CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>16 mm film - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"5742b1a4-5ef3-4adf-b9d8-a3858894b371","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"16_mm_film","wgTitle":"16 mm film","wgCurRevisionId":1257548556,"wgRevisionId":1257548556,"wgArticleId":46224,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013","Articles needing additional references from August 2016","All articles needing additional references","Motion picture film formats"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"16_mm_film","wgRelevantArticleId":46224,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q194383", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg/1200px-USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1051"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg/800px-USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="701"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg/640px-USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="560"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="16 mm film - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-16_mm_film rootpage-16_mm_film skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=16+mm+film" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=16+mm+film" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=16+mm+film" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=16+mm+film" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Production evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Format_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Format_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Format standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Format_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Format standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Format_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perforations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perforations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Perforations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perforations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_16_mm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_16_mm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Standard 16 mm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_16_mm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_16_mm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_16_mm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Super 16 mm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_16_mm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultra_16_mm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_16_mm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ultra 16 mm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_16_mm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_16_mm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_16_mm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Digital 16 mm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_16_mm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cameras</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cameras subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Professional cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Amateur cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_reproduction_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_reproduction_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Film reproduction methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Film_reproduction_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Film reproduction methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Film_reproduction_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_fading_of_old_film_and_color_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_fading_of_old_film_and_color_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Color fading of old film and color recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_fading_of_old_film_and_color_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technical specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16_mm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_mm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>16 mm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_mm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Super_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Super 16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Super_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultra_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ultra 16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_film_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_film_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Related film genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_film_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">16 mm film</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="১৬ মিলিমিটার চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৬ মিলিমিটার চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm" title="16 mm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="16 mm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm_film" title="16mm film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="16mm film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-mm-Film" title="16-mm-Film – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="16-mm-Film" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%ADcula_de_16_mm" title="Película de 16 mm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Película de 16 mm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo_16mm" title="Filmo 16mm – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filmo 16mm" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_16_mm" title="Format 16 mm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Format 16 mm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm_%ED%95%84%EB%A6%84" title="16mm 필름 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="16mm 필름" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_%D5%B4%D5%B4-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="16 մմ-անոց կինոժապավեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="16 մմ-անոց կինոժապավեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_16_mm" title="Film 16 mm – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film 16 mm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_millimetri" title="16 millimetri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="16 millimetri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_16_%D7%9E%22%D7%9E" title="סרט 16 מ"מ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט 16 מ"מ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm-es_film" title="16 mm-es film – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="16 mm-es film" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm-film" title="16mm-film – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="16mm-film" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/16%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0" title="16ミリフィルム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="16ミリフィルム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm-film" title="16mm-film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="16mm-film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%9Bma_filmowa_16_mm" title="Taśma filmowa 16 mm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taśma filmowa 16 mm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm" title="16 mm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="16 mm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="16-мм киноплёнка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="16-мм киноплёнка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_millimetrin_filmi" title="16 millimetrin filmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="16 millimetrin filmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-millimetersfilm" title="16-millimetersfilm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="16-millimetersfilm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="16 mm film" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-%D0%BC%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="16-мм кіноплівка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="16-мм кіноплівка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194383#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:16_mm_film" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/16_mm_film"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/16_mm_film"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/16_mm_film" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/16_mm_film" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&oldid=1257548556" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=16_mm_film&id=1257548556&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F16_mm_film"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F16_mm_film"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=16_mm_film&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:16_mm_film" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q194383" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historically popular gauge of film</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"16 mm" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/16_mm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="16 mm (disambiguation)">16 mm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg/220px-USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg/330px-USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg/440px-USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1288" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>16 mm sound movie showing a variable-width sound track on single-perforation film stock</figcaption></figure> <p><b>16 mm film</b> is a historically popular and economical <a href="/wiki/Film_gauge" title="Film gauge">gauge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">film</a>. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> inch); other common film gauges include <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm</a>. It is generally used for non-theatrical (e.g., industrial, educational, television) film-making, or for low-budget motion pictures. It also existed as a popular amateur or home movie-making format for several decades, alongside 8 mm film and later <a href="/wiki/Super_8_film" title="Super 8 film">Super 8 film</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> released the first 16 mm "outfit" in 1923, consisting of a camera, projector, tripod, screen and splicer, for US$335 (equivalent to US$5,991 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA-Victor</a> introduced a 16 mm sound movie projector in 1932, and developed an optical <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">sound-on-film</a> 16 mm camera, released in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastman Kodak introduced 16 mm film in 1923, as a less expensive alternative to <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Film formats">film</a> for amateurs. The same year the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Animatograph_Corporation" title="Victor Animatograph Corporation">Victor Animatograph Corporation</a> started producing their own 16 mm cameras and projectors. During the 1920s, the format was often referred to by the professional industry as 'sub-standard'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kodak hired Willard Beech Cook from his <a href="/wiki/28_mm_film" title="28 mm film">28 mm</a> Pathescope of America company to create the new 16 mm 'Kodascope Library'. In addition to making <a href="/wiki/Home_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Home movies">home movies</a>, people could buy or rent films from the library, a key selling aspect of the format. </p><p>Intended for amateur use, 16 mm film was one of the first formats to use <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Safety_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety film">safety film</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">film base</a>. Kodak never used <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose#Film" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrate film</a> for the format, owing to the high flammability of the nitrate base. 35 mm nitrate was discontinued in 1952. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16mmBWrevDP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/16mmBWrevDP.png/220px-16mmBWrevDP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/16mmBWrevDP.png/330px-16mmBWrevDP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/16mmBWrevDP.png/440px-16mmBWrevDP.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>16 mm black-and-white reversal silent home movie on double-perforation film stock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Poland_abcd_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>16 mm Eastman Kodak color movie from Warsaw dated 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Poland_Nalewki_Street_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>16 mm Eastman Kodak color movie from Warsaw dated 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg/220px-Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg/330px-Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg/440px-Avenue_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_in_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>16 mm Eastman Kodak color movie from Paris dated 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png/220px-Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png/330px-Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png/440px-Special_Film_Project_186_-_Feldherrnhalle_2.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>16 mm Eastman Kodak color movie from <a href="/wiki/Feldherrnhalle" title="Feldherrnhalle">Feldherrnhalle</a> in Munich after American liberation in 1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_evolution">Production evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The silent 16 mm format was initially aimed at the home enthusiast, but by the 1930s it had begun to make inroads into the educational market. The addition of <a href="/wiki/Sound-on-film" title="Sound-on-film">optical sound</a> tracks and, most notably, Kodachrome in 1935, gave an enormous boost to its popularity. The format was used extensively during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and there was a huge expansion of 16 mm professional filmmaking in the post-war years. Films for government, business, medical and industrial clients created a large network of 16 mm professional filmmakers and related service industries in the 1950s and 1960s. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a> also enhanced the use of 16 mm film, initially for its advantage of cost and portability over 35 mm. At first used as a news-gathering format, the 16 mm format was also used to create <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programming</a> shot outside the confines of the more rigid <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studio</a> production sets. The home movie market gradually switched to the even less expensive <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_8_mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Super 8 mm film">Super 8 mm</a> film formats. </p><p>16 mm, using light cameras, was extensively used for <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a> in many countries before portable video cameras appeared. In Britain, the BBC's Ealing-based film department made significant use of 16mm film and, during its peak, employed over 50 film crews. Throughout much of the 1960s–1990s period, these crews made use of cameras such as the Arriflex ST and Eclair NPR in combination with quarter-inch sound recorders, such as the Nagra III. Using these professional tools, film department crews would work on some of the most significant programmes produced by the BBC, including <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Alive_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man Alive (UK TV series)">Man Alive</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(TV_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panorama (TV programme)">Panorama</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_(UK_TV_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle (UK TV programme)">Chronicle</a></i>. Usually made up of five people, these small crews were able to work incredibly efficiently and, even in hostile environments, were able to film an entire programme with a <a href="/wiki/Shooting_ratio" title="Shooting ratio">shooting ratio</a> of less than 5:1.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1950s, news organizations and documentarians in the United States frequently shot on portable <a href="/wiki/Auricon" title="Auricon">Auricon</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/CP-16" title="CP-16">CP-16</a> cameras that were self-blimped and had the ability to record sound directly on film. The introduction of magnetic striped film further improved sound fidelity. </p><p>Replacing <a href="/wiki/Analog_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog video">analog video</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> has made significant inroads in television production use. Nevertheless, 16 mm is still in use in its Super 16 ratio (see below) for productions seeking its specific look. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format_standards">Format standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Format standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perforations">Perforations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Perforations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Film_perforations" title="Film perforations">perforation</a> pitches are available for 16 mm film. One specification, known as "long pitch", has a spacing of 7.62 mm (0.300 in) and is used primarily for print and reversal film stocks. Negative and intermediate film stocks have perforations spaced 7.605 mm (0.2994 in), known as "short pitch". These differences allow for the sharpest and smoothest possible image when making prints using a <a href="/wiki/Contact_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact printer">contact printer</a>. </p><p>Film stocks are available in either 'single-perf' or 'double-perf', meaning the film is perforated on either one or both edges. A perforation for 16 mm film is 1.829 mm × 1.27 mm (0.0720 in × 0.0500 in) with a radius curve on all four corners of 0.25 mm (0.0098 in). Tolerances are ±0.001 mm (4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−5</sup> in).<sup id="cite_ref-kodak-spec_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kodak-spec-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kodak-h20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kodak-h20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_16_mm">Standard 16 mm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standard 16 mm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The picture-taking area of standard 16 mm is 10.26 mm × 7.49 mm (0.404 in × 0.295 in), an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> of 1.37:1, the standard pre-widescreen <a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a> for 35 mm. The "nominal" picture projection area (per SMPTE RP 20-2003) is 0.380 in by 0.284 in,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the maximum picture projection area (per SMPTE ST 233-2003) is 0.384 in by 0.286 in,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each implying an aspect ratio of 1.34:1. <a href="/wiki/Film_perforations" title="Film perforations">Double-perf</a> 16 mm film, the original format, has a perforation at both sides of every <a href="/wiki/Frame_line" title="Frame line">frame line</a>. Single-perf is perforated at one side only, making room for an optical or magnetic <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> along the other side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_16_mm">Super 16 mm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Super 16 mm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16mm_and_super16.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/16mm_and_super16.png/220px-16mm_and_super16.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/16mm_and_super16.png/330px-16mm_and_super16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/16mm_and_super16.png/440px-16mm_and_super16.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Super 16 and 16 mm film</figcaption></figure> <p>The variant called <b>Super 16 mm</b>, <b>Super 16</b>, or <b>16 mm Type W</b> is an adaptation of the 1.66 (1.66:1 or 15:9) aspect ratio of the "Paramount format"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 16 mm film. It was developed by Swedish cinematographer <a href="/wiki/Rune_Ericson" title="Rune Ericson">Rune Ericson</a> in 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using single-sprocket film and taking advantage of the extra room for an expanded picture area of 12.52 mm × 7.41 mm (0.493 in × 0.292 in). </p><p>Super 16 cameras are usually 16 mm cameras that have had the film gate and ground glass in the <a href="/wiki/Viewfinder" title="Viewfinder">viewfinder</a> modified for the wider frame, and, since this process widens the frame by affecting only one side of the film, the various cameras' front mounting plate or turret areas must also be re-machined to shift and re-center the mounts for any lenses used. Because the resulting, new, Super 16 aspect ratio takes up the space originally reserved for the 16mm soundtrack, films shot in this format must be enlarged by <a href="/wiki/Optical_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical printing">optical printing</a> to <a href="/wiki/35mm_movie_film" class="mw-redirect" title="35mm movie film">35 mm</a> for sound-projection, and, in order to preserve the proper 1.66:1, or (slightly cropped) 1.85:1 theatrical aspect ratios which this format was designed to provide. And, with the recent development of <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> workflows, it is now possible to digitally enlarge to a 35 mm sound print with virtually no quality loss (given a high quality digital scan), or alternatively to use high-quality video equipment for the original image capture. </p><p>In 2009, German lens manufacturer Vantage introduced a series of <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">anamorphic lenses</a> under its HAWK brand. These provided a 1.30x<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> squeeze factor (as opposed to the standard 2×) specifically for the Super 16 format, allowing nearly all of the Super 16 frame to be used for 2.39:1 widescreen photography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultra_16_mm">Ultra 16 mm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ultra 16 mm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a>-crafted <b>Ultra 16</b> is a variation of Super 16. Cinematographer Frank G. DeMarco is credited with inventing Ultra 16 in 1996 while shooting tests for <a href="/wiki/Darren_Aronofsky" title="Darren Aronofsky">Darren Aronofsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pi_(film)" title="Pi (film)">Pi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultra 16 is created by widening the left and right sides of the gate of a standard 16 mm camera by 0.7 mm to expose part of the horizontal area between the perforations. Perforation placement on standard 16 mm film at the divisions between frames accommodates use of these normally unexposed areas. </p><p>The Ultra 16 format, with frame dimensions of 11.66 mm × 6.15 mm (0.459 in × 0.242 in), provides a frame size between standard 16 mm and Super 16—while avoiding the expense of converting a 16 mm camera to Super 16, the larger lens-element requirements for proper aperture field coverage on Super 16 camera conversions, and, the potential image <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">vignetting</a> caused by trying to use some "conventional" 16 mm lenses on those Super 16 converted cameras. Thus, almost all standard 16 mm optics can now achieve the wider image in Ultra 16, but without the above pitfalls and optical "shortcomings" encountered when attempting their use for Super 16. </p><p>The 1.89 ratio image readily converts to NTSC/PAL (1.33 ratio), HDTV (1.78 ratio) and to 35 mm film (1.66 [European] and 1.85 wide screen ratios), using either the full vertical frame, or the full width (intersprocket) frame, and at times, portions of both, depending upon the required application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only supplier of 16 mm color reversal/negative film in 2022 is <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orwo" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwo">Orwo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agfa">Agfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a> closed their film manufacturing facilities in the 2010s. B&W films are still produced by <a href="/wiki/Foma_Bohemia" title="Foma Bohemia">Foma</a> and ORWO/Filmotec, with ORWO/Filmotec having begun sales of a new color negative film in April of 2023 .<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>16 mm film is used in television, such as for the <i><a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hallmark Hall of Fame">Hallmark Hall of Fame</a></i> anthology (it has since been produced in 16:9 <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high definition</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Friday_Night_Lights_(TV_series)" title="Friday Night Lights (TV series)">Friday Night Lights</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_O.C." title="The O.C.">The O.C.</a></i> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(TV_series)" title="The Walking Dead (TV series)">The Walking Dead</a></i> in the US. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, the format is exceedingly popular for television series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Doc_Martin" title="Doc Martin">Doc Martin</a></i>, dramas and commercials. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC) played a large part in the development of the format. It worked extensively with Kodak during the 1950s and 1960s to bring 16 mm to a professional level, since the BBC needed cheaper, more portable production solutions while maintaining a higher quality than was offered at the time, when the format was mostly for home display of theatrical shorts, newsreels, and cartoons, documentary capture and display for various purposes (including education), and limited "high end" amateur use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the format was frequently used for student films, while its use in documentaries had almost disappeared. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>, Super 16 film is still used for some productions destined for <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some low-budget theatrical features are shot on 16 mm and super 16 mm such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a>'s 16 mm 1994 independent hit <i><a href="/wiki/Clerks_(1994_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerks (1994 film)">Clerks</a>,</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Man_Bites_Dog_(film)" title="Man Bites Dog (film)">Man Bites Dog</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mid90s" title="Mid90s">Mid90s</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Closer_to_Home_(film)" title="Closer to Home (film)">Closer to Home</a></i>. </p><p>Thanks to advances in film stock and digital technology—specifically <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> (DI)—the format has dramatically improved in picture quality since the 1970s, and is now a revitalized option. <i><a href="/wiki/Vera_Drake" title="Vera Drake">Vera Drake</a></i>, for example, was shot on Super 16 mm film, digitally scanned at a high resolution, edited and color graded, and then printed out onto 35 mm film via a laser <a href="/wiki/Film_recorder" title="Film recorder">film recorder</a>. Because of the digital process, the final 35 mm print quality is good enough to fool some professionals into thinking it was shot on 35 mm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Britain, most exterior television footage was shot on 16 mm from the 1960s until the 1990s, when the development of more portable television cameras and videotape machines led to video replacing 16 mm in many instances. Many drama shows and documentaries were made entirely on 16 mm, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Brideshead_Revisited_(TV_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brideshead Revisited (TV serial)">Brideshead Revisited</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)">The Jewel in the Crown</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Man" title="The Ascent of Man">The Ascent of Man</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Earth_(documentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Earth (documentary)">Life on Earth</a></i>, and the early seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Poirot" title="Agatha Christie's Poirot">Poirot</a></i>. More recently, the advent of widescreen television has led to the use of <i>Super</i> 16. For example, the 2008 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> fantasy drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Merlin_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merlin (TV series)">Merlin</a></i> was shot in Super 16.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As recently as 2010, <i><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)#Cinematography_and_delivery_format" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a></i> was shot on Super16 and aired either as 4:3 SD (first 7 seasons) or as 16:9 HD (seasons 8 and 9). John Inwood, the cinematographer of the series, believed that footage from his <a href="/wiki/Aaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaton">Aaton</a> XTR Prod camera was not only sufficient to air in high definition, it "looked terrific".<sup id="cite_ref-hd_for_scrubs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hd_for_scrubs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winning <i><a href="/wiki/Leaving_Las_Vegas" title="Leaving Las Vegas">Leaving Las Vegas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/1995_in_film" title="1995 in film">1995</a>) was shot on 16 mm. </p><p>The first two seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)">Buffy the Vampire Slayer</a></i> were shot on 16 mm and switched to 35 mm for its later seasons. </p><p>The first season of <i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_City" title="Sex and the City">Sex and the City</a></i> was shot on 16 mm. Later seasons were shot on 35 mm. All three seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Mars" title="Veronica Mars">Veronica Mars</a></i> were shot on 16 mm and aired in HD. <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Spinal_Tap" title="This Is Spinal Tap">This Is Spinal Tap</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Guest" title="Christopher Guest">Christopher Guest</a>'s subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> films, are shot in Super 16 mm. </p><p>The first three seasons of <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1" title="Stargate SG-1">Stargate SG-1</a></i> (bar the season 3 finale and the effects shots) were shot in 16 mm, before switching to 35 mm for later seasons. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>'s 1992 zombie comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Braindead_(film)" title="Braindead (film)">Braindead</a></i> was shot on Super 16mm, so that more of its $3 million budget could be spent on its extensive gore effects. </p><p>The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winner for Best Picture, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a></i>, was shot using <a href="/wiki/Aaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaton">Aaton</a> Super 16 mm cameras and <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> 16 mm film stocks. The cost savings over 35 mm allowed the production to utilize multiple cameras for many shots, exposing over one million feet of film.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Napoleonic-era TV drama <i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe_(TV_series)" title="Sharpe (TV series)">Sharpe</a></i> was shot on Super 16 mm right through to the film <i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Challenge" title="Sharpe's Challenge">Sharpe's Challenge</a></i> (2006). For the last film in the series, <i><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Peril" title="Sharpe's Peril">Sharpe's Peril</a></i> (2008), the producers switched to 35 mm. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_Kingdom" title="Moonrise Kingdom">Moonrise Kingdom</a></i> was shot using super 16 mm. </p><p>Darren Aronofsky shot <i><a href="/wiki/Mother!" title="Mother!">mother!</a></i> on 16 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Linus_Sandgren" title="Linus Sandgren">Linus Sandgren</a> shot most of the 2018 biographical drama <i><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i> on Super 16.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> shot the Netflix film <i><a href="/wiki/Da_5_Bloods" title="Da 5 Bloods">Da 5 Bloods</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> flashback scenes on 16 mm film, which was part of the reason cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel was considered for an Oscar nomination. <i>The Insider</i> reports that Netflix was "initially concerned about having the movie's flashback scenes shot on grainy 16 mm film ... There was pushback because it opened up a lot of challenges." According to Sigel, the film stock Lee wanted to use was expensive because it is rarely used. It would be even more expensive to shoot on 16mm film while on location in Vietnam and then ship the film back to the United States to be processed at a film lab. Lee was "pretty adamant" about using 16mm for the flashbacks; Sigel said "I would never have been able to do it without such fervent support from him." Sigel had pitched to Lee the idea to shoot the Vietnam sequences using the kind of camera and film stock that would have been available during the Vietnam era.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cornish filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Mark_Jenkin" title="Mark Jenkin">Mark Jenkin</a> is notable for using 16 mm film and a hand-cranked 1978 <a href="/wiki/Bolex" title="Bolex">Bolex</a> camera, most notably in his films <i><a href="/wiki/Bait_(2019_film)" title="Bait (2019 film)">Bait</a></i> (2019) and <i><a href="/wiki/Enys_Men" title="Enys Men">Enys Men</a></i> (2022).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_16_mm">Digital 16 mm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital 16 mm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of digital cameras approximate the look of the 16 mm format by using 16 mm-sized sensors and taking 16 mm lenses. These cameras include the Ikonoskop A-Cam DII (2008) and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Bolex" title="Digital Bolex">Digital Bolex</a> (2012). The <a href="/wiki/Blackmagic_Design" title="Blackmagic Design">Blackmagic</a> Pocket Cinema Camera (2013) and the Blackmagic Micro Cinema Camera (2015) has a Super 16-sized sensor. The Z CAM E2G (2019) even offers Digital 16 mm in 4K and with a global shutter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cameras">Cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/16_mm_film" title="Special:EditPage/16 mm film">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_cameras">Professional cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Professional cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BolexH16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/220px-BolexH16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg/330px-BolexH16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/BolexH16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>A 16 mm spring-wound <a href="/wiki/Bolex" title="Bolex">Bolex</a> camera</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_mm_Film_camera.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/16_mm_Film_camera.JPG/300px-16_mm_Film_camera.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/16_mm_Film_camera.JPG/450px-16_mm_Film_camera.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/16_mm_Film_camera.JPG/600px-16_mm_Film_camera.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption> A modern 16 mm <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a> camera</figcaption></figure> <p>The professional industry tends to use 16 mm cameras from <a href="/wiki/Aaton" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaton">Aaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a>, most notably the Aaton Xtera, Aaton XTRprod, <a href="/wiki/Arriflex_16SR#Arriflex_16SR3" title="Arriflex 16SR">Arriflex 16SR3</a>, and Arriflex 416. Aaton also released the A-Minima, which is about the size of a video camcorder and is used for specialized filming requiring smaller, more versatile cameras. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photo_Sonics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photo Sonics (page does not exist)">Photo Sonics</a> have special extremely high speed cameras for 16 mm that film at up to 1,000 frames per second. <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a> has produced the Panaflex 16, nicknamed "Elaine". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_cameras">Amateur cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Amateur cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For amateur, hobbyist, and student use, it is more economical to use older models from Arri, Aaton, <a href="/wiki/Auricon" title="Auricon">Auricon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaulieu_(company)" title="Beaulieu (company)">Beaulieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_and_Howell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell and Howell">Bell and Howell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolex" title="Bolex">Bolex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/CP-16" title="CP-16">Cinema Products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclair_(camera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclair (camera)">Eclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Camera_Company" title="Keystone Camera Company">Keystone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk_(camera)" title="Krasnogorsk (camera)">Krasnogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Camera" title="Mitchell Camera">Mitchell</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_reproduction_methods">Film reproduction methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film reproduction methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most original movie production companies that use film shoot on 35 mm. The 35 mm size must be converted or reduced to 16 mm for 16 mm systems. There are multiple ways of obtaining a 16 mm print from 35 mm. The preferred method is to strike a 16 mm negative from the original 35 mm negative and then make a print from the new 16 mm negative. A 16 mm negative struck from the original 35 mm negative is called an <i>original</i>. A new 16 mm print made from a print with no negative is called a <i>reversal</i>. 16 mm prints can be made from many combinations of size and format, each with a distinct, descriptive name: </p> <ul><li>A 16 mm negative struck from an original 35 mm print is a <i>print down</i>.</li> <li>A 16 mm negative struck from an original 16 mm print that was struck from a 35 mm original is a <i>dupe down</i>.</li> <li>A 16 mm print struck directly from a 16 mm print is a <i>double dupe</i>.</li> <li>A 16 mm print struck directly from a 35 mm print is a <i>double dupe down</i>.</li></ul> <p>Film traders often refer to 16 mm prints by the print's production method, i.e., an <i>original</i>, <i>reversal</i>, <i>dupe down</i>, <i>double dupe</i>, or <i>double dupe down</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_fading_of_old_film_and_color_recovery">Color fading of old film and color recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Color fading of old film and color recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, the cyan, magenta and yellow dyes that form the image in color 16 mm film inevitably fade. The rate of deterioration depends on storage conditions and the film type. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a> amateur and documentary films and <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a> IB (imbibition process) color prints, the dyes are so stable and the deterioration so slow that even prints now over 70 years old typically show no obvious problems. </p><p>Dyes in the far more common <a href="/wiki/Eastmancolor" title="Eastmancolor">Eastmancolor</a> print film and similar products from other manufacturers are notoriously unstable. Prior to the introduction of a longer-lasting "low fade" type in 1979, Eastmancolor prints routinely suffered from easily seen color shift and fading within ten years. The dyes degrade at different rates, with magenta being the longest-lasting, eventually resulting in a pale reddish image with little if any other color discernible.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the process of <a href="/wiki/Digitizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizing">digitizing</a> old color films, even badly faded source material can sometimes be restored to full color through digital techniques that amplify the faded dye colors. A <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> scanned from the original negative (if it was processed and stored correctly) can often fully restore colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Technical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_16_mm_film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Super_16_mm_film.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>A strip of single-perf 16 mm film with Super-16–sized frames</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuji16mm64d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Fuji16mm64d.jpg/220px-Fuji16mm64d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Fuji16mm64d.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>A 100-foot (30.5 m) tin of 16 mm <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>7.62 mm per frame (40 frames per foot) for print stock—7.605 mm per frame for camera stock</li> <li>122 m (400 feet) = about 11 minutes at 24 frame/s</li> <li>vertical pulldown</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16_mm">16 mm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 16 mm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1.37 aspect ratio</li> <li>enlarging ratio of 1:4.58 for 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Academy_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy format">Academy format</a> prints</li> <li><i>camera aperture</i>: 10.26 by 7.49 mm (0.404 by 0.295 in)</li> <li><i>projector aperture</i>: 9.65 by 7.21 mm (0.380 by 0.284 in)</li> <li><i>projector aperture</i> (1.85): 9.60 by 5.20 mm (0.378 by 0.205 in)</li> <li><i>TV station aperture</i>: 9.65 by 7.26 mm (0.380 by 0.286 in)</li> <li><i>TV transmission</i>: 9.34 by 7.01 mm (0.368 by 0.276 in)</li> <li><i>TV safe action</i>: 8.40 by 6.29 mm (0.331 by 0.248 in); corner radii: 1.67 mm (0.066 in)</li> <li><i>TV safe titles</i>: 7.44 by 5.61 mm (0.293 by 0.221 in); corner radii: 1.47 mm (0.058 in)</li> <li>1 perforation per frame (may also be double perf, i.e. one on each side)</li> <li><i>Picture to sound separation</i>: sound in advance of picture by 26 frames for optical sound and 28 frames for magnetic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Super_16">Super 16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Super 16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1.66 aspect ratio</li> <li><i>camera aperture</i>: 12.52 by 7.41 mm (0.493 by 0.292 in)</li> <li><i>projector aperture</i> (full 1.66): 11.76 by 7.08 mm (0.463 by 0.279 in)</li> <li><i>projector aperture</i> (1.85): 11.76 by 6.37 mm (0.463 by 0.251 in)</li> <li>1 perforation per frame, always single perf</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultra_16">Ultra 16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ultra 16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1.85 aspect ratio</li> <li><i>camera aperture</i>: 11.66 mm by 7.49 mm (0.459 by 0.295 in)</li> <li><i>projector aperture</i>: 11.66 mm by 6.15 mm (0.459 by 0.242 in)</li> <li>1 perforation per frame (may also be double perf, i.e. one on each side)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/28px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/42px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/56px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">List of film formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sync_sound" title="Sync sound">Sync sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilottone" title="Pilottone">Pilottone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_film_genres">Related film genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Related film genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_cinema" title="Direct cinema">Direct cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Kattelle" class="citation book cs1">Kattelle, Alan (2000). <i>Home Movies: A History of the American Industry, 1897–1979</i>. Transition Publishing. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9654497-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9654497-8-5"><bdi>0-9654497-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Movies%3A+A+History+of+the+American+Industry%2C+1897%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Transition+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9654497-8-5&rft.aulast=Kattelle&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kattelle" class="citation book cs1">Kattelle, Alan (2000). <i>Home Movies: A History of the American Industry, 1897–1979</i>. Transition Publishing. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9654497-8-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9654497-8-5"><bdi>0-9654497-8-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Movies%3A+A+History+of+the+American+Industry%2C+1897%E2%80%931979&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Transition+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9654497-8-5&rft.aulast=Kattelle&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisloeffel2013" class="citation web cs1">Eisloeffel, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivesfilmworks.com/uploads/1/2/5/3/12531554/16mm_format_history_v2.pdf">"16mm Format History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives Filmworks</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630091706/http://www.archivesfilmworks.com/uploads/1/2/5/3/12531554/16mm_format_history_v2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+Filmworks&rft.atitle=16mm+Format+History&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Eisloeffel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archivesfilmworks.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F2%2F5%2F3%2F12531554%2F16mm_format_history_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisHall2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, John; Hall, Nick (November 9, 2017). "ADAPT". <i>Figshare</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637%2Frh.c.3925603.v1">10.17637/rh.c.3925603.v1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Figshare&rft.atitle=ADAPT&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17637%2Frh.c.3925603.v1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hall%2C+Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kodak-spec-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kodak-spec_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326135944/http://www.kodak.com/KodakGCG/uploadedfiles/motion/US_plugins_acrobat_en_motion_newsletters_filmEss_11_Film_Specs.pdf">"Film specifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/KodakGCG/uploadedfiles/motion/US_plugins_acrobat_en_motion_newsletters_filmEss_11_Film_Specs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-03-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film+specifications&rft.pub=Kodak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2FKodakGCG%2Fuploadedfiles%2Fmotion%2FUS_plugins_acrobat_en_motion_newsletters_filmEss_11_Film_Specs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kodak-h20-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kodak-h20_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323195922/http://www.kodak.com/KodakGCG/uploadedfiles/motion/H20_2pgs.pdf">"How to Read a Kodak Film Can Label"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kodak.com/KodakGCG/uploadedfiles/motion/H20_2pgs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+a+Kodak+Film+Can+Label&rft.pub=Kodak&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2FKodakGCG%2Fuploadedfiles%2Fmotion%2FH20_2pgs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Specifications for 16-mm Registration Test Film</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FSMPTE.RP20.2003">10.5594/SMPTE.RP20.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61482-073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61482-073-4"><bdi>978-1-61482-073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specifications+for+16-mm+Registration+Test+Film&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FSMPTE.RP20.2003&rft.isbn=978-1-61482-073-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>For Motion-Picture Film (16-mm) — Projectable Image Area and Projector Usage</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FSMPTE.ST233.2003">10.5594/SMPTE.ST233.2003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61482-382-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61482-382-7"><bdi>978-1-61482-382-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Motion-Picture+Film+%2816-mm%29+%E2%80%94+Projectable+Image+Area+and+Projector+Usage&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5594%2FSMPTE.ST233.2003&rft.isbn=978-1-61482-382-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Andy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219183402/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/technology/article/art20130807235528919">"Beyond HD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Academy" title="BBC Academy">BBC Academy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/technology/article/art20130807235528919">the original</a> on 2014-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+HD&rft.pub=BBC+Academy&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Facademy%2Ftechnology%2Farticle%2Fart20130807235528919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdtimes.com/2009/08/20/the-early-years-of-super-16-and-how-it-all-started/">"The Early Years of Super 16 and How it All Started – Film and Digital Times"</a>. <i>Film and Digital Times</i>. August 20, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+and+Digital+Times&rft.atitle=The+Early+Years+of+Super+16+and+How+it+All+Started+%E2%80%93+Film+and+Digital+Times&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdtimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F20%2Fthe-early-years-of-super-16-and-how-it-all-started%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vantagefilm.com/en/news/archive/november-2009-10259">"Hawk Anamorphic 1.3x SQUEEZE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawk+Anamorphic+1.3x+SQUEEZE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vantagefilm.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fnovember-2009-10259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullickson2018" class="citation web cs1">Gullickson, Brad (May 29, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmschoolrejects.com/frank-demarco-interview/">"Frank G. DeMarco On Capturing Punk Rock Grit in "How to Talk to Girls at Parties"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Film School Rejects</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+School+Rejects&rft.atitle=Frank+G.+DeMarco+On+Capturing+Punk+Rock+Grit+in+%22How+to+Talk+to+Girls+at+Parties%22&rft.date=2018-05-29&rft.aulast=Gullickson&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmschoolrejects.com%2Ffrank-demarco-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrari2016" class="citation web cs1">Ferrari, Alex (2016-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiefilmhustle.com/super-16mm-film-tutorial/">"How to Shoot Super 16mm Film Tutorials"</a>. <i>Indie Film Hustle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indie+Film+Hustle&rft.atitle=How+to+Shoot+Super+16mm+Film+Tutorials&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft.aulast=Ferrari&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiefilmhustle.com%2Fsuper-16mm-film-tutorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718080146/http://www.filmlight.ltd.uk/case_studies/our_customers/03_broadcast/201008_merlin">"Mill TV Taps Baselight to Work Magic for BBC's 'Merlin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmlight.ltd.uk/case_studies/our_customers/03_broadcast/201008_merlin">the original</a> on July 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mill+TV+Taps+Baselight+to+Work+Magic+for+BBC%27s+%27Merlin%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmlight.ltd.uk%2Fcase_studies%2Four_customers%2F03_broadcast%2F201008_merlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hd_for_scrubs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hd_for_scrubs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highdef.com/magazine/archive/HighDef_2008_6NovDec.pdf">"A new HD frontier for Scrubs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320090728/http://www.highdef.com/magazine/archive/HighDef_2008_6NovDec.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+HD+frontier+for+Scrubs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highdef.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2FHighDef_2008_6NovDec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay2011" class="citation web cs1">Macaulay, Scott (November 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmmakermagazine.com/4677-cinematographer-barry-ackroyd-talks-the-hurt-locker-by-scott-macaulay/">"Cinematographer Barry Ackroyd Discusses Oscar Winner The Hurt Locker"</a>. <i>Filmmaker Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Filmmaker+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cinematographer+Barry+Ackroyd+Discusses+Oscar+Winner+The+Hurt+Locker&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmmakermagazine.com%2F4677-cinematographer-barry-ackroyd-talks-the-hurt-locker-by-scott-macaulay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorsteinsson2016" class="citation web cs1">Thorsteinsson, Ari Gunnar (October 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiewire.com/2016/10/darren-aronofsky-reykjavik-film-festival-masterclass-1201735366/">"Darren Aronofsky on His Private Writing Process, Fighting Financiers and His Mysterious New Film"</a>. <i>indiewire.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiewire.com&rft.atitle=Darren+Aronofsky+on+His+Private+Writing+Process%2C+Fighting+Financiers+and+His+Mysterious+New+Film&rft.date=2016-10-11&rft.aulast=Thorsteinsson&rft.aufirst=Ari+Gunnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fdarren-aronofsky-reykjavik-film-festival-masterclass-1201735366%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadner2019" class="citation web cs1">Kadner, Noah (January 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ascmag.com/articles/moon-walk-first-man">"Moon Walk: First Man"</a>. <i>ASC Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ASC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Moon+Walk%3A+First+Man&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft.aulast=Kadner&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fascmag.com%2Farticles%2Fmoon-walk-first-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf2020" class="citation web cs1">Sharf, Zack (2020-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/2020/06/spike-lee-battled-netflix-da-5-bloods-16mm-film-1202238666/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Da 5 Bloods' Cinematographer Says Netflix Pushed Back Against Spike Lee Using 16mm Film"</a>. <i>IndieWire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=%27Da+5+Bloods%27+Cinematographer+Says+Netflix+Pushed+Back+Against+Spike+Lee+Using+16mm+Film&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Zack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2020%2F06%2Fspike-lee-battled-netflix-da-5-bloods-16mm-film-1202238666%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/2023/01/13/film-maker-mark-jenkin-were-cornish-we-can-just-have-our-own-culture/">"Film-maker Mark Jenkin: 'We're Cornish. We can just have our own culture'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Film-maker+Mark+Jenkin%3A+%E2%80%98We%E2%80%99re+Cornish.+We+can+just+have+our+own+culture%E2%80%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2F2023%2F01%2F13%2Ffilm-maker-mark-jenkin-were-cornish-we-can-just-have-our-own-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in70mm.com/news/2010/technicolor/index.htm">"A History of Low Fade Color Print Stocks"</a>. In70mm.com. 1963-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Low+Fade+Color+Print+Stocks&rft.pub=In70mm.com&rft.date=1963-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin70mm.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Ftechnicolor%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A16+mm+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.5987548.v1">Demonstration of a BBC 16mm film crew preparing to shoot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.5987545.v1">Discussion and demonstration of 16mm film cameras by former BBC cameraman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17637/rh.5987764.v1">Demonstration of 'lacing up' a 16mm film camera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparetimelabs.com/animato/animato/filmhist/filmhist.html">History of sub-35 mm Film Formats & Cameras</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparetimelabs.com/animato/animato/s16/s16.html">SUPER-16 modification of Bolex Reflex 16 mm camera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiodaily.com/filmandvideo/technique/craft/f/shooting/4340.html">"Sweet 16: A-list Cinematographers Say the Emulsion's Never Looked So Good, Here's Why..."</a>, written February 1, 2005, and accessed December 29, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.super8camera.com/processing.php">DIY processing 16 mm</a> – guide for DIY processing of black/white 16 mm film</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424100041/http://www.abelcine.com/Resources/IndustryContacts/aaton16features.php">Early list of films shot in Super16</a></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> copy) </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Motion_picture_film_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_formats" title="Template:Film formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_formats" title="Template talk:Film formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motion_picture_film_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Motion picture <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_gauge" title="Film gauge">Film gauges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/9.5_mm_film" title="9.5 mm film">9.5 mm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">16 mm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/17.5mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="17.5mm film">17.5 mm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/28_mm_film" title="28 mm film">28 mm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">Film formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35 mm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technirama" title="Technirama">Technirama</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Modern anamorphic</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Techniscope" title="Techniscope">Techniscope</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> (1982)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">70 mm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Todd-AO" title="Todd-AO">Todd-AO</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Panavision_70" title="Ultra Panavision 70">Ultra Panavision 70</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Super_Panavision_70" title="Super Panavision 70">Super Panavision 70</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> (1970)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35 mm × 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kinopanorama" title="Kinopanorama">Kinopanorama</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cinemiracle" title="Cinemiracle">Cinemiracle</a> (1958)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio</a> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Anamorphic format</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video framing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">Anamorphic widescreen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">Letterbox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">Pillarbox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Windowbox_(filmmaking)" title="Windowbox (filmmaking)">Windowbox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pan_and_scan" title="Pan and scan">Pan and scan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">Fullscreen</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_matte" title="Open matte">Open matte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shoot_and_protect" title="Shoot and protect">Shoot and protect</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&oldid=1257548556">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&oldid=1257548556</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motion_picture_film_formats" title="Category:Motion picture film formats">Motion picture film formats</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2016">Articles needing additional references from August 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 14:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16_mm_film&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-t7vv5","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.612","walltime":"0.748","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3445,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":63903,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2260,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":83764,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 651.116 1 -total"," 36.08% 234.944 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.16% 124.748 4 Template:Cite_book"," 13.19% 85.911 1 Template:Film_formats"," 12.98% 84.501 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.07% 72.105 16 Template:Cite_web"," 9.67% 62.994 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.93% 58.138 1 Template:Unreferenced_section"," 8.59% 55.911 1 Template:Unreferenced"," 6.44% 41.949 2 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.380","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8984683,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gxqwf","timestamp":"20241122201527","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"16 mm film","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16_mm_film","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q194383","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q194383","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-27T12:46:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T14:03:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/35\/USN16mmSoundtrack.jpg","headline":"film gauge"}</script> </body> </html>