul><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_and_topics">Scope and topics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Scope and topics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Scope and topics">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subfields_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subfields of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Subfields of sociology</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Outline of sociology</a></div><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Culture">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/220px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/330px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png/440px-AdornoHorkheimerHabermasbyJeremyJShapiro2.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> (left, front), <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> (right, front), and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (right, back) 1965.</figcaption></figure><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of culture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of culture</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Cultural studies</a></div>For <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Simmel</a>, culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1971-58">[58]</a> Whilst early theorists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durkheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durkheim (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Durkheim</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_Mauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Mauss (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Mauss</a> were influential in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural anthropology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural anthropology</a>, sociologists of culture are generally distinguished by their concern for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">modern</a> (rather than <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primitive_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primitive culture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">primitive</a> or ancient) society. Cultural sociology is seldom empirical, preferring instead the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermeneutic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermeneutic (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">hermeneutic</a> analysis of words, artifacts and symbols.<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:Dubious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àdàkọ:Dubious (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àdàkọ:Dubious</a> The field is closely allied with <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> in the vein of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, and other members of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurt_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankfurt School (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Frankfurt School</a>. Loosely distinct to sociology is the field of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural studies</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Birmingham School</a> theorists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hoggart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hoggart (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Richard Hoggart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> questioned the division between "producers" and "consumers" evident in earlier theory, emphasizing the reciprocity in the production of texts. Cultural Studies aims to examine its subject matter in terms of cultural practices and their relation to power. For example, a study of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subculture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">subculture</a> (such as white working class youth in London) would consider the social practices of the group as they relate to the dominant class. The "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_turn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural turn (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural turn</a>" of the 1960s, which ushered in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural functionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">structuralist</a> and so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postmodern philosophy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">postmodern</a> approaches to social science and placed culture much higher on the sociological agenda. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminality,_deviance,_law_and_punishment">Criminality, deviance, law and punishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Criminality, deviance, law and punishment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Criminality, deviance, law and punishment">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criminology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criminology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Criminology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of law (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of law</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_punishment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of punishment (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of punishment</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deviance_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deviance (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Deviance (sociology)</a></div>Criminologists analyze the nature, causes, and control of criminal activity, drawing upon methods across sociology, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">psychology</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Behavioural_sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Behavioural sciences (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">behavioural sciences</a>. The sociology of deviance focuses on actions or behaviors that violate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norm_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norm (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">norms</a>, including both formally enacted rules (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">crime</a>) and informal violations of cultural norms. It is the remit of sociologists to study why these norms exist; how they change over time; and how they are enforced. The concept of deviance is central in contemporary structural functionalism and systems theory. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Merton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Merton (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Robert K. Merton</a> produced a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Merton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Merton (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">typology of deviance</a>, and also established the terms "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role model (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">role model</a>", "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Unintended_Consequences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of Unintended Consequences (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">unintended consequences</a>", and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-fulfilling_prophecy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Robert_K._Merton_Remembered-94">[94]</a> The study of law played a significant role in the formation of classical sociology. Durkheim famously described law as the "visible symbol" of social solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The sociology of law refers to both a sub-discipline of sociology and an approach within the field of legal studies. Sociology of law is a diverse field of study which examines the interaction of law with other aspects of society, such as the development of legal <a href="/wiki/Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution">institutions</a> and the effect of laws on social change and vice versa. For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase significantly contributes to maintaining racial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_stratification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social stratification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">stratification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Western-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sociology">Economic sociology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Economic sociology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Economic sociology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Economic sociology</a></div>The term "economic sociology" was first used by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Stanley_Jevons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Stanley Jevons (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">William Stanley Jevons</a> in 1879, later to be coined in the works of Durkheim, Weber and Simmel between 1890 and 1920.<a href="#cite_note-princeton1-97">[97]</a> Economic sociology arose as a new approach to the analysis of economic phenomena, emphasizing class relations and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">modernity</a> as a philosophical concept. The relationship between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">capitalism</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modernity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modernity (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">modernity</a> is a salient issue, perhaps best demonstrated in Weber's <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a> (1905) and Simmel's <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Philosophy_of_Money&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Philosophy of Money (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Philosophy of Money</a> (1900). The contemporary period of economic sociology, also known as new economic sociology, was consolidated by the 1985 work of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Granovetter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Granovetter (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Mark Granovetter</a> titled "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness". This work elaborated the concept of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embeddedness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embeddedness (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">embeddedness</a>, which states that economic relations between individuals or firms take place within existing social relations (and are thus structured by these relations as well as the greater social structures of which those relations are a part). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social network analysis</a> has been the primary methodology for studying this phenomenon. Granovetter's theory of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Granovetter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Granovetter (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">strength of weak ties</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Burt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Burt (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ronald Burt</a>'s concept of structural holes are two best known theoretical contributions of this field. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Environment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Environment">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Environmental sociology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of disaster (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of disaster</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human ecology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Human ecology</a></div>Environmental sociology is the study of human interactions with the natural environment, typically emphasizing human dimensions of environmental problems, social impacts of those problems, and efforts to resolve them. As with other subfields of sociology, scholarship in environmental sociology may be at one or multiple levels of analysis, from global (e.g. world-systems) to local, societal to individual. Attention is paid also to the processes by which environmental problems become defined and known to humans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Education" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Education">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of education (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of education</a></div>The sociology of education is the study of how educational institutions determine social structures, experiences, and other outcomes. It is particularly concerned with the schooling systems of modern industrial societies.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-98">[98]</a> A classic 1966 study in this field by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Samuel_Coleman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Samuel Coleman (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">James Coleman</a>, known as the "Coleman Report", analyzed the performance of over 150,000 students and found that student background and socioeconomic status are much more important in determining educational outcomes than are measured differences in school resources (i.e. per pupil spending).<a href="#cite_note-Hanushek-99">[99]</a> The controversy over "school effects" ignited by that study has continued to this day. The study also found that socially disadvantaged black students profited from schooling in racially mixed classrooms, and thus served as a catalyst for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desegregation_busing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desegregation busing (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">desegregation busing</a> in American public schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family,_gender,_and_sexuality">Family, gender, and sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Family, gender, and sexuality" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Family, gender, and sexuality">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:WomanFactory1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/200px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/300px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/400px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="5656" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_the_Riveter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie the Riveter (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Rosie the Riveter</a>" was an iconic symbol of the American <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States home front during World War II (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">homefront</a> and a departure from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_roles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender roles (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">gender roles</a> due to wartime necessity.</figcaption></figure><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_the_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of the family (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of the family</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_childhood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of childhood (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of childhood</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_gender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of gender (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of gender</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Feminist sociology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Feminist theory</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queer_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queer theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Queer theory</a></div>Family, gender and sexuality form a broad area of inquiry studied in many subfields of sociology. The sociology of the family examines the family, as an <a href="/wiki/Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution">institution</a> and unit of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">socialization</a>, with special concern for the comparatively modern historical emergence of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear family (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nuclear family</a> and its distinct <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_roles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender roles (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">gender roles</a>. The notion of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Childhood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Childhood (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">childhood</a>" is also significant. As one of the more basic institutions to which one may apply sociological perspectives, the sociology of the family is a common component on introductory academic curricula. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Feminist sociology</a>, on the other hand, is a normative subfield that observes and critiques the cultural categories of gender and sexuality, particularly with respect to power and inequality. The primary concern of feminist theory is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarchy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">patriarchy</a> and the systematic oppression of women apparent in many societies, both at the level of small-scale interaction and in terms of the broader social structure. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social psychology</a> of gender, on the other hand, uses experimental methods to uncover the microprocesses of gender stratification. For example, one recent study has shown that resume evaluators penalize women for motherhood while giving a boost to men for fatherhood.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Another set of experiments showed that men whose sexuality is questioned compensate by expressing a greater desire for military intervention and sport utility vehicles as well as a greater opposition to gay marriage.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_illness">Health and illness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Health and illness" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Health and illness">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_health_and_illness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of health and illness (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of health and illness</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Medical sociology</a></div>The sociology of health and illness focuses on the social effects of, and public attitudes toward, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Illness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illness (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">illnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease">diseases</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disabilities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disabilities (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">disabilities</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aging (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">aging</a> process. Medical sociology, by contrast, focuses on the inner-workings of medical organizations and clinical institutions. In Britain, sociology was introduced into the medical curriculum following the Goodenough Report (1944).<a href="#cite_note-British_Sociological_Association:_Medical_Sociology-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Internet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Internet">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_the_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of the Internet (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of the Internet</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> is of interest to sociologists in various ways; most practically as a tool for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">research</a> and as a discussion platform.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The sociology of the Internet in the broad sense regards the analysis of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_communities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online communities (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">online communities</a> (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Newsgroup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newsgroup (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">newsgroups</a>, social networking sites) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual world (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">virtual worlds</a>. Online communities may be studied statistically through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">network analysis</a> or interpreted qualitatively through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_ethnography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual ethnography (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">virtual ethnography</a>. Organizational change is catalyzed through <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New media (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">new media</a>, thereby influencing social change at-large, perhaps forming the framework for a transformation from an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial society (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">industrial</a> to an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Informational_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informational society (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">informational society</a>. One notable text is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Castells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Castells (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Manuel Castells</a>' <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Internet_Galaxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Internet Galaxy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Internet Galaxy</a>—the title of which forms an inter-textual reference to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_McLuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marshall McLuhan (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Marshall McLuhan</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Gutenberg_Galaxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Gutenberg Galaxy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Gutenberg Galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_science">Knowledge and science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Knowledge and science" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Knowledge and science">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of knowledge (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of knowledge</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></div>The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies. The term first came into widespread use in the 1920s, when a number of German-speaking theorists, most notably <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Scheler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Scheler (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Max Scheler</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Mannheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Mannheim (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Karl Mannheim</a>, wrote extensively on it. With the dominance of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural functionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">functionalism</a> through the middle years of the 20th century, the sociology of knowledge tended to remain on the periphery of mainstream sociological thought. It was largely reinvented and applied much more closely to everyday life in the 1960s, particularly by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_L._Berger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter L. Berger (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Peter L. Berger</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Luckmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Luckmann (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Thomas Luckmann</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Social_Construction_of_Reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Social Construction of Reality (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Social Construction of Reality</a> (1966) and is still central for methods dealing with qualitative understanding of human society (compare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socially_constructed_reality&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socially constructed reality (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">socially constructed reality</a>). The "archaeological" and "genealogical" studies of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> are of considerable contemporary influence. The sociology of science involves the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing "with the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity."<a href="#cite_note-socofsci-bendavid-105">[105]</a> Important theorists in the sociology of science include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Merton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Merton (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Robert K. Merton</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Latour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Latour (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bruno Latour</a>. These branches of sociology have contributed to the formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and technology studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">science and technology studies</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Media" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Media">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Media studies</a></div>As with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural studies</a>, media studies is a distinct discipline which owes to the convergence of sociology and other social sciences and humanities, in particular, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_criticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary criticism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">literary criticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. Though the production process or the critique of aesthetic forms is not in the remit of sociologists, analyses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialisation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">socialising</a> factors, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ideological effects</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audience_reception&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audience reception (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">audience reception</a>, stem from sociological theory and method. Thus the 'sociology of the media' is not a subdiscipline per se, but the media is a common and often-indispensable topic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Military" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Military">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Military sociology</a></div>Military sociology aims toward the systematic study of the military as a social group rather than as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military organization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">organization</a>. It is a highly specialized subfield which examines issues related to service personnel as a distinct <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social group (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">group</a> with coerced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collective action (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">collective action</a> based on shared <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advocacy group (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">interests</a> linked to survival in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vocation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">vocation</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Combat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Combat (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">combat</a>, with purposes and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Value_(personal_and_cultural)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Value (personal and cultural) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">values</a> that are more defined and narrow than within civil society. Military sociology also concerns <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civilian (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">civilian</a>-military relations and interactions between other groups or governmental agencies. Topics include the dominant assumptions held by those in the military, changes in military members' willingness to fight, military unionization, military professionalism, the increased utilization of women, the military industrial-academic complex, the military's dependence on research, and the institutional and organizational structure of military.<a href="#cite_note-Core_Issues_and_Theory_in_Military_Sociology-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_sociology">Political sociology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Political sociology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Political sociology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Political sociology</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:JuergenHabermas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JuergenHabermas.jpg/220px-JuergenHabermas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JuergenHabermas.jpg/330px-JuergenHabermas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/JuergenHabermas.jpg/440px-JuergenHabermas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></figcaption></figure>Historically political sociology concerned the relations between political organization and society. A typical research question in this area might be: "Why do so few American citizens choose to vote?"<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In this respect questions of political opinion formation brought about some of the pioneering uses of statistical <a href="/w/index.php?title=Survey_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survey research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">survey research</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lazarsfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Lazarsfeld (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Paul Lazarsfeld</a>. A major subfield of political sociology developed in relation to such questions, which draws on comparative history to analyze socio-political trends. The field developed from the work of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moisey_Ostrogorsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moisey Ostrogorsky (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Moisey Ostrogorsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Contemporary political sociology includes these areas of research, but it has been opened up to wider questions of power and politics.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Today political sociologists are as likely to be concerned with how identities are formed that contribute to structural domination by one group over another; the politics of who knows how and with what authority; and questions of how power is contested in social interactions in such a way as to bring about widespread cultural and social change. Such questions are more likely to be studied qualitatively. The study of social movements and their effects has been especially important in relation to these wider definitions of politics and power.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnic_relations">Race and ethnic relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Race and ethnic relations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Race and ethnic relations">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of race and ethnic relations</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_immigration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of immigration (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of immigration</a></div>The sociology of race and of ethnic relations is the area of the discipline that studies the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_relation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social relation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social</a>, political, and economic relations between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_(classification_of_human_beings)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Race (classification of human beings) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">races</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnicities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnicities (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">ethnicities</a> at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of <a href="/wiki/Racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Residential_segregation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Residential segregation (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">residential segregation</a>, and other complex social processes between different racial and ethnic groups. This research frequently interacts with other areas of sociology such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_stratification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social stratification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">stratification</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social psychology</a>, as well as with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Postcolonial_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postcolonial theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">postcolonial theory</a>. At the level of political policy, ethnic relations are discussed in terms of either <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assimilationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assimilationism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">assimilationism</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiculturalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">multiculturalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-racism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-racism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Anti-racism</a> forms another style of policy, particularly popular in the 1960s and 70s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Religion">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology of religion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology of religion</a></div>The sociology of religion concerns the practices, historical backgrounds, developments, universal themes and roles of religion in society.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> There is particular emphasis on the recurring role of religion in all societies and throughout recorded history. The sociology of religion is distinguished from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of religion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">philosophy of religion</a> in that sociologists do not set out to assess the validity of religious truth-claims, instead assuming what <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_L._Berger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter L. Berger (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Peter L. Berger</a> has described as a position of "methodological atheism".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> It may be said that the modern formal discipline of sociology began with the analysis of religion in Durkheim's 1897 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suicide_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suicide (book) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">study of suicide</a> rates amongst <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protestant (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Protestant</a> populations. Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">economic sociology</a> and his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rationalization_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rationalization (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">rationalization thesis</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a> (1905), <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Religion_of_China:_Confucianism_and_Taoism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism</a> (1915), <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Religion_of_India:_The_Sociology_of_Hinduism_and_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism</a> (1915), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Judaism_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Judaism (book) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ancient Judaism</a> (1920). Contemporary debates often center on topics such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secularization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secularization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">secularization</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil religion (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">civil religion</a>, and the role of religion in a context of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">globalization</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multiculturalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">multiculturalism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_networks">Social networks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Social networks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Social networks">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Harrisonwhite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Harrisonwhite.jpg/150px-Harrisonwhite.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Harrisonwhite.jpg/225px-Harrisonwhite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Harrisonwhite.jpg/300px-Harrisonwhite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1749" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrison White (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Harrison White</a></figcaption></figure><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social network</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social network analysis (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social network analysis</a></div>A social network is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social structure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social structure</a> composed of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interdependency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interdependency (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">interdependency</a>, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friendship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friendship (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">friendship</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinship (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">kinship</a>, financial exchange, dislike, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sexual_network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sexual network (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">sexual relationships</a>, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. Social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. Social network analysis makes no assumption that groups are the building blocks of society: the approach is open to studying less-bounded social systems, from non-local <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communities (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">communities</a> to networks of exchange. Rather than treating individuals (persons, organizations, states) as discrete units of analysis, it focuses on how the structure of ties affects individuals and their relationships. In contrast to analyses that assume that socialization into norms determines behavior, network analysis looks to see the extent to which the structure and composition of ties affect norms. Unlike most other areas of sociology, social network theory is usually defined in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathematical_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathematical sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">formal mathematics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_psychology">Social psychology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Social psychology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Social psychology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social psychology (sociology)</a></div>Sociological social psychology focuses on micro-scale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_actions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social actions (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social actions</a>. This area may be described as adhering to "sociological miniaturism", examining whole societies through the study of individual thoughts and emotions as well as behavior of small groups.<a href="#cite_note-Sociological_miniaturism:_seeing_the_big_through_the_small_in_social_psychology-114">[114]</a> Of special concern to psychological sociologists is how to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of human social interaction. Some of the major topics in this field are social inequality, group dynamics, prejudice, aggression, social perception, group behavior, social change, nonverbal behavior, socialization, conformity, leadership, and social identity. Social psychology may be taught with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology_(psychology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (psychology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">psychological emphasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-about1-115">[115]</a> In sociology, researchers in this field are the most prominent users of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experiment (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">experimental method</a> (however, unlike their psychological counterparts, they also frequently employ other methodologies). Social psychology looks at social influences, as well as social perception and social interaction.<a href="#cite_note-about1-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratification">Stratification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Stratification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Stratification">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_stratification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social stratification (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social stratification</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_mobility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social mobility (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social mobility</a>, àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social class (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social class</a></div>Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into social classes, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caste (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">castes</a>, and divisions within a society. .<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Modern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western culture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Western societies</a> stratification traditionally relates to cultural and economic classes arranged in three main layers: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper class (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">upper class</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle class (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">middle class</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower class (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">lower class</a>, but each class may be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupational_prestige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occupational prestige (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">occupational</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-117">[117]</a> Social stratification is interpreted in radically different ways within sociology. Proponents of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structural_functionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Structural functionalism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">structural functionalism</a> suggest that, since the stratification of classes and castes is evident in all societies, hierarchy must be beneficial in stabilizing their existence. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflict theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Conflict theorists</a>, by contrast, critique the inaccessibility of resources and lack of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_mobility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social mobility (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social mobility</a> in stratified societies. Karl Marx distinguished social classes by their connection to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Means_of_production&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Means of production (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">means of production</a> in the capitalist system: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourgeoisie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourgeoisie (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">bourgeoisie</a> own the means, but this effectively includes the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proletariat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proletariat (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">proletariat</a> itself as the workers can only sell their own <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labour_power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labour power (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">labour power</a> (forming the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Base_and_superstructure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Base and superstructure (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">material base of the cultural superstructure</a>). <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> critiqued Marxist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_determinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic determinism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">economic determinism</a>, arguing that social stratification is not based purely on economic inequalities, but on other status and power differentials (e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarchy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">patriarchy</a>). According to Weber, stratification may occur amongst at least three complex variables: (1) Property (class): A person's economic position in a society, based on birth and individual achievement.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how managers of corporations or industries control firms they do not own; Marx would have placed such a person in the proletariat. (2) Prestige (status): A person's prestige, or popularity in a society. This could be determined by the kind of job this person does or wealth. and (3) Power (political party): A person's ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as an employee of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or a member of the United States Congress, may hold little property or status but they still hold immense power<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> provides a modern example in the concepts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural capital (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic capital (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">symbolic capital</a>. Theorists such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_Dahrendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf Dahrendorf (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ralf Dahrendorf</a> have noted the tendency toward an enlarged middle-class in modern Western societies, particularly in relation to the necessity of an educated work force in technological or service-based economies.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Perspectives concerning globalization, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependency_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dependency theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">dependency theory</a>, suggest this effect owes to the shift of workers to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third World (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Third World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_and_rural_sociology">Urban and rural sociology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Urban and rural sociology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Urban and rural sociology">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àwọn Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urban_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urban sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Urban sociology</a> àti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Rural sociology</a></div>Urban sociology involves the analysis of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normative (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">normative</a> discipline, seeking to provide advice for planning and policy making. After the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial revolution (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">industrial revolution</a>, works such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Georg Simmel</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Metropolis_and_Mental_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Metropolis and Mental Life (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Metropolis and Mental Life</a> (1903) focused on urbanization and the effect it had on alienation and anonymity. In the 1920s and 1930s The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_school_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago school (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Chicago School</a> produced a major body of theory on the nature of the city, important to both urban sociology and criminology, utilising <a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_interactionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbolic interactionism (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">symbolic interactionism</a> as a method of field research. Contemporary research is commonly placed in a context of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">globalization</a>, for instance, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saskia_Sassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saskia Sassen (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Saskia Sassen</a>'s study of the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global city (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Global city</a>".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Rural sociology, by contrast, is the analysis of non-metropolitan areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_and_industry">Work and industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Work and industry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Work and industry">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrial sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Industrial sociology</a></div>The sociology of work, or industrial sociology, examines "the direction and implications of trends in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technological&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technological (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">technological</a> change, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">globalization</a>, labour markets, work organization, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Managerial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Managerial (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">managerial</a> practices and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Division_of_labour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Division of labour (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">employment relations</a> to the extent to which these trends are intimately related to changing patterns of inequality in modern societies and to the changing experiences of individuals and families the ways in which workers challenge, resist and make their own contributions to the patterning of work and shaping of work institutions."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociology_and_the_other_academic_disciplines">Sociology and the other academic disciplines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Sociology and the other academic disciplines" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section's source code: Sociology and the other academic disciplines">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div>Sociology overlaps with a variety of disciplines that study society, in particular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">anthropology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">political science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social philosophy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social philosophy</a>. Many comparatively new fields such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communication_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communication studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">communication studies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural studies (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">cultural studies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Demography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demography (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">demography</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">literary theory</a>, draw upon methods that originated in sociology. The terms "<a href="/wiki/Social_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Social science">social science</a>" and "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social research (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social research</a>" have both gained a degree of autonomy since their origination in classical sociology. The distinct field of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social psychology</a> emerged from the many intersections of sociological and psychological interests, and is further distinguished in terms of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology_(sociology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (sociology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">sociological</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_psychology_(psychology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social psychology (psychology) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">psychological emphasis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Sociology and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">applied sociology</a> are connected to the professional and academic discipline of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social work (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social work</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Web_page-125">[125]</a> Both disciplines study social interactions, community and the effect of various systems (i.e. family, school, community, laws, political sphere) on the individual.<a href="#cite_note-Generalist_Practice_with_Organizations_and_Communities-126">[126]</a> However, social work is generally more focused on practical strategies to alleviate social dysfunctions; sociology in general provides a thorough examination of the root causes of these problems.<a href="#cite_note-Direct_Social_Work_Practice-127">[127]</a> For example, a sociologist might study why a community is plagued with poverty. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">applied sociologist</a> would be more focused on practical strategies on what needs to be done to alleviate this burden. The social worker would be focused on action; implementing theses strategies <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_social_work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical social work (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">"directly"</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community practice (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">"indirectly"</a> by means of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental health (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">mental health therapy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Counseling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Counseling (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">counseling</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advocacy (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">advocacy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community organization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">community organization</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_mobilization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community mobilization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">community mobilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Generalist_Practice_with_Organizations_and_Communities-126">[126]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social anthropology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social anthropology</a> is the branch of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthropology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthropology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">anthropology</a> that studies how contemporary living human beings behave in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social group (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social groups</a>. Practitioners of social anthropology, like sociologists, investigate various facets of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social organization</a>. Traditionally, social anthropologists analysed non-industrial and non-Western societies, whereas sociologists focused on industrialized societies in the Western world. In recent years, however, social anthropology has expanded its focus to modern Western societies, meaning that the two disciplines increasingly converge.<a href="#cite_note-James_Trostle-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sociology-Basic_Concepts-129">[129]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociobiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociobiology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociobiology</a> is the study of how <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_behavior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social behavior (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">social behavior</a> and organization have been influenced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolution (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">evolution</a> and other <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biological_process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biological process (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">biological process</a>. The field blends sociology with a number of other sciences, such as anthropology, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">biology</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">zoology</a>. Sociobiology has generated controversy within the sociological academy for allegedly giving too much attention to gene expression over socialization and environmental factors in general (see '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nature_versus_nurture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nature versus nurture (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">nature versus nurture</a>'). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Entomologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. O. Wilson (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">E. O. Wilson</a> is credited as having originally developed and described Sociobiology.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Louis_Horowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Louis Horowitz (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Irving Louis Horowitz</a>, in his The Decomposition of Sociology (1994), has argued that the discipline, whilst arriving from a "distinguished lineage and tradition", is in decline due to deeply ideological theory and a lack of relevance to policy making: "The decomposition of sociology began when this great tradition became subject to ideological thinking, and an inferior tradition surfaced in the wake of totalitarian triumphs."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1994-131">[131]</a> Furthermore: "A problem yet unmentioned is that sociology's malaise has left all the social sciences vulnerable to pure positivism—to an empiricism lacking any theoretical basis. Talented individuals who might, in an earlier time, have gone into sociology are seeking intellectual stimulation in business, law, the natural sciences, and even creative writing; this drains sociology of much needed potential."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1994-131">[131]</a> Horowitz cites the lack of a 'core discipline' as exacerbating the problem. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randall_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randall Collins (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Randall Collins</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Swaine_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Swaine Thomas (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Dorothy Swaine Thomas</a> Professor in Sociology at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Pennsylvania</a> and a member of the Advisory Editors Council of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Evolution_%26_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Evolution & History (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Social Evolution & History</a> journal, has voiced similar sentiments: "we have lost all coherence as a discipline, we are breaking up into a conglomerate of specialities, each going on its own way and with none too high regard for each other."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In 2007, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Times_Higher_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Times Higher Education (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Times Higher Education Guide</a> published a list of 'The most cited authors of books in the Humanities' (including philosophy and psychology). Seven of the top ten are listed as sociologists: <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> (1), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> (2), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Giddens (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Anthony Giddens</a> (5), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erving_Goffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erving Goffman (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Erving Goffman</a> (6), <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (7), <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> (8), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Latour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Latour (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bruno Latour</a> (10).<a href="#cite_note-The_most_cited_authors_of_books_in_the_humanities-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Journals" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section's source code: Journals">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div> The most highly ranked journals in the field of general sociology are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_Perspectives_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological Perspectives (journal) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociological Perspectives</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Sociological_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Sociological Review (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">American Sociological Review</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">American Journal of Sociology</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Journal_of_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Journal of Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">British Journal of Sociology</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociology_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociology (journal) (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WoS-134">[134]</a> Many more specialized journals also exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E_tun_wo">E tun wo</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Àtúnṣe abala: E tun wo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section's source code: E tun wo">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Book icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Cw%C3%A9:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ìwé:Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ìwé: Ìṣeọ̀rọ̀àwùjọ</a> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style=""> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Books (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Wikipedia books</a> are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/48px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/64px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a> </td><td style="padding:0 0.2em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%88b%C3%BAt%C3%A9:Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Èbúté:Sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Èbúté Sociology </a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Àyọkà olórí: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Outline of sociology</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_social_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of social science (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">History of social science</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">History of sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sociologists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sociologists (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">List of sociologists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sociology_journals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sociology journals (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">List of sociology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subfields_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subfields of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Subfields of sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of sociology (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Timeline of sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological theory (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Sociological theory</a></li></ul> <table align="center" id="Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́" class="metadata" style="background: #E7F2FE; color: inherit; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); padding: .2em; width: 80%; {{{style}}}"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px; width:60px;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1%C3%ACl%C3%AC:Edit-find-replace.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Edit-find-replace.svg/50px-Edit-find-replace.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Edit-find-replace.svg/75px-Edit-find-replace.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Edit-find-replace.svg/100px-Edit-find-replace.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> </td> <td>Àyọkà yìí tàbí apá rẹ̀ únfẹ́ àtúnṣe sí. Ẹ le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ayoka_fun_ekunrere" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Ayoka fun ekunrere">fẹ̀ jù báyìí lọ</a> tàbí kí ẹ <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%C3%8Cm%C3%BAd%C3%A1ra_%C3%A0y%E1%BB%8Dk%C3%A0" title="Wikipedia:Ìmúdára àyọkà">ṣàtúnṣe</a> rẹ̀ lọ́nà tí yíò mu kúnrẹ́rẹ́. Ẹ ran Wikipedia lọ́wọ́ láti <a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit">fẹ̀ẹ́ jù báyìí lọ</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Itokasi">Itokasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Itokasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section's source code: Itokasi">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> "Comte, Auguste, A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed), John Scott & Gordon Marshall (eds), Oxford University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0198609868" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-860986-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/9780198609865" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-860986-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements8-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements8_2-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. pp. 3–5, 32–36.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%935%2C+32%E2%80%9336&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements4-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements4_3-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. pp. 3–5, 38–40.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%E2%80%935%2C+38%E2%80%9340&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Giddens_Intro-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Giddens_Intro_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giddens_Intro_4-1">4.1</a> Giddens, Anthony, Duneier, Mitchell, Applebaum, Richard. 2007. Introduction to Sociology. Sixth Edition. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Chapter 1. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "Giddens Intro" defined multiple times with different content </li> <li id="cite_note-From_Factors_to_Actors:_Computational_Sociology_and_Agent-Based_Modeling-5"><a href="#cite_ref-From_Factors_to_Actors:_Computational_Sociology_and_Agent-Based_Modeling_5-0">↑</a> Macy, Michael; Willer, Robb (2002). "From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling". Annual Review of Sociology 28: 143–66. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.28.110601.141117">10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Factors+to+Actors%3A+Computational+Sociology+and+Agent-Based+Modeling&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Macy%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Willer%2C%26%2332%3BRobb&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=143%E2%80%9366&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.28.110601.141117&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Computational_Social_Science-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Computational_Social_Science_6-0">↑</a> Lazer, David; Pentland, Alex; Adamic, L; Aral, S; Barabasi, AL; Brewer, D; Christakis, N; Contractor, N et al. (February 6, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/323/5915/721">"Computational Social Science"</a>. Science 323 (5915): 721–723. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1167742">10.1126/science.1167742</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2745217">2745217</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197046">19197046</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/323/5915/721">http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/323/5915/721</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Computational+Social+Science&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Lazer&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lazer%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Pentland%2C%26%2332%3BAlex&rft.au=Adamic%2C%26%2332%3BL&rft.au=Aral%2C%26%2332%3BS&rft.au=Barabasi%2C%26%2332%3BAL&rft.au=Brewer%2C%26%2332%3BD&rft.au=Christakis%2C%26%2332%3BN&rft.au=Contractor%2C%26%2332%3BN&rft.au=Fowler%2C%26%2332%3BJ&rft.date=February+6%2C+2009&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5915&rft.pages=721%E2%80%93723&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1167742&rft_id=info:pmc/2745217&rft_id=info:pmid/19197046&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fsummary%2F323%2F5915%2F721&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> A. H. Halsey(2004),A history of sociology in Britain: science, literature, and society,p.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Geoffrey Duncan Mitchell(1970),A new dictionary of sociology,p.201 </li> <li id="cite_note-Akhtar-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Akhtar_9-0">↑</a> Dr; Akhtar, S. W. (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge". Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12: 3.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Concept+of+Knowledge&rft.jtitle=Al-Tawhid%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+of+Islamic+Thought+%26+Culture&rft.aulast=Dr&rft.au=Dr&rft.au=Akhtar%2C%26%2332%3BS.+W.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychology_from_Islamic_Perspective:_Contributions_of_Early_Muslim_Scholars_and_Challenges_to_Contemporary_Muslim_Psychologists-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Psychology_from_Islamic_Perspective:_Contributions_of_Early_Muslim_Scholars_and_Challenges_to_Contemporary_Muslim_Psychologists_10-0">↑</a> Haque Amber (2004). "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists". Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [375]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4302-z">10.1007/s10943-004-4302-z</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Psychology+from+Islamic+Perspective%3A+Contributions+of+Early+Muslim+Scholars+and+Challenges+to+Contemporary+Muslim+Psychologists&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.aulast=Haque&rft.aufirst=Amber&rft.au=Haque%26%2332%3BAmber&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357%E2%80%93377+%5B375%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs10943-004-4302-z&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Enan-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Enan_11-0">↑</a> Enan, Muhammed Abdullah (2007). Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Works. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Other_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Other Press (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">The Other Press</a>. p. v. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/983-9541-53-6" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/983-9541-53-6">983-9541-53-6</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Khaldun%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.aulast=Enan&rft.aufirst=Muhammed+Abdullah&rft.au=Enan%2C%26%2332%3BMuhammed+Abdullah&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3Bv&rft.pub=%5B%5BThe+Other+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=983-9541-53-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Autonomous,_the_Universal_and_the_Future_of_Sociology-12"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Autonomous,_the_Universal_and_the_Future_of_Sociology_12-0">↑</a> Alatas, S. H. (2006). "The Autonomous, the Universal and the Future of Sociology". Current Sociology 54: 7–23 [15]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0011392106058831">10.1177/0011392106058831</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Autonomous%2C+the+Universal+and+the+Future+of+Sociology&rft.jtitle=Current+Sociology&rft.aulast=Alatas&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft.au=Alatas%2C%26%2332%3BS.+H.&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=7%E2%80%9323+%5B15%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F0011392106058831&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Gates_13-0">↑</a> Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967). "The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the History of Ideas (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Journal of the History of Ideas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Pennsylvania Press (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>) 28 (3): 415–422 [415]. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2708627">10.2307/2708627</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627">2708627</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Spread+of+Ibn+Khaldun%27s+Ideas+on+Climate+and+Culture&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BJournal+of+the+History+of+Ideas%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Warren+E.+Gates&rft.au=Warren+E.+Gates&rft.date=July%E2%80%93September+1967&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415%E2%80%93422+%5B415%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Pennsylvania+Press%5D%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2708627&rft.jstor=2708627&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mowlana-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Mowlana_14-0">↑</a> H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", Cooperation South Journal 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Des Manuscrits de Sieyès. 1773–1799, Volumes I and II, published by Christine Fauré, Jacques Guilhaumou, Jacques Vallier et Françoise Weil, Paris, Champion, 1999 and 2007. See also Christine Fauré and Jacques Guilhaumou, Sieyès et le non-dit de la sociologie: du mot à la chose, in Revue d'histoire des sciences humaines, Numéro 15, novembre 2006: Naissances de la science sociale. See also the article <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/sociologie" class="extiw" title="fr:sociologie">'sociologie'</a> in the French-language Wikipedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> A Dictionary of Sociology, Article: Comte, Auguste </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-comte-18"><a href="#cite_ref-comte_18-0">↑</a> Dictionary of the Social Sciences, Article: Comte, Auguste </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/">"Stanford Encyclopaedia: Auguste Comte"</a>. Plato.Stanford.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopaedia%3A+Auguste+Comte&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Plato.Stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fcomte%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Copleson, Frederick S.J. [1974] A History of Philosophy: IX Modern Philosophy (1994). Image Books, New York. pp118 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> Berlin, Isaiah. 1967. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. Time Inc Book Division, New York. pp130 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Berlin, Isaiah. [1937] Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. 3rd edition (1967). Time Inc Book Division, New York. pp13-14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Émile_Durkheim's_Division_of_Labor_and_the_Shadow_of_Herbert_Spencer-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Émile_Durkheim's_Division_of_Labor_and_the_Shadow_of_Herbert_Spencer_23-0">↑</a> Perrin Robert G. (1995). "Émile Durkheim's Division of Labor and the Shadow of Herbert Spencer". Sociological Quarterly 36 (4): 791–808. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1995.tb00465.x">10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00465.x</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C3%89mile+Durkheim%27s+Division+of+Labor+and+the+Shadow+of+Herbert+Spencer&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.au=Perrin%26%2332%3BRobert+G.&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=791%E2%80%93808&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1533-8525.1995.tb00465.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-24">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_24-0">24.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_24-1">24.1</a> Commager, Henry Steele (1959-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=De5sdTFRt5YC&pg=PA199&lpg=PP1&dq=commager+the+american+mind">The American mind: an interpretation of American thought and character since 1880s</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-300-00046-7" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-300-00046-7">978-0-300-00046-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=De5sdTFRt5YC&pg=PA199&lpg=PP1&dq=commager+the+american+mind">http://books.google.com/books?id=De5sdTFRt5YC&pg=PA199&lpg=PP1&dq=commager+the+american+mind</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+mind%3A+an+interpretation+of+American+thought+and+character+since+1880s&rft.aulast=Commager%2C+Henry+Steele&rft.au=Commager%2C+Henry+Steele&rft.date=1959-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-300-00046-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe5sdTFRt5YC%26pg%3DPA199%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3Dcommager%2Bthe%2Bamerican%2Bmind&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wacquant-25">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-0">25.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-1">25.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-2">25.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-3">25.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-4">25.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-5">25.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-6">25.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-7">25.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-8">25.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wacquant_25-9">25.09</a> Wacquant, Loic. 1992. "Positivism." In Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed., The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2000-26"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_26-0">↑</a> Gianfranco Poggi (2000). Durkheim. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Durkheim, Émile [1895] "The Rules of Sociological Method" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), pp. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> Habermas, Jürgen, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Modernity's Consciousness of Time, Polity Press (1985), paperback, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0745608302" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7456-0830-2</a>, p2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Max_Weber_–_Stanford_Encyclopaedia_of_Philosophy-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Max_Weber_–_Stanford_Encyclopaedia_of_Philosophy_29-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/">"Max Weber – Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy"</a>. Plato.stanford.edu. 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2010-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+%E2%80%93+Stanford+Encyclopaedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2007-08-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Plato.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fweber%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-transformation325-30">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-transformation325_30-0">30.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transformation325_30-1">30.1</a> Harriss, John. The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century in Allen, T. and Thomas, Alan (eds) Poverty and Development in the 21st Century', Oxford University Press, Oxford. p325. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O119-Sociology.html">"Sociology – History of Sociology | Encyclopedia.com: Oxford Companion to United States History"</a>. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=Sociology+%E2%80%93+History+of+Sociology+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com%3A+Oxford+Companion+to+United+States+History&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1O119-Sociology.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Kansas_Sociology_Department_Webpage-32"><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Kansas_Sociology_Department_Webpage_32-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ku.edu/%7Esocdept/about/">"University of Kansas Sociology Department Webpage"</a>. Ku.edu. Retrieved 2009-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=University+of+Kansas+Sociology+Department+Webpage&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ku.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ku.edu%2F%257Esocdept%2Fabout%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago1970-33">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago1970_33-0">33.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago1970_33-1">33.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/home.html">"American Journal of Sociology Website"</a>. Journals.uchicago.edu. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2009-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology+Website&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Journals.uchicago.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2FAJS%2Fhome.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Miller, David (2009). George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0292727003" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-292-72700-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> 1930: The Development of Sociology at Michigan. pp.3–14 in Sociological Theory and Research, being Selected papers of Charles Horton Cooley, edited by Robert Cooley Angell, New York: Henry Holt </li> <li id="cite_note-camic-36"><a href="#cite_ref-camic_36-0">↑</a> Camic, Charles. 1992. "Reputation and Predecessor Selection: Parsons and the Institutionalists", American Sociological Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Aug., 1992), pp. 421–445 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Morrison, Ken. 2006 (2nd ed.) "Marx, Durkheim, Weber", Sage, pp. 1–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Journal_of_Sociology_Website-38"><a href="#cite_ref-British_Journal_of_Sociology_Website_38-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/serials/Bjs/">"British Journal of Sociology Website"</a>. Lse.ac.uk. 2009-04-02. Retrieved 2009-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=British+Journal+of+Sociology+Website&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Lse.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2Fserials%2FBjs%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/leonard-trelawny-hobhouse/">"Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse"</a>. Bookrags. Retrieved 2011-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=Leonard+Trelawny+Hobhouse&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bookrags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fleonard-trelawny-hobhouse%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Hill, Michael R. (2002) "Harriet Martineau: theoretical and methodological perspectives" Routledge. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0415945283" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-94528-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bendix1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Bendix1_41-0">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Bendix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Bendix (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Bendix, Reinhard</a> (July 1, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=63sC9uaYqQsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1">Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-520-03194-6" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-520-03194-6">0-520-03194-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=63sC9uaYqQsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1">http://books.google.com/?id=63sC9uaYqQsC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+An+Intellectual+Portrait&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Bendix%2C%26%2332%3BReinhard&rft.date=July+1%2C+1977&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=0-520-03194-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D63sC9uaYqQsC%26pg%3DPA1%26lpg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-42"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_42-0">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217277/Frankfurt-School">Frankfurt School</a>". (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> . Retrieved September 12, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isa-sociology.org/">"International Sociological Association Website"</a>. Isa-sociology.org. Retrieved 2011-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=International+Sociological+Association+Website&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Isa-sociology.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isa-sociology.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-DinW-44"><a href="#cite_ref-DinW_44-0">↑</a> Durkheim, Émile. 1895. The Rules of the Sociological Method. Cited in Wacquant (1992). Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "DinW" defined multiple times with different content </li> <li id="cite_note-Halfpenny-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Halfpenny_45-0">↑</a> Halfpenny, Peter. Positivism and Sociology: Explaining Social Science. London:Allen and Unwin, 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements11-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements11_46-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. pp. 94–98, 100–104.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B94%E2%80%9398%2C+100%E2%80%93104&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-47"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_47-0">↑</a> Fish, Jonathan S. 2005. 'Defending the Durkheimian Tradition. Religion, Emotion and Morality' Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gartell-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Gartell_48-0">↑</a> Gartell, David; Gartell, John (1996). "Positivism in sociological practice: 1967–1990". Canadian Review of Sociology 33: 2.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Positivism+in+sociological+practice%3A+1967%E2%80%931990&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+Sociology&rft.aulast=Gartell&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gartell%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.au=Gartell%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Boudon-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Boudon_49-0">↑</a> Boudon, Raymond. 1991. "Review: What Middle-Range Theories are". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 20 Num. 4 pp 519–522. </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements_50-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. p. 169.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B169&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements2-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements2_51-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. pp. 202–203.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B202%E2%80%93203&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Rickman, H. P. (1960) The Reaction against Positivism and Dilthey's Concept of Understanding, The London School of Economics and Political Science. p307 </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements5-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements5_53-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. pp. 239–240.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B239%E2%80%93240&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Classical_Statements6-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Classical_Statements6_54-0">↑</a> Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Pearson Education. p. 241.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+theory%3A+Classical+statements+%286th+ed.%29&rft.aulast=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.au=Ashley+D%2C+Orenstein+DM&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B241&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> *Ferdinand Tönnies (ed. Jose Harris), Community and Civil Society, Cambridge University Press (2001), hardcover, 266 pages, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0521561191" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-56119-1</a>; trade paperback, Cambridge University Press (2001), 266 pages, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0521567823" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-56782-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> Weber, Max The Nature of Social Action in Runciman, W.G. 'Weber: Selections in Translation' Cambridge University Press, 1991. p7. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> Kaern, Phillips & Cohen. (1990) Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology. Springer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/9780792304074" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7923-0407-4</a>. p15. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1971-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1971_58-0">58.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1971_58-1">58.1</a> Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. pxix. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. p6. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> Simmel, Georg The Metropolis and Mental Life in Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. p324. </li> <li id="cite_note-Abend-61">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Abend_61-0">61.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abend_61-1">61.1</a> Abend, Gabriel. 2008. "The meaning of 'Theory'." Sociological Theory, 26:2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociology_beyond_societies:_mobilities_for_the_twenty-first_century-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_beyond_societies:_mobilities_for_the_twenty-first_century_62-0">↑</a> Urry, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ogyDBobOHVEC&pg=PA23">"Metaphors"</a>. Sociology beyond societies: mobilities for the twenty-first century. Routledge. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-415-19089-3" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-415-19089-3">978-0-415-19089-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ogyDBobOHVEC&pg=PA23">http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ogyDBobOHVEC&pg=PA23</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Metaphors&rft.atitle=Sociology+beyond+societies%3A+mobilities+for+the+twenty-first+century&rft.aulast=Urry&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Urry%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19089-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DogyDBobOHVEC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/function.htm">"Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of Alabama: Anthropological theories"</a>. As.ua.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=Department+of+Anthropology+College+of+Arts+and+Sciences+The+University+of+Alabama%3A+Anthropological+theories&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=As.ua.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.ua.edu%2Fant%2FFaculty%2Fmurphy%2Ffunction.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Giddens, Anthony "The Constitution of Society" in The Giddens Reader Philip Cassell (eds.) MacMillan Press pp.88 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Durkheim, Émile The Division of Labor in Society [1893] LA Coser: New York: The Free Press, 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, introduction by Martin Malia (New York: Penguin group, 1998), pg. 35 <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0451527100" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-451-52710-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coakley-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Coakley_67-0">↑</a> Jay J. Coakley, Eric Dunning, Handbook of sports studies </li> <li id="cite_note-Slattery-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Slattery_68-0">↑</a> Slattery, Martin. 1993. Key Ideas in Sociology. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, Ltd. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_69-0">↑</a> Barnes, B. 1995. The Elements of Social Theory. London: UCL Press. Quoted in Jay J. Coakley, Eric Dunning, Handbook of sports studies </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> Cassell, Philip The Giddens Reader (1993) The Macmillan Press Ltd, pp. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> Assiter, A 1984, 'Althusser and structuralism', The British journal of sociology, vol. 35, no. 2, Blackwell Publishing, pp.272–296. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> Giddens, Anthony "The Constitution of Society" in The Giddens Reader Philip Cassell (eds.) MacMillan Press pp.89 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> Jürgen Habermas. Taking Aim at the Heart of the Present in Hoy, D (eds) 'Foucault: A critical reader' Basil Blackwell. Oxford, 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> Richard Rorty. Foucault and Epistemology in Hoy, D (eds) 'Foucault: A critical reader' Basil Blackwell. Oxford, 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Constitution_of_Society-75"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Constitution_of_Society_75-0">↑</a> Giddens, A (1996). The Constitution of Society. California: University of California Press. pp. 14–19. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-520-05728-7" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-520-05728-7">0-520-05728-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Society&rft.aulast=Giddens%2C+A&rft.au=Giddens%2C+A&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9319&rft.place=California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=0-520-05728-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Methods-76">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Methods_76-0">76.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Methods_76-1">76.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Methods_76-2">76.2</a> Haralambos & Holborn. Sociology: Themes and perspectives (2004) 6th ed, Collins Educational. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/9780007154470" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-00-715447-0</a>. Chapter 14: Methods </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_77-0">↑</a> Hunter Laura, Leahey Erin (2008). "Collaborative Research in Sociology: Trends and Contributing Factors". American Sociologist 39 (4): 290–306. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12108-008-9042-1">10.1007/s12108-008-9042-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Collaborative+Research+in+Sociology%3A+Trends+and+Contributing+Factors&rft.jtitle=American+Sociologist&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Hunter%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.au=Leahey%26%2332%3BErin&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=290%E2%80%93306&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs12108-008-9042-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_78-0">↑</a> Hanson, Barbara (2008). "Whither Qualitative/Quantitative?: Grounds for Methodological Convergence". Quality and Quantity 42: 97–111. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11135-006-9041-7">10.1007/s11135-006-9041-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Whither+Qualitative%2FQuantitative%3F%3A+Grounds+for+Methodological+Convergence&rft.jtitle=Quality+and+Quantity&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Hanson%2C%26%2332%3BBarbara&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=97%E2%80%93111&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11135-006-9041-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-gm-79">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-gm_79-0">79.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gm_79-1">79.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2095839.pdf">Jstor.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> Martin, Patricia Yancey, Turner, Barry A.. (1986). "Grounded Theory and Organizational Research". The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 22(2), 141. Retrieved June 21, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1155984). </li> <li id="cite_note-Jost-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Jost_81-0">↑</a> Jost, JT; Kay, AC (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.willettsurvey.org/TMSTN/Gender/ComplementaryGenderSterotypes.pdf">"Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification"</a> (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (3): 498–509. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.88.3.498">10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.498</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740442">15740442</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.willettsurvey.org/TMSTN/Gender/ComplementaryGenderSterotypes.pdf">http://www.willettsurvey.org/TMSTN/Gender/ComplementaryGenderSterotypes.pdf</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Exposure+to+benevolent+sexism+and+complementary+gender+stereotypes%3A+Consequences+for+specific+and+diffuse+forms+of+system+justification&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.aulast=Jost&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Jost%2C%26%2332%3BJT&rft.au=Kay%2C%26%2332%3BAC&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=498%E2%80%93509&rft_id=info:doi/10.1037%2F0022-3514.88.3.498&rft_id=info:pmid/15740442&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.willettsurvey.org%2FTMSTN%2FGender%2FComplementaryGenderSterotypes.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> Macionis, J., and Gerber, L. (2010). Sociology, 7th edition. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> Quantitative Narrative Analysis (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Roberto Franzosi, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwell-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Blackwell_85-0">↑</a> Bainbridge, William Sims (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g97814051243319_ss1-85">"Computational Sociology"</a>. In Ritzer, George. Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Blackwell Reference Online. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fb.9781405124331.2007.x">10.1111/b.9781405124331.2007.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-1-4051-2433-1" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-1-4051-2433-1">978-1-4051-2433-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g97814051243319_ss1-85">http://www.sociologyencyclopedia.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405124331_chunk_g97814051243319_ss1-85</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Computational+Sociology&rft.atitle=Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Sociology&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=William+Sims&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+Sims&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Blackwell+Reference+Online&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fb.9781405124331.2007.x&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2433-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociologyencyclopedia.com%2Fsubscriber%2Ftocnode%3Fid%3Dg9781405124331_chunk_g97814051243319_ss1-85&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-86"><a href="#cite_ref-MW_86-0">↑</a> Macy, Michael W.; Willer, Robert (2002). 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Annual Review of Sociology (Annual Reviews) 28: 143–166. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.28.110601.141117">10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3069238">3069238</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Factors+to+Actors%3A+Computational+Sociology+and+Agent-Based+Modeling&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.aulast=Macy&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Macy%2C%26%2332%3BMichael+W.&rft.au=Willer%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=143%E2%80%93166&rft.pub=Annual+Reviews&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.28.110601.141117&rft.jstor=3069238&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Artificial_Societies-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Artificial_Societies_87-0">↑</a> Epstein, JM; Axell, R (1996). Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-262-05053-6" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-262-05053-6">0-262-05053-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Artificial+Societies%3A+Social+Science+from+the+Bottom+Up&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Epstein%2C%26%2332%3BJM&rft.au=Axell%2C%26%2332%3BR&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institute+Press&rft.isbn=0-262-05053-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooperation-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Cooperation_88-0">↑</a> Axelrod, Robert (1997). 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Sullivan (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com/Anno%20Ben%20David%20&%20Sullivan%20Sociology%20of%20Science%20ARS%201975.htm">"Sociology of Science"</a>. Annual Review of Sociology 1: 203–222. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.01.080175.001223">10.1146/annurev.so.01.080175.001223</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com/Anno%20Ben%20David%20&%20Sullivan%20Sociology%20of%20Science%20ARS%201975.htm">http://www.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com/Anno%20Ben%20David%20&%20Sullivan%20Sociology%20of%20Science%20ARS%201975.htm</a>. Retrieved 2006-11-29.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sociology+of+Science&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.aulast=Ben-David&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Ben-David%2C%26%2332%3BJoseph&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=203%E2%80%93222&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.01.080175.001223&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compilerpress.atfreeweb.com%2FAnno%2520Ben%2520David%2520%26%2520Sullivan%2520Sociology%2520of%2520Science%2520ARS%25201975.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Core_Issues_and_Theory_in_Military_Sociology-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Core_Issues_and_Theory_in_Military_Sociology_106-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Siebold, Guy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3719/is_200107/ai_n8977420">"Core Issues and Theory in Military Sociology"</a>. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. Retrieved 2008-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Siebold&rft.btitle=Core+Issues+and+Theory+in+Military+Sociology&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Journal+of+Political+and+Military+Sociology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3719%2Fis_200107%2Fai_n8977420&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> Piven, F. (1988) Why Americans Don't Vote: And Why Politicians Want it That Way Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0679723188" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-679-72318-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> Lipset, S.M. Introduction: Ostrogorski and the Analytical Approach to the Comparative Study of Political Parties in M. Ostrogorski, Democracy and the Organization of Political (2 vol, 1964; 1982 ed.) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LWwBN3rUrO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=contemporary+political+sociology&hl=en&ei=UaGETsjbOI6r8QPgr9w0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AE">Contemporary political sociology ... - Kate Nash</a>. Books.google.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LWwBN3rUrO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=contemporary+political+sociology&hl=en&ei=UaGETsjbOI6r8QPgr9w0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AE">http://books.google.com/books?id=LWwBN3rUrO4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=contemporary+political+sociology&hl=en&ei=UaGETsjbOI6r8QPgr9w0&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AE</a>. Retrieved 2011-11-04.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+political+sociology+...+-+Kate+Nash&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLWwBN3rUrO4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dcontemporary%2Bpolitical%2Bsociology%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DUaGETsjbOI6r8QPgr9w0%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CDEQ6AE&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5mazSOSvqrEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=social+movements&hl=en&ei=iKGETretNoia8QPL-b1i&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Social movements: an introduction - Donatella Della Porta, Mario Diani</a>. Books.google.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5mazSOSvqrEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=social+movements&hl=en&ei=iKGETretNoia8QPL-b1i&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">http://books.google.com/books?id=5mazSOSvqrEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=social+movements&hl=en&ei=iKGETretNoia8QPL-b1i&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false</a>. Retrieved 2011-11-04.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+movements%3A+an+introduction+-+Donatella+Della+Porta%2C+Mario+Diani&rft.pub=Books.google.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mazSOSvqrEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3Dsocial%2Bmovements%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DiKGETretNoia8QPL-b1i%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D1%26ved%3D0CCwQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> "Milton Louw - Making A Better World." : Oldest Coloured Owned Business in Namibia. Web. 22 Feb. 2012. <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://milton-louw.blogspot.com/2011/03/oldest-coloured-owned-business-in.html">http://milton-louw.blogspot.com/2011/03/oldest-coloured-owned-business-in.html</a>>. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> Kevin J. Christiano, et al., (2nd ed., 2008), Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/9780742561113" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7425-6111-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> Berger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967). Anchor Books 1990 paperback: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0385073054" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-385-07305-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociological_miniaturism:_seeing_the_big_through_the_small_in_social_psychology-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Sociological_miniaturism:_seeing_the_big_through_the_small_in_social_psychology_114-0">↑</a> Stolte, John F; Fine, Gary Alan; Cook, Karen S. (2001). "Sociological miniaturism: seeing the big through the small in social psychology". Annual Review of Sociology 27: pp. 387–413. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.387">10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.387</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sociological+miniaturism%3A+seeing+the+big+through+the+small+in+social+psychology&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.aulast=Stolte%2C+John+F%3B+Fine%2C+Gary+Alan%3B+Cook%2C+Karen+S.&rft.au=Stolte%2C+John+F%3B+Fine%2C+Gary+Alan%3B+Cook%2C+Karen+S.&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=pp.+387%E2%80%93413&rft_id=info:doi/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.27.1.387&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-about1-115">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-about1_115-0">115.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-about1_115-1">115.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/f/socialpsych.htm">"What Is Social Psychology – An Introduction to Social Psychology"</a>. Psychology.about.com. Retrieved 2010-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=What+Is+Social+Psychology+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction+to+Social+Psychology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Psychology.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.about.com%2Fod%2Fsocialpsychology%2Ff%2Fsocialpsych.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">↑</a> Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Class_and_Stratification-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Social_Class_and_Stratification_117-0">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Robert_Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Robert Saunders (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Saunders, Peter</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=FK-004p0J_EC">Social Class and Stratification</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-415-04125-6" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-415-04125-6">978-0-415-04125-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=FK-004p0J_EC">http://books.google.com/?id=FK-004p0J_EC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Class+and+Stratification&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Saunders%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=1990&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04125-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DFK-004p0J_EC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> Macionis, Gerber,, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed.. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc... pp. 243.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-13-700161-3" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-13-700161-3">978-0-13-700161-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+7th+Canadian+Ed.&rft.aulast=Macionis%2C+Gerber%2C&rft.aufirst=John%2C+Linda&rft.au=Macionis%2C+Gerber%2C%2C%26%2332%3BJohn%2C+Linda&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B243.&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Pearson+Canada+Inc..&rft.isbn=978-0-13-700161-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> Stark, , Rodney (2006). Sociology. Wadsworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-495-09344-2" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-495-09344-2">978-0-495-09344-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Stark%2C%26%2332%3B%2C+Rodney&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0-495-09344-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> Dahrendorf, Ralf. (1959) Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> Bornschier V. (1996), 'Western society in transition' New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> Sassen, Saskia – The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991) – Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0691070636" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-07063-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">↑</a> Watson, Tony J. 2008 Sociology, Work, and Industry. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0415435552" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-43555-2</a>. p392 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> Sherif, M., and CW Sherif. An Outline of Social Psychology (rev. ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956 </li> <li id="cite_note-Web_page-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Web_page_125-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110626125649/http://nos.org/331courseE/L-3%20SOCIOLOGY%20ITS%20RELATIONSHIP%20WITH%20OTHER%20SOCIAL%20SCIEN.pdf">"Web page"</a> (PDF). Sociology and Its Relationships to Other Social Sciences. National Organization of Sociology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.org/331courseE/L-3%20SOCIOLOGY%20ITS%20RELATIONSHIP%20WITH%20OTHER%20SOCIAL%20SCIEN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.atitle=Web+page&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sociology+and+Its+Relationships+to+Other+Social+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnos.org%2F331courseE%2FL-3%2520SOCIOLOGY%2520ITS%2520RELATIONSHIP%2520WITH%2520OTHER%2520SOCIAL%2520SCIEN.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Generalist_Practice_with_Organizations_and_Communities-126">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Generalist_Practice_with_Organizations_and_Communities_126-0">126.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Generalist_Practice_with_Organizations_and_Communities_126-1">126.1</a> Kirst-Ashman, K.K. & Hull, G.H. (2009). Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-495-50715-6" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-495-50715-6">0-495-50715-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generalist+Practice+with+Organizations+and+Communities&rft.aulast=Kirst-Ashman%2C+K.K.+%26+Hull%2C+G.H.&rft.au=Kirst-Ashman%2C+K.K.+%26+Hull%2C+G.H.&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=4th&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole+Cengage+Learning&rft.isbn=0-495-50715-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Direct_Social_Work_Practice-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Direct_Social_Work_Practice_127-0">↑</a> Hepworth, D.H, Rooney, R.H., Rooney, G.D, Strom-Gottfried, K., Larsen, J.A. (2006). "1". Direct Social Work Practice. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-534-64458-9" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-534-64458-9">0-534-64458-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=1&rft.atitle=Direct+Social+Work+Practice&rft.aulast=Hepworth%2C+D.H%2C+Rooney%2C+R.H.%2C+Rooney%2C+G.D%2C+Strom-Gottfried%2C+K.%2C+Larsen%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Hepworth%2C+D.H%2C+Rooney%2C+R.H.%2C+Rooney%2C+G.D%2C+Strom-Gottfried%2C+K.%2C+Larsen%2C+J.A.&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.isbn=0-534-64458-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Trostle-128"><a href="#cite_ref-James_Trostle_128-0">↑</a> Janes, Craig Robert; Stall, Ron; Gifford, Sandra M (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ggn-VgZceYAC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=Will+Anthropology+be+absorbed+by+Sociology%3F&q=Will%20Anthropology%20be%20absorbed%20by%20Sociology%3F">James Trostle</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-90-277-2248-5" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-90-277-2248-5">978-90-277-2248-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ggn-VgZceYAC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=Will+Anthropology+be+absorbed+by+Sociology%3F&q=Will%20Anthropology%20be%20absorbed%20by%20Sociology%3F">http://books.google.com/?id=ggn-VgZceYAC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=Will+Anthropology+be+absorbed+by+Sociology%3F&q=Will%20Anthropology%20be%20absorbed%20by%20Sociology%3F</a>. Retrieved 2009-09-08.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Trostle&rft.aulast=Janes%2C+Craig+Robert&rft.au=Janes%2C+Craig+Robert&rft.au=Stall%2C+Ron&rft.au=Gifford%2C+Sandra+M&rft.date=1986&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-90-277-2248-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dggn-VgZceYAC%26pg%3DPA82%26lpg%3DPA82%26dq%3DWill%2BAnthropology%2Bbe%2Babsorbed%2Bby%2BSociology%253F%26q%3DWill%2520Anthropology%2520be%2520absorbed%2520by%2520Sociology%253F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociology-Basic_Concepts-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Sociology-Basic_Concepts_129-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110626125649/http://nos.org/331courseE/L-3%20SOCIOLOGY%20ITS%20RELATIONSHIP%20WITH%20OTHER%20SOCIAL%20SCIEN.pdf">"Sociology-Basic Concepts"</a> (PDF). nos.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.org/331courseE/L-3%20SOCIOLOGY%20ITS%20RELATIONSHIP%20WITH%20OTHER%20SOCIAL%20SCIEN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=Sociology-Basic+Concepts&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=nos.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnos.org%2F331courseE%2FL-3%2520SOCIOLOGY%2520ITS%2520RELATIONSHIP%2520WITH%2520OTHER%2520SOCIAL%2520SCIEN.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> Dugan, David. "NOVA: Lord of the Ants." NOVA: Lord of the Ants. Dir. David Dugan. Prod. David Dugan. PBS. WGBH, Boston, Massachusetts, 20 May 2008. Television. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1994-131">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1994_131-0">131.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1994_131-1">131.1</a> Horowitz, Irving (1994) The Decomposition of Sociology Oxford University Press. p3-9 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a> Randall Collins, Cited in Horowitz, Irving (1994) The Decomposition of Sociology Oxford University Press. p3-9 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_most_cited_authors_of_books_in_the_humanities-133"><a href="#cite_ref-The_most_cited_authors_of_books_in_the_humanities_133-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=405956&sectioncode=26">"The most cited authors of books in the humanities"</a>. timeshighereducation.co.uk. 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2009-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fyo.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&rft.btitle=The+most+cited+authors+of+books+in+the+humanities&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=timeshighereducation.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryCode%3D405956%26sectioncode%3D26&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WoS-134"><a href="#cite_ref-WoS_134-0">↑</a> "Journals Ranked by Impact: Sociology". 2010 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_Citation_Reports&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal Citation Reports (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Journal Citation Reports</a> (Social Sciences ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomson_Reuters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomson Reuters (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Thomson Reuters</a>. 2011.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Journals+Ranked+by+Impact%3A+Sociology&rft.atitle=2010+%5B%5BJournal+Citation+Reports%5D%5D&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=Social+Sciences&rft.pub=%5B%5BThomson+Reuters%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iwe_fun_kika">Iwe fun kika</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Iwe fun kika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section's source code: Iwe fun kika">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aby, Stephen H. Sociology: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources, 3rd edn. Littleton, Colorado, Libraries Unlimited Inc., 2005, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/1563089475" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56308-947-5</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57475961">57475961</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/57475961&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Babbie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl Babbie (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Babbie, Earl R.</a>. 2003. The Practice of Social Research, 10th edition. Wadsworth, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomson_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomson Learning (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Thomson Learning</a> Inc., <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0534620299" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-534-62029-9</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51917727">51917727</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/51917727&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randall_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randall Collins (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Collins, Randall</a>. 1994. Four Sociological Traditions. Oxford, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Oxford University Press</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0195082087" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-508208-7</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28411490">28411490</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/28411490&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_A._Coser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis A. Coser (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Coser, Lewis A.</a>, Masters of Sociological Thought : Ideas in Historical and Social Context, New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0155551280" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-15-555128-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Giddens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Giddens (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Giddens, Anthony</a>. 2006. Sociology (5th edition), Polity, Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0745633781" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7456-3378-1</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63186308">63186308</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/63186308&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li>Landis, Judson R (1989). Sociology: Concepts and Characteristics (7th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-534-10158-5" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-534-10158-5">0-534-10158-5</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+Concepts+and+Characteristics&rft.aulast=Landis%2C+Judson+R&rft.au=Landis%2C+Judson+R&rft.date=1989&rft.edition=7th&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.isbn=0-534-10158-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li>Macionis, John J (1991). Sociology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0-13-820358-X" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/0-13-820358-X">0-13-820358-X</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.aulast=Macionis%2C+John+J&rft.au=Macionis%2C+John+J&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=3rd&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=0-13-820358-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_K._Merton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert K. Merton (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Merton, Robert K.</a>. 1959. Social Theory and Social Structure. Toward the codification of theory and research, Glencoe: Ill. (Revised and enlarged edition) . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4536864">4536864</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/4536864&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camden.rutgers.edu/~wood/207socimagination.htm">Mills, C. Wright, The Sociological Imagination,1959</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165883">165883</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/165883&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20061106060908/http://ddl.uwinnipeg.ca/res_des/files/readings/cwmills-intel_craft.pdf">C. Wright Mills, Intellectual Craftsmanship Advices how to Work for young Sociologist</a></li> <li>Mitchell, Geoffrey Duncan (2007, originally published in 1968). A Hundred Years of Sociology: A Concise History of the Major Figures, Ideas, and Schools of Sociological Thought. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/978-0-202-36168-0" title="Pàtàkì:BookSources/978-0-202-36168-0">978-0-202-36168-0</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145146341">145146341</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hundred+Years+of+Sociology%3A+A+Concise+History+of+the+Major+Figures%2C+Ideas%2C+and+Schools+of+Sociological+Thought&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Duncan&rft.au=Mitchell%2C%26%2332%3BGeoffrey+Duncan&rft.date=2007%2C+originally+published+in+1968&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36168-0&rft_id=info:oclcnum/145146341&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Nisbet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert A. Nisbet (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Nisbet, Robert A.</a> 1967. The Sociological Tradition, London, Heinemann Educational Books. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/1560006676" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56000-667-6</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26934810">26934810</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/26934810&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Ritzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Ritzer (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Ritzer, George</a> and Douglas J. Goodman. 2004. Sociological Theory, Sixth Edition. <a href="/w/index.php?title=McGraw-Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McGraw-Hill (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">McGraw Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0072817186" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-281718-6</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52240022">52240022</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/52240022&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li>Scott, John & Marshall, Gordon (eds) A Dictionary of Sociology (3rd Ed). Oxford University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0198609868" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-860986-8</a>, . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60370982">60370982</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/60370982&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li>Wallace, Ruth A. & Alison Wolf. 1995. Contemporary Sociological Theory: Continuing the Classical Tradition, 4th ed., Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/013036245X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-036245-X</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31604842">31604842</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/31604842&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrison White (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">White, Harrison C.</a>. 2008. Identity and Control. How Social Formations Emerge. (2nd ed., Completely rev. ed.) Princeton, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/9780691137148" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-691-13714-8</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174138884">174138884</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/174138884&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li> <li>Willis, Evan. 1996. The Sociological Quest: An introduction to the study of social life, <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutgers_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutgers University Press (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A0t%C3%A0k%C3%AC:BookSources/0813523672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8135-2367-2</a> . <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Computer_Library_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Computer Library Center (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34633406">34633406</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft_id=info:oclcnum/34633406&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ijapo_ode">Ijapo ode</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Àtúnṣe abala: Ijapo ode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">àtúnṣe</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3e%E1%BB%8D%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80%C3%A0w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section's source code: Ijapo ode">àtúnṣe àmìọ̀rọ̀</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%80d%C3%A0k%E1%BB%8D:WVS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Àdàkọ:WVS (kò sí ojúewé yìí)">Àdàkọ:WVS</a> <dl><dt>Professional associations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r524006">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsanet.org/">African Sociological Association (AfSA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asanet.org/">American Sociological Association (ASA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/doane/ahsweb1.htm">Association for Humanist Sociology (AHS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tasa.org.au/">Australian Sociological Association (TASA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britsoc.co.uk/">British Sociological Association (BSA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csaa.ca/">Canadian Sociological Association (CSA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acsalf.ca/">Canadian Association of French-speaking Sociologists and Anthropologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/esa/">European Sociological Association (ESA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afs-socio.fr">French Sociological Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soziologie.de">German Sociological Association (DGS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insoso.org/">Indian Sociological Society (Insoso)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iisoc.org/">International Institute of Sociology (IIS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/info/isa/">International Sociological Association (ISA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alas.fsoc.uba.ar/index.html">Latin American Sociological Association (ALAS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.pt/">Portuguese Sociological Association (APS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociology.ie/">Sociological Association of Ireland (SAI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasaonline.org.za/">South African Sociological Association (SASA)</a></li></ul> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Àwọn_sáyẹ́nsì_àwùjọ" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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