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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1914" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1914"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1914</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1914-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1915–16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915–16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1915–16</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915–16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paris_Peace_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris_Peace_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paris Peace Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris_Peace_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_career_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_career_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-war career and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_career_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Foreign decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_by_Ferdinand_Foch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_by_Ferdinand_Foch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Books by Ferdinand Foch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_by_Ferdinand_Foch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferdinand Foch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4" title="فردينان فوش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فردينان فوش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Fo%C5%9F" title="Ferdinand Foş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ferdinand Foş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Фердынанд Фош – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фердынанд Фош" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Фэрдынанд Фош – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фэрдынанд Фош" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Фердинан Фош – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фердинан Фош" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φερντινάν Φος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φερντινάν Φος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4" title="فردیناند فوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردیناند فوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EB%82%AD_%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%88" title="페르디낭 포슈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르디낭 포슈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%96%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Ֆերդինանդ Ֆոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերդինանդ Ֆոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A9" title="פרדיננד פוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדיננד פוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ფერდინან ფოში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერდინან ფოში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinandus_Foch" title="Ferdinandus Foch – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferdinandus Foch" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinands_Fo%C5%A1s" title="Ferdinands Fošs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ferdinands Fošs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Фердинанд Фош – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фердинанд Фош" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B6" title="फेर्दीनां फॉश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फेर्दीनां फॉश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4" title="فرديناند فوش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرديناند فوش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="フェルディナン・フォッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルディナン・フォッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foish" title="Ferdinand Foish – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ferdinand Foish" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Фош, Фердинанд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фош, Фердинанд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Фердинанд Фош – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фердинанд Фош" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A" title="แฟร์ดีน็อง ฟ็อช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟร์ดีน็อง ฟ็อช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Фердинанд Фош – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фердинанд Фош" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B4" title="فرڈیننڈ فوش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرڈیننڈ فوش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ferdinand Foch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E7%85%A6" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French general and military theorist (1851–1929)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the French military commander. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Foch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Foch (disambiguation)">Foch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralissime" class="mw-redirect" title="Généralissime">Généralissime</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ferdinand Foch</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_(1851-1929),_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Maarschalk_Ferdinand_Foch_%281851-1929%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_158-1095_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">General Foch, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1914</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 March 1918 – 10 January 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office disestablished</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">26th <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_French_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Chief of Staff of the French Army (page does not exist)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 May 1917 – 29 December 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Alby" title="Henri Alby">Henri Alby</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-10-02</span>)</span>2 October 1851<br /><a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1929<span style="display:none">(1929-03-20)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Julie Bienvenüe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Anne</li><li>Eugène</li><li>Germain</li><li>Marie</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Bertrand Foch (father)</li><li>Marie Dupré (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdinand Foch's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg/128px-Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg/192px-Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg/256px-Signature_Ferdinand_Foch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="169" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1870–1923 (53 years)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Division general<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li>24th Artillery Regiment</li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_(France)" title="Army Group North (France)">Army Group North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Army (France)">Ninth Army</a></li> <li>20th Army Corps</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Division_(France)" title="Moroccan Division (France)">Moroccan Division Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35th_Parachute_Artillery_Regiment" title="35th Parachute Artillery Regiment">35th Artillery Regiment</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ferdinand Foch</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">FOSH</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fɛʁdinɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>fɔʃ]</a></span>; 2 October 1851<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 20 March 1929)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French general, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a>. He distinguished himself as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander#World_War_I" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> on the Western Front during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commander during the First <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">Marne</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Artois" title="First Battle of Artois">Artois</a> campaigns of 1914–1916, Foch became Supreme Allied Commander in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a>. He successfully coordinated the French, British and American efforts, deftly handling his strategic reserves. He stopped the German offensive and launched a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">war-winning counterattack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1918, Marshal Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities and was present at the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>. </p><p>At the outbreak of war in August 1914, Foch's XX Corps participated in the brief <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lorraine" title="Battle of Lorraine">invasion of Germany</a> before retreating in the face of a German counter-attack and successfully blocking the Germans short of <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>. Ordered west to defend Paris, Foch's prestige soared as a result of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">victory at the Marne</a>, for which he was widely credited as a chief protagonist while commanding the <a href="/wiki/French_Ninth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ninth Army">French Ninth Army</a>. He was then promoted again to assistant commander-in-chief for the Northern Zone, a role which evolved into command of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_(France)" title="Army Group North (France)">Army Group North</a>, and in which role he was required to cooperate with the British forces at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">Ypres</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a>. At the end of 1916, partly owing to the disappointing results of the latter offensive and partly owing to wartime political rivalries, Foch was transferred to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh,_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh,_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foch was appointed "<a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the Allied Armies" on 26 March 1918 following being the commander-in-chief of Western Front with the title <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Généralissime</a> in 1918. He played a decisive role in halting <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">a renewed German advance</a> on Paris in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a>, after which he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>. Author Larry H. Addington says, "to a large extent the final Allied strategy which won the war on land in Western Europe in 1918 was Foch's alone."<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 November 1918, Foch accepted the German request for an armistice. Foch advocated peace terms that would make Germany unable to pose a threat to France ever again. He considered the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> too lenient on Germany. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> attributed this famous quote about the Peace Treaty of Versailles to Foch: "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">the next war</a> sprung out 20 years later. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbes_Foch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarbes_Foch.JPG/200px-Tarbes_Foch.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarbes_Foch.JPG/300px-Tarbes_Foch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tarbes_Foch.JPG/400px-Tarbes_Foch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Foch's birthplace in Tarbes</figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdinand Foch was born in <a href="/wiki/Tarbes" title="Tarbes">Tarbes</a>, a municipality in the department of <a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>, in southwestern France, into a modest, devout, middle-class Catholic family.<sup id="cite_ref-Hart2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last name reflects the ancestry of his father, a civil servant from <a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Haute-Garonne" title="Valentine, Haute-Garonne">Valentine</a>, a village in <a href="/wiki/Haute-Garonne" title="Haute-Garonne">Haute-Garonne</a>, whose lineage may trace back to 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>. From a young age, he loved to study and work,<sup id="cite_ref-Baussan_1918_65–79_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baussan_1918_65–79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed great interest in military history and strategy, and was an avid reader of military literature.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended school in Tarbes, <a href="/wiki/Rodez" title="Rodez">Rodez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gourdan-Polignan" title="Gourdan-Polignan">Gourdan-Polignan</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège Saint-Michel</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Saint-Étienne">Saint-Étienne</a> before attending the Jesuit <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Collège Saint-Clément</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puaux1919_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puaux1919-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A professor there once said of Foch, "A geometric mind, he is made for the Polytechnique."<sup id="cite_ref-Baussan_1918_65–79_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baussan_1918_65–79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, Germain Foch, became a Jesuit priest, which may have hindered Foch's rise in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> since the Republican government of France was <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenhalgh,_2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenhalgh,_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> broke out in 1870, the 19-year-old Foch enlisted in the French <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/4e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27infanterie" class="extiw" title="fr:4e régiment d'infanterie">4th Infantry Regiment</a>, which did not take part in combat. He remained in the army after the war. In 1871, he passed the entrance exams to the grandes écoles scientifiques and later entered the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he was an excellent, hard-working, and studious student,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pursued studies in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, history, and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He eventually chose the school of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. In 1873, he received his <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commission</a> as an artillery officer and served as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/24e_r%C3%A9giment_d%27artillerie" class="extiw" title="fr:24e régiment d'artillerie">24th Artillery Regiment</a> in Tarbes, despite not having completed his course, because there was a shortage of junior officers. In 1876, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> school of Saumur to train as a mounted artillery officer. On 30 September 1878, he became a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> on 24 September 1879 as an assistant in the Central Personnel Service Depot of the artillery. </p><p>In 1885 Foch undertook a course at the <i>École Supérieure de Guerre</i> where he was later an instructor from 1895 to 1901. He was promoted <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-colonel">lieutenant-colonel</a> in 1898, and <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> in 1903. As a colonel he became regimental commander of the <a href="/wiki/35th_Parachute_Artillery_Regiment" title="35th Parachute Artillery Regiment">35th Artillery Regiment</a> (35<sup>e</sup> R.A) at Vannes. Foch was known for his physical strength and his sharp mind who always maintained a highly dignified bearing.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter,_Denis_page_275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foch was a quiet man, known for saying little and when he did speak, it was a volley of words accompanied by much gesturing of his hands that required some knowledge of him to understand properly.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter,_Denis_page_275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Foch's favourite phrases was "<i>Pas de protocole!</i>" as he preferred to be approachable by all officers. Foch's only rigidity was always taking his meals at noon and at 7:30; otherwise, he would work all sorts of irregular hours from dawn until well into the night.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter,_Denis_page_275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907 Foch was promoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Brigade_General#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade General">Général de Brigade</a></i>, and in the same year, he assumed command of the French War College. He held this position until 1911, the year in which he was appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Division_General#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Division General">Général de Division</a></i>. Foch influenced General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a> (Chief of General Staff, 28 July 1911 – 12 December 1916) when he drafted the French plan of campaign (<a href="/wiki/Plan_XVII" title="Plan XVII">Plan XVII</a>) in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913 he took command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=XX_Corps_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XX Corps (France) (page does not exist)">XX Corps</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/20e_corps_d%27arm%C3%A9e_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:20e corps d'armée (France)">fr</a>]</span> at <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>, and he had held this appointment for exactly one year when he led XX Corps into battle in August 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_thought">Military thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png/200px-Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png/300px-Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png/400px-Colonel_Foch_-_35_RA_-_1903.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Regimental commander <a href="/wiki/Ranks_in_the_French_Army" title="Ranks in the French Army">Colonel</a> Foch in his uniform of the <a href="/wiki/35th_Parachute_Artillery_Regiment" title="35th Parachute Artillery Regiment">35th Artillery Regiment</a> in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>Foch was later acclaimed as "the most original military thinker of his generation".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a disciple of Napoleon, and made use of the lessons taught by <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Moltke_the_Elder" title="Helmuth von Moltke the Elder">Moltke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baussan_1918_65–79_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baussan_1918_65–79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became known for his critical analyses of the Franco-Prussian and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a> campaigns and of their relevance to military operations in the new twentieth century. His re-examination of France's defeat in 1870 was among the first of its kind. At the college, Foch was a professor of military history, strategy, and general tactics while becoming the French theorist on offensive strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also employed mathematical terms in his lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time as an instructor, Foch created renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">French military history</a>, inspired confidence in a new class of French officers, and brought about "the intellectual and moral regeneration of the French Army".<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer,_p._81_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer,_p._81-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His thinking on military doctrine was shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Clausewitzian</a> philosophy, then uncommon in France, that "the will to conquer is the first condition of victory." Collections of his lectures, which reintroduced the concept of the offensive to French military theory, were published in the volumes <i>"Des Principes de la Guerre"</i> ("On the Principles of War") in 1903, and <i>"De la Conduite de la Guerre"</i> ("On the Conduct of War") in 1904. Both "thought" and "will" were the key words of these teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Foch advised "qualification and discernment" in military strategy and cautioned that "recklessness in attack could lead to prohibitive losses and ultimate failure",<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his concepts, distorted and misunderstood by contemporaries, became associated with the extreme offensive doctrines (<i>l' offensive à outrance</i>) of his successors. The <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_offensive" title="Cult of the offensive">cult of the offensive</a> came to dominate military circles, and Foch's reputation was damaged when his books were cited in the development of the disastrous offensive that brought France close to ruin in August 1914. </p><p>Foch was seen as a master of the Napoleonic school of military thought, but he was the only one of the Military College Commandants (Maillard, Langlois, Bonnal) still serving. Their doctrines had been challenged, not only by the German school, but also since about 1911 by a new French school inspired by General Loiseau de Grandmaison, which criticised them as lacking in vigour and offensive spirit and contributing to needless dispersion of force. The French Army fought under the new doctrines, but they failed in the first battles of August 1914, and it remained to be seen whether the Napoleonic doctrine would hold its own, would give way to doctrines evolved during the war, or would incorporate the new moral and technical elements into a new outward form within which the spirit of Napoleon remained unaltered. The war gave an ambiguous answer to these questions, which remains a source of controversy among experts.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1914">1914</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1914"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Foch was in command of XX Corps, part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Army (France)">Second Army</a> of General <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_%C3%89douard,_vicomte_de_Curi%C3%A8res_de_Castelnau" title="Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau">de Castelnau</a>. On 14 August the Corps advanced towards the <a href="/wiki/Sarrebourg" title="Sarrebourg">Sarrebourg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Morhange" title="Morhange">Morhange</a> line, taking heavy casualties in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a>. The defeat of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Army_Corps_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Army Corps (France) (page does not exist)">XV Corps</a> to its right forced Foch into retreat. Foch acquitted himself well, covering the withdrawal to <a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a> and the Charmes Gap before launching a counter-attack that prevented the Germans from crossing the <a href="/wiki/Meurthe_(river)" title="Meurthe (river)">River Meurthe</a>. </p><p>Foch was then selected to command the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Army (France)">Ninth Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a> with <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a> as his chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a week after taking command, with the whole French Army in full retreat, he was forced to fight a series of defensive actions to prevent a German breakthrough. During the advance at the marshes at St.-Gond he is said to have declared: "My centre is yielding. My right is retreating. Situation excellent. I am attacking."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words were seen as a symbol both of Foch's leadership and of French determination to resist the invader at any cost, although there is little evidence that the signal was sent.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, on 4 October 1914, Foch was made the Assistant Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Zone under Joseph Joffre. </p><p>Foch's <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattack</a> was an implementation of the theories he had developed during his staff college days and succeeded in stopping the German advance. Foch received further reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army (France)">Fifth Army</a> and, following another attack on his forces, counter-attacked again on the Marne. The Germans dug in before eventually retreating. On 12 September, Foch regained the Marne at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons</a> and liberated the city. The people of Châlons greeted as a hero the man widely believed to have been instrumental in stopping the <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat" title="Great Retreat">retreat</a> and stabilising the Allied position. Receiving thanks from the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ch%C3%A2lons-sur-Marne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne">Bishop of Châlons</a> (Joseph-Marie Tissier), Foch piously replied, "<i><a href="/wiki/Non_nobis" title="Non nobis">non nobis</a>, Domine, non nobis, sed nomini tuo da gloriam</i>" ("Not unto us, o Lord, not unto us, but to Your name give glory", Psalm 115:1).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As assistant Commander-in-Chief with responsibility for co-ordinating the activities of the northern French armies and liaising with the British forces; this was a key appointment as the <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a> was then in progress. General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joffre" title="Joseph Joffre">Joseph Joffre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> (C-in-C) of the French Army, had also wanted to nominate Foch as his successor "in case of accident", to make sure the job would not be given to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gallieni" title="Joseph Gallieni">Joseph Gallieni</a>, but the French Government would not agree to this. When the Germans attacked on 13 October, they narrowly failed to break through the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and French lines. They tried again at the end of the month during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a>, this time suffering terrible casualties. Foch had again succeeded in coordinating a defense and winning against the odds. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/John_French,_1st_Earl_of_Ypres" title="John French, 1st Earl of Ypres">Sir John French</a>, C-in-C of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War I)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) had described Foch in August 1914 to <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Seely,_1st_Baron_Mottistone" title="J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone">J. E. B. Seely</a>, a liaison officer, as "the sort of man with whom I know I can get on" and later in February 1915 described him to <a href="/wiki/William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne" title="William Palmer, 2nd Earl of Selborne">Lord Selbourne</a> as "the best general in the world". By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Robertson (British Army officer)">William Robertson</a>, another British officer, thought that Foch was "rather a flat-catcher,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mere professor, and very talkative" (28 September 1915).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 December 1914, <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">King George V</a> appointed him an Honorary <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915–16"><span id="1915.E2.80.9316"></span>1915–16</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1915–16"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Foch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/General_Foch.jpg/220px-General_Foch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/General_Foch.jpg/330px-General_Foch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/General_Foch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>General Foch in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1915, his responsibilities by now crystallised in command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_(France)" title="Army Group North (France)">Northern Army Group</a>, he conducted the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Artois" title="Third Battle of Artois">Artois Offensive</a> and, in 1916, the French effort at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a>. He was strongly criticised for his tactics and the heavy casualties that were suffered by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> armies during these battles, and in December 1916 was removed from command by Joffre and sent to command Allied units on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Front_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Front (World War I)">Italian front</a>; Joffre was himself sacked days later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917">1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just a few months later, after the failure of General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nivelle" title="Robert Nivelle">Robert Nivelle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nivelle_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelle Offensive">offensive</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a>, the hero of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>, was appointed Chief of the General Staff; Foch hoped to succeed Pétain in command of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre_(France)" title="Army Group Centre (France)">Army Group Centre</a>, but this job was instead given to General Fayolle. The following month Pétain was appointed C-in-C in place of Nivelle, and Foch was recalled and promoted to chief of the general staff. Like Pétain, Foch favoured only limited attacks (he had told Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Wilson</a>, another British Army officer, that the planned <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Flanders offensive</a> was "futile, fantastic & dangerous") until the Americans, who had <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">joined the war in April 1917</a>, were able to send large numbers of troops to France.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, Foch opposed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>'s plans to send British and French troops to help Italy take <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, but was open to the suggestion of sending heavy guns.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglo-French leadership agreed in early September to send 100 heavy guns to Italy, 50 of them from the French army on the left of Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Sir Douglas Haig</a>, C-in-C of the BEF, rather than the 300 which Lloyd George wanted. As the guns reached Italy, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cadorna" title="Luigi Cadorna">Cadorna</a> called off <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Battle_of_the_Isonzo" title="Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo">his offensive</a> (21 September).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the end of 1916, the French under Joffre had been the dominant allied army; after 1917 this was no longer the case, due to the vast number of casualties France's armies had suffered in the now three and a half-year-old struggle with Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council" title="Supreme War Council">Supreme War Council</a> was formally established on 7 November 1917, containing the Prime Minister and a Minister from each of the Western Front powers (i.e., excluding Russia), to meet at least once a month. Foch (along with Wilson and Italian general Cadorna) were appointed military representatives, to whom the general staffs of each country were to submit their plans. The French tried to have Foch as representative to increase their control over the Western Front (by contrast, Cadorna was disgraced after the recent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a>) and Wilson, a personal friend of Foch, was deliberately appointed as a rival to General Robertson, the British <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a>, an ally of Haig's, who had lost 250,000 men at the battle of Ypres the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a> was eventually persuaded to appoint Foch's protégé <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Weygand</a> instead, although many already suspected that Foch would eventually become the Allied Generalissimo.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late in 1917 Foch would have liked to have seen Haig replaced as C-in-C of the BEF by <a href="/wiki/General_(United_Kingdom)" title="General (United Kingdom)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Plumer,_1st_Viscount_Plumer" title="Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer">Herbert Plumer</a>; however, Haig would remain in command of the BEF for the remainder of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918">1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Promotion_to_Marechal_Ferdinand_Foch.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>Foch in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1918, in accordance with Lloyd George's wishes, an executive board was set up to control the planned Allied General Reserve, with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a>'s agreement being obtained by having Foch on the board rather than <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a>. Pétain agreed to release only eight French divisions and made a bilateral agreement with Haig, who was reluctant to release any divisions at all, to assist one another. The situation was worsened by Clemenceau's and Pétain's dislike of Foch. At a Supreme War Council meeting in London (14–15 March), with a German offensive clearly imminent, Foch protested to no avail for the formation of the Allied Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of 24 March, after the <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a> was threatening to split apart the British and French forces, Foch telegraphed Wilson (who by now had replaced Robertson as Chief of the Imperial General Staff) "asking what [he] thought of situation & we are of one mind that someone must catch a hold or we shall be beaten". Wilson reached France the following lunchtime. Pétain had sent a dozen divisions to plug the gap and it is unclear that a committee would actually have acted any faster during the immediate crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Doullens_Conference" title="Doullens Conference">Doullens Conference</a> (26 March) and at Beauvais (3 April), Foch was given the job of coordinating the activities of the Allied armies,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming a common reserve and using these divisions to guard the junction of the French and British armies and to plug the potentially fatal gap that would have followed a German breakthrough in the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fifth Army (United Kingdom)">British Fifth Army</a> sector. Two days later, while Foch was writing in his notebook, he allowed an interview to a group of war correspondents.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a later conference he was given the title Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies with the title of <a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Généralissime</a> ("Supreme General"). In May 1918, in the fifth session of the Supreme War Council, Foch was given authority over the Italian Front.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foch controlled the <a href="/wiki/Military_Board_of_Allied_Supply" title="Military Board of Allied Supply">Military Board of Allied Supply</a> (MBAS), an Allied agency for the coordination of logistical support of the Allied forces. In March 1918 Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a>, the general purchasing agent for the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> (AEF) recommended to his commanding general <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> that a new intergovernmental agency was necessary to coordinate transportation and storage of military supplies in France. Pershing took the recommendation to French Premier Georges Clemenceau. The British were hesitant at first but finally the key players were in agreement and the Board was established in May 1918. It involved coordinating the entirely different supply systems for the American, British, and French armies, as well as the Italian and Belgian armies. It started operation from its base in Paris at the end of June. The president of the board was French general Jean-Marie Charles Payot (1868–1931), assisted by an international staff. Board decisions had to be unanimous, and once made were binding on all of the armies. However each army continued to be responsible for its own logistical system and procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hundred_Days_Offensive,_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg/220px-The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg/330px-The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg/440px-The_Hundred_Days_Offensive%2C_August-november_1918_Q9251.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Foch, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Weygand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig,_1st_Earl_Haig" title="Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig">Haig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a> and other British and French officers with King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Foch was surprised by the German offensive (<i><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne" title="Third Battle of the Aisne">"Bluecher"</a></i>) on the <a href="/wiki/Chemin_des_Dames" title="Chemin des Dames">Chemin des Dames</a> (27 May). Foch believed it was a diversion to draw Allied reserves away from Flanders. This was partly true, although the planned German Flanders Offensive (<i>"Hagen"</i>) never took place. The Allied armies under Foch's command ultimately held the advance of the German forces.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The celebrated phrase, "I will fight in front of Paris, I will fight in Paris, I will fight behind Paris", attributed both to Foch and Clemenceau, illustrated the Généralissime's resolve to keep the Allied armies intact, even at the risk of losing the capital. The British general <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson" title="Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson">Sir Henry Rawlinson</a>, commanding the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourth Army (United Kingdom)">British Fourth Army</a>, commented after meeting Foch: "I am overjoyed at his methods and far-sighted strategy. I was in close touch with him in 1916. He is a better man now than he was then, for his fiery enthusiasm has been tempered by adversity."<sup id="cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter,_Denis_page_275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rawlinson also noted Foch's intense Frenchness: "He knew nothing of Britain. The Rhine was for him a river of life and death."<sup id="cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter,_Denis_page_275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the sixth session of the Supreme War Council on 1 June Foch complained that the BEF was still shrinking in size and infuriated Lloyd George by implying that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> was withholding manpower.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a major Allied conference at Beauvais (7 June) <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner,_1st_Viscount_Milner" title="Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner">Lord Milner</a> agreed with Clemenceau that Foch should have the power to order all Allied troops as he saw fit, over the protests of Haig who argued that it would reduce his power to safeguard the interests of the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front,_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg/220px-The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg/330px-The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg/440px-The_Cooperation_of_the_Allied_Forces_on_the_Western_Front%2C_1914-1918_Q7179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3045" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption> Foch and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Haig" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Haig">Douglas Haig</a> inspecting the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders" title="Gordon Highlanders">Gordon Highlanders</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The British were disappointed that Foch operated through his own staff rather than through the Permanent Military Representatives at <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>, and on 11 July 1918 British ministers resolved to remind Foch that he was an Allied, and not a French, C-in-C.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies (mainly French and the growing <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American forces</a>) counterattacked at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a> in July 1918. On 6 August 1918, Foch was made a <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a>. Along with the British commander, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, Foch planned the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Offensive">Grand Offensive</a>, opening on 26 September 1918, which led to the defeat of Germany. After the war, he claimed to have defeated Germany by smoking his pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unintended consequence of Foch's appointment was that he sheltered Haig from British political interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the armistice and after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a>, Foch controlled all the operations against Germany including a planned invasion from Italy into <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foch accepted the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">German cessation of hostilities</a> in November from the German delegate, <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a>, at 5:00 a.m. local time. However, he refused to accede to the German negotiators' immediate request to declare a ceasefire or truce so that there would be no more useless waste of lives among the common soldiers. By not declaring a truce even between the signing of the documents for the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compiegne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiegne)">Armistice</a> at 5:45 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its entry into force, "at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month", about 11,000 additional men were needlessly wounded or killed – far more than usual, according to the military statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the day of the armistice, 11 November 1918, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des Sciences">Académie des Sciences</a>. Ten days later, he was unanimously elected to the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>. He received many honours and decorations from Allied governments.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments">Assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">euphoria of victory</a> Foch was regularly compared to Napoleon and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. However, historians took a less favourable view of Foch's talents as commander, particularly as the idea took root that his military doctrines had set the stage for the futile and costly <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">offensives of 1914</a> in which French armies suffered devastating losses. Supporters and critics continue to debate Foch's strategy and instincts as a commander, as well as his exact contributions to the Marne "miracle": Foch's counter-attacks at the Marne generally failed, but his sector resisted determined German attacks while holding the pivot on which the neighbouring French and British forces depended in rolling back the German line.<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the reading of the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">November 1918 armistice</a>, Foch left the <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne_Wagon" title="Compiègne Wagon">carriage</a>, in a move that was perceived as humiliating by the defeated Germans. In 1940, after the defeat of France by Germany early in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">France signed an armistice with Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, in a calculated gesture of disdain to the French delegates, left the carriage, as Foch had done in 1918. </p><p>Foch's pre-war contributions as a military theorist and lecturer have also been recognised, and he has been credited as "the most original and subtle mind in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>" of the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirer,_p._81_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirer,_p._81-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paris_Peace_Conference">Paris Peace Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paris Peace Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1919, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> Foch presented a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum" title="Memorandum">memorandum</a> to the Allied <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenipotentiaries">plenipotentiaries</a> in which he stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Henceforward the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> ought to be the Western <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a> of the German countries. Henceforward Germany ought to be deprived of all entrance and assembling ground, that is, of all territorial <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> on the left bank of the river, that is, of all facilities for invading quickly, as in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, for reaching the coast of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and threatening the United Kingdom, for outflanking the natural defences of France, the Rhine, <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>, conquering the Northern Provinces and entering the Parisian area.<sup id="cite_ref-Gifford_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gifford-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a subsequent memorandum, Foch argued that the Allies should take full advantage of their victory by permanently weakening German power in order to prevent her from threatening France again: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What the people of Germany fear the most is a renewal of hostilities since, this time, Germany would be the field of battle and the scene of the consequent devastation. This makes it impossible for the yet unstable German Government to reject any demand on our part if it is clearly formulated. The <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente</a>, in its present favourable military situation, can obtain acceptance of any peace conditions it may put forward provided that they are presented without much delay. All it has to do is to decide what they shall be.<sup id="cite_ref-Gifford_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gifford-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Upon returning home. Foch wrote in his diary: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Watch out: suspect peace, English peace... We must have a program, a tactic, a will. We find ourselves in the presence of an England that has all it wants for the present: the German colonies and the German fleet. We lack future security because [Britain] is not interested. In the presence of an America which seeks its own peace, we must have what we need... It is on the Rhine and nowhere else that we shall find it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He later wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In a word, the occupation is a lever that we have in our hand and with which we can call the tune.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and the American President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> objected to the detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> from Germany so that the balance of power would not be too much in favour of France, but agreed to Allied military occupation for fifteen years, which Foch thought insufficient to protect France. </p><p>Foch considered the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> to be "a capitulation, a <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>" because he believed that only permanent occupation of the Rhineland would grant France sufficient security against a revival of German aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a remarkable moment of foresight, as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> was being signed Foch said: "This is not peace. It is an armistice for 20 years".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_career_and_legacy">Post-war career and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-war career and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_(1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_%281923%29.jpg/200px-Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_%281923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_%281923%29.jpg/300px-Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_%281923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_%281923%29.jpg/400px-Marsz._Foch_rozmawia_z_gen._Sosnkowskim_%281923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Foch and General <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Sosnkowski" title="Kazimierz Sosnkowski">Kazimierz Sosnkowski</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belweder_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Belweder Palace">Belweder Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (1923). <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> is in the center.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG/220px-Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG/330px-Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG/440px-Graf_van_Ferdinand_Foch_-_D%C3%B4me_des_Invalides_-_Parijs_23-8-2017_13-17-14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3375" /></a><figcaption>Foch's tomb, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel des Invalides">Hôtel des Invalides</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Foch was made a <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">British field marshal</a> in 1919,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, for his advice during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> of 1920, as well as his pressure on Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a>, he was awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a> in 1923. </p><p>On 1 November 1921 Foch was in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, to take part in the groundbreaking ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Memorial">Liberty Memorial</a> that was being constructed there. Also present that day were Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jules_Marie_Alphonse_Jacques_de_Dixmude" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Marie Alphonse Jacques de Dixmude">Baron Jacques</a> of Belgium, Admiral <a href="/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty" title="David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty">David Beatty</a> of Great Britain, General <a href="/wiki/Armando_Diaz" title="Armando Diaz">Armando Diaz</a> of Italy and General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> of the United States. One of the main speakers was Vice President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> of the United States. The local veteran chosen to present flags to the commanders was a Kansas City haberdasher, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who would later serve as 33rd President of the United States from 1945 to 1953. In 1935, bas-reliefs of Foch, Jacques, Diaz and Pershing by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Walker_Hancock" title="Walker Hancock">Walker Hancock</a> were added to the memorial. </p><p>Foch made a 3000-mile circuit through the <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a> and industrial cities such as Pittsburgh and then on to Washington, D.C., which included ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery for what was then called Armistice Day. During the tour, he received numerous honorary degrees from American Universities.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, Foch retired from the French Army, having served a total of 55 years in uniform. His career began as the <a href="/wiki/Lebel_Model_1886_rifle" title="Lebel Model 1886 rifle">Lebel Model 1886 rifle</a> had just entered service, and ended after Foch had commanded hundreds of thousands of soldiers in World War I. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, he said, "There is no science that is so nearly bound up with the future of our industrial and military forces. France will not remain indifferent to this branch of science that she has neglected for so long."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foch died on 20 March 1929. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>, next to Napoleon and other famous French soldiers and officers. Initially he was interred in the crypt of the Saint-Louis Church, or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Caveau des Gouverneurs</i></span>. In 1937 his remains were transferred to a monumental tomb sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Landowski" title="Paul Landowski">Paul Landowski</a>, with inspiration from the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Philippe_Pot" title="Tomb of Philippe Pot">tomb of Philippe Pot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the center of the Dome Church's northeastern chapel (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chapelle Saint-Ambroise</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A statue of Foch was set up at the <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a> Armistice site when the area was converted into a national memorial. This statue was the one item left undisturbed by the Germans following their defeat of France in June 1940. Following the signing of France's surrender on 21 June, the Germans ravaged the area surrounding the railway car in which both the 1918 and 1940 surrenders had taken place. The statue was left standing, to view nothing but a wasteland. The Armistice site was restored by German prisoner-of-war labour following the Second World War, with its memorials and monuments either restored or reassembled. </p><p>In the 2022 film <a href="/wiki/All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front_(2022_film)" title="All Quiet on the Western Front (2022 film)"><i>All Quiet on the Western Front</i></a>, Foch is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Thibault_de_Montalembert" title="Thibault de Montalembert">Thibault de Montalembert</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_ranks">Military ranks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Private </th> <th>Student </th> <th>Artillery student </th> <th>Second lieutenant </th> <th>Lieutenant </th> <th>Captain </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OR-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OR-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OR-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-1a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1a.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1a.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1a.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-1b.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1b.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1b.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1b.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-2.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-2.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-2.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 January 1871<sup id="cite_ref-r_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1 November 1871<sup id="cite_ref-r_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>10 January 1873<sup id="cite_ref-r_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>16 October 1874<sup id="cite_ref-r_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1 October 1875<sup id="cite_ref-r_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>30 September 1878<sup id="cite_ref-r_71-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6" style="background: lightsteelblue"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Squadron chief </th> <th>Lieutenant colonel </th> <th>Colonel </th> <th>Brigadier general </th> <th>Divisional general </th> <th>Marshal of France </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-3.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-3.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-3.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-4.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-4.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-4.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-5.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-5.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-5.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-6.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-6.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-6.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-7.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-7.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-7.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" width="13%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Army_(sleeves)_OF-10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-10.svg/25px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-10.svg/38px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-10.svg/50px-French_Army_%28sleeves%29_OF-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1305" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 February 1891<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>10 July 1898<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>12 July 1903<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>20 June 1907<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>21 September 1911<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>6 August 1918<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_decorations">Honours and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>6 August 1918: <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a></li> <li>19 July 1919 : <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li>25 March 1921: Honorary Colonel (the first) of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_22nd_Regiment" title="Royal 22nd Regiment">Royal 22nd Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></li> <li>13 April 1923: <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Poland" title="Marshal of Poland">Marshal of Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg/220px-FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg/330px-FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg/440px-FS_Foch_Dragon_Hammer_%2792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption>The aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Foch_(R99)" class="mw-redirect" title="French aircraft carrier Foch (R99)">Foch (R99)</a> was named in his honor.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Foch" title="French cruiser Foch">heavy cruiser</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Foch_(R_99)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foch (R 99)">aircraft carrier</a> were named in his honor. An early district of <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland was also named "Foch" after the Marshal but was renamed by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">communist</a> government after the Second World War. Nevertheless, one of the major avenues of the City of <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, located then in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish corridor">Polish corridor</a>, holds Foch's name as sign of gratitude for his campaigning for an independent Poland. <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a>, a street in Paris, was named after him. Several other streets have been named in his honor in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrzan%C3%B3w" title="Chrzanów">Chrzanów</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truth_or_Consequences,_New_Mexico" title="Truth or Consequences, New Mexico">Truth or Consequences, New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wynnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wynnum">Wynnum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineola,_New_York" title="Mineola, New York">Mineola, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foch_Sitting_Area" title="Foch Sitting Area">Queens, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milltown,_New_Jersey" title="Milltown, New Jersey">Milltown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (now part of Yan'a Road) and Singapore (Foch Road). A city quarter in the former French sector of Berlin is called Cité Foch in his honor. This is where French garrison soldiers were housed while Berlin was divided. <a href="/wiki/Fochville" title="Fochville">Fochville</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was also named in his honour. A <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Ferdinand_Foch,_London" title="Equestrian statue of Ferdinand Foch, London">statue of Foch</a> stands near <a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria railway station</a> in London. He is the only Frenchman ever to be made an honorary field-marshal by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of Foch stands on the Bapaume-Peronne road, near the village of Bouchavesnes, at the point where <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Messimy" title="Adolphe Messimy">Messimy</a>'s <i>chasseurs</i> broke through on 12 September 1916. <a href="/wiki/Marie-Eugene_Debeney" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Eugene Debeney">General Debeney</a> spoke at the statue's unveiling in 1926, praising Foch's operational concepts of 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foch also has a <a href="/wiki/Marechal_Foch" class="mw-redirect" title="Marechal Foch">grape cultivar</a> named after him. In the Belgian city of <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, one of the central squares was named after him after the First World War, but it was renamed in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Foch" title="Mount Foch">Mount Foch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> is also named after him. The position of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Foch_Professor_of_French_Literature" title="Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature">Marshal Foch Professor of French Literature</a> at the University of Oxford was founded in 1918 shortly after the end of the First World War. </p><p>In the late 1920s, Foch Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Roskill" title="Mount Roskill">Mount Roskill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-Roskill_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roskill-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight – 9 July 1892;</dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Officer – 11 July 1908;</dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Commander – 31 December 1913;</dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_GO_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Officer – 18 September 1914;</dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/160px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross – 8 October 1915</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg/80px-Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg/120px-Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg/160px-Medaille_militaire_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_militaire" title="Médaille militaire">Médaille militaire</a> – 21 December 1916</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg/80px-Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg/120px-Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg/160px-Croix_de_Guerre_1914-1918_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de Guerre 1914–1918</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg/80px-Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg/120px-Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg/160px-Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_medal_of_the_1870%E2%80%931871_War" title="Commemorative medal of the 1870–1871 War">Commemorative medal of the 1870–1871 War</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg/80px-Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg/120px-Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg/160px-Palmes_academiques_Officier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Academic_Palms" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Academic Palms">Order of Academic Palms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_decorations">Foreign decorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg/220px-Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg/330px-Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg/440px-Marshal_Foch_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Ferdinand_Foch,_London" title="Equestrian statue of Ferdinand Foch, London">Statue of Foch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_London" title="Victoria, London">Victoria, London</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/80px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/120px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/160px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dso-ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dso-ribbon.svg/80px-Dso-ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dso-ribbon.svg/120px-Dso-ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dso-ribbon.svg/160px-Dso-ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_(1921-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_%281921-1990%29.svg/80px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_%281921-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_%281921-1990%29.svg/120px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_%281921-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_%281921-1990%29.svg/160px-POL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR_%281921-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a> (15 April 1923)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg/80px-POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg/120px-POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg/160px-POL_Virtuti_Militari_Wielki_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Virtuti_Militari" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Virtuti Militari">Order of Virtuti Militari</a> (15 April 1923, Poland)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg/80px-POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg/120px-POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg/160px-POL_Polonia_Restituta_Wielki_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta" title="Order of Polonia Restituta">Order of Polonia Restituta</a> (Poland)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/80px-Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/120px-Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png/160px-Grand_Crest_Ordre_de_Leopold.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_(1913-1956)_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_%281913-1956%29_BAR.png/80px-MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_%281913-1956%29_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_%281913-1956%29_BAR.png/120px-MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_%281913-1956%29_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_%281913-1956%29_BAR.png/160px-MAR_Order_of_the_Ouissam_Alaouite_-_Grand_Cross_%281913-1956%29_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite" title="Order of Ouissam Alaouite">Order of Ouissam Alaouite</a> (Morocco)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/80px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/160px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> (United States Army)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png/80px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png/120px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png/160px-GRE_Order_Redeemer_1Class.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a> (Greece)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png/80px-Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png/120px-Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png/160px-Lacplesis_Military_Order_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_L%C4%81%C4%8Dpl%C4%93sis" title="Order of Lāčplēsis">Order of Lāčplēsis</a> 3rd Class (Latvia)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg/80px-RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg/120px-RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg/160px-RUS_Order_of_Saint_George_2nd_class_ribbon_2000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="66" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint George">Order of Saint George</a> Second Class (<i>Орден Святого Георгия</i>, 1916, Russian Empire)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg/80px-Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg/160px-Order_of_Rama_1st_Class_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="35" /></a></span> Knight Grand Commander (First Class) of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Rama" title="Order of Rama">Order of Rama</a> (<i>Senangapati</i>, 16 November 1918, Thailand)</li></ul> <p>Foch received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> of Kraków in 1918. By special vote of the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a>, he became the one millionth knight of that order.<sup id="cite_ref-billings_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billings-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_by_Ferdinand_Foch">Books by Ferdinand Foch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Books by Ferdinand Foch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Des principes de la guerre</i>, 1903<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De la conduite de la guerre</i>, 1904<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>La bataille de Laon, mars 1814</i>, 1909<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Préceptes et jugements</i>, 1919<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Éloge de Du Guesclin</i>, 1921<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Éloge de Napoléon</i>, 1921<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ce que j'ai appris à la guerre</i>, 1927<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Les deux batailles de la Marne</i>, 1928 (ouvrage collectif)<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Paroles de soldat</i>, 1928<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la guerre de 1914-1918, 2 vol.</i>, 1931 (posthume)<sup id="cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dans <i>La Revue de la cavalerie</i> un article sur <i>l'artillerie de la division de cavalerie au combat</i>, un autre sur <i>Mitrailleuse ou canon</i>, une conférence sur <i>L'Attaque décisive</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Manoeuvres_of_1912" title="Army Manoeuvres of 1912">Army Manoeuvres of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foch_Line" title="Foch Line">Foch Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Escadrille" title="Lafayette Escadrille">Lafayette Escadrille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Regiment_of_the_Foreign_Legion" title="Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion">Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Division_(France)" title="Moroccan Division (France)">Moroccan Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-U.S._recipients_of_U.S._gallantry_awards" title="Non-U.S. recipients of U.S. gallantry awards">Non-U.S. recipients of U.S. gallantry awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Expeditionary_Force_in_France" title="Russian Expeditionary Force in France">Russian Expeditionary Force in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bigeard" title="Marcel Bigeard">Marcel Bigeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jeanpierre" title="Pierre Jeanpierre">Pierre Jeanpierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Segretain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Segretain">Pierre Segretain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_paratrooper_units" title="List of French paratrooper units">List of French paratrooper units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Ferdinand_Foch" title="List of streets named after Ferdinand Foch">List of streets named after Ferdinand Foch</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_French_Republic" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the French Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH074/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL0988037v027.htm">"Birth certificate of Foch, Ferdinand"</a>. <i>culture.gouv.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Birth+certificate+of+Foch%2C+Ferdinand&rft.au=Government+of+the+French+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.culture.gouv.fr%2FLH%2FLH074%2FPG%2FFRDAFAN83_OL0988037v027.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_French_Republic" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the French Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.culture.gouv.fr/LH/LH074/PG/FRDAFAN83_OL0988037v009.htm">"Death certificate of Foch, Ferdinand"</a>. <i>culture.gouv.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Death+certificate+of+Foch%2C+Ferdinand&rft.au=Government+of+the+French+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.culture.gouv.fr%2FLH%2FLH074%2FPG%2FFRDAFAN83_OL0988037v009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtteridge1919" class="citation book cs1">Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BUgAAAAMAAJ&q=ferdinand+foch"><i>Marshal Ferdinand Foch, His Life and His Theory of Modern War</i></a>. Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Ferdinand+Foch%2C+His+Life+and+His+Theory+of+Modern+War&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Atteridge&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Hilliard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BUgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dferdinand%2Bfoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Messenger, ed., <i>Reader's Guide to Military History</i> (2001) pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenhalgh,_2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh,_2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenhalgh,_2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenhalgh, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larry_H._Addington_1994_167–68_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddington1994" class="citation book cs1">Addington, Larry H. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsofwarsin00addi_0"><i>The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century</i></a></span>. Indiana UP. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patternsofwarsin00addi_0/page/167">167</a>–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253208602" title="Special:BookSources/0253208602"><bdi>0253208602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patterns+of+War+Since+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=167-168&rft.pub=Indiana+UP&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0253208602&rft.aulast=Addington&rft.aufirst=Larry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatternsofwarsin00addi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston_Churchill1948" class="citation book cs1">Winston Churchill (1948). <i>The Gathering Storm</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gathering+Storm&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Winston+Churchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._H._Liddell_Hart2013" class="citation book cs1">B. H. Liddell Hart (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPl9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>Foch – The Man of Orleans</i></a>. Read Books Limited. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4733-8483-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4733-8483-5"><bdi>978-1-4733-8483-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch+%E2%80%93+The+Man+of+Orleans&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=Read+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4733-8483-5&rft.au=B.+H.+Liddell+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPl9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/french-history-biographies/ferdinand-foch">"Ferdinand Foch | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Foch+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fhistory%2Ffrench-history-biographies%2Fferdinand-foch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacMillan2007" class="citation book cs1">MacMillan, Margaret (18 December 2007). <i>Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</i>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43296-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-43296-4"><bdi>978-0-307-43296-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-307-43296-4&rft.aulast=MacMillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baussan_1918_65–79-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baussan_1918_65–79_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baussan_1918_65–79_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baussan_1918_65–79_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaussan1918" class="citation journal cs1">Baussan, Charles (1918). "General Foch". <i>Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>7</b> (25): 65–79. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3495">0039-3495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies%3A+An+Irish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=General+Foch&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=1918&rft.issn=0039-3495&rft.aulast=Baussan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdu2023" class="citation web cs1">Edu, World History (21 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhistoryedu.com/ferdinand-foch-biography-world-war-i-accomplishments/">"Ferdinand Foch: Biography, World War I & Accomplishments"</a>. <i>World History Edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Edu&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Foch%3A+Biography%2C+World+War+I+%26+Accomplishments&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft.aulast=Edu&rft.aufirst=World+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldhistoryedu.com%2Fferdinand-foch-biography-world-war-i-accomplishments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Foch">"Ferdinand Foch | Biography, World War I, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 28 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Foch+%7C+Biography%2C+World+War+I%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdinand-Foch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puaux1919-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puaux1919_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Puaux1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">René Puaux (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WmrzZ2h3lwC&pg=PA15"><i>Foch: Sa vie. Sa doctrine. Son œuvre. La foi en la victoire</i></a> (in French). Payot. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch%3A+Sa+vie.+Sa+doctrine.+Son+%C5%93uvre.+La+foi+en+la+victoire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Puaux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WmrzZ2h3lwC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polytechnique.edu/bibliotheque/actualites/foch-ferdinand-x1871">"FOCH Ferdinand (X1871) - Bibliothèque Centrale"</a>. <i>www.polytechnique.edu</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.polytechnique.edu&rft.atitle=FOCH+Ferdinand+%28X1871%29+-+Biblioth%C3%A8que+Centrale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polytechnique.edu%2Fbibliotheque%2Factualites%2Ffoch-ferdinand-x1871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1929" class="citation book cs1">Aston, Sir George (1929). <i>The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch</i>. Macmillan. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biography+of+the+Late+Marshal+Foch&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtteridge1919" class="citation book cs1">Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard (1919). <i>Marshal Ferdinand Foch, His Life and His Theory of Modern War</i>. Dodd, Mead. pp. 3 and 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Ferdinand+Foch%2C+His+Life+and+His+Theory+of+Modern+War&rft.pages=3+and+17&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Atteridge&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Hilliard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdu2023" class="citation web cs1">Edu, World History (21 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistoryedu.com/ferdinand-foch-biography-world-war-i-accomplishments/">"Ferdinand Foch: Biography, World War I & Accomplishments"</a>. <i>World History Edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Edu&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Foch%3A+Biography%2C+World+War+I+%26+Accomplishments&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft.aulast=Edu&rft.aufirst=World+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistoryedu.com%2Fferdinand-foch-biography-world-war-i-accomplishments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtteridge1919" class="citation book cs1">Atteridge, Andrew Hilliard (1919). <i>Marshal Ferdinand Foch, His Life and His Theory of Modern War</i>. Dodd, Mead. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+Ferdinand+Foch%2C+His+Life+and+His+Theory+of+Modern+War&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Atteridge&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Hilliard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1929" class="citation book cs1">Aston, Sir George (1929). <i>The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch</i>. Macmillan. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biography+of+the+Late+Marshal+Foch&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Foch">"Ferdinand Foch | Biography, World War I, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 28 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Foch+%7C+Biography%2C+World+War+I%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdinand-Foch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winter,_Denis_page_275-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winter,_Denis_page_275_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winter, Denis <i>Haig's Command: A Reassessment</i>, New York: Viking, 1991 p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmowski2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Palmowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Palmowski (page does not exist)">Palmowski, Jan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJy2Tp-RsCsC"><i>A Dictionary of Contemporary World History: From 1900 to the present day</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929567-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929567-8"><bdi>978-0-19-929567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Contemporary+World+History%3A+From+1900+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929567-8&rft.aulast=Palmowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJy2Tp-RsCsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carver" title="Michael Carver">Michael Carver</a> (editor), <i>The War Lords: Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century</i>, (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976), p. 123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77084-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77084-5">0-297-77084-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ferdinand Foch</i>. W. D. Jordan Special Collections and Music Library Queen's University Library. Montreal, G. Inglis. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Foch&rft.pub=Montreal%2C+G.+Inglis&rft.date=1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1929" class="citation book cs1">Aston, Sir George (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKcBAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Biography of the Late Marshal Foch</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biography+of+the+Late+Marshal+Foch&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Sir+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKcBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirer,_p._81-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shirer,_p._81_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shirer,_p._81_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirer, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-Foch">"Ferdinand Foch | Biography, World War I, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Foch+%7C+Biography%2C+World+War+I%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFerdinand-Foch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shirer, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Atkinson, Charles Francis (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Foch, Ferdinand"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Foch,_Ferdinand">"Foch, Ferdinand" </a></span>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foch%2C+Ferdinand&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett Singer, <i>Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars</i> (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Recouly, <i>Foch: Le Vainqueur de la Guerre</i> [Foch: The victor of the war] (Paris, France: Hachette, 1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ub5XbiDqIjIC&q=j%27attaque">page 121</a> : <i>"Mon centre céde, ma droite recule, situation excellente, j'attaque."</i> (My centre is giving way, my right is retreating, situation excellent, I am attacking.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowleyParker1996" class="citation book cs1">Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey, eds. (1996). <i>The Reader's Companion to Military History</i>. sponsored by the Society for Military History (1st ed.). Houghton Mifflin. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-66969-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-66969-3"><bdi>0-395-66969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reader%27s+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.pages=164-165&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-395-66969-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nouvelles de Rome: S. G. Mgr. Tissier à Rome (Rome, 19 janvier 1917)" [News from Rome: S. G. Monsignor Tissier in Rome], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nova.polymtl.ca/~simark/journaux/lacroix/1917/020-1355946492.pdf"><i>Le Croix</i> (French Catholic newspaper), 25 January 1917</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105140930/http://nova.polymtl.ca/~simark/journaux/lacroix/1917/020-1355946492.pdf">Archived</a> 5 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 7: "On sent ... qu'il n'oubliera plus jamais le réponse du général Foch à ses félicitions, au lendemain de la victoire: <i>Non nobis, Domine, non nobis; sed nomini tuo da gloriam</i>." (One feels ... that he will never forget the reply of General Foch to his congratulations in the aftermath of the victory: <i>Not to us, Lord, not to us; but to Your name give glory</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flat-catcher (British racing slang) a horse that looks good but is not. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flatcatcher">Merriam-Webster on-line dictionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes 2004, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette29044" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29044/page/601">"No. 29044"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 January 1915. p. 601.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+29044&rft.pages=601&rft.date=1915-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F29044%2Fpage%2F601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, pp. 144–146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward,_1998,_pp._187–9_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward, 1998, pp. 187–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Whelan, B. (2010). "War in History". <i>British Library Serials</i>. 4. <b>17</b>: 526.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Library+Serials&rft.atitle=War+in+History&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=526&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery 2006, pp. 206–208, 210–211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery 2006, pp. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery 2006, pp. 214–215, 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callwell, MG C.E., <i>Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, His Life And Diaries</i>, Vol. II, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209304/page/n81/mode/2up?q=%22Foch%2C+of+course%22">pp. 69–70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffery 2006, pp. 220–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keegan, John, <i>The First World War</i> (Vintage Books, 1998), p. 403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/17511">Foch the Man</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaughlin1918" class="citation book cs1">Laughlin, Clara Elizabeth (1918). <i>Foch the Man: A Life of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies</i>. Fleming H. Revell Company. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4219-7064-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4219-7064-6"><bdi>978-1-4219-7064-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch+the+Man%3A+A+Life+of+the+Supreme+Commander+of+the+Allied+Armies&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Fleming+H.+Revell+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.isbn=978-1-4219-7064-6&rft.aulast=Laughlin&rft.aufirst=Clara+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward A. Goedeken, "Charles Dawes and the Military Board of Allied Supply" <i>Military Affairs</i> (1986) 50#1 pp. 1–6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988526">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris 2008, p. 477</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris 2008, p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris 2008, p. 479</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'How did I win the war?' Foch will say chaffingly to André de Marincourt, many months later. 'By smoking my pipe. That is to say, by not getting excited, by reducing everything to simple terms, by avoiding useless emotions, and keeping all my strength for the job.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" Frank H. Simonds, <i>History of the World War</i>, Vol. 5, Ch. 3, III. Doubleday, Page & Co., 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181126000847/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/armistice.htm">"Armistice: The End of World War I, 1918"</a>. <i>EyeWitness to History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/armistice.htm">the original</a> on 26 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EyeWitness+to+History&rft.atitle=Armistice%3A+The+End+of+World+War+I%2C+1918&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Farmistice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersico2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Persico" title="Joseph E. Persico">Persico, Joseph E.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eleventhmonthele00pers/page/378"><i>Eleventh Month, Eleventh Day, Eleventh Hour: Armistice Day, 1918: World War I and Its Violent Climax</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eleventhmonthele00pers/page/378">378</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50825-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50825-2"><bdi>0-375-50825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleventh+Month%2C+Eleventh+Day%2C+Eleventh+Hour%3A+Armistice+Day%2C+1918%3A+World+War+I+and+Its+Violent+Climax&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-375-50825-2&rft.aulast=Persico&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feleventhmonthele00pers%2Fpage%2F378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=104846">"Foch Ferdinand"</a>. <i>cths.fr</i>. le site du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cths.fr&rft.atitle=Foch+Ferdinand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcths.fr%2Fan%2Fprosopo.php%3Fid%3D104846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gifford-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gifford_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gifford_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest R. Troughton, <i>It's Happening Again</i> (John Gifford, 1944), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeiberg2014" class="citation book cs1">Neiberg, Michael S. 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Univ of California Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-33726-8"><bdi>978-0-520-33726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victors+Divided%3A+America+and+the+Allies+in+Germany%2C+1918-1923&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-520-33726-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Adamthwaite, <i>Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914–40</i> (Hodder Arnold, 1995), p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Henig, <i>Versailles and After, 1919–33</i> (Routledge, 1995), p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31481" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31481/supplement/9809">"No. 31481"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 29 July 1919. p. 9809.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31481&rft.pages=9809&rft.date=1919-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31481%2Fsupplement%2F9809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, 10 November 1921 "Foch Sees Ingots Rolled into Plates".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Journal and Proceedings</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gallica.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Decree+on+promotions+in+the+active+army&rft.date=1907-06-20&rft.au=Government+of+the+French+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6476395g%2Ff9.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_French_Republic1911" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the French Republic (21 September 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6417037n/f6.image">"Decree on promotions in the active army"</a>. <i>gallica.bnf.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gallica.bnf.fr&rft.atitle=Decree+on+promotions+in+the+active+army&rft.date=1911-09-21&rft.au=Government+of+the+French+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k6417037n%2Ff6.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_the_French_Republic1918" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Government of the French Republic (6 August 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000679119">"Decree appointing Divisional General Foch Ferdinand as Marshal of France"</a>. <i>legifrance.gouv.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legifrance.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Decree+appointing+Divisional+General+Foch+Ferdinand+as+Marshal+of+France&rft.date=1918-08-06&rft.au=Government+of+the+French+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000000679119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.mac.com/crowns/chrzanovia/">Chrzanovia Patria Parva</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211190157/http://homepage.mac.com/crowns/chrzanovia/">Archived</a> 11 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Street chart of Chrzanów</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmowski2008" class="citation book cs1">Palmowski, Jan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199295678.001.0001/acref-9780199295678-e-828?rskey=oTwsX8&result=1&q=Foch"><i>Foch, Ferdinand</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199295678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199295678"><bdi>978-0199295678</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foch%2C+Ferdinand&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199295678&rft.aulast=Palmowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199295678.001.0001%2Facref-9780199295678-e-828%3Frskey%3DoTwsX8%26result%3D1%26q%3DFoch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philpott 2009, p. 441, p. 555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=HO26KKO">1</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Fochsquare gets new name</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roskill-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roskill_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidy,_Jade2013" class="citation book cs1">Reidy, Jade (2013). <i>Not Just Passing Through: the Making of Mt Roskill</i> (2nd ed.). Auckland: <a href="/wiki/Puket%C4%81papa_Local_Board" title="Puketāpapa Local Board">Puketāpapa Local Board</a>. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927216-97-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927216-97-2"><bdi>978-1-927216-97-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889931177">889931177</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q116775081" class="extiw" title="d:Q116775081">Q116775081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Just+Passing+Through%3A+the+Making+of+Mt+Roskill&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=154&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Puket%C4%81papa+Local+Board&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889931177&rft.isbn=978-1-927216-97-2&rft.au=Reidy%2C+Jade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-billings-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-billings_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39974075/ferdinand_foch_becomes_the_one/">"Marshal Foch made a Knight of Columbus"</a>. <i>The Billings Weekly Gazette</i>. Billings, Montana. 10 November 1921. p. 3 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Billings+Weekly+Gazette&rft.atitle=Marshal+Foch+made+a+Knight+of+Columbus&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1921-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F39974075%2Fferdinand_foch_becomes_the_one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academie-francaise.fr-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academie-francaise.fr_84-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/ferdinand-foch">"Ferdinand FOCH | Académie française"</a>. <i>www.academie-francaise.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.academie-francaise.fr&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+FOCH+%7C+Acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-francaise.fr%2Fles-immortels%2Fferdinand-foch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Les Principes de la guerre. Conférences faites à l'Ecole supérieure de guerre</i> (<i>On the Principles of War</i>), Berger-Levrault, (1903)</li> <li><i>La Conduite de la guerre</i> (<i>On the Conduct of War</i>), Berger-Levrault, 1905</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoch1931" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Foch, F.</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66355/page/n15/mode/2up"><i>The Memoirs of Marshal Foch</i></a> [<i>Les souvenirs du maréchal Foch, 1914–1918</i>]. Translated by T Bentley Mott (Heinemann ed.). London: William Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86058356">86058356</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Marshal+Foch&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Heinemann&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86058356&rft.aulast=Foch&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.66355%2Fpage%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Porte, Rémy, and F Cochet. <i>Ferdinand Foch, 1851–1929: Apprenez À Penser : Actes Du Colloque International, École Militaire, Paris, 6–7 November 2008.</i> Paris: Soteca, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-916385-43-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-916385-43-3">978-2-916385-43-3</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>DiDomenico, Joseph J. "Rise and Fall of a Coalition: The Supreme War Council and Marshal Foch, 1917–1919" (US Army School for Advanced Military Studies Fort Leavenworth United States, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1038937.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927072356/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1038937.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Doughty" title="Robert A. Doughty">Doughty, Robert A.</a> <i>Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War</i> (Harvard U.P. 2005)</li> <li>Falls. Cyril. <i>Marshall Foch</i> (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211269/page/n7">online</a></li> <li>Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. <i>Foch in Command. The Forging of a First World War General</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2011); 550 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol13reviews/vol13no9young.pdf">online review in H-France</a></li> <li>Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. <i>Victory Through Coalition. Britain and France During the First World War</i> (2005)</li> <li>Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. "General Ferdinand Foch and the French Contribution to the Battle of the Somme". <i>British Journal for Military History</i> 2.3 (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bjmh.org.uk/index.php/bjmh/article/viewFile/113/87">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210638/https://bjmh.org.uk/index.php/bjmh/article/viewFile/113/87">Archived</a> 28 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. "General Ferdinand Foch and United Allied Command in 1918". <i>Journal of Military History</i> 79.4</li> <li>Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. "Marshal Ferdinand Foch versus Georges Clemenceau in 1919". <i>War in History</i> 24.4 (2017): 458–497 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0968344516640827">online</a></li> <li>Harris, J.P. <i>Douglas Haig and the First World War</i>. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89802-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89802-7">978-0-521-89802-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2004" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (2004). <i>The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84614-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84614-0"><bdi>0-297-84614-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Field+Marshal%3A+A+Life+of+Sir+John+French&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-297-84614-0&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Keith (2006). <i>Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820358-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820358-2"><bdi>978-0-19-820358-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Marshal+Sir+Henry+Wilson%3A+A+Political+Soldier&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820358-2&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>King, Jere Clemens. <i>Foch versus Clemenceau</i> (Harvard UP, 1960), in 1918–1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fochversusclemen0000king/page/n5/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Liddell-Hart, B.H. <i>Foch, the Man of Orleans 1914–1924</i> (2 vol 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.152819">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Neiberg" title="Michael S. Neiberg">Neiberg, Michael S.</a> <i>Foch: Supreme Allied Commander in the Great War</i> (Brassey's Inc., 2003), short popular biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fochsupremeallie00neib">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpott, W. (2009). <i>Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century</i> (1st ed.). London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4087-0108-9"><bdi>978-1-4087-0108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Victory%3A+The+Sacrifice+on+the+Somme+and+the+Making+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4087-0108-9&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Foch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Singer, Barnett. <i>Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars</i> (2008); he was Foch's wartime chief of staff.</li> <li>Woodward, David R. <i>Field Marshal Sir William Robertson</i> Westport, Connecticut & London: Praeger, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95422-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95422-6">0-275-95422-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The position of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a> was re-established during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshal of France is a dignity and not a rank.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_Foch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Foch%2C%20Ferdinand%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ferdinand%20Foch%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Foch%2C%20Ferdinand%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ferdinand%20Foch%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Foch%2C%20F%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ferdinand%20Foch%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Foch%2C%20Ferdinand%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ferdinand%20Foch%22%29%20OR%20%28%221851-1929%22%20AND%20Foch%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ferdinand Foch</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/foch.htm">Unjustly Accused: Marshal Ferdinand Foch and the French 'Cult of the Offensive'</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/foch.htm">Biography on FirstWorldWar.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-française.fr/immortels/base/academiciens/fiche.asp?param=532">Foch's Biography in French on the Immortals page of the Académie française</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/17511">Foch the Man</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span>, by <a href="/wiki/Clara_E._Laughlin" title="Clara E. Laughlin">Clara E. Laughlin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005337">Newspaper clippings about Ferdinand Foch</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Honorary Commander of <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">The American Legion</a> </b><br />1926 <br />Served alongside: <b>General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Title abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Nicholas Longworth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i> magazine</a> </b><br />16 March 1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Benes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduard Benes">Eduard Benes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/45px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9.jpg/60px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marian_Spychalski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/30px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/45px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Marian_Spychalski.jpg/60px-Marian_Spychalski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand Foch</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rydz-%C5%9Amig%C5%82y" title="Edward Rydz-Śmigły">Edward Rydz-Śmigły</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Rola-%C5%BBymierski" title="Michał Rola-Żymierski">Michał Rola-Żymierski</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstanty Rokossowski</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:10em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg/40px-Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg/60px-Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg/80px-Flaga_Marsza%C5%82ka_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Académie_française_seat_18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_18" title="Template:Académie française Seat 18"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_18" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 18"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_18" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 18"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_française_seat_18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">seat 18</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudoin_(translator)" title="Jean Baudoin (translator)">Jean Baudoin</a> (1634)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Charpentier" title="François Charpentier">François Charpentier</a> (1650)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Chamillart" title="Jean-François de Chamillart">Jean François de Chamillart</a> (1702)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Hector_de_Villars,_1st_Duke_of_Villars" title="Claude Louis Hector de Villars, 1st Duke of Villars">Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Marshal-Duke of Villars</a> (1714)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Armand_de_Villars,_2nd_Duke_of_Villars" title="Honoré Armand de Villars, 2nd Duke of Villars">Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars</a> (1734)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">"Cardinal Loménie de Brienne"</a> (1770)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-G%C3%A9rard_Lacu%C3%A9e,_count_of_Cessac" title="Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac">Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Jean Baptiste Henri Lacordaire</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert,_4th_duc_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, 4th duc de Broglie">Albert de Broglie, Duke of Broglie</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_de_Vog%C3%BC%C3%A9" title="Melchior de Vogüé">Melchior de Vogüé</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand Foch</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois-Poncet" title="André François-Poncet">André François-Poncet</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Michel Serres</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192615#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192615#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080862946">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7428843">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43739/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118684078">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79115432">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121577755">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121577755">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00521694">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35091112">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990009558&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1201617">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/540010">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072265949">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90705254">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000183516&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000772208&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000197157">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=65052">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz112151v1shnw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595718805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/90942">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275574505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519819106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14216556">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07006672?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/824002">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118684078.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118684078">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030092019">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580614">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6445r9g">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Ferdinand Foch</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_Foch" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ferdinand Foch">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" class="extiw" title="q:Ferdinand Foch">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Foch,_Ferdinand" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Foch, Ferdinand">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192615" class="extiw" title="d:Q192615">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&oldid=1258366657">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Foch&oldid=1258366657</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1851_births" title="Category:1851 births">1851 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1929_deaths" title="Category:1929 deaths">1929 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_field_marshals" title="Category:British field marshals">British field marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chiefs_of_the_Staff_of_the_French_Army" 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the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_members_of_the_Order_of_Merit" title="Category:Honorary members of the Order of Merit">Honorary members of the Order of Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Commander_(Senangapati)_of_the_Order_of_Rama" title="Category:Knights Grand Commander (Senangapati) of the Order of Rama">Knights Grand Commander (Senangapati) of the Order of Rama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marshals_of_France" title="Category:Marshals of France">Marshals of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marshals_of_Poland" title="Category:Marshals of Poland">Marshals of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Category:Members of the Académie Française">Members of the Académie Française</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences">Members of the French Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a 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