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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luxembourg" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luxembourg" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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id="toc-Emergence_and_expansion_of_the_County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1312)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_and_expansion_of_the_County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1312)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Emergence and expansion of the County of Luxemburg (963–1312) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_and_expansion_of_the_County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1312)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age:_The_House_of_Luxembourg_contending_for_supremacy_in_Central_Europe_(1312–1443)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age:_The_House_of_Luxembourg_contending_for_supremacy_in_Central_Europe_(1312–1443)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Golden Age: The House of Luxembourg contending for supremacy in Central Europe (1312–1443) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age:_The_House_of_Luxembourg_contending_for_supremacy_in_Central_Europe_(1312–1443)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg_under_Habsburg_rule_and_repeated_French_invasions_(1444–1794)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg_under_Habsburg_rule_and_repeated_French_invasions_(1444–1794)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Luxembourg under Habsburg rule and repeated French invasions (1444–1794) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg_under_Habsburg_rule_and_repeated_French_invasions_(1444–1794)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg_under_French_rule_(1794–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg_under_French_rule_(1794–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Luxembourg under French rule (1794–1815) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg_under_French_rule_(1794–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_awakening_and_independence_(1815–1890)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_awakening_and_independence_(1815–1890)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 National awakening and independence (1815–1890) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_awakening_and_independence_(1815–1890)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_German_occupations_and_interwar_political_crisis_(1890–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_German_occupations_and_interwar_political_crisis_(1890–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Two German occupations and interwar political crisis (1890–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_German_occupations_and_interwar_political_crisis_(1890–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_into_NATO_and_European_Union_(1945–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_into_NATO_and_European_Union_(1945–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_into_NATO_and_European_Union_(1945–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Largest towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Luxembourgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Luxembourgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Notable Luxembourgers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Luxembourgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Informational notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Luxembourg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 272 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-272" aria-hidden="true" > 272 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luks%C3%A8mburg" title="Luksèmburg – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Luksèmburg" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Луксембург – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Луксембург" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B0%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ሉክሰምበርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉክሰምበርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्समबर्ग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लक्समबर्ग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letseburg" title="Letseburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Letseburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Лиуксембург – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Лиуксембург" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="لوكسمبورغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوكسمبورغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%A1%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%93" title="ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܘܟܣܡܒܘܪܓ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Լիւքսամպուրկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լիւքսամպուրկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemb%C3%B4rg" title="Lussembôrg – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lussembôrg" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লাক্সেমবাৰ্গ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgu" title="Luxemburgu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Luxemburgu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्सेम्बर्ग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लक्सेम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Луксембург – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Луксембург" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburq" title="Lüksemburq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lüksemburq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82" title="لوکزامبورق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوکزامبورق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="লুক্সেমবার্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুক্সেমবার্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксэмбург – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люксэмбург" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्समबर्ग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लक्समबर्ग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhemburgo" title="Luhemburgo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Luhemburgo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksembog" title="Laksembog – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Laksembog" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxnbuag" title="Luxnbuag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Luxnbuag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82_(%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D)" title="ལུ་སེམ་བའུརག (རྒྱལ་ཁབ།) – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལུ་སེམ་བའུརག (རྒྱལ་ཁབ།)" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembourg_(bro)" title="Luksembourg (bro) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luksembourg (bro)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85)" title="Люксембург (патшалăх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Люксембург (патшалăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugsemburg" title="Lugsemburg – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lugsemburg" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucembursko" title="Lucembursko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lucembursko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakisombhegi" title="Rakisombhegi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rakisombhegi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburgu" title="Lussemburgu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lussemburgu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwcsembwrg" title="Lwcsembwrg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lwcsembwrg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DD%A3" title="ليكسمبورݣ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليكسمبورݣ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bine%CA%BCadziihii_Y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD_Hahoodzo" title="Bineʼadziihii Yázhí Hahoodzo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bineʼadziihii Yázhí Hahoodzo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgska" title="Luxemburgska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Luxemburgska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्जेम्बर्ग – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लक्जेम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF" title="Λουξεμβούργο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουξεμβούργο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemb%C3%BBrgh" title="Lussembûrgh – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Lussembûrgh" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Люксембург Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Люксембург Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgo_(lando)" title="Luksemburgo (lando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Luksemburgo (lando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburgu" title="Lussemburgu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lussemburgu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxenburgo" title="Luxenburgo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luxenburgo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksemb%C9%94g" title="Laksembɔg – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Laksembɔg" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لوکزامبورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوکزامبورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemborg" title="Luksemborg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Luksemborg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAksemboarch_(l%C3%A2n)" title="Lúksemboarch (lân) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lúksemboarch (lân)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksammbuur" title="Luksammbuur – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Luksammbuur" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburc" title="Lussemburc – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lussemburc" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucsamburg" title="Lucsamburg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lucsamburg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucsemburg" title="Lucsemburg – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lucsemburg" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburg" title="Lüksemburg – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Lüksemburg" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucsamburg" title="Lucsamburg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lucsamburg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97" title="લક્ઝેમ્બર્ગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લક્ઝેમ્બર્ગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्संबॉर्ग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लक्संबॉर्ग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3" title="Лүксин Балһсна Нутг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Лүксин Балһсна Нутг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A9%EC%85%88%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="룩셈부르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="룩셈부르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksamburg" title="Luksamburg – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Luksamburg" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukemapuka" title="Lukemapuka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lukemapuka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Լյուքսեմբուրգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյուքսեմբուրգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्ज़मबर्ग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लक्ज़मबर्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgska" title="Luxemburgska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Luxemburgska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgia" title="Luxemburgia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Luxemburgia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="লুক্সেমবুর্গ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লুক্সেমবুর্গ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgia" title="Luxemburgia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Luxemburgia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAxemborg" title="Lúxemborg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lúxemborg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburgo" title="Lussemburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lussemburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="לוקסמבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוקסמבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugizamburi" title="Lugizamburi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lugizamburi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಕ್ಸೆಂಬೊರ್ಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಕ್ಸೆಂಬೊರ್ಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgu" title="Luksemburgu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Luksemburgu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ლუქსემბურგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუქსემბურგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemb%C3%B9rg" title="Luksembùrg – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Luksembùrg" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksembourg" title="Luksembourg – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Luksembourg" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugizamburu" title="Lugizamburu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Lugizamburu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburga" title="Luxemburga – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Luxemburga" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liksanbou_(peyi)" title="Liksanbou (peyi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liksanbou (peyi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liksanbour_(p%C3%A9yi)" title="Liksanbour (péyi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liksanbour (péyi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBksemb%C3%BBrg" title="Lûksembûrg – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lûksembûrg" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgo" title="Luksemburgo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Luksemburgo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C%E0%BA%81" title="ປະເທດລັກເຊມເບິຣ໌ກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລັກເຊມເບິຣ໌ກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburga" title="Luksemburga – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Luksemburga" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgum" title="Luxemburgum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Luxemburgum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburga" title="Luksemburga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luksemburga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABtzebuerg_(Land)" title="Lëtzebuerg (Land) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëtzebuerg (Land)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuksemburgas" title="Liuksemburgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liuksemburgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luscemburgo" title="Luscemburgo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Luscemburgo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemb%C3%B6rg_(land)" title="Luxembörg (land) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Luxembörg (land)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksamburg" title="Luksamburg – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Luksamburg" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99uksemburgu" title="L’uksemburgu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="L’uksemburgu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lEtsyburg" title="lEtsyburg – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lEtsyburg" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCssemburgh" title="Lüssemburgh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lüssemburgh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Луксембург – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луксембург" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loksemborga" title="Loksemborga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Loksemborga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ലക്സംബർഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലക്സംബർഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburgu" title="Lussemburgu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lussemburgu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakapu%C5%8D" title="Rakapuō – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rakapuō" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्झेंबर्ग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लक्झेंबर्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ლუქსემბურგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუქსემბურგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="لوكسيمبورج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوكسيمبورج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لوکزامبورگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لوکزامبورگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%92" title="ꯂꯛꯖꯦꯝꯕꯧꯔꯒ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯛꯖꯦꯝꯕꯧꯔꯒ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhuxemburgo" title="Lhuxemburgo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhuxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксэмбург – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Люксэмбург" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="လူဇင်ဘတ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဇင်ဘတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg_(land)" title="Luxemburg (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luxemburg (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemb%C3%B6rg_(land)" title="Luxembörg (land) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Luxembörg (land)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्जेम्बर्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लक्जेम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्जेम्बर्ग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लक्जेम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ルクセンブルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルクセンブルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburgo" title="Lussemburgo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lussemburgo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemborj" title="Luksemborj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Luksemborj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemborg" title="Luksemborg – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Luksemborg" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgia" title="Luxemburgia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Luxemburgia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemborg_(estat)" title="Luxemborg (estat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Luxemborg (estat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laaksembargi" title="Laaksembargi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Laaksembargi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuksemburg" title="Lyuksemburg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lyuksemburg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਲਕਸਮਬਰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਕਸਮਬਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्सम्बर्ग – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लक्सम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABtzebuerg" title="Lëtzebuerg – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Lëtzebuerg" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لکسمبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکسمبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="လူသိဉ်ဗတ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လူသိဉ်ဗတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="لوګزامبورګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوګزامبورګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logzimboerg" title="Logzimboerg – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Logzimboerg" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Лецебург – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лецебург" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BD" title="លុចសំបួ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លុចសំបួ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussimbourk" title="Lussimbourk – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lussimbourk" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemborgh" title="Lussemborgh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lussemborgh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksembog" title="Laksembog – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Laksembog" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemborg" title="Luxemborg – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Luxemborg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF" title="Λουξεμβούργο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λουξεμβούργο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyuksemburg" title="Lyuksemburg – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Lyuksemburg" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburg" title="Lüksemburg – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lüksemburg" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgo" title="Luksemburgo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Luksemburgo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksimpur" title="Luksimpur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Luksimpur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Луксембурьско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Луксембурьско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Лүксембург – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лүксембург" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukisemipoka" title="Lukisemipoka – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lukisemipoka" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="लक्सम्बर्ग – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लक्सम्बर्ग" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨᱜᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱠᱥᱮᱢᱵᱟᱨᱜᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburgu" title="Lussemburgu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lussemburgu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembuurich" title="Luxembuurich – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Luxembuurich" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgu" title="Luksemburgu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luksemburgu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussimburgu" title="Lussimburgu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lussimburgu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A" title="ලක්සම්බර්ග් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලක්සම්බර්ග්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لڪسمبرگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لڪسمبرگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusembogu" title="Lusembogu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Lusembogu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembursko" title="Luxembursko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Luxembursko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%AF%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Люѯємбоургъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Люѯємбоургъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksymburg" title="Luksymburg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Luksymburg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksaamboorgi" title="Luksaamboorgi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luksaamboorgi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لۆکسمبۆرگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆکسمبۆرگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburgkondre" title="Luksemburgkondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Luksemburgkondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Луксембург – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луксембург" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="லக்சம்பர்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லக்சம்பர்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksmburg" title="Luksmburg – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Luksmburg" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lussemburghe" title="Lussemburghe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lussemburghe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းလၢၵ်ႈၸိမ်ႇပၢၵ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းလၢၵ်ႈၸိမ်ႇပၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="లక్సెంబర్గ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లక్సెంబర్గ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgu" title="Luxemburgu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Luxemburgu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศลักเซมเบิร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศลักเซมเบิร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakisemipeki" title="Lakisemipeki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lakisemipeki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8B%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎸᎧᏎᏋᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎸᎧᏎᏋᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburg" title="Lüksemburg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lüksemburg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburg" title="Lüksemburg – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Lüksemburg" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Люксембург" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="لکسمبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لکسمبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%83%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="ليۇكسېمبۇرگ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ليۇكسېمبۇرگ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzswnhbauj" title="Luzswnhbauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Luzswnhbauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81usenburgo" title="Łusenburgo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łusenburgo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCksemburg" title="Lüksemburg – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lüksemburg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux%C3%A4mburg%C3%A4n" title="Luxämburgän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Luxämburgän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luks%C3%B5mburk" title="Luksõmburk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Luksõmburk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Dutcheye_do_Lussimbork" title="Grande Dutcheye do Lussimbork – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Grande Dutcheye do Lussimbork" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="盧森堡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="盧森堡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg_(land)" title="Luxemburg (land) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Luxemburg (land)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgo" title="Luxemburgo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksambuur" title="Luksambuur – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Luksambuur" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卢森堡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="לוקסעמבורג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לוקסעמבורג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAks%E1%BA%B9%CC%81mb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80rg" title="Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lúksẹ́mbọ̀rg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="盧森堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧森堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksemburg" title="Luksemburg – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Luksemburg" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg_(land)" title="Luxemburg (land) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Luxemburg (land)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioksemborgs" title="Lioksemborgs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lioksemborgs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="卢森堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢森堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzemb%E1%BB%8Dk" title="Luzembọk – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Luzembọk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksembereh" title="Leksembereh – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Leksembereh" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg – 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For its capital, see <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>. For the Belgian province, see <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg (Belgium)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Luxembourg (disambiguation)">Luxembourg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>)</li><li>Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li>Großherzogtum Luxemburg (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Luxembourg"><img alt="Flag of Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/125px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/188px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/250px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Luxembourg" title="Flag of Luxembourg">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Luxembourg"><img alt="Coat of arms of Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg/85px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg/128px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg/170px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_grand-duchy_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1399" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Luxembourg" title="Coat of arms of Luxembourg"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "<a href="/wiki/Mir_w%C3%ABlle_bleiwe_wat_mir_sinn" title="Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn">Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn</a>" "We want to stay what we are"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Ons_Heemecht" title="Ons Heemecht">Ons Heemecht</a>" ("Our Homeland") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Ons_Heemecht.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Ons_Heemecht.ogg/Ons_Heemecht.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Ons_Heemecht.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOns_Heemecht.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOns_Heemecht.ogg&lang=lb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lb" label="Lëtzebuergesch ‪(lb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AOns_Heemecht.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>: "<a href="/wiki/De_Wilhelmus" title="De Wilhelmus">De Wilhelmus</a>"a <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="De_Wilhelmus.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/De_Wilhelmus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/De_Wilhelmus.ogg/De_Wilhelmus.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADe_Wilhelmus.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADe_Wilhelmus.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADe_Wilhelmus.ogg&lang=lb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lb" label="Lëtzebuergesch ‪(lb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADe_Wilhelmus.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark gray) – in the European Union (green)"><img alt="Location of Luxembourg (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark gray) – in the European Union (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/EU-Luxembourg.svg/250px-EU-Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/EU-Luxembourg.svg/375px-EU-Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/EU-Luxembourg.svg/500px-EU-Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Luxembourg (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark gray) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a><a href="#cite_note-The_World_Factbook-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Luxembourg&params=49_48_52_N_06_07_54_E_type:city(124,500)_region:LU">49°48′52″N 06°07′54″E / 49.81444°N 6.13167°E / 49.81444; 6.13167</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">National language: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a> Administrative languages:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Luxembourgish</li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>52.8% <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a></li><li>14.5% <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Luxembourger">Portuguese</a></li><li style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">7.6% <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a></li><li>3.7% <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a></li><li>21.4% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2018<a href="#cite_note-EB2018-2">[2]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>73.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>63.8% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in Luxembourg">Catholicism</a></li> <li>9.4% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">23.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.2% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Guillaume</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Luc Frieden</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• From the <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">French Empire</a> and elevation to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Developing_independence_(1815–1890)" title="History of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence in personal Union with the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">Treaty of London</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1839</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 November 1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Occupation during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Liberation from the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Greater German Reich</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1944/1945</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,586.4 km2 (998.6 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">168th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.23 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Luxembourg" title="Demographics of Luxembourg">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• January 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 672,050<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">163rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">643,941 <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">255/km2 (660.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $101.876 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LU-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $151,146<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LU-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $91.210 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LU-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">73rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $135,321<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LU-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 30.6<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.927<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data">Note: Although Luxembourg is located in <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Time" title="Western European Time">Western European Time</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (Z) zone, since 1 June 1904, <a href="/wiki/Local_Mean_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Mean Time">LMT</a> (UTC+0:24:36) was abandoned and <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> was adopted as standard time,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/luxembourg/luxembourg">[1]</a> with a +0:35:24 offset (+1:35:24 during <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>) from Luxembourg City's LMT.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Luxembourg" title="Telephone numbers in Luxembourg">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Luxembourg" title="Telephone numbers in Luxembourg">+352</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LU" title="ISO 3166-2:LU">LU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.lu" title=".lu">.lu</a>b</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Not the same as the <a href="/wiki/Het_Wilhelmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Het Wilhelmus">Het Wilhelmus</a> of the Netherlands</li><li value="2">The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> member states.</li><li value="4"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_ddd">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#Govt">"Field Listing – Distribution of family income – Gini index"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#Govt">the original</a> on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%E2%80%93+Distribution+of+family+income+%E2%80%93+Gini+index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2172.html%23Govt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-kartographer-container thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 265px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme" style="width: 265px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="265" data-height="200" data-overlays="["_a2dda6582dd027de1c4ab90f2597f848d974e5cf"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,265x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Luxembourg&revid=1260081526&groups=_a2dda6582dd027de1c4ab90f2597f848d974e5cf" width="265" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,265x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Luxembourg&revid=1260081526&groups=_a2dda6582dd027de1c4ab90f2597f848d974e5cf 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="thumbcaption">Interactive map showing the border of Luxembourg</div></div></div> Luxembourg (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlʌksəmbɜːrɡ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7a\/En-us-Luxembourg.ogg\/En-us-Luxembourg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Luxembourg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/En-us-Luxembourg.ogg/En-us-Luxembourg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Luxembourg.ogg" title="File:En-us-Luxembourg.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LUK-səm-burg</a>;<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: Lëtzebuerg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈlətsəbuəɕ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/Lb-L%C3%ABtzebuerg.ogg\/Lb-L%C3%ABtzebuerg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lb-L\u00ebtzebuerg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Lb-L%C3%ABtzebuerg.ogg/Lb-L%C3%ABtzebuerg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Lb-L%C3%ABtzebuerg.ogg" title="File:Lb-Lëtzebuerg.ogg">ⓘ</a>; German: Luxemburg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/De-Luxemburg.ogg\/De-Luxemburg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Luxemburg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/De-Luxemburg.ogg/De-Luxemburg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Luxemburg.ogg" title="File:De-Luxemburg.ogg">ⓘ</a>; French: Luxembourg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[lyksɑ̃buʁ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Fr-Luxembourg.wav\/Fr-Luxembourg.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Luxembourg.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Fr-Luxembourg.wav/Fr-Luxembourg.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Luxembourg.wav" title="File:Fr-Luxembourg.wav">ⓘ</a>), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a> is a small <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> to the west and north, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to the south. Its capital and most populous city, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> is one of <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">the four institutional seats of the European Union</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>) and the seat of several EU institutions, notably the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, the highest judicial authority.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg's culture</a>, people, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">languages</a> are greatly influenced by its much larger neighbors France and Germany; for example, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, a Germanic language, is the only national language of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgish people</a> and of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the only language for legislation, and all three – Luxembourgish, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and French – are used for administrative matters in the country.<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[13]</a> With an area of 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi), Luxembourg is <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Europe's seventh-smallest country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-europa1-16">[15]</a> In 2024, it had a population of 672,050, which makes it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">least-populated countries in Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> albeit with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population_growth_rate" title="List of European countries by population growth rate">highest population growth rate</a>;<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> foreigners account for nearly half the population.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Luxembourg is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> headed by a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Henri" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Henri">Grand Duke Henri</a>, making it the world's only remaining sovereign <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">grand duchy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxembourg" title="County of Luxembourg">County of Luxembourg</a> was established in the 11th century, as a state within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Its ascension culminated in its monarch, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> in the 14th century. Luxembourg came under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg rule</a> in the 15th century, and was annexed by France in the 18th century. Luxembourg was partitioned three times, reducing its size. Having been restored in 1815 after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, it regained independence in 1867 after the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a>. Luxembourg is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">advanced economy</a>, and has one of the world's highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> as per <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimates. The nation's levels of <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Luxembourg">LGBT equality</a> are ranked among the highest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDI-21">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Luxembourg" title="Old City of Luxembourg">historic city including its fortification</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 1994 due to the exceptional preservation of its vast fortifications and historic quarters.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO,_World_Heritage_Convention-22">[21]</a> Luxembourg is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[24]</a> It served on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> for the first time in 2013 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">History of Luxembourg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_AD_963">Before AD 963</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before AD 963">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Luxembourg" title="Celtic Luxembourg">Celtic Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg/170px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg/255px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg/340px-Codex_aureus_Epternacensis_folio_24_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2703" /></a><figcaption>Text page from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach" title="Codex Aureus of Echternach">Codex Aureus of Echternach</a>, an important surviving codex, was produced in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Echternach" title="Abbey of Echternach">Abbey of Echternach</a> in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Beckwith,_John_1979_pp._122-27">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> The first traces of settlement in what is now Luxembourg are dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic Age">Paleolithic Age</a>, about 35,000 years ago. From the 2nd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a> settled in the region between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Six centuries later the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> named the Celtic tribes inhabiting these exact regions collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>. Many examples of archaeological evidence proving their existence in Luxembourg have been discovered, the most famous being the Oppidum of <a href="/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg">Titelberg</a>. In around 58 to 51 BC, the Romans invaded the country when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquered Gaul</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> up to the Rhine border, thus the area of what is now Luxembourg became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for the next 450 years, living in relative peace under the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a>. Similar to those in Gaul, the Celts of Luxembourg adopted Roman culture, language, morals and a way of life, effectively becoming what historians later described as <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Evidence from that period includes the <a href="/wiki/Dalheim_Ricciacum" title="Dalheim Ricciacum">Dalheim Ricciacum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vichten" title="Vichten">Vichten mosaic</a>, on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_History_and_Art" title="National Museum of History and Art">National Museum of History and Art</a> in Luxembourg City.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> The territory was infiltrated by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> from the 4th century, and was abandoned by Rome in AD 406,<a href="#cite_note-Trausch2003-31">[30]</a>: 65  after which it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Franks">Kingdom of the Franks</a>. The Salian Franks who settled in the area are often described as the ones having brought the Germanic language to present-day Luxembourg, since the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">old Frankish</a> language spoken by them is considered by linguists to be a direct forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian dialect</a>, which later evolved into, among others, the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trausch2003-31">[30]</a>: 70 <a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of Luxembourg is usually dated back to the end of the 7th century. The most famous figure in this context is <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbrian</a> missionary saint, who together with other monks established the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Echternach" title="Abbey of Echternach">Abbey of Echternach</a> in AD 698,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> and is celebrated annually in the <a href="/wiki/Dancing_procession_of_Echternach" title="Dancing procession of Echternach">dancing procession of Echternach</a>. For a few centuries the abbey would become one of northern Europe's most influential abbeys. The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Aureus_of_Echternach" title="Codex Aureus of Echternach">Codex Aureus of Echternach</a>, an important surviving codex written entirely in gold ink, was produced here in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Beckwith,_John_1979_pp._122-27">[26]</a> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Emperor%27s_Bible" title="Emperor's Bible">Emperor's Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gospels_of_Henry_III" title="Golden Gospels of Henry III">Golden Gospels of Henry III</a> were also produced in Echternach at this time.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>: 9–25  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_and_expansion_of_the_County_of_Luxemburg_(963–1312)">Emergence and expansion of the County of Luxemburg (963–1312)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence and expansion of the County of Luxemburg (963–1312)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxembourg" title="County of Luxembourg">County of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/170px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/255px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg/340px-Charles_IV-John_Ocko_votive_picture-fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>, the 14th-century Holy Roman Emperor and King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> was divided many times starting with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843, today's Luxembourgish territory became successively part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middle_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Middle Francia">Kingdom of Middle Francia</a> (843–855), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lotharingia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lotharingia">Kingdom of Lotharingia</a> (855–959) and finally of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> (959–1059), which itself had become a state of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of Lucilinburhuc<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Castle">Luxembourg Castle</a>) situated on the <a href="/wiki/Bock_(Luxembourg)" title="Bock (Luxembourg)">Bock</a> rock by <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried of Luxembourg">Siegfried, Count of the Ardennes</a>, in 963 through an exchange act with <a href="/wiki/St._Maximin%27s_Abbey,_Trier" title="St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier">St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Around this <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fort</a>, a town gradually developed, which became the center of a state of great strategic value within the Duchy of Lorraine.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO,_World_Heritage_Convention-22">[21]</a> Over the years, the fortress was extended by Siegfried's descendants and by 1083, one of them, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Conrad I, Count of Luxembourg">Conrad I</a>, was the first to call himself a "<a href="/wiki/Count_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Luxembourg">Count of Luxembourg</a>", and with it effectively creating the independent <a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxembourg" title="County of Luxembourg">County of Luxembourg</a> (which was still a state within the Holy Roman Empire).<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> By the middle of the 13th century, the counts of Luxembourg had managed to gain considerable wealth and power and had expanded their territory from the river <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>. By the time of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V the Blonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitburg" title="Bitburg">Bitburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Roche-en-Ardenne" title="La Roche-en-Ardenne">La Roche-en-Ardenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durbuy" title="Durbuy">Durbuy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arlon" title="Arlon">Arlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thionville" title="Thionville">Thionville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marville,_Meuse" title="Marville, Meuse">Marville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longwy" title="Longwy">Longwy</a>, and in 1264 the competing <a href="/wiki/County_of_Vianden" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Vianden">County of Vianden</a> (and with it <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Vith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Vith (page does not exist)">St Vith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schleiden" title="Schleiden">Schleiden</a>) had either been incorporated directly or become <a href="/wiki/Vassal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal states">vassal states</a> to the County of Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The only major setback during their rise in power came in 1288, when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a> and his three brothers died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worringen" title="Battle of Worringen">Battle of Worringen</a> while trying unsuccessfully to add the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a> to their realm. But despite the defeat, the Battle of Worringen helped the Counts of Luxembourg to achieve military glory, which they had previously lacked, as they had mostly enlarged their territory by means of inheritances, marriages and fiefdoms.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The ascension of the Counts of Luxembourg culminated when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VII</a> became <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> and finally, in 1312, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Age:_The_House_of_Luxembourg_contending_for_supremacy_in_Central_Europe_(1312–1443)">Golden Age: The House of Luxembourg contending for supremacy in Central Europe (1312–1443)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Golden Age: The House of Luxembourg contending for supremacy in Central Europe (1312–1443)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg/220px-Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg/330px-Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg/440px-Festungsplan.von.Luxemburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Historic map (undated) of Luxembourg City's fortifications</figcaption></figure> With the ascension of Henry VII as Emperor, the dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a> not only began to rule the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, but rapidly began to exercise growing influence over other parts of Central Europe as well. Henry's son, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Blind" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Blind">John the Blind</a>, in addition to being Count of Luxembourg, also became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a>. He remains a major figure in Luxembourgish history and <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and is considered by many historians the epitome of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> in medieval times. He is also known for having founded the <a href="/wiki/Schueberfouer" title="Schueberfouer">Schueberfouer</a> in 1340 and for his heroic death at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> in 1346.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> John the Blind is considered a <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">national hero</a> in Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In the 14th and early 15th centuries, three more members of the House of Luxembourg reigned as Holy Roman Emperors and Bohemian Kings: John's descendants <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">Sigismund</a> (who also was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary and Croatia</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_IV_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia">Wenceslaus IV</a>. Charles IV created the long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull of 1356</a>, a decree which fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Empire. Luxembourg remained an independent fief (county) of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1354, Charles IV elevated it to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> with his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg">Wenceslaus I</a> becoming the first <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Luxembourg">Duke of Luxembourg</a>. While his kin were occupied ruling and expanding their power within the Holy Roman Empire and elsewhere, Wenceslaus, annexed the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Chiny" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Chiny">County of Chiny</a> in 1364, and with it, the territories of the new <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Duchy of Luxembourg">Duchy of Luxembourg</a> reached its greatest extent.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> During these 130 years, the House of Luxembourg was contending with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> for supremacy within the Holy Roman Empire and Central Europe. It all came to end in 1443, when the House of Luxembourg suffered a succession crisis, precipitated by the lack of a male heir to assume the throne. Since Sigismund and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Elizabeth of Görlitz">Elizabeth of Görlitz</a> were both heirless, all possessions of the Luxembourg Dynasty were redistributed among the European aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> The Duchy of Luxembourg become a possession of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip the Good</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> As the House of Luxembourg had become extinct and Luxembourg now became part of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>, this would mark the start of nearly 400 years of foreign rule over Luxembourg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg_under_Habsburg_rule_and_repeated_French_invasions_(1444–1794)">Luxembourg under Habsburg rule and repeated French invasions (1444–1794)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Luxembourg under Habsburg rule and repeated French invasions (1444–1794)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Luxembourg" title="Fortress of Luxembourg">Fortress of Luxembourg</a></div> In 1482, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a> inherited all of what became then known as the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a>, and with it the Duchy of Luxembourg. For nearly 320 years Luxembourg would remain a possession of the mighty House of Habsburg, at first under Austrian rule (1506–1556), then under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish rule (1556–1714)</a>, before going back again to <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian rule (1714–1794)</a>. With having become a Habsburg possession, the Duchy of Luxembourg became, like many countries in Europe at the time, heavily involved in the many conflicts for dominance of Europe between the Habsburg-held countries and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>. In 1542, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">François I</a>, invaded Luxembourg twice, but the Habsburgs under <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> managed to reconquer the Duchy each time.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Luxembourg became part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> in 1556, and when France and Spain <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">went to war in 1635</a> it resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">the first partition of Luxembourg</a> was decided. Under the Treaty, Spain ceded the Luxembourgish fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Stenay" title="Stenay">Stenay</a>, Thionville, and <a href="/wiki/Montm%C3%A9dy" title="Montmédy">Montmédy</a>, and the surrounding territory to France, effectively reducing the size of Luxembourg for the first time in centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pauly_p.57-51">[50]</a> In context of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> in 1684, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1684)" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1684)">France invaded Luxembourg again</a>, conquering and occupying the Duchy until 1697 when it was returned to the Spanish in order to garner support for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> cause during the prelude to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. When the war broke out in 1701 Luxembourg and the Spanish Netherlands were administered by the pro-French faction under the governor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria</a> and sided with the Bourbons. The duchy was subsequently occupied by the pro-Austrian allied forces during the conflict and was awarded to Austria at its conclusion in 1714.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> As the Duchy of Luxembourg repeatedly passed back and forth from Spanish and Austrian to French rule, each of the conquering nations contributed to strengthening and expanding the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Luxembourg" title="Fortress of Luxembourg">Fortress</a> that the Castle of Luxembourg had become over the years. One example of this includes French military engineer <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Vauban">Marquis de Vauban</a> who advanced the fortifications around and on the heights of the city, fortification walls that are still visible today.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pauly_p.57-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg_under_French_rule_(1794–1815)">Luxembourg under French rule (1794–1815)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Luxembourg under French rule (1794–1815)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">Forêts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">Secularism in France</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">Revolutionary France</a> invaded the Austrian Netherlands, and with it, Luxembourg. In the years 1793 and 1794 most of the Duchy was conquered relatively quickly and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> committed many atrocities and pillages against the Luxembourgish civilian population and abbeys, the most infamous being the massacres of <a href="/wiki/Differdange" title="Differdange">Differdange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudelange" title="Dudelange">Dudelange</a>, as well as the destruction of the abbeys of <a href="/wiki/Clairefontaine_Abbey" title="Clairefontaine Abbey">Clairefontaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Echternach" title="Abbey of Echternach">Echternach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orval_Abbey" title="Orval Abbey">Orval</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> However the Fortress of Luxembourg <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794–95)">resisted for nearly 7 months</a> before the Austrian forces holding it surrendered. Luxembourg's long defense led <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Carnot</a> to call Luxembourg "the best fortress in the world, except Gibraltar", giving rise to the city's nickname the Gibraltar of the North.<a href="#cite_note-Kreins_2003,_p.64-55">[54]</a> Luxembourg was annexed by France, becoming the <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">département des forêts</a> (department of forests), and the incorporation of the former Duchy as a département into France was formalised at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-Kreins_2003,_p.64-55">[54]</a> From the start of the occupation the new French officials in Luxembourg, who spoke only French, implemented many republican reforms, among them the principle of <a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">laicism</a>, which led to an outcry in strongly Catholic Luxembourg. Additionally French was implemented as the only official language and Luxembourgish people were barred access to all civil services.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pauly_p.65-56">[55]</a> When the French Army introduced military duty for the local population, riots broke out which culminated in 1798 when Luxembourgish peasants started a rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pauly_p.65-56">[55]</a> Even though the French managed to rapidly suppress this revolt called <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Klëppelkrich</a>, it had a profound effect on the historical memory of the country and its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> However, many republican ideas of this era continue to have a lasting effect on Luxembourg; one of the many examples features the implementation of the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Code Civil</a> which was introduced in 1804 and is still valid today.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_awakening_and_independence_(1815–1890)">National awakening and independence (1815–1890)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National awakening and independence (1815–1890)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_question" title="Luxembourg question">Luxembourg question</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">defeat</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1815, the Duchy of Luxembourg was restored. However, as the territory had been part of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Habsburgian Netherlands in the past, both the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> now claimed possession of the territory. At the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> the great powers decided that Luxembourg would become a member state of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, but at the same time <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I of the Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">King of the Netherlands</a>, would become, in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, the head of state. To satisfy Prussia, it was decided that not only the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Luxembourg" title="Fortress of Luxembourg">Fortress of Luxembourg</a> be manned by <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian troops</a>, but also that large parts of Luxembourgish territory (mainly the areas around Bitburg and St. Vith) become Prussian possessions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> This marked the second time that the Duchy of Luxembourg was reduced in size, and is generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">Second Partition of Luxembourg</a>. To compensate the Duchy for this loss, it was decided to elevate the Duchy to a <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand-Duchy</a>, thus giving the Dutch monarchs the additional title of <a href="/wiki/Grand-Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand-Duke of Luxembourg">Grand-Duke of Luxembourg</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> became an independent country following the victorious <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution of 1830–1831</a>, it claimed the entire Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg as being part of Belgium, however, the Dutch King who was also Grand Duke of Luxembourg, as well as Prussia, did not want to lose their grip on the mighty fortress of Luxembourg and did not agree with the Belgian claims.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The dispute would be solved at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">1839 Treaty of London</a> where the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">Third Partition of Luxembourg</a> was taken. This time the territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">francophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">western part of the country</a> (but also the then Luxembourgish-speaking part of <a href="/wiki/Arelerland" title="Arelerland">Arelerland</a>) was transferred to the new state of Belgium, thereby giving Luxembourg its modern-day borders. The treaty of 1839 also established full independence of the remaining Germanic-speaking Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In 1842, Luxembourg joined the German Customs Union (<a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>).<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[65]</a> This resulted in the opening of the German market, the development of <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg's steel industry</a>, and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_des_Chemins_de_Fer_Luxembourgeois" title="Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois">Luxembourg's railway network</a> from 1855 to 1875. After the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a> of 1866 nearly led to war between Prussia and France, as both were unwilling to see the other taking influence over Luxembourg and its mighty fortress, the Grand Duchy's independence and neutrality were reaffirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1867">Second Treaty of London</a> and Prussia was finally willing to withdraw its troops from the Fortress of Luxembourg under the condition that the fortifications would be dismantled. That happened the same year.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Prussian war">Franco-Prussian war</a> in 1870, Luxembourg's neutrality was respected, and neither France nor Germany invaded the country.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> As a result of the recurring disputes between the major European powers, the people of Luxembourg gradually developed a consciousness of independence and a national awakening took place in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The people of Luxembourg began referring to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a>, rather than being part of one of the larger surrounding nations. This consciousness of <a href="/wiki/Mir_w%C3%ABlle_bleiwe_wat_mir_sinn" title="Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn">Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn</a> ("We want to remain what we are ") culminated in 1890, when the last step towards full independence was finally taken: due to a succession crisis the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch monarchy">Dutch monarchy</a> ceased to hold the title Grand-Duke of Luxembourg. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Adolphe,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg</a>, the Grand-Duchy would have <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Weilburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Weilburg">their own monarchy</a>, thus reaffirming its full independence.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_German_occupations_and_interwar_political_crisis_(1890–1945)">Two German occupations and interwar political crisis (1890–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Two German occupations and interwar political crisis (1890–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsace-lorraine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alsace-lorraine.JPG/170px-Alsace-lorraine.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alsace-lorraine.JPG/255px-Alsace-lorraine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Alsace-lorraine.JPG/340px-Alsace-lorraine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Frontier with Alsace-Lorraine from 1871 to 1918</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II</a></div> In August 1914, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> violated Luxembourg's <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a> by invading it in order to defeat France.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Nevertheless, despite the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">German occupation</a>, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence and political mechanisms.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Unaware of the fact that Germany secretly planned to annex the Grand-Duchy in case of a German victory (the <a href="/wiki/Septemberprogramm" title="Septemberprogramm">Septemberprogramm</a>), the Luxembourgish government continued to pursue a policy of strict neutrality. However, the Luxembourgish population did not believe Germany had good intentions, fearing that it would annex Luxembourg. Around 1,000 Luxembourgers served in the French army.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Their sacrifices have been commemorated at the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ABlle_Fra" title="Gëlle Fra">Gëlle Fra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> After the war, Grand-Duchess <a href="/wiki/Marie-Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde,_Grand_Duchess_of_Luxembourg" title="Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg">Marie-Adélaïde</a> was seen by many people (including the French and Belgian governments) as having collaborated with the Germans and calls for her abdication and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> became louder.<a href="#cite_note-Thewes_2003,_p._81-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kreins_2003,_p._89-76">[75]</a> After the retreat of the <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="German Imperial Army">German army</a>, communists in Luxembourg City and <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> tried to establish a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">soviet worker's republic</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">ones emerging in Germany</a>, but these attempts lasted only 2 days.<a href="#cite_note-Kreins_2003,_p._89-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thewes_2003,_p._81-75">[74]</a> In November 1918, a motion in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> demanding the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">abolition of the monarchy</a> was defeated narrowly by 21 votes to 19 (with three abstentions).<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> France questioned the Luxembourgish government's, and especially Marie-Adélaïde's, neutrality during the war, and calls for an annexation of Luxembourg to either France or Belgium grew louder in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pauly_p.85-78">[77]</a> In January 1919, a company of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish Army">Luxembourgish Army</a> rebelled, declaring itself to be the army of the new republic, but French troops intervened and put an end to the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Michel_Pauly_p.85-78">[77]</a> Nonetheless, the disloyalty shown by her own armed forces was too much for Marie-Adélaïde, who abdicated in favor of her sister <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Charlotte">Charlotte</a> 5 days later.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The same year, in a <a href="/wiki/1919_Luxembourg_referendum" title="1919 Luxembourg referendum">popular referendum</a>, 77.8% of the Luxembourgish population declared in favor of maintaining monarchy and rejected the establishment of a republic. During this time, Belgium pushed for an annexation of Luxembourg. However, all such claims were ultimately dismissed at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, thus securing Luxembourg's independence.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> In 1940, after the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Luxembourg's neutrality was violated again when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Luxembourg">entered the country</a>, "entirely without justification".<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> In contrast to the First World War, under the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II</a>, the country was treated as German territory and informally annexed to the adjacent province of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Gau Moselland</a>. This time, Luxembourg did not remain neutral as Luxembourg's <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg government-in-exile">government in exile</a> based in London supported the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, sending a small group of volunteers who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Normandy invasion</a>, and multiple <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish Resistance">resistance groups</a> formed inside the occupied country.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> With 2.45% of its prewar population killed, and a third of all buildings in Luxembourg being destroyed or heavily damaged (mainly due to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>), Luxembourg suffered the highest such loss in Western Europe, but its commitment to the Allied war effort was never questioned.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Around 1,000–2,500 of Luxembourg's Jews were murdered in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">the Holocaust</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integration_into_NATO_and_European_Union_(1945–)">Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Integration into NATO and European Union (1945–)">edit</a>]</div> The Grand Duchy became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1945. Luxembourg's neutral status under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">constitution</a> formally ended in 1948, and in April 1949 it also became a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Luxembourg continued its involvements on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>. In the early fifties a small contingent of troops fought in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Luxembourg troops have also deployed to Afghanistan, to support <a href="/wiki/ISAF" class="mw-redirect" title="ISAF">ISAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In the 1950s, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>, following the 1952 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and subsequent 1958 creations of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a>. In 1993, the former two of these were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a> (one of the founding fathers of the EU), <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a> (considered the father of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Thorn" title="Gaston Thorn">Gaston Thorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> (all former Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>), Luxembourgish politicians contributed substantially to the EU's formation and establishment. In 1999, Luxembourg joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>. Thereafter, the country was elected non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (2013–14). The <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry">steel industry</a> exploiting the <a href="/wiki/Red_Lands" title="Red Lands">Red Lands</a>' rich iron-ore grounds in the beginning of the 20th century drove Luxembourg's industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> After the decline of the steel industry in the 1970s, the country focused on establishing itself as <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">a global financial center</a> and developed into the banking hub it is reputed to be. Since the beginning of the 21st century, its governments have focused on developing the country into a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>, with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg" title="University of Luxembourg">University of Luxembourg</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">national space program</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Politics of Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Luxembourg" title="Law of Luxembourg">Law of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg/220px-Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg/330px-Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg/440px-Luxembourg_City_Chambre_des_d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s_Nov_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3058" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption>The Hall of the Chamber of Deputies, the meeting place of the Luxembourgish national legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">Chamber of Deputies</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></figcaption></figure> Luxembourg is described as a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index#Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">full democracy</a>",<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> headed by a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarch">constitutional monarch</a>. Executive power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">grand duke</a> and the cabinet, which consists of several members with the titles of minister, minister delegate or secretary of state, who are headed by a Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">Constitution of Luxembourg</a>, the supreme law of Luxembourg, was originally adopted on 17 October 1868.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The Constitution was last updated on 1 July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> The grand duke has the power to dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">legislature</a>, in which case new elections must be held within three months. But since 1919, sovereignty has resided with the nation, exercised by the grand duke in accordance with the Constitution and the law.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg/220px-Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg/330px-Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg/440px-Palacio_Gran_Ducal_de_Luxemburgo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Palace,_Luxembourg" title="Grand Ducal Palace, Luxembourg">Grand Ducal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, the official residence of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a></figcaption></figure> Legislative power is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">Chamber of Deputies</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> legislature of sixty members, who are directly elected to five-year terms from four <a href="/wiki/Legislative_circonscriptions_(Luxembourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative circonscriptions (Luxembourg)">constituencies</a>. A second body, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a> (Conseil d'État), composed of 21 ordinary citizens appointed by the grand duke, advises the Chamber of Deputies in the drafting of legislation.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Luxembourg has three lower tribunals (justices de paix; in <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diekirch" title="Diekirch">Diekirch</a>), two district tribunals (Luxembourg and Diekirch), and a <a href="/wiki/Superior_court_of_justice_(Luxembourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior court of justice (Luxembourg)">Superior Court of Justice</a> (Luxembourg), which includes the Court of Appeal and the Court of Cassation. There is also an Administrative Tribunal and an Administrative Court, as well as a Constitutional Court, all of which are located in the capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Cantons of Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">Communes of Luxembourg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Luxembourg" title="Administrative divisions of Luxembourg">Administrative divisions of Luxembourg</a></div> Luxembourg is divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">cantons</a>, which are further divided into 100 <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">communes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Twelve of the communes have <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Luxembourg">city status</a>; the city of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> is the largest.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Partitions and Cantons of Luxembourg</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:20px;width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:380px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png/290px-LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/LuxembourgPartitionsMap_english.png 1.5x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="569" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">There have been three <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">partitions of Luxembourg</a> between 1659 and 1839. Together, they reduced the territory of Luxembourg from 10,700 km2 (4,100 sq mi) to the present-day area of 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi). The remainder forms parts of modern day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, France, and Germany.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:380px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png/275px-Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png/413px-Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png/550px-Cantons_of_Luxembourg_numbered.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2047" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Cantons of Luxembourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Capellen_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capellen (canton)">Capellen</a> (1) - <a href="/wiki/Clervaux_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clervaux (canton)">Clervaux</a> (2) - <a href="/wiki/Diekirch_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diekirch (canton)">Diekirch</a> (3) - <a href="/wiki/Echternach_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echternach (canton)">Echternach</a>(4) - <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette (canton)">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> (5) - <a href="/wiki/Grevenmacher_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grevenmacher (canton)">Grevenmacher</a> (6) - <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (canton)">Luxembourg</a> (7) - <a href="/wiki/Mersch_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersch (canton)">Mersch</a> (8) - <a href="/wiki/Redange_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redange (canton)">Redange</a> (9) - <a href="/wiki/Remich_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remich (canton)">Remich</a> (10) - <a href="/wiki/Vianden_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vianden (canton)">Vianden</a> (11) - <a href="/wiki/Wiltz_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltz (canton)">Wiltz</a> (12)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Foreign relations of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg/220px-EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg/330px-EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg/440px-EU_Court_of_Justice_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7849" data-file-height="2945" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, seated in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></figcaption></figure> Luxembourg has long been a prominent supporter of European political and <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">economic integration</a>. In 1921, Luxembourg and Belgium formed the <a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Luxembourg_Economic_Union" title="Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union</a> (BLEU) to create a regime of inter-exchangeable currency and a common <a href="/wiki/Customs_(tax)" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs (tax)">customs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[65]</a> Luxembourg is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Benelux Economic Union">Benelux Economic Union</a> and was one of the founding members of the European Economic Community (now the European Union). It also participates in the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Group</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Schengen,_Luxembourg" title="Schengen, Luxembourg">the Luxembourg village of Schengen</a> where the agreements were signed).<a href="#cite_note-:1-25">[24]</a> At the same time, the majority of Luxembourgers have consistently believed that European unity makes sense only in the context of a dynamic transatlantic relationship, and thus have traditionally pursued a pro-<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, pro-US foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Luxembourg is considered a European capital, and is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>, the Statistical Office of the European Union (<a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>) and other vital EU organs. The <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat of the European Parliament</a> is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Luxembourg is also site of the <a href="/wiki/EFTA_Court" title="EFTA Court">EFTA Court</a>, which is responsible for the three <a href="/wiki/EFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFTA">EFTA</a> members who are part of the European Single Market through the <a href="/wiki/EEA_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="EEA Agreement">EEA Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Armed_Forces" title="Luxembourg Armed Forces">Luxembourg Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg/220px-Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg/330px-Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg/440px-Soldats_luxembourgeois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Luxembourgish soldiers on parade during National Day, Grand Duke Day, 23 June</figcaption></figure> The Luxembourgish army is mostly based in its casern, the Centre militaire Caserne Grand-Duc Jean on the Härebierg in Diekirch. The general staff is based in the capital, the État-Major.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The army is under <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control</a>, with the grand duke as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Defence of Luxembourg">Minister for Defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuriko_Backes" title="Yuriko Backes">Yuriko Backes</a>, oversees army operations. The professional head of the army is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_(Luxembourg)" title="Chief of Defence (Luxembourg)">Chief of Defense</a>, who answers to the minister and holds the rank of general. Being landlocked, Luxembourg has no navy. Seventeen NATO <a href="/wiki/Airborne_Warning_And_Control_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Warning And Control System">AWACS</a> airplanes are registered as aircraft of Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-Aeroflight-101">[100]</a> In accordance with a joint agreement with Belgium, both countries have put forth funding for one <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A400M">A400M</a> military cargo plane.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Luxembourg has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eurocorps" title="Eurocorps">Eurocorps</a>, has contributed troops to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UNPROFOR</a> and <a href="/wiki/IFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="IFOR">IFOR</a> missions in former <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and has participated with a small contingent in the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/SFOR" class="mw-redirect" title="SFOR">SFOR</a> mission in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. Luxembourg troops have also deployed to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, to support <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">ISAF</a>. The army has also participated in humanitarian relief missions such as setting up refugee camps for <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a> and providing emergency supplies to Albania.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Geography of Luxembourg</a></div> Luxembourg is one of Europe's smallest countries, ranking <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">168th</a> in size of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">194 independent countries of the world</a>; it is about 2,586 square kilometers (998 sq mi) in size, measuring 82 km (51 mi) long and 57 km (35 mi) wide. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49°</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_parallel_north" title="51st parallel north">51° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/5th_meridian_east" title="5th meridian east">5°</a> and <a href="/wiki/7th_meridian_east" title="7th meridian east">7° E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxembourg2022OSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Luxembourg2022OSM.png/220px-Luxembourg2022OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Luxembourg2022OSM.png/330px-Luxembourg2022OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Luxembourg2022OSM.png/440px-Luxembourg2022OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="3025" data-file-height="4393" /></a><figcaption>The largest towns are <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudelange" title="Dudelange">Dudelange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Differdange" title="Differdange">Differdange</a>.</figcaption></figure> To the east, Luxembourg borders the German <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Bundesländer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, and to the south, it borders the French <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">région</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Est" title="Grand Est">Grand Est</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>). The Grand Duchy borders Belgium's <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, in particular the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège</a>, part of which comprises the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German-speaking Community of Belgium</a>, to the west and to the north, respectively. The northern third of the country is known as the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89islek" title="Éislek">Éislek</a> or Oesling, and forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>. It is dominated by hills and low mountains, including the <a href="/wiki/Kneiff" title="Kneiff">Kneiff</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wilwerdange" title="Wilwerdange">Wilwerdange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> which is the highest point, at 560 meters (1,840 ft). Other mountains are the <a href="/wiki/Buurgplaatz" title="Buurgplaatz">Buurgplaatz</a> at 559 meters (1,834 ft) near <a href="/wiki/Huldange" title="Huldange">Huldange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9onsgaard" title="Napoléonsgaard">Napoléonsgaard</a> at 554 meters (1,818 ft) near <a href="/wiki/Rambrouch" title="Rambrouch">Rambrouch</a>. The region is sparsely populated, with only one town (<a href="/wiki/Wiltz" title="Wiltz">Wiltz</a>) with a population of more than five thousand people. The southern two-thirds of the country is called the <a href="/wiki/Guttland" title="Guttland">Guttland</a>, and is more densely populated than the Éislek. It is also more diverse and can be divided into five geographic sub-regions. The <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg plateau">Luxembourg plateau</a>, in south-central Luxembourg, is a large, flat, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> formation, and the site of the city of Luxembourg. <a href="/wiki/Little_Switzerland_(Luxembourg)" title="Little Switzerland (Luxembourg)">Little Switzerland</a>, in the east of Luxembourg, has craggy terrain and thick forests. The <a href="/wiki/Moselle_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Moselle</a> valley is the lowest-lying region, running along the southeastern border. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Lands" title="Red Lands">Red Lands</a>, in the far south and southwest, are Luxembourg's industrial heartland and home to many of Luxembourg's largest towns. The border between Luxembourg and Germany is formed by three rivers: the <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sauer" title="Sauer">Sauer</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Our_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Our River">Our</a>. Other major rivers are the <a href="/wiki/Alzette" title="Alzette">Alzette</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attert_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Attert River">Attert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clerve" title="Clerve">Clerve</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wiltz_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiltz River">Wiltz</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> of the mid-Sauer and Attert form the border between the Gutland and the Éislek. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> According to the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>, Luxembourg is one of the world's best performers in environmental protection, ranking fourth out of 132 assessed countries.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 2020, it ranked second out of 180 countries.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Luxembourg also ranks sixth among the top ten most livable cities in the world by Mercer's.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The country wants to cut <a href="/wiki/GHG_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="GHG emissions">GHG emissions</a> by 55% in 10 years and reach zero emissions by 2050. Luxembourg wants to increase its organic farming fivefold.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 1.12/10, ranking it 164th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-109">[108]</a> In 2024, Luxembourg is ranked 2nd in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> globally.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Luxembourg has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), marked by high levels of precipitation, particularly in late summer. The summers are warm and winters cool.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Economy of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/170px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/255px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/340px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Luxembourg is part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, the EU single market, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> (dark blue).</figcaption></figure> Luxembourg's stable and high-income <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">market economy</a> features moderate growth, low inflation, and a high level of innovation.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Unemployment is traditionally low, though it reached 6.1% by May 2012 after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In 2011, according to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">IMF</a>, Luxembourg was the world's second-richest country, with a per capita GDP on a purchasing-power parity (PPP) basis of $80,119.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Its GDP per capita in purchasing power standards was 261% of the EU average (100%) in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Luxembourg ranks 13th in <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> 26th in the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, and fourth in the Economist Intelligence Unit's <a href="/wiki/Quality-of-life_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality-of-life index">quality of life index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> It ranked 20th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> The industrial sector, dominated by steel until the 1960s, has since diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. During recent decades, growth in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">steel production</a>. Services, especially banking and <a href="/wiki/Financial_export" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial export">finance</a>, account for the majority of the economic output. Luxembourg is the world's second-largest investment fund center (after the United States), the most important private banking center in the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> and Europe's leading center for reinsurance companies. Moreover, Luxembourg's government has aimed to attract Internet startups, with <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> being two of the many Internet companies that have shifted their regional headquarters to Luxembourg. Other high-tech companies have established themselves in Luxembourg, including <a href="/wiki/3d_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3d scanner">3D scanner</a> developer/manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Artec_3D" title="Artec 3D">Artec 3D</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In April 2009, concern about Luxembourg's banking secrecy laws, as well as its reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>, led to its being added to a "gray list" of nations with questionable banking arrangements by the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>. In response, the country soon adopted OECD standards on exchange of information and was subsequently added into the category of "jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard".<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In March 2010, the Sunday Telegraph reported that most of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>'s $4 billion in secret accounts was in Luxembourg banks.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> Amazon.co.uk also benefits from Luxembourg tax loopholes by channeling substantial U.K. revenues, as reported by The Guardian in April 2012.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Luxembourg ranked third on the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Justice_Network" title="Tax Justice Network">Tax Justice Network</a>'s 2011 <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secrecy_Index" title="Financial Secrecy Index">Financial Secrecy Index</a> of the world's major tax havens, scoring only slightly behind the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 2013, Luxembourg was ranked the second safest tax haven in the world, behind <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In early November 2014, just days after becoming head of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, Luxembourg's former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a> was hit by media disclosures—derived from a document leak known as <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Leaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Leaks">Luxembourg Leaks</a>—that Luxembourg had turned into a major European center of corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> under his premiership.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Agriculture employed about 2.1% of Luxembourg's active population in 2010, when there were 2,200 agricultural holdings with an average area per holding of 60 hectares.<a href="#cite_note-agcensus-125">[124]</a> Luxembourg has especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the Netherlands (see <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>), and as a member of the EU it enjoys the advantages of the open European <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> With $171 billion in May 2015, the country ranked 11th in the world in holdings of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Treasury_security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Treasury security">U.S. Treasury securities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> However, securities owned by non-Luxembourg residents, but held in custodial accounts in Luxembourg, are included in this figure.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit">[update]</a>, Luxembourg's public debt totaled $15,687,000,000, or $25,554 per capita. The debt to GDP was 22.10%.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The Luxembourg labor market represents 445,000 jobs occupied by 120,000 Luxembourgers, 120,000 foreign residents and 205,000 cross-border commuters. The latter pay their taxes in Luxembourg, but their education is partially financed by their country of residence. Luxembourg's government has never shared its tax revenues with the local authorities on the <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Luxembourg_border" title="France–Luxembourg border">French border</a>. This system is seen by some as one of the keys to Luxembourg's economic growth, but at the expense of the border countries.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Luxembourg" title="Transport in Luxembourg">Transport in Luxembourg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Luxembourg" title="History of rail transport in Luxembourg">History of rail transport in Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg/220px-LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg/330px-LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg/440px-LUX_Check-In_Schalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Luxembourg's international airline <a href="/wiki/Luxair" title="Luxair">Luxair</a> is based at <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Airport" title="Luxembourg Airport">Luxembourg Airport</a>, the country's only international airport.</figcaption></figure> Luxembourg has road, rail and air transport facilities and services. The road network has been significantly modernized in recent years with 165 km (103 mi)<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> of motorways connecting the capital to adjacent countries. The advent of the high-speed <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> link to Paris has led to renovation of the city's <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_railway_station" title="Luxembourg railway station">railway station</a> and a new passenger terminal at <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Airport" title="Luxembourg Airport">Luxembourg Airport</a> was opened in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Luxembourg City reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Luxembourg" title="Trams in Luxembourg">trams</a> in December 2017 and there are plans to open <a href="/wiki/Light-rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-rail">light-rail</a> lines in adjacent areas within the next few years.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> There are 681 cars per 1000 persons in Luxembourg—higher than most of other <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a>, and surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and other small states like <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">British overseas territory of Gibraltar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> On 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became the first country to introduce <a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">no-charge public transportation</a>, which is almost completely funded by public expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Communications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Telecommunications in Luxembourg</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">telecommunications industry</a> in Luxembourg is liberalized and the electronic communications networks are significantly developed. Competition between the different operators is guaranteed by the legislative framework Paquet Telecom<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> of the Government of 2011 which transposes the European Telecom Directives into Luxembourgish law. This encourages the investment in networks and services. The regulator ILR – Institut Luxembourgeois de Régulation<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> ensures the compliance to these legal rules.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Luxembourg has modern and widely deployed optical fiber and cable networks throughout the country. In 2010, the Luxembourg Government launched its National strategy for very high-speed networks with the aim to become a global leader in terms of very high-speed broadband by achieving full 1 Gbit/s coverage of the country by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> In 2011, Luxembourg had an <a href="/wiki/Next-generation_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation access">NGA</a> coverage of 75%.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In April 2013, Luxembourg featured the sixth highest download speed worldwide and the second highest in Europe: 32,46 Mbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The country's location in Central Europe, stable economy and low taxes favour the telecommunication industry.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> It ranks second in the world in the development of the Information and Communication Technologies in the ITU ICT Development Index and 8th in the Global Broadband Quality Study 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oviedo" title="University of Oviedo">University of Oviedo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg/220px-Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg/330px-Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg/440px-Centre_Drosbach_Luxembourg_Signs_-_June_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3782" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>Signs in front of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Drosbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre Drosbach (page does not exist)">Centre Drosbach</a> on the Cloche d'or, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></figcaption></figure> Luxembourg is connected to all major European Internet Exchanges (AMS-IX Amsterdam,<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> DE-CIX Frankfurt,<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> LINX London),<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> datacenters and POPs through redundant optical networks.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> In addition, the country is connected to the virtual meetme room services (vmmr)<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> of the international data hub operator Ancotel.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> This enables Luxembourg to interconnect with all major telecommunication operators<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> and data carriers worldwide. The interconnection points are in Frankfurt, London, New York and Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Luxembourg has established itself as one of the leading <a href="/wiki/Financial_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial technology">financial technology</a> (FinTech) hubs in Europe, with the Luxembourg government supporting initiatives like the Luxembourg House of Financial Technology.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Some 20 data centers<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> are operating in Luxembourg. Six data centers are Tier IV Design certified: three of ebrc,<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> two of LuxConnect<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> and one of European Data Hub.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> In a survey on nine international data centers carried out in December 2012 and January 2013 and measuring availability (up-time) and performance (delay by which the data from the requested website was received), the top three positions were held by Luxembourg data centers.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Luxembourg" title="Demographics of Luxembourg">Demographics of Luxembourg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_towns">Largest towns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Largest towns">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Luxembourg <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2023</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Luxembourg">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Canton</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxemburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Luxemburg.jpg/120px-Luxemburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Luxemburg.jpg/180px-Luxemburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Luxemburg.jpg/240px-Luxemburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Esch-sur-Alzette"><img alt="Esch-sur-Alzette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG/120px-Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG/180px-Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG/240px-Esch_vum_Bierg1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Canton">Luxembourg Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">132,780 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Differdange_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Differdange"><img alt="Differdange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Differdange_Centre.jpg/120px-Differdange_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Differdange_Centre.jpg/180px-Differdange_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Differdange_Centre.jpg/240px-Differdange_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Differdange" title="Differdange">Differdange</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dudelange"><img alt="Dudelange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg/120px-Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg/180px-Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg/240px-Vue_op_Diddeleng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4041" data-file-height="2524" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dudelange" title="Dudelange">Dudelange</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,625 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Differdange" title="Differdange">Differdange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,536 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dudelange" title="Dudelange">Dudelange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tange" title="Pétange">Pétange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,563 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sanem" title="Sanem">Sanem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,333 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hesperange" title="Hesperange">Hesperange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Canton">Luxembourg Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,433 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bettembourg" title="Bettembourg">Bettembourg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,422 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Schifflange" title="Schifflange">Schifflange</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Esch-sur-Alzette Canton">Esch-sur-Alzette Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4erjeng" title="Käerjeng">Käerjeng</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capellen_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capellen (canton)">Capellen Canton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,015 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_in_Luxembourg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Population_density_in_Luxembourg.png/250px-Population_density_in_Luxembourg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Population_density_in_Luxembourg.png/375px-Population_density_in_Luxembourg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Population_density_in_Luxembourg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Population density in Luxembourg by <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">communes</a>. The main urban area, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, is located in the south-center of the country.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;margin:0 2em 0 0;"> <caption>Largest groups of immigrants (2024):<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Luxembourg" title="Portuguese in Luxembourg">Portugal</a> (90,915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (49,234)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (25,116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (18,889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (12,480)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (9,540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (6,828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (5,357)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (5,217)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (5,091)</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> The people of Luxembourg are called <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The immigrant population increased in the 20th century due to the arrival of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, France, Italy, Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>; the latter comprised the largest group. In 2013 about 88,000 Luxembourg inhabitants possessed <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Luxembourger" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Luxembourger">Portuguese</a> nationality.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In 2013, there were 537,039 permanent residents, 44.5% of which were of foreign background or foreign nationals; the largest foreign ethnic groups were the Portuguese, comprising 16.4% of the total population, followed by the French (6.6%), Italians (3.4%), Belgians (3.3%) and Germans (2.3%). Another 6.4% were of other EU background, while the remaining 6.1% were of other non-EU, but largely other European, background.<a href="#cite_note-statnews13-173">[172]</a> Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a>, Luxembourg has seen many immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. Annually, over 10,000 new immigrants arrive in Luxembourg, mostly from the EU states, as well as Eastern Europe. In 2000 there were 162,000 immigrants in Luxembourg, accounting for 37% of the total population. There were an estimated 5,000 illegal immigrants in Luxembourg in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_Luxembourg" title="Multilingualism in Luxembourg">Multilingualism in Luxembourg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg literature">Luxembourg literature</a></div> Luxembourg does not have any "official" languages per se. As determined by the 1984 Language Regimen Act (French: Loi sur le régime des langues), <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a> is the sole <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of the Luxembourgish people.<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[13]</a> It is considered the mother tongue or "language of the heart" for Luxembourgers and the language they generally use to speak or write to each other. Luxembourgish as well as the dialects in adjacent Germany belong to the <a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle Franconian">Moselle Franconian</a> subgroup of the main <a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a> dialect group, which are largely mutually intelligible across the border, but Luxembourgish also has more than 5,000 words of French origin.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Knowledge of Luxembourgish is a criterion for <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> In addition to Luxembourgish, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> are used in administrative and judicial matters, making all three <a href="/wiki/Administrative_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative language">administrative languages</a> of Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[13]</a> Per article 4 of the law promulgated in 1984, if a citizen asks a question in Luxembourgish, German or French, the administration must reply, as far as possible, in the language in which the question was asked.<a href="#cite_note-auto-14">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg/260px-Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg/390px-Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg/520px-Bank_multilingual_luxembourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement from a bank in Luxembourg with translations in (clockwise from top left) Luxembourgish, German, English, French, and Portuguese</figcaption></figure> Luxembourg is largely multilingual. In 2012, 52% of citizens claimed Luxembourgish as their native language, 16.4% <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, 16% French, 2% German and 13.6% different languages (mostly <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>).<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Though not the most common mother tongue in Luxembourg, French is the most widely-known language in the country: in 2021, 98% of citizens were able to speak it to a high level.<a href="#cite_note-luxembourg.public.lu-180">[179]</a> The vast majority of Luxembourg residents are able to speak it as a second or third language.<a href="#cite_note-admin-181">[180]</a> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit">[update]</a>, much of the population was able to speak multiple other languages: 80% of citizens reported being able to hold a conversation in English, 78% in German and 77% in Luxembourgish, claiming these languages as their respective second, third or fourth language.<a href="#cite_note-luxembourg.public.lu-180">[179]</a> Each of the three official languages is used as a primary language in certain spheres of everyday life, without being exclusive. Luxembourgish is the language that Luxembourgers generally use to speak and write to each other, and there has been a recent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] increase in the production of novels and movies in the language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the same time, the numerous expatriate workers (approximately 44% of the population) generally do not use it to speak to each other.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Most official business and written communication is carried out in French, which is also the language mostly used for public communication, with written official statements, advertising displays and road signs generally in French. Due to the historical influence of the Napoleonic Code on the legal system of the Grand Duchy, French is also the sole language of the legislation and generally the preferred language of the government, administration and justice. Parliamentary debates are mostly conducted in Luxembourgish, whereas written government communications and official documents (e.g. administrative or judicial decisions, passports, etc.) are drafted mostly in French and sometimes additionally in German.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although professional life is largely multilingual, French is described by private sector business leaders as the main working language of their companies (56%), followed by Luxembourgish (20%), English (18%), and German (6%).<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> German is very often used in much of the media along with French and is considered by most Luxembourgers their second language. This is mostly due to the high similarity of German to Luxembourgish but also because it is the first language taught to children in primary school (language of literacy acquisition).<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Due to the large <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Luxembourg" title="Portuguese in Luxembourg">community of Portuguese origin</a>, the Portuguese language is fairly prevalent in Luxembourg, though it remains limited to the relationships inside this community. Portuguese has no official status, but the administration sometimes makes certain informative documents available in Portuguese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Even though Luxembourg is largely multilingual today, some people claim that Luxembourg is subject of intense <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">francization</a> and that Luxembourgish and German are in danger of disappearing in the country. This would make Luxembourg either a unilingual Francophone country, or at best a bilingual French- and English-speaking country sometime in the far future.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-admin-181">[180]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish#Endangered_status_claims" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish § Endangered status claims</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Religion in Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG/170px-Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG/255px-Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG/340px-Notre_Dame_Cathedral_Luxembourg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Cathedral,_Luxembourg" title="Notre-Dame Cathedral, Luxembourg">Notre-Dame Cathedral</a>, Luxembourg City</figcaption></figure> Luxembourg is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>, but the state recognizes certain religions as officially mandated religions. This gives the state a hand in religious administration and appointment of clergy, in exchange for which the state pays certain running costs and wages. Religions covered by such arrangements are <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodoxy">Greek Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonitism">Mennonitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Since 1980, it has been illegal for the government to collect statistics on religious beliefs or practices.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> A 2000 estimate by the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA Factbook</a> is that 87% of Luxembourgers are Catholic, including the grand ducal family, with the remaining 13% being Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews, Muslims, and those of other or no religion.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-189">[188]</a> According to a 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> study, 70.4% are Christian, 2.3% Muslim, 26.8% unaffiliated, and 0.5% other religions.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> According to a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> poll,<a href="#cite_note-EUROBAROMETER-191">[190]</a> 44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 28% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg/220px-University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg/330px-University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg/440px-University_luxemburg_lmp_main.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg" title="University of Luxembourg">University of Luxembourg</a> is the only university based in the country.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The University of Luxembourg campus Belval" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg/160px-University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg/241px-University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg/321px-University_of_Luxembourg_campus_Belval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The University of Luxembourg campus Belval</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Luxembourg" title="List of secondary schools in Luxembourg">List of secondary schools in Luxembourg</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg's education system</a> is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in Luxembourgish, before changing to German; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school. In addition to the three national languages, English is taught in compulsory schooling and much of the population of Luxembourg can speak English. The past two decades have highlighted the growing importance of English in several sectors, in particular the financial sector. Portuguese, the language of the largest immigrant community, is also spoken by large segments of the population, but by relatively few from outside the Portuguese-speaking community.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg" title="University of Luxembourg">University of Luxembourg</a> is the only university based in Luxembourg. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_School_of_Business" title="Luxembourg School of Business">Luxembourg School of Business</a>, a graduate business school, was created through private initiative and received the accreditation from the Ministry of Higher Education and Research of Luxembourg in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Two American universities maintain satellite campuses in the country: <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miami_University_Dolibois_European_Center" title="Miami University Dolibois European Center">Dolibois European Center</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University" title="Sacred Heart University">Sacred Heart University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_University_Luxembourg" title="Sacred Heart University Luxembourg">Luxembourg Campus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Luxembourg" title="Health in Luxembourg">Health in Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Luxembourg" title="Healthcare in Luxembourg">Healthcare in Luxembourg</a></div> According to data from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, healthcare spending on behalf of the government of Luxembourg topped $4.1 Billion, amounting to about $8,182 for each citizen in the nation.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The nation of Luxembourg collectively spent nearly 7% of its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross Domestic Product</a> on health, placing it among the highest spending countries on health services and related programs in 2010 among other well-off nations in Europe with high average income among its population.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Culture of Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Luxembourg" title="National symbols of Luxembourg">National symbols of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Steichen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edward_Steichen.jpg/140px-Edward_Steichen.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edward_Steichen.jpg/210px-Edward_Steichen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Edward_Steichen.jpg/280px-Edward_Steichen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a>, photographer and painter</figcaption></figure> Luxembourg has been heavily influenced by the culture of its neighbors. It retains a number of folk traditions, having been for much of its history a profoundly rural country. There are several notable museums, located mostly in the capital. These include the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_History_and_Art" title="National Museum of History and Art">National Museum of History and Art</a> (NMHA), the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City_History_Museum" title="Luxembourg City History Museum">Luxembourg City History Museum</a>, and the new <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Jean_Museum_of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art">Grand Duke Jean Museum of Modern Art</a> (Mudam). The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Military_History_(Luxembourg)" title="National Museum of Military History (Luxembourg)">National Museum of Military History (MNHM)</a> in Diekirch is especially known for its representations of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Historic_city_of_Luxembourg_city_including_its_fortification" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic city of Luxembourg city including its fortification">Historic city of Luxembourg city including its fortification</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>, on account of the historical importance of its fortifications.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] The country has produced some internationally known artists, including the painters <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Kerg" title="Théo Kerg">Théo Kerg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kutter" title="Joseph Kutter">Joseph Kutter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Majerus" title="Michel Majerus">Michel Majerus</a>, and photographer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Man" title="The Family of Man">The Family of Man</a> exhibition has been placed on UNESCO's <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World</a> register, and is now permanently housed in <a href="/wiki/Clervaux" title="Clervaux">Clervaux</a>. Editor and author <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a>, whose publications crystallized the concept of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, was born in Luxembourg City. Movie star <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a> was of Luxembourgish descent.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Luxembourg was a founding participant of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>, and participated every year between <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1956">1956</a> and before it was relegated after the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1993">1993</a> competition, with the exception of 1959. Although Luxembourg was free to participate again in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1995">1995</a>, it chose not to return to the competition before <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2024" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2024">2024</a>. It has won the competition a total of five times, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1961">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1965" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1965">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1972" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1972">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1973">1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1983" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1983">1983</a> and hosted the contest in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1962" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1962">1962</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1966" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1966">1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1973">1973</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1984" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1984">1984</a>. Only nine of its 38 entries before 2024, and none of its five winning entries, were performed by <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgers" title="Luxembourgers">Luxembourgish</a> artists.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> On its <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2024" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2024">2024</a> return, this was, however, with a particular emphasis on promoting music and artists from Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> Luxembourg was the first city to be named <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> twice. The first time was in 1995. In 2007, the European Capital of Culture was to be a cross-border area consisting of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Rheinland-Pfalz and Saarland in Germany, the Walloon Region and the German-speaking part of Belgium, and the <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> area in France.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The event was an attempt to promote mobility and the exchange of ideas, crossing borders physically, psychologically, artistically and emotionally.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Luxembourg was represented at the World <a href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Expo 2010</a> in Shanghai, China, from 1 May to 31 October 2010 with its own pavilion.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> The pavilion, designed as a forest and fortress, was based on the transliteration of the word Luxembourg into Chinese, "Lúsēnbǎo", which when directly translated, means "forest and fortress". It represented Luxembourg as the "Green Heart in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Luxembourg" title="Sport in Luxembourg">Sport in Luxembourg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Sportspeople_of_the_Year" title="Luxembourgish Sportspeople of the Year">Luxembourgish Sportspeople of the Year</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charly_Gaul_1959_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Charly_Gaul_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Charly_Gaul_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Charly_Gaul_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Charly_Gaul_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Charly_Gaul_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Charly_Gaul_1959_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Charly Gaul won three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tours</a> in his cycling career.</figcaption></figure> Unlike most countries in Europe, sports in Luxembourg are not concentrated upon a particular <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>, but instead encompass a number of sports, both team and individual. Despite the lack of a central sporting focus, over 100,000 people in Luxembourg, out of a total population of 660,000, are licensed members of one sports federation or another.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stade_de_Luxembourg" title="Stade de Luxembourg">Stade de Luxembourg</a>, situated in <a href="/wiki/Gasperich" title="Gasperich">Gasperich</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, is the country's <a href="/wiki/National_stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="National stadium">national stadium</a> and largest sports venue in the country with a capacity of 9,386 for sporting events, including football and rugby union, and 15,000 for concerts.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Indoor_arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor arena">indoor venue</a> in the country is <a href="/wiki/D%27Coque" title="D'Coque">d'Coque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirchberg,_Luxembourg" title="Kirchberg, Luxembourg">Kirchberg</a>, north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>, which has a capacity of 8,300. The arena is used for <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, including the final of the <a href="/wiki/2007_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship" title="2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship">2007 Women's European Volleyball Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hess_Cycling_Team" title="Hess Cycling Team">Hess Cycling Team</a> is a Luxembourgish women's road cycling team.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Cuisine of Luxembourg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG/170px-JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG/255px-JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG/340px-JuddMatGaardebounen_Beer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judd_mat_Gaardebounen" title="Judd mat Gaardebounen">Judd mat Gaardebounen</a>, served with boiled potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Diekirch" title="Diekirch">Diekirch</a> beer</figcaption></figure> Luxembourg cuisine reflects its position on the border between the Latin and Germanic worlds, being heavily influenced by the cuisines of neighboring France and Germany. More recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Most native Luxembourg dishes, consumed as the traditional daily fare, share roots in the country's folk dishes, the same as in neighboring <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> Luxembourg has the second highest number of <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin-starred</a> restaurants per capita with Japan ranked at number one and Switzerland following Luxembourg at number three.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> The main languages of media in Luxembourg are French and German. The newspaper with the largest circulation is the German-language daily <a href="/wiki/Luxemburger_Wort" title="Luxemburger Wort">Luxemburger Wort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Because of the strong multilingualism in Luxembourg, newspapers often alternate articles in French and articles in German, without translation. In addition, there are both English and Portuguese radio and national print publications, but accurate audience figures are difficult to gauge since the national media survey by ILRES is conducted in French.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Luxembourg is known in Europe for its radio and television stations (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(French)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Luxembourg (French)">Radio Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a>). It is also the uplink home of <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a>, carrier of major European satellite services for Germany and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Due to a 1988 law that established a special tax scheme for audiovisual investment, the film and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> There are some 30 registered production companies in Luxembourg.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Luxembourg won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a> in 2014 in the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Animated_Short_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Animated Short Film">Animated Short Films</a> category with <a href="/wiki/Mr_Hublot" title="Mr Hublot">Mr Hublot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Luxembourgers">Notable Luxembourgers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notable Luxembourgers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Luxembourgers" title="List of Luxembourgers">List of Luxembourgers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/48px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/64px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Luxembourg portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Luxembourg" title="Outline of Luxembourg">Outline of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Luxembourg" title="Disability in Luxembourg">Disability in Luxembourg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Informational notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈɡʀəʊ̯sˌhɛχtsoːχtum ˈlətsəbuəɕ]</a>; French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡʁɑ̃ dyʃe də lyksɑ̃buʁ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-grand-duch\u00e9 de Luxembourg.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-GrandCelinien-grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-GrandCelinien-grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-grand-duché de Luxembourg.wav">ⓘ</a>; German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡʁoːsˌhɛʁtsoːktuːm ˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/De-Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Luxemburg.ogg\/De-Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Luxemburg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Gro\u00dfherzogtum Luxemburg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/De-Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Luxemburg.ogg/De-Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Luxemburg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Luxemburg.ogg" title="File:De-Großherzogtum Luxemburg.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_World_Factbook-1"><a href="#cite_ref-The_World_Factbook_1-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg/">"The World Factbook"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 24 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075735/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2020-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fluxembourg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB2018-2"><a href="#cite_ref-EB2018_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200313212123/https://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V204&v=2&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V440&V204slice=1&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&tabcontenttype=row&V11slice=1&V204subset=1+-+10%2C11%2C12+-+13%2C14&mode=table&top=yes">Eurobarometer 90.4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism</a>. European Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/index.jsp?headers=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V204&v=2&stubs=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V11&weights=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfVariable%2FZA7556_V440&V204slice=1&study=http%3A%2F%2F193.175.238.79%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FZA7556&charttype=null&tabcontenttype=row&V11slice=1&V204subset=1+-+10%2C11%2C12+-+13%2C14&mode=table&top=yes">the original</a> on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/GESIS_%E2%80%93_Leibniz_Institute_for_the_Social_Sciences" title="GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences">GESIS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+90.4%3A+Attitudes+of+Europeans+towards+Biodiversity%2C+Awareness+and+Perceptions+of+EU+customs%2C+and+Perceptions+of+Antisemitism&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzacat.gesis.org%2Fwebview%2Findex.jsp%3Fheaders%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA7556_V204%26v%3D2%26stubs%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA7556_V11%26weights%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfVariable%252FZA7556_V440%26V204slice%3D1%26study%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252F193.175.238.79%253A80%252Fobj%252FfStudy%252FZA7556%26charttype%3Dnull%26tabcontenttype%3Drow%26V11slice%3D1%26V204subset%3D1%2B-%2B10%252C11%252C12%2B-%2B13%252C14%26mode%3Dtable%26top%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/actualite/2024/stn16-pop-2024/stn16-2024-population-2024-v20.pdf">"Une croissance démographique réduite en 2023"</a> (PDF). statistiques.public.lu (in French). 18 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418170659/https://statistiques.public.lu/dam-assets/actualite/2024/stn16-pop-2024/stn16-2024-population-2024-v20.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 18 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistiques.public.lu&rft.atitle=Une+croissance+d%C3%A9mographique+r%C3%A9duite+en+2023&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques.public.lu%2Fdam-assets%2Factualite%2F2024%2Fstn16-pop-2024%2Fstn16-2024-population-2024-v20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques.public.lu/fr/recensement/evolution-de-la-population.html">"Évolution de la population"</a>. Statistiques - Luxembourg (in French). 10 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416142608/https://statistiques.public.lu/fr/recensement/evolution-de-la-population.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistiques+-+Luxembourg&rft.atitle=%C3%89volution+de+la+population&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques.public.lu%2Ffr%2Frecensement%2Fevolution-de-la-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.LU-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LU_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LU_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LU_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.LU_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=137,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024"</a>. imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914153903/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=137,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2027&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. 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Retrieved 19 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxembourg&rft.pub=Stadtklima+%28Urban+Climate%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadtklima.de%2Fwebklima%2FCITIES%2FEurope%2FLx%2Fluxembourg%2Fluxembourg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii/main/fullreport/files/Global%20Innovation%20Index%202012.pdf">"The Global Innovation Index 2012"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/INSEAD" title="INSEAD">INSEAD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120830114613/http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/gii/main/fullreport/files/Global%20Innovation%20Index%202012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2012. 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Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Portal+%2F%2F+Luxembourg+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.pub=Statistiques.public.lu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistiques.public.lu%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Data refer mostly to the year 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=40&pr.y=9&sy=2011&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=">World Economic Outlook Database-April 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026121520/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=40&pr.y=9&sy=2011&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C941%2C914%2C446%2C612%2C666%2C614%2C668%2C311%2C672%2C213%2C946%2C911%2C137%2C193%2C962%2C122%2C674%2C912%2C676%2C313%2C548%2C419%2C556%2C513%2C678%2C316%2C181%2C913%2C682%2C124%2C684%2C339%2C273%2C638%2C921%2C514%2C948%2C218%2C943%2C963%2C686%2C616%2C688%2C223%2C518%2C516%2C728%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C522%2C278%2C622%2C692%2C156%2C694%2C624%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C716%2C321%2C456%2C243%2C722%2C248%2C942%2C469%2C718%2C253%2C724%2C642%2C576%2C643%2C936%2C939%2C961%2C644%2C813%2C819%2C199%2C172%2C184%2C132%2C524%2C646%2C361%2C648%2C362%2C915%2C364%2C134%2C732%2C652%2C366%2C174%2C734%2C328%2C144%2C258%2C146%2C656%2C463%2C654%2C528%2C336%2C923%2C263%2C738%2C268%2C578%2C532%2C537%2C944%2C742%2C176%2C866%2C534%2C369%2C536%2C744%2C429%2C186%2C433%2C925%2C178%2C869%2C436%2C746%2C136%2C926%2C343%2C466%2C158%2C112%2C439%2C111%2C916%2C298%2C664%2C927%2C826%2C846%2C542%2C299%2C967%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> 26 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 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Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TNS+ILRES+%E2%80%93+Home&rft.pub=Tns-ilres.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tns-ilres.com%2Fcms%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/SESG:FP">"SES SA - Company Profile and News"</a>. Bloomberg Markets. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610075729/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/SESG:FP">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Markets&rft.atitle=SES+SA+-+Company+Profile+and+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fprofile%2Fcompany%2FSESG%3AFP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100421235925/http://www.eu2005.lu/en/savoir_lux/culture/pays_cine/index.php">"Luxembourg, a film country"</a>. Eu2005.lu. 29 December 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu2005.lu/en/savoir_lux/culture/pays_cine/index.php">the original</a> on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxembourg%2C+a+film+country&rft.pub=Eu2005.lu&rft.date=2004-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eu2005.lu%2Fen%2Fsavoir_lux%2Fculture%2Fpays_cine%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119225619/http://en.filmfund.lu/the-film-fund/mission/index.php">"Film Fund Luxembourg"</a>. En.filmfund.lu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.filmfund.lu/the-film-fund/mission/index.php">the original</a> on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film+Fund+Luxembourg&rft.pub=En.filmfund.lu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.filmfund.lu%2Fthe-film-fund%2Fmission%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cna.public.lu/film/infos-pratiques/index-professionnels/societes-production-studios/index.html">"Luxembourgish Film Production Companies"</a>. Cna.public.lu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330145936/http://www.cna.public.lu/film/infos-pratiques/index-professionnels/societes-production-studios/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luxembourgish+Film+Production+Companies&rft.pub=Cna.public.lu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cna.public.lu%2Ffilm%2Finfos-pratiques%2Findex-professionnels%2Fsocietes-production-studios%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-winners-2014-full-list-results-86th-academy-awards-kodak-theater-684748/">"Oscars 2014 Winners: The Complete List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a>. <a href="/wiki/MRC_(company)" title="MRC (company)">MRC</a>. 2 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724122811/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oscar-winners-2014-full-list-results-86th-academy-awards-kodak-theater-684748/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Oscars+2014+Winners%3A+The+Complete+List&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-news%2Foscar-winners-2014-full-list-results-86th-academy-awards-kodak-theater-684748%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreins2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kreins, Jean-Marie (2003). Histoire du Luxembourg (in French) (3rd ed.). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_France" title="Presses Universitaires de France">Presses Universitaires de France</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-053852-3"><bdi>978-2-13-053852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Luxembourg&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-13-053852-3&rft.aulast=Kreins&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Putnam_(author)" title="Ruth Putnam (author)">Putnam, Ruth</a> (1918). Luxemburg and Her Neighbours. New York: G. P. Putnam's.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luxemburg+and+Her+Neighbours&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThewes2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thewes, Guy (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/gouvernements_1848_2.pdf">Les gouvernements du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg depuis 1848</a> (PDF) (in French) (Édition limitée ed.). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87999-118-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-87999-118-8"><bdi>2-87999-118-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709064705/http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/gouvernements_1848_2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+gouvernements+du+Grand-Duch%C3%A9+de+Luxembourg+depuis+1848&rft.place=Luxembourg+City&rft.edition=%C3%89dition+limit%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Service+Information+et+Presse&rft.date=2003-07&rft.isbn=2-87999-118-8&rft.aulast=Thewes&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.lu%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%2Fgouvernements_1848_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195440/http://www.mediacom.public.lu/comm_elec/plan_action_TIC-mars2009/Plan_d_action_TIC_-_LU2009.pdf">Plan d'action national luxembourgeois en matière de TIC et de haut-débit</a>*</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195439/http://www.luxembourgforict.lu/en/news/2009/10/Lu-Cix/Lucix_EN.pdf">Inauguration of LU-CIX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/artistic-creation.html">Art and Culture in Luxembourg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418132501/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en/society-and-culture/artistic-creation.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Luxembourg at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Luxembourg">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABtzebuerg" class="extiw" title="c:Lëtzebuerg">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Luxembourg">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="q:Luxembourg">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Luxembourg">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Europe/Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:Europe/Luxembourg">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Luxembourg">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="voy:Luxembourg">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://luxembourg.public.lu/en.html">The Official Portal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418132354/https://luxembourg.public.lu/en.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212536/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/luxembourg.htm">Luxembourg</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg/">Luxembourg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075735/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/luxembourg">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17548470">Luxembourg profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721064544/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17548470">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009.pdf">Luxembourg's Constitution of 1868 with Amendments through 2009, English Translation 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016014646/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009.pdf">Archived</a> 16 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Luxembourg" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Luxembourg">Wikimedia Atlas of Luxembourg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Luxembourg_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Luxembourg_topics" title="Template:Luxembourg topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Luxembourg_topics" title="Template talk:Luxembourg topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Luxembourg_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Luxembourg topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Luxembourg_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Luxembourg" title="Celtic Luxembourg">Celtic Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAts" title="Forêts">Forêts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_and_the_Belgian_Revolution" title="Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1839)" title="Treaty of London (1839)">First Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848_in_Luxembourg" title="Revolution of 1848 in Luxembourg">1848 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1867)" title="Treaty of London (1867)">Second Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Luxembourg" title="Partitions of Luxembourg">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_of_Luxembourg" title="Military occupations of Luxembourg">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Luxembourg" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg">Orders, decorations, and medals of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Luxembourg" title="History of rail transport in Luxembourg">Railway history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Luxembourg" title="Geography of Luxembourg">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Luxembourg" title="Administrative divisions of Luxembourg">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Luxembourg" title="Districts of Luxembourg">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Luxembourg" title="List of towns in Luxembourg">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_Luxembourg_City" title="Quarters of Luxembourg City">quarters</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Luxembourg" title="Extreme points of Luxembourg">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guttland" title="Guttland">Guttland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Switzerland_(Luxembourg)" title="Little Switzerland (Luxembourg)">Little Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg plateau">Luxembourg plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Valley" title="Moselle Valley">Moselle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lands" title="Red Lands">Red Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Seven_Castles" title="Valley of the Seven Castles">Valley of the Seven Castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89islek" title="Éislek">Éislek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of rivers of Luxembourg">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35th_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="35th Chamber of Deputies">Current members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Government_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of Government of Luxembourg">Council of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Luxembourg)" title="Consultative Assembly (Luxembourg)">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Luxembourg" title="List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Luxembourg">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Luxembourg">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Ducal_Police" title="Grand Ducal Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Luxembourg" title="List of political parties in Luxembourg">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountancy_in_Luxembourg" title="Accountancy in Luxembourg">Accountancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Luxembourg_Economic_Union" title="Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union">Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Luxembourg" title="Electricity sector in Luxembourg">Electricity sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%27s_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg's euro coins">Euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Stock_Exchange" title="Luxembourg Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Luxembourg" title="Transport in Luxembourg">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:Society of Luxembourg">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Luxembourg" title="Demographics of Luxembourg">Demographics</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_art" title="Luxembourgish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Luxembourg" title="Cinema of Luxembourg">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_wine" title="Luxembourgish wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Luxembourg" title="National symbols of Luxembourg">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Luxembourg" title="List of newspapers in Luxembourg">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_(DRM)" title="Radio Luxembourg (DRM)">Radio Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_(Luxembourgian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL (Luxembourgian TV channel)">RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Luxembourg" title="Sport in Luxembourg">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Luxembourg" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Luxembourg">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Luxembourg" title="Outline of Luxembourg">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luxembourg" title="Category:Luxembourg">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benelux" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benelux_countries" title="Template talk:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benelux countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benelux" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Benelux_schematic_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Benelux countries with flag colours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/50px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/75px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Benelux_schematic_map.svg/100px-Benelux_schematic_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Benelux_Parliament" title="Benelux Parliament">Benelux Parliament</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Benelux" title="Flag of Benelux">Flag of Benelux</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121929204">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134398983">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211813/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtGVVYwtCGHvdyMmYdvpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036728-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018303">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119772596">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118647762">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119772596">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118647762">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569800">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129895&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451357">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/121467">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000357459&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxwpw249jldlg">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550305205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/563d21b7-4a8e-35e2-83a7-7804baefbfa7">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d0c2c303-df9d-4e35-8ca0-a197318b71c7">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/DzAflWlX">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026391341">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003361">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044938">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=59930">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&oldid=1260081526">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg&oldid=1260081526</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luxembourg" title="Category:Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Benelux" 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