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href="#SBB_Bözberg/STEDEF_(SBB)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>SBB Bözberg/STEDEF (SBB)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SBB_Bözberg/STEDEF_(SBB)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bögl_(Max_Bögl)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bögl_(Max_Bögl)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bögl (Max Bögl)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bögl_(Max_Bögl)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FF_ÖBB/PORR_(PORR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FF_ÖBB/PORR_(PORR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>FF ÖBB/PORR (PORR)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FF_ÖBB/PORR_(PORR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Vibration_Track_(Sonneville/Vigier_Rail)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Vibration_Track_(Sonneville/Vigier_Rail)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Low Vibration Track (Sonneville/Vigier Rail)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Vibration_Track_(Sonneville/Vigier_Rail)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IVES" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IVES"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>IVES</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IVES-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deck_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deck_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Deck track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deck_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feste_Fahrbahn" title="Feste Fahrbahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feste Fahrbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa_en_placa" title="Vía en placa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vía en placa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="خط آهن بی‌پارسنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط آهن بی‌پارسنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_b%C3%A9ton_(chemin_de_fer)" title="Voie béton (chemin de fer) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voie béton (chemin de fer)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonlemezes_vas%C3%BAti_p%C3%A1lya" title="Betonlemezes vasúti pálya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Betonlemezes vasúti pálya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballastloos_spoor" title="Ballastloos spoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ballastloos spoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Railway without a crushed stone bed</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/220px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/330px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/440px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Slab track with flexible noise-reducing rail fixings, built by German company <a href="/wiki/Max_B%C3%B6gl" title="Max Bögl">Max Bögl</a>, on the Nürnberg–Ingolstadt high-speed line</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ballastless track</b> or <b>slab track</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">railway track</a> infrastructure in which the traditional elastic combination of <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">sleepers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballast</a> is replaced by a rigid construction of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a>. It is considered the standard for high-speed and heavy haul railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also commonly used for urban <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballastless track of the type "Low Vibration Track" with rails fastened to concrete sleepers on a concrete slab in a turnout in the Gotthard Base Tunnel's Faido multifunction station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg/220px-20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg/330px-20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg/440px-20141120_gotthard-basistunnel02-wikipedia-hannes-ortlieb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Ballastless track of the type "Low Vibration Track" in a turnout in the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a>'s Faido multifunction station</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ballastless tracks, the <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">rails</a> are either discretely supported or continuously supported. Discretely supported rails sit on elastomeric pads and are rigidly fastened to special types of concrete sleepers. These sleepers are themselves set directly in concrete or in rubber 'boots' and both are then set in concrete. Continuously supported rails are generally fixed in slots in the concrete slab and called Embedded Rail Track. The rails, which can be either traditional Vignole Rails with a head, web and foot, or block rails with no web, are either cast into the slots by an elastic compound or surrounded by a close-fitting boot before being fixed in place with grout. Both the surface mounted rail and the embedded block rail can be simply removed and replaced. </p><p>Ballastless tracks offer a high consistency in <a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">track geometry</a> which is difficult to adjust after the concreting of the superstructure; they must therefore be concreted with a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elasticity of the ballast in the traditional railway superstructure is replaced by flexibility between either the discretely supported rails and the concrete sleepers, or the sleepers and the concrete or asphalt slab (e.g., with sleeper boots). The slab itself is relatively inelastic.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special care is needed for the design of transitions zones between conventional and ballastless track, for example near bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advantages of a ballastless track over a traditional superstructure are its highly consistent track geometry, its longer life span of up to 100 years, and the reduced need for <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)#Maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">maintenance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ballastless track's track geometry is achieved mainly due to its relative inelasticity in comparison to a traditional superstructure. This results in far fewer deformations and generally smoother running; <a href="/wiki/Train_driver" title="Train driver">train drivers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a>'s <a href="/wiki/East_London_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Line">East London Line</a> have opined that the Low Vibration Track system is the smoothest superstructure they have experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements conducted in Switzerland in 2003 and 2004 showed a standard deviation of the gauge of less than 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in).<sup id="cite_ref-:23_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn increases the track's life span and reduces the need for maintenance. The usual preventive maintenance is limited to rail grinding and, in the case of surface mounted rail, inspection of the rail fixings, since <a href="/wiki/Tamping_machine" title="Tamping machine">tamping</a> is not necessary due to the absence of ballast. Curative maintenance beyond rail and fixing replacement is required only after several decades. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways" title="Swiss Federal Railways">Swiss Federal Railways</a> replaced the sleepers and rubber shoes of the ballastless track in the 4.9-kilometre (3.0 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Heitersberg_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Heitersberg Tunnel">Heitersberg Tunnel</a> between 2014 and 2016, whereas no maintenance of the concrete slab was necessary 39 years after the tunnel's opening.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its good experiences with the system, the Swiss Federal Railways are looking to install ballastless track wherever there is a rigid substructure—in tunnels as well as on <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaducts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere ballastless track is used in the open. </p><p>Further advantages of ballastless tracks include better and controlled <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a>, the elimination of flying-ballast damage on <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> structures, a shallower superstructure, and the possibility of run-over sections such as <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">crossings</a> or shared tram-<a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">bus lanes</a> over which <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">pneumatic vehicles</a> can be driven. When used in stations, ballastless tracks are easier to clean.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embedded track has the potential for increased safety through simple derailment protection and support of broken rails. They alone can also be installed by the efficient placing of the slab using the slipform process. All these benefits lead to increased track access for the traffic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary disadvantage of a ballastless track is its sometimes significantly higher cost of initial construction. While numbers vary depending on construction type and track infrastructure (ballastless tracks are generally more suitable to infrastructures that are also made of concrete, as is the case in tunnels or on viaducts), the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a> estimated in 2015 that construction costs of ballastless tracks are in many cases 28 percent higher than those of traditional superstructure.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>]</sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_cost" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle cost">life-cycle cost</a> of ballastless tracks are generally lower than those of ballasted tracks due to significantly lower maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further disadvantages of ballastless tracks are the difficulty of adjusting or correcting track geometry once concrete has been set, the necessity of a stable infrastructure (since adjustments to the superstructure can be onerous), generally higher noise emissions, and longer and more expensive repairs when the concrete slab is damaged (for e.g., due to construction faults, wear and tear, or accidents). Inflexibility of the track and the need to be careful with transitions between ballasted and ballastless tracks have been cited as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Railway_Track:_Chapter_9,_Slab_Track_(Page_324)_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Railway_Track:_Chapter_9,_Slab_Track_(Page_324)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_types">Construction types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early slab track projects a range of construction types, sub-bases and fastening technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following list contains construction types of ballastless tracks that have been internationally used in heavy-rail systems (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Light_railway" title="Light railway">light railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tramways</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metros</a>) in chronological order of their first usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Railway_Track:_Chapter_9,_Slab_Track_(Page_324)_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Railway_Track:_Chapter_9,_Slab_Track_(Page_324)-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Classification of ballastless track systems<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Subtype </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Discrete rail support </td> <td>Sleepers encased in concrete </td> <td>Rheda 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sleepers on top of bed </td> <td>ATD, GETRAC </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prefabricated concrete slabs </td> <td>Bögl </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monolithic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_track" title="Green track">Lawn track</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Continuous rail support </td> <td>Embedded rail structure </td> <td>Deck track </td></tr> <tr> <td>Continuously supported rail </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rheda_2000">Rheda 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rheda 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG/200px-RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG/300px-RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG/400px-RHEDA_2000_-_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rheda 2000 before pouring</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG/200px-RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG/300px-RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG/400px-RHEDA_2000_-_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rheda 2000 after pouring</div></div></div></div></div> <p>One of the first applications of ballastless track was in <a href="/wiki/Rheda-Wiedenbr%C3%BCck_station" title="Rheda-Wiedenbrück station">Rheda</a>, Germany, where it was constructed in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This developed into the Rheda 2000 system, first used on the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt%E2%80%93Leipzig/Halle_high-speed_railway" title="Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway">Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system uses sleepers or blocks encased in concrete, poured in-situ.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ATD">ATD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ATD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ATD is the abbreviation for Asphalt Supporting layer for Track Direct support. Its characteristics include rails connected to along rail axis connected sleepers made from dual-block concrete installed onto a supporting layer of asphalt. It has been applied to tramways.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SBB_Bözberg/STEDEF_(SBB)"><span id="SBB_B.C3.B6zberg.2FSTEDEF_.28SBB.29"></span>SBB Bözberg/STEDEF (SBB)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: SBB Bözberg/STEDEF (SBB)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bözberg/STEDEF system consists of twin sleepers that are connected by a steel track rod and enclosed in a rubber shoe. All of its components can be exchanged individually. Bözberg/STEDEF was first used by the Swiss Federal Railways in the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6zberg_Rail_Tunnel" title="Bözberg Rail Tunnel">Bözberg tunnel</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> STEDEF was further developed by SATEBA prior to the system's installation on the French <a href="/wiki/LGV_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e" title="LGV Méditerranée">LGV Méditeranée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bögl_(Max_Bögl)"><span id="B.C3.B6gl_.28Max_B.C3.B6gl.29"></span>Bögl (Max Bögl)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bögl (Max Bögl)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/220px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/330px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg/440px-Feste_Fahrbahn_FFB%C3%B6gl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Bögl ballastless track, on the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Ingolstadt_high-speed_railway" title="Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway">Nuremberg–Ingolstadt high-speed railway</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Max_B%C3%B6gl" title="Max Bögl">Max Bögl</a></div> <p>The Bögl ballastless track is characterised by its use of <a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">prefabricated</a> concrete slabs in lieu of a continuous structure that is cast on site. <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a> is used to connect the 9-ton slabs to the infrastructure and to one another. The Bögl system was developed in Germany and first tested in <a href="/wiki/Dachau_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau station">Dachau</a> in 1977. The first serial installation took place in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_railway_station" title="Heidelberg railway station">Heidelberg</a> in 1999. For its use on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_High-Speed_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway">high-speed link between Beijing and Shanghai</a>, 406,000 slabs were installed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FF_ÖBB/PORR_(PORR)"><span id="FF_.C3.96BB.2FPORR_.28PORR.29"></span>FF ÖBB/PORR (PORR)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: FF ÖBB/PORR (PORR)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ÖBB/<a href="/wiki/Porr" title="Porr">PORR</a> ballastless track (FF stands for German <i>Feste Fahrbahn</i>, meaning <i>ballastless</i> or, literally, <i>fixed track</i>) consists of an elastically supported track slab. It was first tested in 1989, became the standard system in Austria in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been used for over 700 kilometres of track worldwide, including the German Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit Nr. 8 (German Unity Transport Project 8) and the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Metro" title="Doha Metro">Doha metro</a>. The system will be used on the first phases of the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a> line, except in tunnels and for some specialist structures.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also being used for the <a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Meerut_Regional_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System">Delhi-Meerut RRTS</a>, the first of 3 <a href="/wiki/RapidX" title="RapidX">RRTS</a> systems currently being implemented in <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi-NCR</a> by <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_Transport_Corporation" title="National Capital Region Transport Corporation">NCRTC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porta_Alpina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballastless track of the type "Low Vibration Track" with rails fixed to concrete sleepers that are set in a concrete slab in the Gotthard Base Tunnel's Sedrun multifunction station." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Porta_Alpina.jpg/220px-Porta_Alpina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Porta_Alpina.jpg/330px-Porta_Alpina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Porta_Alpina.jpg/440px-Porta_Alpina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3979" data-file-height="2653" /></a><figcaption>Ballastless track of the type "Low Vibration Track" in the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a>'s Sedrun multifunction station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_Vibration_Track_(Sonneville/Vigier_Rail)"><span id="Low_Vibration_Track_.28Sonneville.2FVigier_Rail.29"></span>Low Vibration Track (Sonneville/Vigier Rail)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Low Vibration Track (Sonneville/Vigier Rail)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Low Vibration Track (LVT) system is similar to Bözberg/STEDEF in that it also uses twin sleepers enclosed in rubber shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, LVT does not feature a tie rod.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was developed and tested by Roger Sonneville together with the Swiss Federal Railways in the 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-:03_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the rights were sold to Vigier Rail in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LVT has been in service in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel tunnel</a> since 1994. Due to the tunnel's German name <i>Eurotunnel</i>, LVT is sometimes referred to as Euroblock. LVT has been used for over 1300 kilometres of track worldwide, including the Swiss <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschberg_Base_Tunnel" title="Lötschberg Base Tunnel">Lötschberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Base_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Base Tunnel">Gotthard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceneri_Base_Tunnel" title="Ceneri Base Tunnel">Ceneri</a> base tunnels, the South Korean <a href="/wiki/Suin_Line" title="Suin Line">high-speed Suin Line between Songdo and Incheon</a>, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Marmaray" title="Marmaray">Marmaray project</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a>'s <a href="/wiki/East_London_line" title="East London line">East London line</a>, as well as on viaducts in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LVT has become the standard ballastless-track system in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IVES">IVES</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: IVES"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IVES system (<i><b>I</b>ntelligent, <b>V</b>ersatile, <b>E</b>fficient and <b>S</b>olid</i>) is a product of Rhomberg Rail. The system consists of a base layer (preferably common asphalt concrete) and concrete lateral structural elements, in which the rail fastening elements of the type DFF 304<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are directly embedded – no sleepers are needed. The necessary elasticity is given only by a flexible intermediate plate in the rail fastening elements. </p><p>The structural elements of this system are individually manufactured and can be positioned laterally or longitudinally onto the base layer. The structural elements have recesses in the top, where the rail fastening elements are placed into. Afterwards, the rails are lifted onto the fastening elements and a track grid is established. The grid's exact position can now be adjusted vertically and laterally. At last, the rail fastening elements are friction-locked to the structural elements with high-strength grouting mortar. Thanks to its versatile construction and easy installation, IVES is suitable for all rail types.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After testing, the first IVES track has been installed in the Asfordby Tunnel of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dalby_Test_Track" title="Old Dalby Test Track">Old Dalby Test Track</a> in England in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since then, seven more IVES tracks have been built. The longest IVES track runs through the Bruggwaldtunnel in Switzerland, with a total length of 1,731 m (5,679 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deck_track">Deck track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deck track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deck track consists of an endless concrete beam which is buried in the ground with the track fixed directly on top of it. The concrete beam is made hollow to match the soil density. Due to the large diameter of the hollow beam and its light weight, it is particularly suitable for low profile designs on soft soils. Deck track has been implemented on small sections of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Havenspoorlijn_Rotterdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havenspoorlijn Rotterdam (page does not exist)">Havenspoorlijn Rotterdam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havenspoorlijn_Rotterdam" class="extiw" title="nl:Havenspoorlijn Rotterdam">nl</a>]</span>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Betuweroute" title="Betuweroute">Betuweroute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk track</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballastless_track&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreudenstein2010" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Supply&rft.atitle=High+speed+without+ballast&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft.aulast=Batreak&rft.aufirst=Oleksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.railway.supply%2Fen%2Fhigh-speed-without-ballast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallastless+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutishauser2005" class="citation book cs1">Rutishauser, Gérard (2005). <i>Slab Track "Swiss Made": 40 Years Successful Experience</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sbb.ch&rft.atitle=S-Bahn-+und+Fernverkehr+Z%C3%BCrich%E2%80%93Olten%3A+SBB+saniert+Fahrbahn+im+Heitersbergtunnel+%7C+SBB&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbb.ch%2Fde%2Fmeta%2Fnews.html%2F2013%2F12%2F1812-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABallastless+track" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Gotthard Base Tunnel completes LVT installation". <i>Railway Gazette International</i>: 40f., 43. 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