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data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about printing. For the handwriting style, see <a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic script</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Italics" redirects here. For the similar word Italian, see <a href="/wiki/Italian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Italian (disambiguation)">Italian (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Italic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Italic (disambiguation)">Italic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Italicization" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, italic type is a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">font</a> based on a stylised form of calligraphic <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gaultney_Italics-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoefler_Italics_Examined-4">[4]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a>, it served as one of the major typefaces in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">history of Western typography</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_(BnF,_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares,_RES_P-YC-1265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_%28BnF%2C_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares%2C_RES_P-YC-1265%29.jpg/220px-Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_%28BnF%2C_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares%2C_RES_P-YC-1265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_%28BnF%2C_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares%2C_RES_P-YC-1265%29.jpg/330px-Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_%28BnF%2C_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares%2C_RES_P-YC-1265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_%28BnF%2C_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares%2C_RES_P-YC-1265%29.jpg/440px-Page_from_the_edition_of_Virgil_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius_in_1501_%28BnF%2C_R%C3%A9serve_des_livres_rares%2C_RES_P-YC-1265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="2301"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>' italic, in a 1501 edition of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. Italic is only used for the lower case and not for capitals.<a href="#cite_note-Manutius_Pioneers_of_Print-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Owing to the influence from <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, italics normally slant slightly to the right, like so. Different <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> shapes from roman type are usually used – another influence from calligraphy – and upper-case letters may have <a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">swashes</a>, flourishes inspired by ornate calligraphy. Historically, italics were a distinct style of type used entirely separately from <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a>, but they have come to be used in conjunction—most fonts now come with a roman type and an <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a> version (generally called "italic" though often not true italics). In this usage, italics are a way to emphasise key points in a printed text, to identify many types of creative works, to cite foreign words or phrases, or, when quoting a speaker, a way to show which words they stressed. One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">underlining</a>"; in other words, underscore in a manuscript directs a typesetter to use italic.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In fonts which do not have true italics, <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique type</a> may be used instead. The difference between true italics and oblique type is that true italics have some letterforms different from the roman type, but in oblique type letters are just slanted without changing the roman type form. The name comes from the fact that calligraphy-inspired <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> were first designed in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, to replace documents traditionally written in a handwriting style called <a href="/wiki/Chancery_hand" title="Chancery hand">chancery hand</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Arrighi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludovico Arrighi">Ludovico Arrighi</a> (both between the 15th and 16th centuries) were the main type designers involved in this process at the time. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Examples">2 Examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Usage">3 Usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Oblique_type_compared_to_italics">4 Oblique type compared to italics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#More_complex_usage">5 More complex usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Italics_within_italics">5.1 Italics within italics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Left-leaning_italics">5.2 Left-leaning italics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Iranic_font_style">5.2.1 Iranic font style</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Upright_italics">5.3 Upright italics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Parentheses">5.4 Parentheses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Substitutes">5.5 Substitutes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#OpenType">5.6 OpenType</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Web_pages">5.7 Web pages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Unicode">5.8 Unicode</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg/220px-Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg/220px-Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg/330px-Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg/440px-Niccolo_de_Niccoli_italic_handwriting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sample of <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Niccoli" title="Niccolò de' Niccoli">Niccoli's</a> cursive script, which developed into Italic type.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg/220px-Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1803"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 336px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg/220px-Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="336" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg/330px-Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg/440px-Epistole_di_Santa_Caterina_1500_-_BEIC_1983402.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a>, Epistole ("Letters"), published in Venice by <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Manuzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldo Manuzio">Aldo Manuzio</a> in September 1500:<a href="#cite_note-B%C3%BChler_Manutius-6">[6]</a> illustrated table in which appear the first words ever printed in italics: iesus, inside the heart in the left hand and iesu dolce iesu amore inside the book in the right hand.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg/220px-La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="2948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 349px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg/220px-La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="349" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg/330px-La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg/440px-La_Operina_Arrighi_0039.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A page from La Operina by <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Vicentino_degli_Arrighi" title="Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi">Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi</a>, showing early "chancery italic" typeface</figcaption></figure> Italic type was first used by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">press in Venice</a> in 1500.<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a> Manutius intended his italic type to be used not for emphasis but for the text of small, easily carried editions of popular books (often poetry), replicating the style of handwritten manuscripts of the period. The choice of using italic type, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a> in general use at the time, was apparently made to suggest informality in editions designed for leisure reading.<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> Manutius' italic type was cut by his <a href="/wiki/Punchcutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Punchcutter">punchcutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Griffo" title="Francesco Griffo">Francesco Griffo</a> (who later, following a dispute with Manutius, claimed to have conceived it). It replicated handwriting of the period following from the style of <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Niccoli" title="Niccolò de' Niccoli">Niccolò de' Niccoli</a>, possibly even Manutius' own.<a href="#cite_note-OUP_Bibliography-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The first use in a complete volume was a 1501 edition of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> dedicated to Italy, although it had been briefly used in the frontispiece of a 1500 edition of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a>'s letters.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> In 1501, Aldus wrote to his friend Scipio: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We have printed, and are now publishing, the <a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Juvenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Satires of Juvenal">Satires of Juvenal and Persius</a> in a very small format, so that they may more conveniently be held in the hand and learned by heart (not to speak of being read) by everyone.</blockquote> Manutius' italic was different in some ways from modern italics, being conceived for the specific use of replicating the layout of contemporary calligraphers like Pomponio Leto and <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Sanvito" title="Bartolomeo Sanvito">Bartolomeo Sanvito</a>. The capital letters were upright capitals on the model of <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, shorter than the ascending lower-case italic letters, and were used at the start of each line followed by a clear space before the first lower-case letter.<a href="#cite_note-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics-13">[12]</a> While modern italics are often more condensed than <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman types</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carter_(typographer)" title="Harry Carter (typographer)">Harry Carter</a> describes Manutius' italic as about the same width as roman type.<a href="#cite_note-A_View_of_Early_Typography-14">[13]</a> To replicate handwriting, Griffo cut at least sixty-five tied letters (<a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>) in the Aldine Dante and Virgil of 1501.<a href="#cite_note-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics-13">[12]</a> Italic typefaces of the following century used varying but reduced numbers of ligatures.<a href="#cite_note-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics-13">[12]</a> Italic type rapidly became very popular and was widely (and inaccurately) imitated. The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">Venetian Senate</a> gave Aldus exclusive right to its use, a patent confirmed by three successive <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a>, but it was widely counterfeited as early as 1502.<a href="#cite_note-Updike-15">[14]</a> Griffo, who had left Venice in a business dispute, cut a version for printer <a href="/wiki/Soncino_family_(printers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soncino family (printers)">Girolamo "Gershom" Soncino</a>, and other copies appeared in Italy and in <a href="/wiki/Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons">Lyons</a>. The Italians called the character Aldino, while others called it Italic. Italics spread rapidly; historian <a href="/wiki/H._D._L._Vervliet" title="H. D. L. Vervliet">H. D. L. Vervliet</a> dates the first production of italics in Paris to 1512.<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics-13">[12]</a> Some printers of Northern Europe used home-made supplements to add characters not used in Italian, or mated it to alternative capitals, including Gothic ones.<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg/220px-Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="281"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg/220px-Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg/330px-Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Cancelleresca_Bastarda_Magnificat_detail_Stanbrook.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Krimpen" title="Jan van Krimpen">Jan van Krimpen</a>'s Cancelleresca Bastarda, a twentieth-century revival of the chancery italic style.</figcaption></figure> Besides imitations of Griffo's italic and its derivatives, a second wave appeared of <a href="/wiki/Cancelleresca_corsiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancelleresca corsiva">"chancery" italics</a>, most popular in Italy, which Vervliet describes as being based on "a more deliberate and formal handwriting [with] longer ascenders and descenders, sometimes with curved or bulbous terminals, and [often] only available in the bigger sizes."<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morison_Chancery-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Tally_of_Types-18">[17]</a> Chancery italics were introduced around 1524 by Arrighi, a calligrapher and author of a calligraphy textbook who began a career as a printer in Rome, and also by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Tagliente" title="Giovanni Antonio Tagliente">Giovanni Antonio Tagliente</a> of Venice, with imitations rapidly appearing in France by 1528.<a href="#cite_note-A_View_of_Early_Typography-14">[13]</a> Chancery italics faded as a style over the course of the sixteenth century, although revivals were made beginning in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-25">[b]</a> Chancery italics may have backward-pointing serifs or round terminals pointing forwards on the ascenders.<a href="#cite_note-Morison_Chancery-17">[16]</a> Italic capitals with a slope were introduced in the sixteenth century. The first printer known to have used them was Johann or Johannes Singriener in Vienna in 1524, and the practice spread to Germany, France and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-A_Chronology_of_Printing-26">[24]</a> Particularly influential in the switch to sloped capitals as a general practice was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Granjon" title="Robert Granjon">Robert Granjon</a>, a prolific and extremely precise French punchcutter particularly renowned for his skill in cutting italics.<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a> Vervliet comments that among punchcutters in France "the main name associated with the change is Granjon's."<a href="#cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">[8]</a> The evolution of use of italic to show emphasis happened in the sixteenth century and was a clear norm by the seventeenth. The trend of presenting types as matching in typefounders' specimens developed also over this period.<a href="#cite_note-Lane_JPHS-27">[25]</a> Italics developed stylistically over the following centuries, tracking changing tastes in calligraphy and type design.<a href="#cite_note-The_Evolution_of_the_Modern-Face_Roman-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Baskerville_Punches_1750%E2%80%931950-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayton2014-30">[28]</a> One major development that slowly became popular from the end of the seventeenth century was a switch to an open form h matching the n, a development seen in the <a href="/wiki/Romain_du_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romain du roi">Romain du roi</a> type of the 1690s, replacing the folded, closed-form h of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century italics, and sometimes simplification of the entrance stroke.<a href="#cite_note-Type_Designs_of_the_Past_and_Present,_Part_3-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mosley_times_italic-32">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> True italic styles are traditionally somewhat narrower than roman fonts. Here is an example of normal (<a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a>) and true italics text: <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg/400px-Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 64px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg/400px-Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="64" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg/600px-Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg/800px-Garamond_Roman_Italic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Example text set in both <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a> and italic type</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a> text, the same type is used as in normal type, but slanted to the right: <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oblique_type_example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oblique_type_example.svg/400px-Oblique_type_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="65"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oblique_type_example.svg/400px-Oblique_type_example.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oblique_type_example.svg/600px-Oblique_type_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Oblique_type_example.svg/800px-Oblique_type_example.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The same example text set in <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique type</a> </figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphasis-typography-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/278px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="346"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 278px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/278px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png" data-width="278" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/417px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emphasis-typography-outline.svg/556px-Emphasis-typography-outline.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A common view of when to use italics and bold text. An additional option for emphasis is to use <a href="/wiki/Small_capitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Small capitals">small capitals</a> for a word or name to stand out.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Emphasis</a>: "Smith wasn't the only guilty party, it's true". This often corresponds with <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)#Prosodic_stress" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> in speech.</li> <li>The titles of works that stand by themselves, such as books (including those within a larger series), <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">albums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Movies">movies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodicals</a>: "He wrote his thesis on The Scarlet Letter". Works that appear within larger works, such as short stories, poems, newspaper articles, songs, and television episodes are not italicised, but merely set off in <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotation marks">quotation marks</a>. When italics are unavailable, such as on a typewriter or websites that do not support formatting, an underscore or quotes are often used instead.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></li> <li>The names of ships: "The Queen Mary sailed last night."</li> <li>Foreign words, including the Latin <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> in the taxonomy of living organisms: "A splendid <a href="/wiki/Coq_au_vin" title="Coq au vin">coq au vin</a> was served"; "Homo sapiens".</li> <li>The names of <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Magazines">magazines</a>: "My favorite magazine is <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>, and my favorite newspaper is the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>."</li> <li>Mentioning a word as an example of a word rather than for its semantic content (see <a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">use–mention distinction</a>): "The word the is an article". <ul><li>Using a letter or number mentioned as itself: <ul><li>John was annoyed; they had forgotten the h in his name once again.</li> <li>When she saw her name beside the 1 on the rankings, she finally had proof that she was the best.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Introducing or defining terms, especially technical terms or those used in an unusual or different way:<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> "Freudian psychology is based on the ego, the super-ego, and the id."; "An even number is one that is a multiple of 2."</li> <li>Sometimes in novels to indicate a character's thought process: "This can't be happening, thought Mary."</li> <li>Italics are used in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> to de-emphasise words "that have no equivalent in the original text but that are necessary in English":<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> "And God saw the light, that it was good".<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebraic</a> symbols (constants and variables) are conventionally typeset in italics: "The solution is n = 2."</li> <li>Symbols for <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">physical quantities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_constant" title="Mathematical constant">mathematical constants</a>: "The speed of light, c, is approximately equal to 3.00×108 m/s."<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></li> <li>In biology, <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> names (for example, <a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">lacZ</a>) are written in italics whereas protein names are written in roman type (e.g. <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-galactosidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-galactosidase">β-galactosidase</a>, which the lacZ gene codes for).<a href="#cite_note-The_NCBI_Style_Guide:_Style_Points_and_Conventions-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guidelines_for_Formatting_Gene_and_Protein_Names-43">[41]</a></li> <li>Italics are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">letterer</a> may opt to use italic text for a variety of situations, such as <a href="/wiki/Internal_monologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal monologue">internal monologues</a>, captions, words from other languages, and text rendered inside certain types of <a href="/wiki/Speech_balloon" title="Speech balloon">speech balloons</a> (such as thought balloons). Bolded words are commonly also rendered in italic.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></li> <li>In older English usage, writers italicised words much more freely, for emphasis, for instance <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>:<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <dl><dd>No man is an Iland, intire of it selfe; every man is a peece of the Continent, a part of the maine; if a Clod bee washed away by the Sea, Europe is the lesse, as well as if a Promontorie were ...</dd></dl></li> <li>In numbering <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)">UK Acts of Parliament</a> within a given year (prior to 1963, a given <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary session">session</a>), <a href="/wiki/Local_and_personal_acts_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)#Personal_acts" title="Local and personal acts of Parliament (United Kingdom)">personal acts</a> have italic Arabic numerals, whereas <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)#Public_general_acts" title="Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)">public general acts</a> have plain Arabic numerals and <a href="/wiki/Local_and_personal_acts_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)#Local_acts" title="Local and personal acts of Parliament (United Kingdom)">local acts</a> have lowercase Roman numerals.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Oblique_type_compared_to_italics">Oblique type compared to italics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oblique type compared to italics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sans-serif_italics.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/220px-Sans-serif_italics.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8227" data-file-height="8547"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/220px-Sans-serif_italics.png" data-width="220" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/330px-Sans-serif_italics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sans-serif_italics.png/440px-Sans-serif_italics.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Three sans-serif italics. <a href="/wiki/News_Gothic" title="News Gothic">News Gothic</a>, a 1908 <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif#Grotesque" title="Sans-serif">grotesque</a> design, has an <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a> 'italic', like many designs of the period. Gothic Italic no. 124, an 1890s grotesque, has a crisp true italic resembling <a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a> serif families of the period.<a href="#cite_note-Specimens_of_type,_borders,_ornaments,_brass_rules_and_cuts,_etc._:_catalogue_of_printing_machinery_and_materials,_wood_goods,_etc-47">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seravek" title="Seravek">Seravek</a>, a modern humanist family, has a more informal italic in the style of handwriting.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique type</a> (or slanted roman, sloped roman) is type that is slanted, but lacking cursive letterforms, with features like a non-descending f and double-storey a, unlike "true italics". Many <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> typefaces use oblique designs (sometimes called "sloped roman" styles) instead of italic ones; some have both italic and oblique variants. Type designers have described oblique type as less organic and calligraphic than italics, which in some situations may be preferred.<a href="#cite_note-Majoor-48">[46]</a> Contemporary type designer <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Tankard" title="Jeremy Tankard">Jeremy Tankard</a> stated that he had avoided a true italic a and e in his sans-serif <a href="/wiki/Bliss_(typeface)" title="Bliss (typeface)">Bliss</a> due to finding them "too soft", while <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hoefler" title="Jonathan Hoefler">Hoefler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Frere-Jones" title="Tobias Frere-Jones">Frere-Jones</a> have described obliques as more "keen and insistent" than true italics.<a href="#cite_note-Bliss-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitney-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Frutiger" title="Adrian Frutiger">Adrian Frutiger</a> has described obliques as more appropriate to the aesthetic of sans-serifs than italics.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Majoor" title="Martin Majoor">Martin Majoor</a> has argued that obliques do not contrast enough from the regular style.<a href="#cite_note-Majoor_My_Type_Design_Philosophy-52">[50]</a> Almost all modern serif fonts have true italic designs. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a number of type foundries such as <a href="/wiki/American_Type_Founders" title="American Type Founders">American Type Founders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genzsch_%26_Heyse,_A.G." class="mw-redirect" title="Genzsch & Heyse, A.G.">Genzsch & Heyse</a> offered serif typefaces with oblique rather than italic designs, especially display typefaces but these designs (such as Genzsch Antiqua) have mostly disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-Tracy2003-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> An exception is American Type Founders' <a href="/wiki/Bookman_(typeface)" title="Bookman (typeface)">Bookman</a>, offered in some releases with the oblique of its metal type version.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> An unusual example of an oblique font from the inter-war period is the display face <a href="/wiki/Koch_Antiqua" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Antiqua">Koch Antiqua</a>. With a partly oblique lower case, it also makes the italic capitals inline in the style of blackletter capitals in the larger sizes of the metal type. It was developed by Rudolph Koch, a type designer who had previously specialised in <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> font design (which does not use italics); <a href="/wiki/Walter_Tracy" title="Walter Tracy">Walter Tracy</a> described his design as "uninhibited by the traditions of roman and italic".<a href="#cite_note-Letters_of_Credit_Koch-57">[55]</a> The printing historian and artistic director <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Morison" title="Stanley Morison">Stanley Morison</a> was for a time in the inter-war period interested in the oblique type style, which he felt stood out in text less than a true italic and should supersede it. He argued in his article Towards an Ideal Italic that serif book typefaces should have as the default sloped form an oblique and as a complement a <a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script typeface</a> where a more decorative form was preferred.<a href="#cite_note-Towards_an_Ideal_Italic-58">[56]</a> He made an attempt to promote the idea by commissioning the typeface <a href="/wiki/Perpetua_(typeface)" title="Perpetua (typeface)">Perpetua</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a> with a sloped roman rather than an italic, but came to find the style unattractive; Perpetua's italic when finally issued had the conventional italic a, e and f.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Morison wrote to his friend, type designer <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Krimpen" title="Jan van Krimpen">Jan van Krimpen</a>, that in developing Perpetua's italic "we did not give enough slope to it. When we added more slope, it seemed that the font required a little more cursive to it."<a href="#cite_note-Tracy2003-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[c]</a> A few other type designers replicated his approach for a time: Van Krimpen's Romulus and <a href="/wiki/William_Addison_Dwiggins" title="William Addison Dwiggins">William Addison Dwiggins</a>' <a href="/wiki/Electra_(typeface)" title="Electra (typeface)">Electra</a> were both released with obliques.<a href="#cite_note-64">[d]</a> Morison's <a href="/wiki/Times_New_Roman" title="Times New Roman">Times New Roman</a> typeface has a very traditional true italic in the style of the late eighteenth century, which he later wryly commented owed "more to <a href="/wiki/Didot_(typeface)" title="Didot (typeface)">Didot</a> than dogma".<a href="#cite_note-Changing_the_Times-65">[61]</a> Some serif designs primarily intended for headings rather than body text are not provided with an italic, Engravers and some releases of <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Black" title="Cooper Black">Cooper Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baskerville" title="Baskerville">Baskerville Old Style</a> being common examples of this. In addition, computer programmes may generate an 'italic' style by simply slanting the regular style if they cannot find an italic or oblique style, though this may look awkward with serif fonts for which an italic is expected. Professional designers normally do not simply tilt fonts to generate obliques but make subtle corrections to correct the distorted curves this introduces. Many sans-serif families have oblique fonts labelled as italic, whether or not they include "true italic" characteristics. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="More_complex_usage">More complex usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: More complex usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italics_within_italics">Italics within italics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italics within italics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Straight_italic_within_italics.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Straight_italic_within_italics.png/200px-Straight_italic_within_italics.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="121"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 29px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Straight_italic_within_italics.png/200px-Straight_italic_within_italics.png" data-width="200" data-height="29" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Straight_italic_within_italics.png/300px-Straight_italic_within_italics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Straight_italic_within_italics.png/400px-Straight_italic_within_italics.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Straight italic type within normal italics (Latin and Cyrillic)</figcaption></figure> If something within a run of italics needs to be italicised itself, the type is normally switched back to non-italicized (<a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman</a>) type: "I think The Scarlet Letter had a chapter about that, thought Mary." In this example, the title ("The Scarlet Letter") is within an italicised thought process and therefore this title is non-italicised. It is followed by the main narrative that is outside both. It is also non-italicised and therefore not obviously separated from the former. The reader must find additional criteria to distinguish between these. Here, apart from using the attribute of italic–non-italic styles, the title also employs the attribute of capitalization. <a href="/wiki/Citation#Styles" title="Citation">Citation styles</a> in which book titles are italicised differ on how to deal with a book title within a book title; for example, <a href="/wiki/MLA_style" class="mw-redirect" title="MLA style">MLA style</a> specifies a switch back to roman type, whereas <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> (14.94) specifies the use of quotation marks (A Key to Whitehead's "<a href="/wiki/Process_and_Reality" title="Process and Reality">Process and Reality</a>"). An alternative option is to switch to an 'upright italic' style if the typeface used has one; this is discussed below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-leaning_italics">Left-leaning italics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Left-leaning italics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figgins_Backslant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Figgins_Backslant.jpg/220px-Figgins_Backslant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Figgins_Backslant.jpg/220px-Figgins_Backslant.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Figgins_Backslant.jpg/330px-Figgins_Backslant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Figgins_Backslant.jpg/440px-Figgins_Backslant.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 'backslanted' italic <a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a> typeface, made for display use by the <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Figgins" title="Vincent Figgins">Figgins</a> foundry of London. The typeface is an example of the increasingly attention-grabbing, bold and dramatic fonts becoming popular in British display typography in the early nineteenth century.</figcaption></figure> Left-leaning italics are now rare in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, where they are mostly used for the occasional attention-grabbing effect.<a href="#cite_note-RyanConover2004-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nitro_&_Turbo_-_Overview-67">[63]</a> They were once more common, however, being used for example in legal documents.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> They are more common in Arabic script. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png/200px-Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png/200px-Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png" data-width="200" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png/300px-Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png/400px-Arabic_text_Italic-Normal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>4 shapes of Adobe Arabic font (Normal, Italic, Bold, Bold-Italic)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png/200px-Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png/200px-Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png" data-width="200" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png/300px-Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Farsi_text_Iranic-Normal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>4 shapes of Farsi font (Normal, Iranic, Bold, Bold-Iranic)</figcaption></figure> In certain <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> fonts (e.g.: Adobe Arabic, Boutros Ads), the italic font has the top of the letter leaning to the left, instead of leaning to the right. Some font families, such as <a href="/wiki/Venus_(typeface)" title="Venus (typeface)">Venus</a>, Roemisch, Topografische Zahlentafel, include left leaning fonts and letters designed for German cartographic map production, even though they do not support Arabic characters.<a href="#cite_note-Fonts_in_Use_Venus-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iranic_font_style">Iranic font style</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Iranic font style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Mosahab" title="Gholamhossein Mosahab">Gholamhossein Mosahab</a> invented the Iranic font style, a back-slanted italic form to go with the right-to-left direction of the script.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upright_italics">Upright italics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Upright italics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="214"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff.png" data-width="220" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-CMU_Serif_Upright_Italic.tiff.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Computer_Modern" title="Computer Modern">Computer Modern</a>'s 'upright italic' font.</figcaption></figure> Since italic styles clearly look different from regular (roman) styles, it is possible to have 'upright italic' designs that have a cursive style but remain upright. In Latin-script countries, upright italics are rare but are sometimes used in mathematics or in complex texts where a section of text already in italics needs a 'double italic' style to add emphasis to it. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Computer_Modern" title="Computer Modern">Computer Modern</a> has an alternate upright italic as an alternative to its standard italic, since its intended use is mathematical typesetting. Font families with an upright or near-upright italic only include <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Krimpen" title="Jan van Krimpen">Jan van Krimpen</a>'s Romanée, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Joanna_(typeface)" title="Joanna (typeface)">Joanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Majoor" title="Martin Majoor">Martin Majoor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Martin_Majoor#FF_Seria" title="Martin Majoor">FF Seria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Goudy" title="Frederic Goudy">Frederic Goudy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Deepdene_(typeface)" title="Deepdene (typeface)">Deepdene</a>. The popular book typeface <a href="/wiki/Bembo" title="Bembo">Bembo</a> has been sold with two italics: one reasonably straightforward design that is commonly used today, and an alternative upright <a href="/wiki/Bembo#Monotype_history" title="Bembo">'Condensed Italic'</a> design, far more calligraphic, as a more eccentric alternative. This italic face was designed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Fairbank" title="Alfred Fairbank">Alfred Fairbank</a> and named "Bembo Condensed Italic", <a href="/wiki/Monotype_typefaces" title="Monotype typefaces">Monotype series 294</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21">[20]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>-influenced printers such as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Gill</a> also revived the original italic system of italic lower-case only from the nineteenth century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-The_Letter_Forms_and_Type_Designs_of_Eric_Gill_51-8-72">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parentheses">Parentheses</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parentheses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monotype_Garamond_italic.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monotype_Garamond_italic.png/220px-Monotype_Garamond_italic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5615" data-file-height="2481"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monotype_Garamond_italic.png/220px-Monotype_Garamond_italic.png" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monotype_Garamond_italic.png/330px-Monotype_Garamond_italic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Monotype_Garamond_italic.png/440px-Monotype_Garamond_italic.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garamond_MT" class="mw-redirect" title="Garamond MT">Monotype Garamond</a>'s italic replicates the work of 17th-century punchcutter <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jannon" title="Jean Jannon">Jean Jannon</a> quite faithfully, with a variable slant on the italic capitals.<a href="#cite_note-Warde-73">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Parentheses" title="Bracket">parentheses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">brackets</a> surrounding text that begins and ends in italic or <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique type</a> should also be italicised (as in this example), to avoid problems such as overlapping and unequally spaced characters. An exception to this rule applies when only one end of the parenthetical is italicised (in which case <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">roman type</a> is preferred, as on the right of this example). In <a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a>, however, it is argued that, since Italic <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiters</a> are not historically correct, the upright versions should always be used, while paying close attention to <a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">kerning</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitutes">Substitutes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Substitutes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In media where italicization is not possible, alternatives are used as substitutes: <ul><li>In typewritten or handwritten text, <a href="/wiki/Underlining" class="mw-redirect" title="Underlining">underlining</a> is typically used.</li> <li>In plain-text computer files, including <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> communication, italicised words are often indicated by surrounding them with <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slashes</a> or other matched <a href="/wiki/Delimiter" title="Delimiter">delimiters</a>. For example: <ul><li>I was /really/ annoyed.</li> <li>They >completely< forgot me!</li> <li>I had _nothing_ to do with it. (Commonly interpreted as underlining, which is an alternative to italics.)</li> <li>It was *absolutely* horrible. (Commonly interpreted as bold. This and the previous example signify italic in <a href="/wiki/Markdown" title="Markdown">Markdown</a>, where bolding uses **double asterisks**, and underlining uses __double underscores__.)</li></ul></li> <li>Where the italics do not indicate emphasis, but are marking a title or where a <a href="/wiki/Words_as_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Words as words">word is being mentioned</a>, quotation marks may be substituted: <ul><li>The word "the" is an article.</li> <li>The term "even number" refers to a number that is a multiple of 2.</li> <li>The novel "<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a>" was written by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OpenType">OpenType</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: OpenType" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> has the <code>ital</code> feature tag to substitute a character to italic form with single font. In addition, the OpenType Font Variation has <code>ital</code> axis for the transition between italic and non-italic forms and <code>slnt</code> axis for the oblique angle of characters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_pages">Web pages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Web pages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, the <code></code> <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">element</a> is used to produce italic (or <a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">oblique</a>) text. When the author wants to indicate emphasised text, modern Web standards recommend using the <code></code> element, because it conveys that the content is to be emphasised, even if it cannot be displayed in italics. Conversely, if the italics are purely ornamental rather than meaningful, then <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">semantic markup practices</a> would dictate that the author use the <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> declaration <code>font-style: italic;</code> along with an appropriate, semantic <a href="/wiki/HTML#Attributes" title="HTML">class name</a> instead of an <code></code> or <code></code> element. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unicode" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols" title="Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</a> block includes Latin and Greek letters in italics and boldface. However, Unicode expressly recommends against using these characters in general text in place of <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">presentational markup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldface" class="mw-redirect" title="Boldface">Boldface</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> It has been suggested that his choice to publish such small, cheap editions was the result of a recession beginning in 1500, the result of war with the Ottoman Empire. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Notable revivals include <a href="/wiki/Bembo" title="Bembo">Bembo Narrow Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(typeface)" title="Centaur (typeface)">Centaur Italic or Arrighi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetica_(typeface)" title="Poetica (typeface)">Poetica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(typeface)" title="Requiem (typeface)">Requiem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Requiem_Hoefler-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairbanks_Italic_specimen-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alfred_Fairbank_Klingspor-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poetica-24">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Spelling modernised to avoid confusion–Morison wrote 'fount', the usual spelling in British English at the time. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Electra was later reissued–although not in Britain–with a true italic, which is the only form most digitisations include. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Jim_Parkinson" title="Jim Parkinson">Jim Parkinson</a>'s Aluminia revival, which includes both.<a href="#cite_note-Recasting_Electra_as_Aluminia-62">[59]</a> Romulus was issued on Morison's plan with an oblique a script typeface companion, Cancelleresca Bastarda, which has longer ascenders and descenders than Romulus does. Digital period type designer James Puckett describes the obliques on both Romulus and Electra as "spectacular failures [which] pretty much killed the idea for serifed types."<a href="#cite_note-Puckett-63">[60]</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Manutius_Pioneers_of_Print-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Manutius_Pioneers_of_Print_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/firstimpressions/Pioneers-of-Print/Aldus-Manutius/">"Aldus Manutius"</a>. Pioneers of Print. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneers+of+Print&rft.atitle=Aldus+Manutius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.manchester.ac.uk%2Ffirstimpressions%2FPioneers-of-Print%2FAldus-Manutius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton2013-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton2013_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwan_Clayton2013" class="citation book cs1">Ewan Clayton (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fStAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT104">The Golden Thread: The Story of Writing</a>. Atlantic Books. pp. 104–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-034-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-034-3"><bdi>978-1-78239-034-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Thread%3A+The+Story+of+Writing&rft.pages=104-6&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78239-034-3&rft.au=Ewan+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0fStAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaultney_Italics-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaultney_Italics_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaultney" class="citation web cs1">Gaultney, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gaultney.org/jvgtype/italics/designing-italics/">"Designing Italics: Approaches to the design of contemporary secondary text typefaces (PhD thesis)"</a>. Victor Gaultney. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victor+Gaultney&rft.atitle=Designing+Italics%3A+Approaches+to+the+design+of+contemporary+secondary+text+typefaces+%28PhD+thesis%29&rft.aulast=Gaultney&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgaultney.org%2Fjvgtype%2Fitalics%2Fdesigning-italics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoefler_Italics_Examined-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoefler_Italics_Examined_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hoefler" title="Jonathan Hoefler">Hoefler, Jonathan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.typography.com/blog/italics-examined/">"Italics Examined"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoefler_%26_Co." title="Hoefler & Co.">Hoefler & Co.</a> Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italics+Examined&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Co.&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Fblog%2Fitalics-examined%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2004" class="citation cs2">Truss, Lynne (2004), Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation, New York: Gotham Books, p. 146, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-087-4"><bdi>978-1-59240-087-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves%3A+The+Zero+Tolerance+Approach+to+Punctuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59240-087-4&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bühler_Manutius-6"><a href="#cite_ref-B%C3%BChler_Manutius_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBühler1970" class="citation journal cs1">Bühler, Curt (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEwLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA405">"False Information in the Colophons of Incunabula"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a>. 114 (5): 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781422371374" title="Special:BookSources/9781422371374"><bdi>9781422371374</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 June 2020. <q>Manutius dated his edition...as 15 September 1500, but included in the volume is a letter...with date of September 19.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=False+Information+in+the+Colophons+of+Incunabula&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=405&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9781422371374&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChler&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqEwLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/type_to_print/roman/catherine">"Type to Print: The Book & The Type Specimen Book - Saint Catherine"</a>. Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Libraries+Online+Exhibitions&rft.atitle=Type+to+Print%3A+The+Book+%26+The+Type+Specimen+Book+-+Saint+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.library.columbia.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Ftype_to_print%2Froman%2Fcatherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vervliet2008-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vervliet2008_8-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrik_D._L._Vervliet2008" class="citation book cs1">Hendrik D. L. Vervliet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sidSDlif48C&pg=PA287">The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-century Typefaces</a>. BRILL. pp. 287–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16982-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16982-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palaeotypography+of+the+French+Renaissance%3A+Selected+Papers+on+Sixteenth-century+Typefaces&rft.pages=287-319&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16982-1&rft.au=Hendrik+D.+L.+Vervliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sidSDlif48C%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OUP_Bibliography-10"><a href="#cite_ref-OUP_Bibliography_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_University_Press2010" class="citation book cs1">Oxford University Press (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cGVJvx9bFEC&pg=PA10">Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius): Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980945-5"><bdi>978-0-19-980945-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aldo+Manuzio+%28Aldus+Manutius%29%3A+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980945-5&rft.au=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cGVJvx9bFEC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Berthold_Ullman" title="Berthold Ullman">Berthold Louis Ullman</a>, The origin and development of humanistic script, Rome, 1960, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibitions.cul.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/type_to_print/roman/catherine">"Roman vs Italic"</a>. Type to Print: The Book & The Type Specimen Book. Columbia University Libraries. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Type+to+Print%3A+The+Book+%26+The+Type+Specimen+Book&rft.atitle=Roman+vs+Italic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibitions.cul.columbia.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Ftype_to_print%2Froman%2Fcatherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_design_and_spread_of_Froben's_early_Italics_13-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann2015" class="citation web cs1">Kaufmann, Ueli (11 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161102103305/http://typefacedesign.net/dissertations/year/selected/the-design-and-spread-of-frobens-early-italics/">"The design and spread of Froben's early Italics"</a>. Department of Typography & Graphic Communication. University of Reading. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typefacedesign.net/dissertations/year/selected/the-design-and-spread-of-frobens-early-italics/">the original</a> on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Typography+%26+Graphic+Communication&rft.atitle=The+design+and+spread+of+Froben%27s+early+Italics&rft.date=2015-10-11&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Ueli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypefacedesign.net%2Fdissertations%2Fyear%2Fselected%2Fthe-design-and-spread-of-frobens-early-italics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_View_of_Early_Typography-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_View_of_Early_Typography_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_View_of_Early_Typography_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1969" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Harry (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewofearlytypog0000cart">A View of Early Typography</a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewofearlytypog0000cart/page/117">117–126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818137-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818137-8"><bdi>978-0-19-818137-8</bdi></a>. <q>If Aldus hoped, as it is commonly said that he did, but he never said, that cursive letterforms would save space, he must have been disappointed by the result: a Roman type on the same body gets in just as much. It is a beautiful and legible typeface.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+Early+Typography&rft.pages=117-126&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-19-818137-8&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviewofearlytypog0000cart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Updike-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Updike_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdike1927" class="citation cs2">Updike, D.B. (1927), Printing Types: Their History, Form and Use, Harvard University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printing+Types%3A+Their+History%2C+Form+and+Use&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Updike&rft.aufirst=D.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakano" class="citation web cs1">Nakano, Shotaro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxhe8l2OLn4">"Reviving Unknown 16th-century Dutch Type: Shotaro Nakano, ATypI 2023 Paris"</a>. YouTube. <a href="/wiki/ATypI" title="ATypI">ATypI</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2024. <q>A type cut by an unknown punchcutter whose matrix is numbered MA174 in an inventory of Plantin Moretus Museum…is not completely italic but has traces of blackletter, which must be rare in the history of type although there are many roman types like that.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Reviving+Unknown+16th-century+Dutch+Type%3A+Shotaro+Nakano%2C+ATypI+2023+Paris&rft.aulast=Nakano&rft.aufirst=Shotaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDxhe8l2OLn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morison_Chancery-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morison_Chancery_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morison_Chancery_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorisonJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Stanley; Johnson, Alfred (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G2tQVnPiCAC&pg=PA30">"3: The Chancery Types of Italy and France"</a>. In McKitterick, David John (ed.). Selected essays on the history of letter-forms in manuscript and print. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18316-1"><bdi>978-0-521-18316-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Chancery+Types+of+Italy+and+France&rft.btitle=Selected+essays+on+the+history+of+letter-forms+in+manuscript+and+print&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=30-45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18316-1&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G2tQVnPiCAC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Tally_of_Types-18"><a href="#cite_ref-A_Tally_of_Types_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Morison" title="Stanley Morison">Morison, Stanley</a> (1973). <a href="/wiki/A_Tally_of_Types" title="A Tally of Types">A Tally of Types</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tallyoftypes0000mori/page/41">41–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09786-4"><bdi>978-0-521-09786-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tally+of+Types&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=41-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09786-4&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Requiem_Hoefler-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Requiem_Hoefler_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefler" class="citation web cs1">Hoefler, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typography.com/fonts/requiem/overview/">"Requiem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoefler_%26_Frere-Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoefler & Frere-Jones">Hoefler & Frere-Jones</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Requiem&rft.pub=Hoefler+%26+Frere-Jones&rft.aulast=Hoefler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.typography.com%2Ffonts%2Frequiem%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fonts.com/font/monotype/fairbank">"Fairbank"</a>. Monotype. Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairbank&rft.pub=Monotype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fonts.com%2Ffont%2Fmonotype%2Ffairbank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/mti/fairbank-mt/">"Fairbank"</a>. MyFonts. Monotype.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyFonts&rft.atitle=Fairbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfonts.com%2Ffonts%2Fmti%2Ffairbank-mt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fairbanks_Italic_specimen-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Fairbanks_Italic_specimen_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611110402/http://typophile.com/files/fairbank%20specimen.pdf">"Fairbanks Italic specimen"</a> (PDF). Monotype. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://typophile.com/files/fairbank%20specimen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairbanks+Italic+specimen&rft.pub=Monotype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftypophile.com%2Ffiles%2Ffairbank%2520specimen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfred_Fairbank_Klingspor-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Alfred_Fairbank_Klingspor_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klingspor-museum.de/KlingsporKuenstler/Schriftdesigner/Fairbank/AFairbank.pdf">"Alfred Fairbank"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Klingspor_Museum" title="Klingspor Museum">Klingspor Museum</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Fairbank&rft.pub=Klingspor+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klingspor-museum.de%2FKlingsporKuenstler%2FSchriftdesigner%2FFairbank%2FAFairbank.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poetica-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Poetica_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myfonts.com/fonts/adobe/poetica/">"Poetica"</a>. MyFonts. Adobe Systems. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MyFonts&rft.atitle=Poetica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfonts.com%2Ffonts%2Fadobe%2Fpoetica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Chronology_of_Printing-26"><a href="#cite_ref-A_Chronology_of_Printing_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClair1969" class="citation book cs1">Clair, Colin (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronologyofprin00clai">A Chronology of Printing</a>. 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This document was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2014-0529">slightly revised in 2007</a>* and full text included in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/what-we-do/recommendations/guidelines-for-drafting-reports/#use-of-italic-and-roman-fonts-for-symbols-in-scientific-text">Guidelines For Drafting IUPAC Technical Reports And Recommendations</a> and also in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/technical-reports/guidelines-for-drafting-reports/references.html#c315">3rd edition of the IUPAC Green Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919062717/http://www.iupac.org/home/publications/technical-reports/guidelines-for-drafting-reports/references.html#c315">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. *Refer to Chemistry International. Volume 36, Issue 5, Pages 23–24, ISSN (Online) 1365-2192, ISSN (Print) 0193-6484, DOI: 10.1515/ci-2014-0529, September 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gruppodelcolore.it/Docs/ISO_NIST_typefaces.pdf">Typefaces for Symbols in Scientific Manuscripts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919060458/http://www.gruppodelcolore.it/Docs/ISO_NIST_typefaces.pdf">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NIST, January 1998. This cites the family of <a href="/wiki/ISO_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standards">ISO standards</a> 31-0:1992 to 31-13:1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec10.html">More on Printing and Using Symbols and Numbers in Scientific and Technical Documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629210131/http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec10.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Chapter 10 of NIST Special Publication 811 (SP 811): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf">Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)</a>. 2008 Edition, by Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, US. March 2008. 76 pages. This cites the <a href="/wiki/ISO_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO standards">ISO standards</a> 31-0:1992 and 31-11:1992, but notes "Currently ISO 31 is being revised [...]. The revised joint standards ISO/IEC 80000-1—ISO/IEC 80000-15 will supersede ISO 31-0:1992—ISO 31-13". </li> <li id="cite_note-The_NCBI_Style_Guide:_Style_Points_and_Conventions-42"><a href="#cite_ref-The_NCBI_Style_Guide:_Style_Points_and_Conventions_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK995/#A294">"The NCBI Style Guide: Style Points and Conventions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a>. 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Retrieved 30 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bembo+Condensed+Italic+specimen&rft.aulast=Bixler&rft.aufirst=M+%26+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwbixler.com%2Fspec_htm%2Fspbk_bembo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Letter_Forms_and_Type_Designs_of_Eric_Gill_51-8-72"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Letter_Forms_and_Type_Designs_of_Eric_Gill_51-8_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarling1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harling_(typographer)" title="Robert Harling (typographer)">Harling, Robert</a> (1975). The Letter Forms and Type Designs of Eric Gill (1st U.S. ed.). Westerham, Kent: Published by Eva Svensson, and printed by the Westerham Press. pp. 51–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903696-04-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903696-04-3"><bdi>978-0-903696-04-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+Forms+and+Type+Designs+of+Eric+Gill&rft.place=Westerham%2C+Kent&rft.pages=51-8&rft.edition=1st+U.S.&rft.pub=Published+by+Eva+Svensson%2C+and+printed+by+the+Westerham+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-903696-04-3&rft.aulast=Harling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warde-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Warde_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarde1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Warde" title="Beatrice Warde">Warde, Beatrice</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garamond.culture.fr/en/page/the_article_by_beatrice_warde">"The 'Garamond' Types"</a>. The Fleuron: 131–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fleuron&rft.atitle=The+%27Garamond%27+Types&rft.pages=131-179&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Warde&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garamond.culture.fr%2Fen%2Fpage%2Fthe_article_by_beatrice_warde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"22.2 Letterlike Symbols". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/ch22.pdf#G15993">The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0</a> (PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22.2+Letterlike+Symbols&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+13.0&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+CA&rft.pub=Unicode%2C+Inc&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode13.0.0%2Fch22.pdf%23G15993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalic+type" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/italic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:italic">italic</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Italic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Italic">Appendix:Italic</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4vlFxed22Sg">The Essential Italic</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, Victor Gaultney (presentation to <a href="/wiki/ATypI" title="ATypI">ATypI</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Hamilton" title="Frederick W. Hamilton">Hamilton, Frederick W.</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24829">The Uses of Italic: A Primer of Information Regarding the Origin and Uses of Italic Letters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&oldid=1254269880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&oldid=1254269880</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Italic_type&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 October 2024, at 06:03 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursief" title="Kursief – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kursief" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9" title="كتابة مائلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتابة مائلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursiv" title="Kursiv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kursiv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Курсив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курсив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursiva" title="Cursiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cursiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurziva" title="Kurziva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurziva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursiv" title="Kursiv – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kursiv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursivschrift" title="Kursivschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kursivschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Επισεσυρμένη γραφή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επισεσυρμένη γραφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardilla" title="Bastardilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bastardilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursivo" title="Kursivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kursivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letra_etzan" title="Letra etzan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letra etzan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سبک خوابیده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سبک خوابیده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italique_(typographie)" title="Italique (typographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italique (typographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursyf" title="Kursyf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kursyf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clou_iddaalagh" title="Clou iddaalagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Clou iddaalagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_it%C3%A1lica" title="Escritura itálica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escritura itálica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%A4%EB%A6%AD%EC%B2%B4" title="이탤릭체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탤릭체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurziv" title="Kurziv – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kurziv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsivo" title="Corsivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%99" title="כתב נטוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב נטוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurziv%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Kurziválás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurziválás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Курзив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Курзив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursief" title="Cursief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cursief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E4%BD%93" title="イタリック体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリック体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursiv" title="Kursiv – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kursiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursiv" title="Kursiv – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kursiv" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursywa" title="Kursywa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kursywa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A1lico" title="Itálico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Itálico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Курсив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курсив" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimi_kurziv" title="Shkrimi kurziv – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimi kurziv" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic" title="Italic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Курзив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курзив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurziv" title="Kurziv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurziv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursiivi" title="Kursiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kursiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursiv" title="Kursiv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kursiv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Курсив – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курсив" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_nghi%C3%AAng" title="In nghiêng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="In nghiêng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%93" title="意大利体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%AB%94" title="意大利體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%93" title="意大利体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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