CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"98818436-2984-4a59-ba03-0981b1eead88","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.","wgTitle":"Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.","wgCurRevisionId":1253732750,"wgRevisionId":1253732750,"wgArticleId":22411575,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from June 2020","Google litigation","Google Books","United States copyright case law","United States District Court for the Southern District of New York cases","Authors Guild","Fair use case law","2015 in United States case law"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.","wgRelevantArticleId":22411575,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId": "Q16927607","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP" ,"ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg/1200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg/800px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg/640px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc. - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc."> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc."> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Authors_Guild_Inc_v_Google_Inc rootpage-Authors_Guild_Inc_v_Google_Inc skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Authors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Authors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Authors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Authors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inception_of_the_lawsuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inception_of_the_lawsuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Inception of the lawsuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inception_of_the_lawsuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Settlement attempts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Settlement_attempts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Settlement attempts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Settlement_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Initial settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Settlement criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amended_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amended_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Amended agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amended_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amended_agreement_rejected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amended_agreement_rejected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Amended agreement rejected</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amended_agreement_rejected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>District trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Circuit_appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Circuit_appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second Circuit appeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Circuit_appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certiorari_petition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certiorari_petition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Certiorari petition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certiorari_petition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%B1%B3%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A%E4%BB%96%E5%AF%BEGoogle%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4" title="全米作家協会他対Google裁判 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全米作家協会他対Google裁判" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16927607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc."><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc."><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&oldid=1253732750" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc.&id=1253732750&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAuthors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc."><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAuthors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc."><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc.&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16927607" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. copyright law case, 2015</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg/270px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg/360px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> The Authors Guild Inc., et al. v. Google, Inc. </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">October 16, 2015 (2d Circuit); November 14, 2013 (SDNY)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">804 F.3d 202</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denny_Chin" title="Denny Chin">Denny Chin</a> (SDNY); <a href="/wiki/Pierre_N._Leval" title="Pierre N. Leval">Pierre N. Leval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Cabranes" title="José A. Cabranes">José A. Cabranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Daniels_Parker,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Barrington Daniels Parker, Jr.">Barrington Daniels Parker, Jr.</a> (2d Cir.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Keywords</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Authors Guild v. Google</b></i> 804 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">F.3d</a> 202 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd Cir.</a> 2015) was a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in the United States">copyright</a> case heard in federal court for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">Second Circuit Court of Appeals</a> between 2005 and 2015. It concerned <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> in copyright law and the <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (law)">transformation</a> of printed copyrighted books into an online searchable database through scanning and digitization. It centered on the legality of the <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Book Search</a> (originally named as Google Print) Library Partner project that had been launched in 2003. </p><p>Though there was general agreement that Google's attempt to digitize books through scanning and computer-aided recognition for searching online was seen as a transformative step for libraries, many authors and publishers had expressed concern that Google had not sought their permission to make scans of the books still under copyright and offer them to users. Two separate lawsuits, including one from three authors represented by the <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a> and another by <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a>, were filed in 2005 charging Google with copyright infringement. Google worked with the litigants in both suits to develop a settlement agreement (the Google Book Search Settlement Agreement) that would have allowed it to continue the program through paying out for works it had previously scanned, creating a revenue program for future books that were part of the search engine, and allowing authors and publishers to opt out. The settlement received much criticism as it also applied to all books worldwide, including works that may have been out of print but still under copyright, and may have violated antitrust aspects given Google's dominant position within the Internet industry. A reworked proposal to address some of these concerns was met with similar criticism, and ultimately the settlement was rejected by 2011, allowing the two lawsuits to be joined for a combined trial. </p><p>In late 2013, after the class action status was challenged, the District Court granted <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary judgement">summary judgment</a> in favor of Google, dismissing the lawsuit and affirming the Google Books project met all legal requirements for <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>. The Second Circuit Court of Appeal upheld the District Court's summary judgment in October 2015, ruling Google's "project provides a public service without violating intellectual property law."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> subsequently denied a petition to hear the case.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> launched its <a href="/wiki/Google_Book_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Book Search">Google Book Search</a> in 2002, initially named as its Google Print service. At its start, books were manually scanned page by page, using <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> (OCR) to create a digital version of their text which then was incorporated into Google's search capabilities. As the project grew, Google expanded its capabilities to increase the rate at which books could be scanned and entered into its database, increasing the rate up to 6,000 pages per hour per scanning station, and build out a number of scanning facilities to enable rapid scanning of books brought to them from local sources.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> End users of the search engine could then search through the books to find words and phrases as they would with web sites, along with other advanced search features. Because of the possibility of OCR errors, users are shown the scanned pages rather than the digital text to verify the text for themselves. The project was considered a major transformative work for information sciences at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-sfgate_2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfgate_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Google only worked with books in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. In December 2004, Google announced it had established its Library Partnership with the libraries at Stanford, Harvard, Oxford, the University of Michigan and the New York Public Library to obtain works both in the public domain as well as limited works in copyright from Stanford, Harvard, and the University of Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-sfgate_2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfgate_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For works still under copyright, Google scanned and entered the whole work into their searchable database, but only provided "snippet views" of the scanned pages in search results to users. This had mirrored a similar approach <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> had taken for book previews on its catalog pages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate Partner Program also launched in 2004 allowed commercial publishers to submit books into the Google Books project, which would be searchable with snippet results (or more extensive results if the partner desired) and which users could purchase as <a href="/wiki/EBook" class="mw-redirect" title="EBook">eBooks</a> through Google, if the partner desired.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authors and publishers began to argue that Google's Library Partner project, despite the limitations on what results they provided to users, violated copyrights as they were not asked ahead of time by Google to place scans of their books online. By August 2005, Google stated they would stop scanning in books until November 2005 as to give authors and publisher the opportunity to opt their books out of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publishing industry and writers' groups criticized the project's inclusion of snippets of copyrighted works as infringement. Despite Google taking measures to provide full text of only works in public domain, and providing only a searchable summary online for books still under copyright protection, publishers maintain that Google has no right to copy full text of books with copyrights and save them, in large amounts, into its own database.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inception_of_the_lawsuit">Inception of the lawsuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inception of the lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2005, three authors as well as the <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a> of America filed a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and Stanford, Harvard, and the University of Michigan libraries over the Google Print project, citing "massive <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complaint asserted that Google had not sought approval to make scans of the copyrighted books, and asked for an injunction to stop Google from scanning any copyrighted works during the lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google countered that its project represented a <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> and is the digital age equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Card_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Card catalog">card catalog</a> with every word in the publication indexed.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Publishers" title="Association of American Publishers">Association of American Publishers</a>, representing five publishers – McGraw-Hill, Pearson Education, Penguin Group, Simon & Schuster and John Wiley & Sons – filed a similar suit against Google and the libraries on a similar complaint.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both cases were heard in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a> initially under Judge <a href="/wiki/John_E._Sprizzo" title="John E. Sprizzo">John E. Sprizzo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_attempts">Settlement attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Settlement attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_settlement">Initial settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Google_Book_Search_Settlement_Agreement"></span> Google worked with all parties in both cases at the same time, and in October 2008, had reached an initial settlement agreement in both cases, pending court approval.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_initial_settlement_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_initial_settlement-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as the "Google Book Search Settlement Agreement", the terms of this settlement included: </p> <ul><li>A total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$125 million</span> payment from Google to the affected companies and authors: <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$45 million</span> to the rightsholders whose copyrights had allegedly been infringed; <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$15.5 million</span> for the publishers' legal fees; <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$30 million</span> to the authors' lawyers; and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$34.5 million</span> to create a <b>Book Rights Registry</b>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_collective" title="Copyright collective">copyright collective</a> that would collect revenues from Google and dispense them to the rightsholders.<sup id="cite_ref-LAWSUITS_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAWSUITS-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The settlement gave all authors and publishers a year and half, until June 2010, to submit opt-out requests to Google to either prevent Google from scanning their books in the future or to remove any books already scanned.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>For all other books, it allowed Google to continue to scan and incorporate the contents into its search results, though paid <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$60</span> to authors and publishers for all copyrighted works for scans it had made before May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schonfeld_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schonfeld-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Google was able to engage in one of several revenue models to offer this content to users. All revenue was shared 37% with Google and 63% split between the authors and publishers under this. Authors or publishers had options to limit how their work was used under this model as well.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>For free user, Google was able to show up to 20% of a copyrighted book via the snippet mode. Google could show ads on these pages and split the ad revenue with authors and publishers.</li> <li>A user could purchase access to a book, treated as an <a href="/wiki/EBook" class="mw-redirect" title="EBook">eBook</a>, for a one-time cost.</li> <li>Institutions could acquire full access to all books for a subscription-based fee.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>At this point, as the case was a class-action suit, it required notice and agreement from a majority of the class for the settlement to be approved, roughly a four-month window. Before this was initiated, Judge Sprizzo died in December 2008, and the case was reassigned to Judge <a href="/wiki/Denny_Chin" title="Denny Chin">Denny Chin</a>, prolonging action on the settlement. The class action notification and period for objection or comment ran from January to May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period gave time for the settlement terms to be contested by others. Harvard's libraries were not pleased with the settlement terms, and discontinued its partnership with Google unless more "reasonable terms" could be met on the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-harvardcrimsonbookdealatrisk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvardcrimsonbookdealatrisk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_criticisms">Settlement criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlement criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, several organizations who took no part of the settlement, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Journalists_and_Authors" title="American Society of Journalists and Authors">American Society of Journalists and Authors</a>, criticized the settlement fundamentally.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the New York book settlement was not restricted to U.S. authors, but relevant to authors of the whole world. This led to objections even on the level of some European governments and critical voices in many European newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estate of <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> argued for and was granted an additional four-month extension for the class to file objections, putting the deadline into October 2009 and with Judge Chin expected to evaluate the settlement in November.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary criticism of the settlement was related to copyright. <a href="/wiki/Siva_Vaidhyanathan" title="Siva Vaidhyanathan">Siva Vaidhyanathan</a>, associate professor of Media Studies and Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, has argued that the project poses a danger for the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> as the fair use claims are arguably so excessive that it may cause a judicial limitation of that right.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American author <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> announced on her website her resignation from the Authors' Guild over the settlement, claiming the leadership of the Guild had "sold us [its members] down the river" and that the settlement threatened "the whole concept of copyright."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She launched a petition against the settlement, which was signed by almost 300 authors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Censorship was also raised as a major issue, as respondents argued Google was creating a content management system that could remove material as easily as they could add it.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will have the power to remove inappropriate books the same way that it is able to remove inappropriate movies from YouTube. Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (EFF) fear that pressure from governments and special interest groups could lead to the censorship of certain books and that there is public interest in protecting the scans from being buried behind Google's ranking system.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Privacy advocates from EFF and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> also raised concerns that Google would track users of its book services.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privacy advocates want Google to provide privacy assurances comparable to those enjoyed by visitors to traditional libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have denounced the settlement for neglecting to protect <a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">reader privacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">Antitrust</a> issues were also raised as Google was a dominant entity in Internet services in the market. Since the settlement agreement covers the previously digitized books and provides a revenue model for future digitization, it "[gives] Google control over the digitizing of virtually all books covered by copyright in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the license agreement is non-exclusive, it does not necessarily tie publishers to Google's service. In a journal article, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_A._Hausman" title="Jerry A. Hausman">Jerry A. Hausman</a> and Criterion Economics Chairman J. Gregory Sidak conclude that the service will be unable to exercise market power. Hausman and Sidak believe that Google Book Search should, on net, yield a significant gain in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_surplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer surplus">consumer surplus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the objections to the settlement was a "Statement of Interest" from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) submitting in September 2009. The DOJ's statement, while acknowledging the settlement was in the right direction, identified possible <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> concerns with the current settlement terms, stating "The current settlement proposal would stifle innovation and competition in favor of a monopoly over the access, distribution and pricing of the largest collection of digital books in the world, and would reinforce an already dominant position in search and search advertising."<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_doj_sept2009_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_doj_sept2009-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, Google countered ongoing criticism by stating that its scanning of books and putting them online would protect the world's cultural heritage; Google co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> stated, "The famous <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> burned three times, in 48 BC, AD 273 and AD 640, as did the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, where a fire in 1851 destroyed two-thirds of the collection. I hope such destruction never happens again, but history would suggest otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This characterization was criticized by Pam Samuelson, UC Berkeley Professor of Law<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Libraries everywhere are terrified that Google will engage in price-gouging when setting prices for institutional subscriptions to GBS contents ... Brin forgot to mention another significant difference between GBS and traditional libraries: their policies on patron privacy. ... Google has been unwilling to make meaningful commitments to protect user privacy. Traditional libraries, by contrast, have been important guardians of patron privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amended_agreement">Amended agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amended agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the number of complaints, Google and the litigants withdrew the initial settlement in October 2009 and began reworking its term to address the concerns from these complaints to create what was known as "Settlement 2.0".<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parties submitted the amended settlement agreement in November 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amended agreement included several significant changes: limited the scope to foreign books that are registered with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Copyright_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Copyright Office">U.S. Copyright Office</a> or published in the UK, Canada, or Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> added board members to the Books Rights Registry from the UK, Canada, and Australia, gave the rightsholder the ability to renegotiate the revenue share, gave Google added flexibility in discounting, and created a <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> to hold payments due to <a href="/wiki/Orphan_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphan works">orphan works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the rightsholder is never ascertained, the funds are distributed <a href="/wiki/Cy-pr%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Cy-près">cy-près</a> instead of redistributed among rightsholders, and increased the number of public licenses allowed for a library. </p><p>The period for class action review and objects was put on an accelerated schedule, with objections to be submitted by January 28, 2010, and fairness hearings on February 18.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the volume of complaints were fewer compared to the initial settlement, they remained critical of the settlement terms. The DOJ also remained critical of the settlement during the fairness hearing, asserting that the antitrust issues remained with the settlement since it allowed Google to bypass the typical financial penalties for copyright penalty that was not afforded to any other company.<sup id="cite_ref-elephantine_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_fairness_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_fairness-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Open Book Alliance, which had reviewed the first settlement and prepared a framework it offered to the parties for Settlement 2.0,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserted that the new settlement terms still allowed Google to maintain its monopoly on digital access and distribution of books among other concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chronicle.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronicle.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amended_agreement_rejected">Amended agreement rejected</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Amended agreement rejected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 22, 2011, Judge Chin issued a ruling on the amended settlement agreement, rejecting it due to concerns on copyright, antitrust, privacy, and international law. Chin's primary reason for blocking the settlement was based on the fact that the amended settlement agreement would "release Google (and others) from liability for certain future acts."<sup id="cite_ref-order_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-order-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the ruling: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]t is incongruous with the purpose of the copyright laws to place the onus on copyright owners to come forward to protect their rights when Google copied their works without first seeking their permission. [...] While the digitization of books and the creation of a universal digital library would benefit many, the ASA would simply go too far. It would permit this class action - - which was brought against defendant Google Inc. ("Google") to challenge its scanning of books and display of "snippets" for on-line searching - - to implement a forward-looking business arrangement that would grant Google significant rights to exploit entire books, without permission of the copyright owners. Indeed, the ASA would give Google a significant advantage over competitors, rewarding it for engaging in wholesale copying of copyrighted works without permission, while releasing claims well beyond those presented in the case. Accordingly, and for the reasons more fully discussed below, the motion for final approval of the ASA is denied.<sup id="cite_ref-order_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-order-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> commented on the practical impact of this ruling saying that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Judge Chin's ruling changes little for Google users. About two million books that are in the public domain, such as works of William Shakespeare, currently can be viewed free on the Google Books site. [...] Google Books users currently can view long previews of another two million books that are in copyright and in print, thanks to agreements between Google and tens of thousands of publishers that were separate from the legal settlement. Millions more books that are in copyright but out of print are currently available in Google Books in a shorter 'snippet view.' Had the settlement been approved, users would have been able to see longer previews and potentially buy those books.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Chin urged that the settlement be revised to one whether authors "opt-in" to having their works digitized rather than "opt-out", and arranged for followup status conferences to discuss next steps with all parties.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a July 2011 status conference the parties attempted to "reassure Judge Chin that the negotiations were making real progress," and Judge Chin scheduled another status conference for September 15, urging the parties to come to an acceptable opt-in agreement or face a "tight discovery schedule".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 2011, Chin established a schedule for a discovery phase for the pending trial to be heard by jury in July 2012 while the parties attempted to continue to find some type of settlement terms.<sup id="cite_ref-publishersweekly.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publishersweekly.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_trial">District trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: District trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just prior to the planned jury trial, with the parties unable to come to any settlement terms, Judge Chin granted the case its class-action status in May 2012, which asserted that the Authors Guild had <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> for the class members.<sup id="cite_ref-eff_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google appealed the class-action certification to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a>, which issued a stay of proceedings in the District Court trial pending review of the class action appeal in September 2012. After hearing the case in May 2013, the Second Circuit vacating the class-action certification and remanded the case to the District Court in July 2013, stating that the class certification was premature before Judge Chin had considered any of the fair use issues of the case.<sup id="cite_ref-eff_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral arguments on the fair use matters were held in September 2013. On November 14, 2013, Judge Chin issued his ruling on the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, and in effect dismissed the infringement lawsuit, holding that Google's use of the works was 'fair use' under copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eff_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his ruling, Judge Chin wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In my view, Google Books provides significant public benefits. It advances the progress of the arts and sciences, while maintaining respectful consideration for the rights of authors and other creative individuals, and without adversely impacting the rights of copyright holders. It has become an invaluable research tool that permits students, teachers, librarians, and others to more efficiently identify and locate books. It has given scholars the ability, for the first time, to conduct full-text searches of tens of millions of books. It preserves books, in particular out-of-print and old books that have been forgotten in the bowels of libraries, and it gives them new life. It facilitates access to books for print-disabled and remote or underserved populations. It generates new audiences and creates new sources of income for authors and publishers. Indeed, all society benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-eff_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Chin's ruling analyzed the <a href="/wiki/Fair_use#U.S._fair_use_factors" title="Fair use">four traditional factors</a> (now codified in statutory law) that decide whether use of a copyrighted work constitutes fair use under United States copyright law, and concluded that the Google Books program meets all legal requirements for "fair use".<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTech_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTech-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the most important factor, possible economic damage to the copyright owner, Chin wrote that "Google Books enhances the sales of books to the benefit of copyright holders."<sup id="cite_ref-PW_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to law professor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Goldman" title="Eric Goldman">Eric Goldman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reactions to the ruling generally favored Judge Chin's ruling, with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a> calling on the Authors Guild to "wise up and focus their energies on more productive pursuits."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Circuit_appeal">Second Circuit appeal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second Circuit appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 11, 2014, the Authors Guild appealed the ruling to the U.S. Second Circuit. It also began lobbying Congress to create a non-profit organization similar to <a href="/wiki/ASCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ASCAP">ASCAP</a> that would digitize and license books from participating authors to all libraries, schools, and other organizations choosing to pay a subscription fee.<sup id="cite_ref-infodocket_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infodocket-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral arguments were held on December 3, 2014, before Judges <a href="/wiki/Pierre_N._Leval" title="Pierre N. Leval">Pierre N. Leval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Cabranes" title="José A. Cabranes">José A. Cabranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Daniels_Parker,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Barrington Daniels Parker, Jr.">Barrington Daniels Parker, Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 16, 2015, the Second Circuit unanimously affirmed the judgment in Google's favor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court's summary of its opinion is: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In sum, we conclude that: </p><ol><li>Google's unauthorized digitizing of copyright-protected works, creation of a search functionality, and display of snippets from those works are non-infringing fair uses. The purpose of the copying is highly transformative, the public display of text is limited, and the revelations do not provide a significant market substitute for the protected aspects of the originals. Google's commercial nature and profit motivation do not justify denial of fair use.</li> <li>Google's provision of digitized copies to the libraries that supplied the books, on the understanding that the libraries will use the copies in a manner consistent with the copyright law, also does not constitute infringement.</li></ol><p> Nor, on this record, is Google a contributory infringer.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Certiorari_petition">Certiorari petition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Certiorari petition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 31, 2015, The Authors Guild (on behalf of three named authors and "others similarly situated") filed a petition for writ of <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> with the U.S. Supreme Court requesting that the Court review the Second Circuit's October 16, 2015, decision.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The petition presents three substantive questions and a fourth procedural one. The substantive questions are: </p> <ol><li>Whether, in order to be "transformative" under the fair-use exception to copyright, the use of the copyrighted work must produce "new expression, meaning, or message," as this Court stated in <i>Campbell</i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the Third, Sixth, and Eleventh Circuits have held, or whether the verbatim copying of works for a different, non-expressive purpose can be a transformative fair use, as the Second, Fourth, and Ninth Circuits have held.</li> <li>Whether the Second Circuit's approach to fair use improperly makes "transformative purpose" the decisive factor, replacing the statutory four-factor test, as the Seventh Circuit has charged.</li> <li>Whether the Second Circuit erred in concluding that a commercial business may evade liability for verbatim copying by arguing that the recipients of those copies will use them for lawful and beneficial purposes, a rationale that has been flatly rejected by the Sixth Circuit.</li></ol> <p>On April 18, 2016, the Supreme Court denied the petition for writ of certiorari, leaving the Second Circuit ruling in Google's favor intact.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._HathiTrust" title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust">Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust</a></i> (2014) was a following case related to <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>, a project by the libraries of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Academic_Alliance" title="Big Ten Academic Alliance">Big Ten Academic Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> systems that combined their digital library collections with those of Google's Book Search. The HathiTrust case differed in two primary factors which were raised by the plaintiffs: that for viewers with disabilities, they could view the scanned text through a screen reader to make it easier to read, and offering to print out the scans as replacement copies for members of the universities if they could verify their original copies were lost or damaged. Both uses were deemed also to be fair use by the Second Circuit. </p><p>The subject of the copyright of <a href="/wiki/Orphan_works_in_the_United_States" title="Orphan works in the United States">orphan works</a> – works that may still be under copyright but with no identifiable rights holder – was a significant point of debate after both this and <i>HathiTrust</i>. Normally, libraries have been hesitant to loan digital copies of orphaned works as libraries may be liable for copyright violations should the copyright owner step forward to claim ownership. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>, spurred by the question of digitization for book preservation, wrote a guidance paper in 2015 on the matter of orphaned works stating that those making digital copies of orphan works should not be liable for any copyright violations if they have made a good faith effort to locate the original authors, in a manner similar to the unpassed <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Bentley_Orphan_Works_Act_of_2008" title="Shawn Bentley Orphan Works Act of 2008">Shawn Bentley Orphan Works Act of 2008</a>. The paper recommended that such legislation be passed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ruling, finding Google's approach to be fair use, alongside <i>Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust</i> has been used as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Controlled_digital_lending" title="Controlled digital lending">controlled digital lending</a> (CDL). As argued under the CDL model, a library that owns a physical copy of a book has rights under both fair use (as established under this case) and the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> to "lend" an electronic scanned copy of that book with appropriate <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> to a user as if they were lending out the physical book, thus allowing libraries to serve remote users.<sup id="cite_ref-CDL_2018_White_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDL_2018_White-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> project used the CDL concept to justify its system, but this has come under criticism from authors and publishers of copyrighted books within the Open Library.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_open_library_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox_open_library-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDL concept has not been tested in courts, and a lawsuit against the Open Library for copyright infringement was initiated by four publishers in June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case, <i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i>, was heard in the Southern District of New York. On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against the Internet Archive, which plans on appealing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">Books in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-google-books-idUSKCN0SA1S020151016"><i>Google book-scanning project legal, says U.S. appeals court</i></a>, Reuters, October 16, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+book-scanning+project+legal%2C+says+U.S.+appeals+court&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2015-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-google-books-idUSKCN0SA1S020151016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2016" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (April 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/technology/google-books-case.html">"Challenge to Google Books Is Declined by Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Challenge+to+Google+Books+Is+Declined+by+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F19%2Ftechnology%2Fgoogle-books-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Somers2017" class="citation web cs1">James Somers (April 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/04/the-tragedy-of-google-books/523320/">"Torching the Modern-Day Library of Alexandria"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Torching+the+Modern-Day+Library+of+Alexandria&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.au=James+Somers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2017%2F04%2Fthe-tragedy-of-google-books%2F523320%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfgate_2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfgate_2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfgate_2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2004" class="citation web cs1">Said, Carolyn (December 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Revolutionary-chapter-Google-s-ambitious-2662491.php">"Revolutionary chapter / Google's ambitious book-scanning plan seen as key shift in paper-based culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Gate">San Francisco Gate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Gate&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+chapter+%2F+Google%27s+ambitious+book-scanning+plan+seen+as+key+shift+in+paper-based+culture&rft.date=2004-12-20&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FRevolutionary-chapter-Google-s-ambitious-2662491.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoffWyatt2004" class="citation web cs1">Markoff, John; Wyatt, Edward (December 14, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/14/technology/google-is-adding-major-libraries-to-its-database.html">"Google Is Adding Major Libraries to Its Database"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Google+Is+Adding+Major+Libraries+to+Its+Database&rft.date=2004-12-14&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Wyatt%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F12%2F14%2Ftechnology%2Fgoogle-is-adding-major-libraries-to-its-database.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/books/partner/answer/3324395?hl=en">"An introduction to the Google Books Partner Program"</a>. Google Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Google+Books+Partner+Program&rft.pub=Google+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fpartner%2Fanswer%2F3324395%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_lawsuit_sept2005_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2005" class="citation web cs1">Wyatt, Edward (September 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/technology/writers-sue-google-accusing-it-of-copyright-violation.html">"Writers Sue Google, Accusing It of Copyright Violation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Writers+Sue+Google%2C+Accusing+It+of+Copyright+Violation&rft.date=2005-09-21&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F21%2Ftechnology%2Fwriters-sue-google-accusing-it-of-copyright-violation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeople's_Daily_Online2005" class="citation news cs1">People's Daily Online (August 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200508/15/eng20050815_202595.html">"Google's digital library suspended"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google%27s+digital+library+suspended&rft.date=2005-08-15&rft.au=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F200508%2F15%2Feng20050815_202595.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtech.com/security/Publishers-Sue-Google-Over-Plans-to.html">"Publishers Sue Google Over Plans to Digitize Copyrighted Books"</a>. Government Technology. October 20, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publishers+Sue+Google+Over+Plans+to+Digitize+Copyrighted+Books&rft.pub=Government+Technology&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtech.com%2Fsecurity%2FPublishers-Sue-Google-Over-Plans-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes_initial_settlement-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_initial_settlement_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelftRich2008" class="citation web cs1">Helft, Miguel; Rich, Motoko (October 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/technology/internet/29google.html">"Google Settles Suit Over Book-Scanning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Google+Settles+Suit+Over+Book-Scanning&rft.date=2008-10-29&rft.aulast=Helft&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft.au=Rich%2C+Motoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Ftechnology%2Finternet%2F29google.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAWSUITS-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAWSUITS_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/intl/en/press/pressrel/20081027_booksearchagreement.html">"Copyright Accord Would Make Millions More Books Available Online"</a>. Google Press Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copyright+Accord+Would+Make+Millions+More+Books+Available+Online&rft.pub=Google+Press+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fintl%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fpressrel%2F20081027_booksearchagreement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elephantine-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elephantine_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmelmann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Grimmelmann, James (2010). "The Elephantine Google Books Settlement". <i>Journal of the Copyright Society of the U.S.A</i>. <b>58</b>: 498.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Copyright+Society+of+the+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=The+Elephantine+Google+Books+Settlement&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=498&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Grimmelmann&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schonfeld-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schonfeld_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techcrunch.com/2009/02/11/google-book-settlement-site-is-up-paying-authors-60-per-scanned-book/">"Google Book Settlement Site Is Up; Paying Authors $60 Per Scanned Book"</a>, by Erick Schonfeld on February 11, 2009, at <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvardcrimsonbookdealatrisk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvardcrimsonbookdealatrisk_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirviss2008" class="citation news cs1">Mirviss, Laura (October 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2008/10/30/harvard-google-online-book-deal-at-risk/">"Harvard-Google Online Book Deal at Risk"</a>. The Harvard Crimson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Harvard-Google+Online+Book+Deal+at+Risk&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Mirviss&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F30%2Fharvard-google-online-book-deal-at-risk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asja.org/google/">American Society of Journalists and Authors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225000524/http://www.asja.org/google/">Archived</a> February 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/s/RubBE163169B4324E24BA92AAEB5BDEF0DA/Doc~E74446D08BF584F8D8725EB2BD5BDF90B~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html">Es wird Zeit, dass die Bundesregierung eingreift</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/40/3/copyright-creativity-catalogs/DavisVol40No3_Vaidhyanathan.pdf">"The Googlization of Everything and the Future of Copyright"</a>, <i>University of California Davis Law Review</i>, volume 40 (March 2007), pp. 1207–1231, (pdf).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidhyanathan2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Siva_Vaidhyanathan" title="Siva Vaidhyanathan">Vaidhyanathan, Siva</a> (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014355/http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/Vol40/Issue3/DavisVol40No3_Vaidhyanathan.pdf">"The Googlization of Everything and the Future of Copyright"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of California Davis Law Review</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 1207–1231. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0197-4564">0197-4564</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/Vol40/Issue3/DavisVol40No3_Vaidhyanathan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Davis+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Googlization+of+Everything+and+the+Future+of+Copyright&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1207-1231&rft.date=2007-03&rft.issn=0197-4564&rft.aulast=Vaidhyanathan&rft.aufirst=Siva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawreview.law.ucdavis.edu%2Fissues%2FVol40%2FIssue3%2FDavisVol40No3_Vaidhyanathan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillesund2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hillesund, Terje (September 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i9.2012">"Reading Books in the Digital Age subsequent to Amazon, Google and the long tail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First Monday</a></i>. <b>12</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i9.2012">10.5210/fm.v12i9.2012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F184283">11250/184283</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Reading+Books+in+the+Digital+Age+subsequent+to+Amazon%2C+Google+and+the+long+tail&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F184283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i9.2012&rft.aulast=Hillesund&rft.aufirst=Terje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v12i9.2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111175604/http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Note-AGResignation.html">"Open letter of resignation from the Authors' Guild by Ursula K. Le Guin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ursulakleguin.com/Note-AGResignation.html">the original</a> on January 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+letter+of+resignation+from+the+Authors%27+Guild+by+Ursula+K.+Le+Guin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ursulakleguin.com%2FNote-AGResignation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2010" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (January 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jan/22/ursula-le-guin-revolt-google-digital">"Ursula Le Guin leads revolt against Google digital book settlement"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ursula+Le+Guin+leads+revolt+against+Google+digital+book+settlement&rft.date=2010-01-22&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Fjan%2F22%2Fursula-le-guin-revolt-google-digital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Miracle (April 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fictioncircus.com/news.php?id=356&mode=one">"The Fiction Circus Interviews James Grimmelmann About the Google Books Settlement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fiction_Circus" title="The Fiction Circus">The Fiction Circus</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fiction+Circus&rft.atitle=The+Fiction+Circus+Interviews+James+Grimmelmann+About+the+Google+Books+Settlement&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Miracle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fictioncircus.com%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D356%26mode%3Done&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifla.org/node/7376">"IFLA Written Statement to the European Commission hearing on the Google Book Settlement (2009)"</a>. <i>www.ifla.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ifla.org&rft.atitle=IFLA+Written+Statement+to+the+European+Commission+hearing+on+the+Google+Book+Settlement+%282009%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifla.org%2Fnode%2F7376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2009/11/google-books-settlement-2-0-evaluating-censorship">"Google Books Settlement 2.0: Evaluating Censorship"</a>. December 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Books+Settlement+2.0%3A+Evaluating+Censorship&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fdeeplinks%2F2009%2F11%2Fgoogle-books-settlement-2-0-evaluating-censorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingel" class="citation magazine cs1">Singel, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/05/libraries-warn-of-censorship-privacy-cost-in-googles-digital-library/">"Libraries Warn of Censorship, Privacy, Cost in Google's Digital Library"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Libraries+Warn+of+Censorship%2C+Privacy%2C+Cost+in+Google%27s+Digital+Library&rft.aulast=Singel&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F05%2Flibraries-warn-of-censorship-privacy-cost-in-googles-digital-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aclunc.org/issues/technology/blog/amended_google_book_settlement_doesn't_deal_with_privacy_problems.shtml">"Amended Google Book Settlement: Doesn't Deal with Privacy Problems"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> of Northern California</i>. November 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACLU+of+Northern+California&rft.atitle=Amended+Google+Book+Settlement%3A+Doesn%27t+Deal+with+Privacy+Problems&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclunc.org%2Fissues%2Ftechnology%2Fblog%2Famended_google_book_settlement_doesn%27t_deal_with_privacy_problems.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/issues/privacy/google-book-search-settlement">Google Book Search Settlement and Reader Privacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727034012/http://www.eff.org/issues/privacy/google-book-search-settlement">Archived</a> July 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/171089/privacy_missing_from_google_books_settlement.html">Privacy Missing From Google Books Settlement</a>, PW World, August 28, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812015123/http://hlpronline.com/2010/05/the-case-for-book-privacy-parity-google-books-and-the-shift-from-offline-to-online-reading/">"The Case for Book Privacy Parity: Google Books and the Shift from Offline to Online Reading"</a>. Harvard Law and Policy Review. May 16, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hlpronline.com/2010/05/the-case-for-book-privacy-parity-google-books-and-the-shift-from-offline-to-online-reading/">the original</a> on August 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Book+Privacy+Parity%3A+Google+Books+and+the+Shift+from+Offline+to+Online+Reading&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+and+Policy+Review&rft.date=2010-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhlpronline.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fthe-case-for-book-privacy-parity-google-books-and-the-shift-from-offline-to-online-reading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarnton2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Darnton, Robert</a> (February 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22281">"Google & the Future of Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <b>56</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Google+%26+the+Future+of+Books&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.aulast=Darnton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F22281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry A. Hausman & J. Gregory Sidak, <i>Google and the Proper Antitrust Scrutiny of Orphan Books</i>, 5 J. COMPETITION L. & ECON. 411 (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.criterioneconomics.com/goo-gle-orphan-books-proper-antitrust-scrutiny.html">https://www.criterioneconomics.com/goo-gle-orphan-books-proper-antitrust-scrutiny.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_doj_sept2009-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_doj_sept2009_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieden2009" class="citation web cs1">Frieden, Terry (September 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/09/19/google.books/">"Justice Department urges court to reject Google book deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Justice+Department+urges+court+to+reject+Google+book+deal&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft.aulast=Frieden&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FTECH%2F09%2F19%2Fgoogle.books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/statement-interest-united-states-america-regarding-proposed-class-settlement">"Statement Of Interest Of The United States Of America Regarding Proposed Class Settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. September 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+Of+Interest+Of+The+United+States+Of+America+Regarding+Proposed+Class+Settlement&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fatr%2Fcase-document%2Fstatement-interest-united-states-america-regarding-proposed-class-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8298674.stm">BBC: Google hits back at book critics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910052712/http://www.openbookalliance.org/2009/10/pam-samuelson-on-google-books-its-not-a-library/">"Openbookalliance.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookalliance.org/2009/10/pam-samuelson-on-google-books-its-not-a-library/">the original</a> on September 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Openbookalliance.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookalliance.org%2F2009%2F10%2Fpam-samuelson-on-google-books-its-not-a-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/pamela-samuelson/google-books-is-not-a-lib_b_317518.html">Google Books Is Not a Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pohl-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pohl_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2009" class="citation news cs1">Pohl, R.D. (November 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12C0D444C11DDF98&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D">"Google Books Settlement gets a makeover"</a>. <i>The Buffalo News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Buffalo+News&rft.atitle=Google+Books+Settlement+gets+a+makeover&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=R.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.newsbank.com%2Fnl-search%2Fwe%2FArchives%3Fp_product%3DBN%26p_theme%3Dbn%26p_action%3Dsearch%26p_maxdocs%3D200%26p_topdoc%3D1%26p_text_direct-0%3D12C0D444C11DDF98%26p_field_direct-0%3Ddocument_id%26p_perpage%3D10%26p_sort%3DYMD_date%3AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagey2010" class="citation news cs1">Hagey, Keach (March 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/business/media/understanding-the-google-publishing-settlement">"Understanding the Google publishing settlement"</a>. <i>The National</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Google+publishing+settlement&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft.aulast=Hagey&rft.aufirst=Keach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Funderstanding-the-google-publishing-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiy2009" class="citation news cs1">Siy, Sherwin (November 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609220653/http://www.publicknowledge.org/node/2770">"The New Google Book Settlement: First Impressions on Orphan Works"</a>. <i>Public Knowledge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicknowledge.org/node/2770">the original</a> on June 9, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Knowledge&rft.atitle=The+New+Google+Book+Settlement%3A+First+Impressions+on+Orphan+Works&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft.aulast=Siy&rft.aufirst=Sherwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicknowledge.org%2Fnode%2F2770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired_fairness-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wired_fairness_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKravets2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Kravets, David (February 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/02/google-books-fosters-intellectual-legal-crossroads/">"Google Books Fosters Intellectual, Legal Crossroads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Google+Books+Fosters+Intellectual%2C+Legal+Crossroads&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.aulast=Kravets&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2010%2F02%2Fgoogle-books-fosters-intellectual-legal-crossroads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookalliance.org/2009/11/open-book-alliance-releases-baseline-requirements-for-revised-google-book-settlement-proposal/">Open Book Alliance Releases Baseline Requirements for Revised Google Book Settlement Proposal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091109040202/http://www.openbookalliance.org/2009/11/open-book-alliance-releases-baseline-requirements-for-revised-google-book-settlement-proposal/">Archived</a> November 9, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Open Book Alliance</i>. November 6, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091117053150/http://www.openbookalliance.org/2009/11/is-the-google-settlement-worth-the-wait/">"Open Book Alliance"</a>. <i>openbookalliance.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openbookalliance.org/2009/11/is-the-google-settlement-worth-the-wait/">the original</a> on November 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openbookalliance.org&rft.atitle=Open+Book+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenbookalliance.org%2F2009%2F11%2Fis-the-google-settlement-worth-the-wait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronicle.com-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chronicle.com_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Jennifer (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Parties-Submit-New-Proposal-to/49163/">"Parties Submit New Proposal to Settle Google Book Search Litigation"</a>. <i>Chronicle News for Higher Education</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-order-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-order_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-order_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Authors Guild et al. v. Google, Inc.</i>, no. 05-8136 (S.D.N.Y. March 22, 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/opinion.pdf">order</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326025439/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/opinion.pdf">Archived</a> March 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimmelmann, James. (2011).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laboratorium.net/archive/2011/03/22/inside_judge_chins_opinion">"Inside Judge Chin's Opinion"</a>. <i>The Labortorium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir_Efrati_and_Jeffrey_A._Trachtenberg2011" class="citation news cs1">Amir Efrati and Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg (March 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704461304576216923562033348">"Judge Rejects Google Books Settlement"</a>. Wall Street Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+Rejects+Google+Books+Settlement&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft.au=Amir+Efrati+and+Jeffrey+A.+Trachtenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704461304576216923562033348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page, Benedicte, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/23/google-books-settlement-ruling">"New York judge rules against Google books settlement"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, Wednesday March 23, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimmelmann, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laboratorium.net/archive/2011/07/19/gbs_status_conference_opt-in_settlement_in_the_wor">"GBS Status Conference: Opt-in Settlement in the Works?"</a>. <i>The Labortorium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-publishersweekly.com-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-publishersweekly.com_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/copyright/article/48709-judge-adopts-pre-trial-schedule-at-google-status-conference-but-settlement-talks-continue.html">Judge Adopts Trial Schedule At Google Status Conference, but Settlement Talks Continue</a> September 15, 2011, Publishers Weekly</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eff-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eff_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eff_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eff_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eff_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/authors-guild-v-google-part-ii-fair-use-proceedings">"Authors Guild v. Google, Part II: Fair Use Proceedings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. November 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authors+Guild+v.+Google%2C+Part+II%3A+Fair+Use+Proceedings&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fcases%2Fauthors-guild-v-google-part-ii-fair-use-proceedings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google Inc.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2220742578695593916">721 F. 3d 132</a> (2d Cir. 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/834877-google-books-ruling-on-fair-use.html">"Opinion in Authors Guild v. Google"</a>, Circuit Judge Chin, Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 1088, November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTech-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArsTech_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/11/google-books-ruled-legal-in-massive-win-for-fair-use/">Google Books ruled legal in massive win for fair use (updated)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> November 14, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PW_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/content-and-e-books/article/60006-google-wins-court-issues-a-ringing-endorsement-of-google-books.html">Google Wins: Court Issues a Ringing Endorsement of Google Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>, November 14, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericgoldman/2013/11/14/why-googles-fair-use-victory-in-google-books-suit-is-a-big-deal-and-why-it-isnt/">Why Google's Fair Use Victory In Google Books Suit Is A Big Deal--And Why It Isn't</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes magazine">Forbes magazine</a>, Nov 14, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://policynotes.arl.org/post/66992554073/google-books-decision-a-huge-victory-for-fair-use-and">ARL Policy Notes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131120091832/http://policynotes.arl.org/post/66992554073/google-books-decision-a-huge-victory-for-fair-use-and">Archived</a> November 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nov 14, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infodocket-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infodocket_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infodocket.com/2014/04/11/authors-guild-files-brief-in-google-books-appeal-says-congress-should-create-a-national-digital-library/">"The Authors Guild Files Brief in Google Books Appeal & Proposes That Congress Establish a National Digital Library"</a>. April 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Authors+Guild+Files+Brief+in+Google+Books+Appeal+%26+Proposes+That+Congress+Establish+a+National+Digital+Library&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infodocket.com%2F2014%2F04%2F11%2Fauthors-guild-files-brief-in-google-books-appeal-says-congress-should-create-a-national-digital-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nysbar.com/blogs/EASL/2014/12/oral_argument_in_authors_guild.html">Oral Argument in Authors Guild v. Google</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150515040851/http://nysbar.com/blogs/EASL/2014/12/oral_argument_in_authors_guild.html">Archived</a> May 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 12-10-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/ca2/13-4829/230-0.html">Slip opinion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904052412/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/ca2/13-4829/230-0.html">Archived</a> September 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904052412/https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/ca2/13-4829/230-0.html">"Slip op. at 46"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitedstatescourts.org/federal/ca2/13-4829/230-0.html">the original</a> on September 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slip+op.+at+46.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedstatescourts.org%2Ffederal%2Fca2%2F13-4829%2F230-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authorsguild.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Authors-Guild-v.-Google-Petition-w-Appendix.pdf"><i>Authors Guild v. Google, Inc.</i></a>, No. 15-849 (December 31, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i>, 510 U.S. 569 (1994) (2 Live Crew "Pretty Woman" parody case).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/041816zor_2co3.pdf">[1]</a> <i>Order List (April 18, 2016)</i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/orphan/reports/orphan-works2015.pdf">"Orphan Works and Mass Digitization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>. June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orphan+Works+and+Mass+Digitization&rft.pub=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Forphan%2Freports%2Forphan-works2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDL_2018_White-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDL_2018_White_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenCourtney2018" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, David R.; Courtney, Kyle K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper">"A White Paper on Controlled Digital Lending of Library Books"</a>. <i>Controlled Digital Lending by Libraries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802221324/https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Controlled+Digital+Lending+by+Libraries&rft.atitle=A+White+Paper+on+Controlled+Digital+Lending+of+Library+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Courtney%2C+Kyle+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontrolleddigitallending.org%2Fwhitepaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vox_open_library-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vox_open_library_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady2020" class="citation web cs1">Grady, Constance (April 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic">"Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404010247/https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Why+authors+are+so+angry+about+the+Internet+Archive%27s+Emergency+Library&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fculture%2F2020%2F4%2F2%2F21201193%2Femergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandom2020" class="citation web cs1">Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending">"Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Publishers+sue+Internet+Archive+over+Open+Library+ebook+lending&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft.aulast=Brandom&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F6%2F1%2F21277036%2Finternet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabach2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schwabach, Aaron (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njtip/vol18/iss2/3">"The Internet Archive's National Emergency Library: Is There an Emergency Fair Use Superpower?"</a>. <i>Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+Journal+of+Technology+and+Intellectual+Property&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Archive%27s+National+Emergency+Library%3A+Is+There+an+Emergency+Fair+Use+Superpower%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191&rft.date=2021-03&rft.aulast=Schwabach&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fnjtip%2Fvol18%2Fiss2%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastrode_Queiroz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Castro, Clarice; de Queiroz, Ruy (2013). "The Song of the Sirens: Google Books Project and Copyright in a Digital Age". <i>Information, Communication & Society</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 1441–1455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369118X.2012.681678">10.1080/1369118X.2012.681678</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142684042">142684042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information%2C+Communication+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Song+of+the+Sirens%3A+Google+Books+Project+and+Copyright+in+a+Digital+Age&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1441-1455&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369118X.2012.681678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142684042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Clarice&rft.au=de+Queiroz%2C+Ruy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHausmanSidak2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Hausman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Hausman">Hausman, Jerry A.</a>; Sidak, J. Gregory (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/61720/1/Hausman_Google%20and.pdf">"Google and the Proper Antitrust Scrutiny of Orphan Books"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JNL of Competition Law & Economics</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 411–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp017">10.1093/joclec/nhp017</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JNL+of+Competition+Law+%26+Economics&rft.atitle=Google+and+the+Proper+Antitrust+Scrutiny+of+Orphan+Books&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-438&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjoclec%2Fnhp017&rft.aulast=Hausman&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rft.au=Sidak%2C+J.+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2F1721.1%2F61720%2F1%2FHausman_Google%2520and.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/fair-use-transformative-leval-google-books/411058/">"After 10 Years, Google Books Is Legal"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=After+10+Years%2C+Google+Books+Is+Legal&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2015%2F10%2Ffair-use-transformative-leval-google-books%2F411058%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2015/10/fdr-polio-pierre-leval-google-books-fair-use/411532/">"Judge Leval's Google Books Decision: Who Owns the Copyright on 1921?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Judge+Leval%27s+Google+Books+Decision%3A+Who+Owns+the+Copyright+on+1921%3F&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnotes%2F2015%2F10%2Ffdr-polio-pierre-leval-google-books-fair-use%2F411532%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAuthors+Guild%2C+Inc.+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Authors_Guild_v._Google_(2015)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Authors Guild v. Google (2015)">Authors Guild v. Google (2015)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/circuit-courts/ca2/12-3200">The Author's Guild et al. v. Google Inc. Timeline and progression of case</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Google_litigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_litigation" title="Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_litigation" title="Template talk:Google litigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_litigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Google_litigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_litigation" title="Google litigation">Google litigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc.</i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&oldid=1253732750">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&oldid=1253732750</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Google litigation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_Books" title="Category:Google Books">Google Books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_copyright_case_law" title="Category:United States copyright case law">United States copyright case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York_cases" title="Category:United States District Court for the Southern District of New York cases">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authors_Guild" title="Category:Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fair_use_case_law" title="Category:Fair use case law">Fair use case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:2015 in United States case law">2015 in United States case law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from June 2020">Use mdy dates from June 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 15:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szrlp","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.829","walltime":"0.989","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4953,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":168600,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7029,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":201711,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 837.256 1 -total"," 43.82% 366.862 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.96% 125.217 5 Template:Navbox"," 13.72% 114.872 24 Template:Cite_web"," 12.94% 108.356 1 Template:Google_litigation"," 12.14% 101.643 1 Template:Infobox_court_case"," 10.27% 85.954 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.23% 85.673 1 Template:Citation"," 6.30% 52.718 11 Template:Cite_news"," 6.13% 51.295 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.476","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6878631,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2jqt7","timestamp":"20241122150431","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc.","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16927607","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16927607","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-04-14T20:58:01Z","dateModified":"2024-10-27T15:59:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit.svg","headline":"legal case U.S. copyright law case, 2015"}</script> </body> </html>