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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hegoaldeko_lur_ezezaguna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegoaldeko_lur_ezezaguna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Hegoaldeko lur ezezaguna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegoaldeko_lur_ezezaguna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antartikako_Konbergentziaren_hegoaldean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antartikako_Konbergentziaren_hegoaldean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Antartikako Konbergentziaren hegoaldean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antartikako_Konbergentziaren_hegoaldean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zirkulu_Antartikoaren_hegoaldean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zirkulu_Antartikoaren_hegoaldean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Zirkulu Antartikoaren hegoaldean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zirkulu_Antartikoaren_hegoaldean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lurraren_lehen_ikustaldia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lurraren_lehen_ikustaldia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Lurraren lehen ikustaldia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lurraren_lehen_ikustaldia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antartikako_esplorazio_goiztiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antartikako_esplorazio_goiztiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Antartikako esplorazio goiztiarra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antartikako_esplorazio_goiztiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antartikako_esplorazioaren_Aro_heroikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antartikako_esplorazioaren_Aro_heroikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Antartikako esplorazioaren Aro heroikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antartikako_esplorazioaren_Aro_heroikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia_modernoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia_modernoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Historia modernoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia_modernoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geografia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Geografia azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ozeano_Australeko_uharteak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozeano_Australeko_uharteak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ozeano Australeko uharteak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozeano_Australeko_uharteak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozeano_Australeko_ur-egiturak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozeano_Australeko_ur-egiturak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ozeano Australeko ur-egiturak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozeano_Australeko_ur-egiturak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozeanografia_fisikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozeanografia_fisikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ozeanografia fisikoa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ozeanografia_fisikoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ozeanografia fisikoa azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Ozeanografia_fisikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iturburuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iturburuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Iturburuak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iturburuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ross_eta_Weddell_birak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ross_eta_Weddell_birak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ross eta Weddell birak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ross_eta_Weddell_birak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Klima </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Klima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Klima azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hondamen_naturalak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hondamen_naturalak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hondamen naturalak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hondamen_naturalak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krisi_klimatikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krisi_klimatikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Krisi klimatikoa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krisi_klimatikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baliabide_naturalak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baliabide_naturalak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Baliabide naturalak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baliabide_naturalak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodibertsitatea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodibertsitatea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biodibertsitatea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biodibertsitatea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Biodibertsitatea azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Biodibertsitatea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animaliak_edo_Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animaliak_edo_Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Animaliak edo Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animaliak_edo_Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrainak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrainak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Arrainak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrainak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hegaztiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegaztiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Hegaztiak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegaztiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ugaztunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugaztunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Ugaztunak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugaztunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krustazeoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krustazeoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Krustazeoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krustazeoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beste_animalia_taldeak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_animalia_taldeak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.5 Beste animalia taldeak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_animalia_taldeak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ekonomia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ozeano Australa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 181 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-181" aria-hidden="true" > 181 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suidelike_Oseaan" title="Suidelike Oseaan – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suidelike Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdlicher_Ozean" title="Südlicher Ozean – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südlicher Ozean" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ደቡባዊ ውቅያኖስ – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡባዊ ውቅያኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Glacial_Antarctico" title="Oceano Glacial Antarctico – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oceano Glacial Antarctico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%BEgarsecg" title="Suþgarsecg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Suþgarsecg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="المحيط المتجمد الجنوبي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحيط المتجمد الجنوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܬܝܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="لمحيط لمجمد لجنوبي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمحيط لمجمد لجنوبي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu_Glacial_Ant%C3%A1rticu" title="Océanu Glacial Antárticu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Océanu Glacial Antárticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жанубияб океан – avarera" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Жанубияб океан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika_Welfa" title="Antarktika Welfa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Antarktika Welfa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर – awadhiera" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub_okean%C4%B1" title="Cənub okeanı – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub okeanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="گونئی اوقیانوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونئی اوقیانوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көньяҡ океан – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ океан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Kelod" title="Samudra Kelod – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samudra Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidlicha_Ozean" title="Sidlicha Ozean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidlicha Ozean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_ond%C4%97n%C4%ABns" title="Pėitū ondėnīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū ondėnīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы акіян – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Паўднёвы акіян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвы акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotan_Kutub_Kidul" title="Laotan Kutub Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laotan Kutub Kidul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южен океан – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южен океан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्खिनी महासागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिनी महासागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Samudra Selatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အခဝ်နဝ် သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အခဝ်နဝ် သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগর – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ মহাসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurvor_ar_Su" title="Meurvor ar Su – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurvor ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_okean" title="Južni okean – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južni okean" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Урда далай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урда далай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0_Ant%C3%A0rtic" title="Oceà Antàrtic – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceà Antàrtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-b%C4%ADng-i%C3%B2ng" title="Nàng-bĭng-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-bĭng-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Къилба Ӏапказ – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба Ӏапказ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%AD_%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%A2_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئۆقیانووسی بەستووی باشوور – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆقیانووسی بەستووی باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen%C3%BCbiy_okean" title="Cenübiy okean – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cenübiy okean" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Jižní oceán – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní oceán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Кăнтăр океанĕ – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăнтăр океанĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnfor_y_De" title="Cefnfor y De – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cefnfor y De" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Sydlige_Ishav" title="Det Sydlige Ishav – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Sydlige Ishav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdlicher_Ozean" title="Südlicher Ozean – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südlicher Ozean" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νότιος Ωκεανός – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιος Ωκεανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Oceano" title="Suda Oceano – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Oceano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Austral" title="Océano Austral – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Océano Austral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-J%C3%A4%C3%A4meri" title="Lõuna-Jäämeri – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Jäämeri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اقیانوس منجمد جنوبی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس منجمد جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4inen_j%C3%A4%C3%A4meri" title="Eteläinen jäämeri – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläinen jäämeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5-I%C3%A4meri" title="Lõunõ-Iämeri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõ-Iämeri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Austral" title="Océan Austral – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océan Austral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktisk_Sia" title="Antarktisk Sia – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antarktisk Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdlike_Oseaan" title="Súdlike Oseaan – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdlike Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAig%C3%A9an_Antartach" title="An tAigéan Antartach – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAigéan Antartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A9yan_Ostral" title="Loséyan Ostral – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Loséyan Ostral" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Cuan_a_Deas" title="An Cuan a Deas – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Cuan a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Océano Antártico – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Océano Antártico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu_%C3%91embyvogua" title="Paraguasu Ñembyvogua – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu Ñembyvogua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0" title="દક્ષિણ મહાસાગર – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દક્ષિણ મહાસાગર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keayn_y_Jiass" title="Keayn y Jiass – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Keayn y Jiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="האוקיינוס הדרומי – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האוקיינוס הדרומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_ocean" title="Južni ocean – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južni ocean" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antatik_(oseyan)" title="Antatik (oseyan) – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antatik (oseyan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9li-%C3%B3ce%C3%A1n" title="Déli-óceán – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Déli-óceán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հարավային օվկիանոս – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային օվկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Antarctic" title="Oceano Antarctic – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oceano Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Selatan" title="Samudra Selatan – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samudra Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin-abagatan_a_Taaw" title="Akin-abagatan a Taaw – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akin-abagatan a Taaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="ЗӀилбухера оакафорд – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЗӀилбухера оакафорд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika_oceano" title="Antarktika oceano – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antarktika oceano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-%C3%8Dshaf" title="Suður-Íshaf – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Íshaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Antartico" title="Oceano Antartico – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oceano Antartico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B5%B7" title="南極海 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dzipo_braxamsi" title="dzipo braxamsi – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dzipo braxamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Kidul" title="Samudra Kidul – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samudra Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="სამხრეთის ოკეანე – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთის ოკეანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaraw_n_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Agaraw n Wenẓul – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agaraw n Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8D_%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Ипшэ Хышхуэ – kabardiera" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ипшэ Хышхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ositraali_L%C9%A9%C5%8Bam%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ositraali Lɩŋamʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gba%CC%B1ndang_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_A%CC%B1tak" title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot A̱tak – tyapa" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot A̱tak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyapa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Оңтүстік мұхит – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік мұхит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="មហាសមុទ្រខាងត្បូង – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាសមុទ្រខាងត្បូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9%ED%95%B4" title="남극해 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyan%C3%BBsa_Ba%C5%9F%C3%BBr" title="Okyanûsa Başûr – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Okyanûsa Başûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynvor_Dyghow" title="Keynvor Dyghow – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Keynvor Dyghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Түштүк океан – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк океан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Australis" title="Oceanus Australis – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oceanus Australis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkteschen_Ozean" title="Antarkteschen Ozean – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antarkteschen Ozean" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Antartica" title="Mar Antartica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Antartica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean_Antartich" title="Ozean Antartich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ozean Antartich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucean_Antartich" title="Ucean Antartich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucean Antartich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດໃຕ້ – laosera" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_vandenynas" title="Pietų vandenynas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų vandenynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidu_oke%C4%81ns" title="Dienvidu okeāns – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidu okeāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर – maithilia" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasimbe_Antarktika" title="Ranomasimbe Antarktika – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasimbe Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Кечывалвел тептеҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кечывалвел тептеҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужен Океан – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужен Океан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ദക്ഷിണ സമുദ്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണ സമുദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Өмнөд далай – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд далай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणी महासागर – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिणी महासागर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Selatan" title="Lautan Selatan – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lautan Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouceano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Ouceano Antártico – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouceano Antártico" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="တောင်ပိုင်း သမုဒ္ဒရာ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်ပိုင်း သမုဒ္ဒရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جنوبی یخ بزه اوقیانوس – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی یخ بزه اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdlike_Iessee" title="Süüdlike Iessee – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdlike Iessee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zudelike_Oceaan" title="Zudelike Oceaan – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zudelike Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="दक्षिणी महासागर – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दक्षिणी महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidelijke_Oceaan" title="Zuidelijke Oceaan – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidelijke Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rishavet" title="Sørishavet – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørishavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rishavet" title="Sørishavet – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørishavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – pediera" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="pediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Antartic" title="Ocean Antartic – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ocean Antartic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9ano_Sur" title="Oséano Sur – papiamentoa" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oséano Sur" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamentoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Po%C5%82udniowy" title="Ocean Południowy – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ocean Południowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Ant%C3%A0rtich" title="Océan Antàrtich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Océan Antàrtich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="لما ساگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لما ساگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سویلي سمندر – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سویلي سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Ant%C3%A1rtico" title="Oceano Antártico – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceano Antártico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartiku_mama_qucha" title="Antartiku mama qucha – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antartiku mama qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Antarctic" title="Ocean Antarctic – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ocean Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanul_Antarctic" title="Oceanul Antarctic – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oceanul Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_antartece" title="Mare antartece – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mare antartece" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южный океан – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный океан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Южный океан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южный океан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="दक्षिणध्रुवीयमहासागरः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दक्षिणध्रुवीयमहासागरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Соҕуруу далай – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Соҕуруу далай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otz%C3%A8anu_Ant%C3%A0rticu" title="Otzèanu Antàrticu – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Otzèanu Antàrticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8anu_Miridiunali" title="Ocèanu Miridiunali – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ocèanu Miridiunali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothren_Ocean" title="Soothren Ocean – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soothren Ocean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D8%A7%DA%A9%DA%BB%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڏاکڻي سمنڊ – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏاکڻي سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_ocean" title="Južni ocean – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni ocean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගරය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southern Ocean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Južný oceán – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južný oceán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بحر منجمد جنوبی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بحر منجمد جنوبی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_ocean" title="Južni ocean – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južni ocean" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungwa_rekuChamhembe" title="Gungwa rekuChamhembe – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gungwa rekuChamhembe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badweynta_Koonfured" title="Badweynta Koonfured – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badweynta Koonfured" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeani_Jugor" title="Oqeani Jugor – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oqeani Jugor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јужни океан – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужни океан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiska_oceanen" title="Antarktiska oceanen – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antarktiska oceanen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Kusini" title="Bahari ya Kusini – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82edniowy_%C3%94cean" title="Połedniowy Ôcean – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Połedniowy Ôcean" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தென்முனைப் பெருங்கடல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்முனைப் பெருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="దక్షిణ మహాసముద్రం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణ మహాసముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Уқёнуси Ҷанубӣ – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уқёнуси Ҷанубӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="มหาสมุทรใต้ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาสมุทรใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnorta_okean" title="Günorta okean – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Günorta okean" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katimugang_Karagatan" title="Katimugang Karagatan – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katimugang Karagatan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Okyanusu" title="Güney Okyanusu – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Okyanusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Көньяк океан – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк океан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DB%87%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D9%85%DB%87%D8%B2_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جەنۇبىي مۇز ئوكيان – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جەنۇبىي مۇز ئوكيان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Південний океан – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південний океан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="بحر منجمد جنوبی – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحر منجمد جنوبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_okean" title="Janubiy okean – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy okean" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A8ano_Ant%C3%A0rtego" title="Osèano Antàrtego – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osèano Antàrtego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvivaldmeri" title="Suvivaldmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Suvivaldmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nam Đại Dương – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam Đại Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuudelykn_Oceoan" title="Zuudelykn Oceoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuudelykn Oceoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceyan_Antartike" title="Oceyan Antartike – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oceyan Antartike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan_Salatan" title="Kalawdan Salatan – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalawdan Salatan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%A0mbulaan_gu_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Mbàmbulaan gu Bëj-saalum – wolofera" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbàmbulaan gu Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolofera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ობჟათეშ ოკიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათეშ ოკიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דרום אקעאן – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום אקעאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_Ap%C3%A1ag%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9" title="Òkun Apáagúúsù – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Apáagúúsù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B0%E6%B4%8B" title="南冰洋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南冰洋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-ke%CC%8Dk-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-ke̍k-iûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B" title="南大洋 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南大洋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7354#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozeano_Australa&params=65_S_90_E_region:_type:_scale:_dim:_globe:">65°S 90°E / 65°S 90°E / -65; 90</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #44ccff"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozeano Australa</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Southern_Ocean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southern_Ocean.svg/240px-Southern_Ocean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southern_Ocean.svg/360px-Southern_Ocean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southern_Ocean.svg/480px-Southern_Ocean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ozeanoa</th><td class="infobox-data label">Australa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Eskualdea</th><td class="infobox-data">Hegoaldea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Kontinentea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Koordenatu_geografiko_sistema" class="mw-redirect" title="Koordenatu geografiko sistema">Koordenatuak</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8629292">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ozeano_Australa&params=65_S_90_E_region:_type:_scale:_dim:_globe:">65°S 90°E / 65°S 90°E / -65; 90</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Azalera</th><td class="infobox-data">20.327.000 km2</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Luzera</th><td class="infobox-data">17.968 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sakonera</th><td class="infobox-data">bataz bestekoa: 3270 m maximoa: 7235 m</td></tr></tbody></table> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozeano Australa,</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hego Ozeanoa edo Hego Poloko Ozeanoa</a> (eta beste garai batean Antartikako Ozeanoa deituta<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>) <a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurraren</a> hegoaldean dagoen <a href="/wiki/Ozeano" title="Ozeano">ozeanoa</a> da, 60° <a href="/wiki/Hego" title="Hego">hego</a> <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Paralelo_(geografia)" title="Paralelo (geografia)">paraleloaren</a> (edo <a href="/wiki/Zirkulu_polar_antartikoa" title="Zirkulu polar antartikoa">Zirkulu polar antartikoaren</a>) hegoaldera eta <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a> inguratzen kokatzen dena. Denera, 20.327.000 km²-ko <a href="/wiki/Azalera" title="Azalera">azalera</a> du; tamainari dagokionez bigarren ozeano txikiena izanik, <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a> baino handiagoa, baina <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Barea" title="Ozeano Barea">Barea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa">Atlantikoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Indikoa</a> baino txikiagoa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> <a href="/wiki/Esplorazio" title="Esplorazio">esploratzaileak</a>, <a href="/wiki/1770eko_hamarkada" title="1770eko hamarkada">1770eko hamarkadan</a> egin zituen bidaien bidez, planetaren hegoaldeko latitudeak urez osaturik zeudela frogatu zuen. Geroztik, Hego Poloko Ozeanoaren exisentzia eta honen iparraldeko muga dudan jarri dira geografo ezberdinen eskuz, beste ozeanoen (Pazifiko, Atlantiko eta Indikoaren) parte bezala identifikatuz. Halaber, John Leech-en arabera, <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Erakunde_Hidrografikoa" title="Nazioarteko Erakunde Hidrografikoa">Nazioarteko Erakunde Hidrografikoaren (NEH)</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komodoro (sortu gabe)">komodoroa</a>, ikerketa ozeanografiko berriaren arabera <a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa" title="Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa">Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoak</a> garrantzi handia duela ezagutu da eta Hego Ozeanoa izena zirkulazio horren ipar-mugaren hegoaldera dagoen ur-masa definitzeko erabili da.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>. urtean La Hayan egin zen <a href="/wiki/Itun_Antartikoa" title="Itun Antartikoa">Itun Antartikoaren</a> Kontsulta Bileratik, NEHaren polizak Ozeano Astrala <a href="/w/index.php?title=60%C2%B0_hego-latitudeko_paraleloaren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="60° hego-latitudeko paraleloaren (sortu gabe)">60° hego-latitudeko paraleloaren</a> hegoaldera dagoen ur masa bezala definitzen duen arren, erabakia ez zen berretsia izan. Beste batzuen ustetan, ozeanoaren muga naturala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konbergentzia_antartikoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konbergentzia antartikoak (sortu gabe)">konbergentzia antartikoak</a> osatzen du.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegoaldeko_lur_ezezaguna">Hegoaldeko lur ezezaguna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hegoaldeko lur ezezaguna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hegoaldeko lur ezezaguna">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg/263px-OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg" decoding="async" width="263" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg/395px-OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg/526px-OrteliusWorldMap.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5788" data-file-height="3942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1564" title="1564">1564ko</a> Typus Orbis Terrarum, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius-ek</a> eginiko <a href="/wiki/Mapa" title="Mapa">mapa</a> zen; non, proposaturiko Hego Amerika eta Antartikaren arteko lotura irudikatzen zuen.</figcaption></figure> Ozeano Australeko esplorazioak <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a> kontinente mitikoaren sinesmenak inspiratu zituen; izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Klaudio_Ptolomeo" title="Klaudio Ptolomeo">Ptolomeoren</a> garaitik ipar hemisferioko lurraldeak (<a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika">Ipar Afrika</a>) "konpentsatzeko eta oreka mantentzeko" hegoalde urrunean kontinente handi bat zegoela uste zen.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Antartikaren inguruneetako lehen kontaktua <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487an</a> eman zen <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> <a href="/wiki/Esperantza_Oneko_lurmuturra" title="Esperantza Oneko lurmuturra">Esperantza Oneko lurmuturrerra</a> heldu zenean, Afrikako kontinentearen eta hegoaldeko kontinente hipotetiko honen artean ozeano bat zegoela frogatuz.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Magallaes" title="Fernando Magallaes">Fernando Magallaes-ek</a>, <a href="/wiki/1520" title="1520">1520an</a> <a href="/wiki/Magallaes_itsasartea" title="Magallaes itsasartea">Magallaes itsasartetik</a> igarotzean, <a href="/wiki/Suaren_Lurraldea" title="Suaren Lurraldea">Suaren Lurraldean</a> ikusitako irlak hegoaldeko lurralde ezezagun horren parte zirela suposatu zuen. <a href="/wiki/1564" title="1564">1564an</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius-ek</a> bere lehen mapa argitaratu zuen, Typus Orbis Terrarum. Zortzi orriko mundu mapa honetan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regio_Patalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regio Patalis (sortu gabe)">Regio Patalis</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locach (sortu gabe)">Locach</a> gunearekin kokatzen dira, Terra Australis-en iparraldeko luzapen bezala, <a href="/wiki/Ginea_Berria" title="Ginea Berria">Ginea Berriraino</a> heltzen direlarik.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Geografo europarrek Suaren Lurraldea Ginea Berriko kostaldearekin lotzen zuten haien <a href="/wiki/Lurbira-globoa" title="Lurbira-globoa">lurbira-globoetan</a>, Atlantikoko hegoaldea, eta ozeano pazifiko zein indikoen hegoaldeko gune ezezaguna Terra Australis Incognita (Hegoaldeko Lurralde Ezezaguna) bezala identifikatuz; tropikoraino luzatzen zen kontinente izugarria. <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI</a>. eta <a href="/wiki/XVII._mendea" title="XVII. mendea">XVII. mendeetan</a> kontinente honen bila esploratzaile asko inspiratu ziren.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla" title="Gabriel de Castilla">Gabriel de Castilla</a> Antartikako kontinentea deskubritu zuen lehen esploratzailea kontsideratzen da, <a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603an</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=64%C2%BA_H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="64º H (sortu gabe)">64º H-tik</a> haratago "elurrez estalitako mendiak" ikusi zituela esanez, baina bere garaian baztertu egin zuten.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606an</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernández de Quirós-ek</a> Australia del Espiritu Santo-n deskubritu zituen lurraldeak (<a href="/wiki/Hebrida_Berriak" title="Hebrida Berriak">Hebrida Berriak</a>), "Polorainokoak" Espainiako erregearen izenerako harturik.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake-k</a>, bera baino lehenagoko esploratzaile espainiarrek bezala, Suaren Lurraldearen hegoaldera kanal bat zegoela uste zuen. <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Schouten</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Le_Maire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Le Maire (sortu gabe)">Jacob Le Maire-ek</a> Suaren Lurraldeko hego-luzapena deskubritu eta Hornos lurmuturra izendatu zuten <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615ean</a>, artxipielago honek tamaina txikia eta hegoaldeko lurralde mitikoarekin erlazionatu gabea zela frogatuz. Ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642an</a> <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasmanek</a> azaldu zuen Holanda Berria (Australia) urez banandurik zegoela beste inolako kontinentetik.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/220px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/330px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Captainjamescookportrait.jpg/440px-Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6131" data-file-height="7692" /></a><figcaption>James Cook kapitainaren <a href="/wiki/Erretratu" title="Erretratu">erretratua</a> (1775), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Dance-Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Dance-Holland (sortu gabe)">Nathaniel Dance-Holland</a>. Egun, Erresuma Batuko <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">Itsasgintza Museo Nazionalean</a> (National Maritime Museum, NMM) aurkitzen dena.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antartikako_Konbergentziaren_hegoaldean">Antartikako Konbergentziaren hegoaldean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antartikako Konbergentziaren hegoaldean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Antartikako Konbergentziaren hegoaldean">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony de la Roché (sortu gabe)">Anthony de la Roché-k</a> <a href="/wiki/Hego_Georgia" title="Hego Georgia">Hego Georgiara</a> egin zuen bidaia <a href="/wiki/1675" title="1675">1675an</a>, Konbergentzia antartikoaren, eta ondorioz Antartika zein Hegoaldeko Ozeanoaen lehen aurkipena izan zen.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Gutxira, ‘Roché Irla’ irudikatzen hasi ziren, aurkilarearen ohore moduan. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook-ek</a> kontuan izan zuen aurkikuntza, irla kartografiatu zuenean <a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775ean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>-ren bidaia Paramour HMS ontzian,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Hego Antartikako ikerketa magnetikoaren izotzarekin topo eginez <a href="/w/index.php?title=52%C2%BA_H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="52º H (sortu gabe)">52º H-an</a> urtarrilean <a href="/wiki/1700" title="1700">1700an</a>, baina latitude horretan (Hego Georgiatik iparraldera 140 mi-ra heldu zelarik) bere hego urrunena zen. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Jean Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier</a> itsas-ofizial frantsesa saiatu zen partziali kondairakoa zen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sieur_de_Gonneyville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sieur de Gonneyville (sortu gabe)">"sieur de Gonneyville"-k</a> deskribatutako "Hegoaldeko Lurraldea" aurkitzen, azkenean <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_uhartea" title="Bouvet uhartea">Bouvet irla</a> aurkituz 54º10´ H, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=48%C2%BA-ko_longitude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="48º-ko longitude (sortu gabe)">48º-ko longitude</a> noranzkoan izotzez gaineztaturiko itsasoa ia <a href="/wiki/Hego_latitudeko_55%C2%BA_paraleloa" title="Hego latitudeko 55º paraleloa">55ºH-an</a>, <a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730ean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/1771" title="1771">1771an</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yves_Joseph_Kerguelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yves Joseph Kerguelen (sortu gabe)">Yves Joseph Kerguelen</a> <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziatik</a> itsasoratu zen <a href="/wiki/Maurizio" title="Maurizio">Maurizioko</a> hegoaldera joateko aginduarekin "kontinente oso handi baten bila". <a href="/w/index.php?title=50%C2%BAH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="50ºH (sortu gabe)">50º H-an</a> zegoen lurralde batekin egin zuen topo, "Hego Frantzia" deitu zuena, hegoaldeko kontinentearen masaren erdigunea zelaren ustetan. Lur berri horien esplorazioa amaitzeko berriro atera zen, biziezina zen irla bat zela konturatuz eta "Harriabar Irla" bezala berrizendatuz. Ostera, izena bere omenera <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_uharteak" title="Kerguelen uharteak">Kerguelen irletara</a> aldatu zen.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zirkulu_Antartikoaren_hegoaldean">Zirkulu Antartikoaren hegoaldean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zirkulu Antartikoaren hegoaldean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Zirkulu Antartikoaren hegoaldean">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Deskubritu gabeko kontinentearen obsesioa Alexander Dalrymple hidrografoarekin gailendu zen, Royal Society-tik nominatu zutelarik Venusen trantsitoa burutzeko Tahitirako expedizio batean 1769an. Expedizioa aurrera eramateko agindua admiraldgoak James Cook kapitaiari eman zion. 1772an, kapitainak Resolution (462 tonako itsasontziarekin) komandatuz eta Tobias Furneaux kapitainak Adventure ontzia (336 tonakoa) gidatuz Bouvet uhartea bilatu zuten, inolako arrakastarik gabe. Ostera, 58° H latitudean 20 gradu jo zituzten mendebalderantz longitudean, eta gero, 30º ekialderantz, gehienbat 60º H-ren hegoaldean mantenduz. Honela, boluntarioki inoiz baino latitude hegoalderagoetan ibiltzea lortu zuten.<a href="#cite_note-:4-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lurraren_lehen_ikustaldia">Lurraren lehen ikustaldia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lurraren lehen ikustaldia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Lurraren lehen ikustaldia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> 60° hego-latitudeko paraleloaren hegoaldean aurkitu zen lehen lurraldea <a href="/wiki/Livingston_uhartea" title="Livingston uhartea">Livingston irla</a> izan zen, <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Otsailaren_19" title="Otsailaren 19">otsailaren 19an</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(itsasgizona)" title="William Smith (itsasgizona)">William Smith</a> kapitain ingelesak begiztatua.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a> Kapitiainak Buenos Aires-etik Valparaisorako itsasbidea gauzatu zuen Williams ontzian, <a href="/wiki/Drake_pasaia" title="Drake pasaia">Drake pasaia</a> igarotzen ari zirenean hegoalderatz desbideratu zelarik. Hala, Livingston irlako ipar-ekialdeko muturra (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams_Point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams Point (sortu gabe)">Williams Point</a>) begiztatu zuen.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Smith-en ikuskapena sakonki dokumentaturiko lehena izan arren, aitzindari batzuk proposatu izan dira (nahiz eta orain arte ez den baieztapenak sostengatzen dituen froga historiko nahikorik aurkitu): alde batetik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ui-te-Rangiora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ui-te-Rangiora (sortu gabe)">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> nabigatzaileak Te Ivi o Atea ontzian Tai-uka-a-pia (XIX. mendeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Smith (sortu gabe)">Percy Smith</a> etnologo ingelesak "izozturiko itsasoa" bezala interpretatua) topatu omen zuen <a href="/wiki/VII._mendea" title="VII. mendea">VII. mendean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Bestalde, nabigatzaile europarren artean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirck_Gerritsz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirck Gerritsz (sortu gabe)">Dirck Gerritsz</a> marinel nederlandetarra (<a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Castilla" title="Gabriel de Castilla">Gabriel de Castilla</a> almirante espainiarrena (<a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>) daude . <a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png/572px-Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png" decoding="async" width="572" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png/858px-Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png/1144px-Tangra-Mountains-View-1822.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Livingston uhartearen ikuspegia Drake pasaitik ikusita, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hondamendi_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hondamendi uhartea (sortu gabe)">Hondamendi uhartea</a> lehen planoan (<a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilustrazio_(arte_grafikoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrazio (arte grafikoa)">ilustrazioa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Powell (sortu gabe)">George Powell</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Powell-Chart-1822.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Powell-Chart-1822.png/243px-Powell-Chart-1822.png" decoding="async" width="243" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Powell-Chart-1822.png/365px-Powell-Chart-1822.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Powell-Chart-1822.png/486px-Powell-Chart-1822.png 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>Hego Shetlandak artxipielagoaren mapa (1822, George Powell).</figcaption></figure> Smithen esploraziak eman ziren aldi berean, Antartikako historiako bizitza-galera handiena eman zen; izan ere, irailaren hasieran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosendo_Porlier_y_Asteguieta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosendo Porlier y Asteguieta (sortu gabe)">Rosendo Porlier y Asteguieta</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigadier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigadier (sortu gabe)">brigadier</a> espainiarraren aginpeko lau itsasontziko eskuadra <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cadizetik</a> <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callaorantz</a> bideratuta zegoen bitartean, klima gogorraren ondorioz <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Telmo_itsasontzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Telmo itsasontzia (sortu gabe)">San Telmo ontziak</a> <a href="/wiki/Lema" title="Lema">lema</a> eta masta galdu zituen. Eskuadrako Primerosa-Mariana ontziak estatxekin atoian hartu zuen arren, sokak hautsi eta ontzia zein bertako 644 bidaiariak beren zortera utzi ziren. <a href="/wiki/1820" title="1820">1820an</a> Livingston irlara heldu ziren itsasontziaren hondarrak aurkitu zituen Smithek, egun ez da hondamendia inork biziraun izanaren arrastorik aurkitu.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Antartikako kontinentearen lehen begiztapena hiru pertsonen artean eztabaidatzen da, iturriaren arabera lehen deskubritzailea aldatzen delarik: <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a> (1778 – 1852), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Bransfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Bransfield (sortu gabe)">Edward Bransfield</a> (1785 – 1852) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Palmer (sortu gabe)">Nathaniel Palmer</a> (1799 – 1877).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg/253px-%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg/380px-%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg/506px-%D0%A4.%D0%A4._%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%9C.%D0%9F._%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen Errusiar Itsas Armada Inperialeko admirala (ezkerrean) eta Mikhail Lazarev komandantea (eskubian).</figcaption></figure> von Bellingshausenek <a href="/wiki/Errusiar_Itsas_Armada_Inperiala" title="Errusiar Itsas Armada Inperiala">Errusiar Itsas Armada Inperialeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Amiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiral">admirala</a> izanik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartidako_lehen_espedizio_errusiarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartidako lehen espedizio errusiarra (sortu gabe)">Antartidako lehen espedizio errusiarra</a> (1819 - 1821) zuzendu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Mikhail Lazarev</a> komandante errusiarrarekin batera. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vostok_gerraontzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vostok gerraontzia (sortu gabe)">Vostok</a> (euskaraz: Ekialdea) eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirny_gerraontzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirny gerraontzia (sortu gabe)">Mirny</a> (euskaraz: Baketsua) gerraontziak erabili ziren. Espedizioa 1819ko <a href="/wiki/Uztailaren_4" title="Uztailaren 4">uztailaren 4ean</a> habiatu zen <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_(Errusia)" title="Kronstadt (Errusia)">Kronstadteko</a> portutik eta urtearen amaierarako gune subantartikora heldu ziren.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[30]</a> 1820ko <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_15" title="Urtarrilaren 15">urtarrilaren 15ean</a>, espedizioak Zirkulu Antartikoa igaro zuen (66° S latitudean eta 3° W longitudean) eta 1820ko <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_28" title="Urtarrilaren 28">urtarrilaren 28an</a> ezagutzen den <a href="/wiki/Izotz_plataforma" title="Izotz plataforma">izotz plataformaren</a> lehen behaketa eman zen, <a href="/wiki/Maud_Erreginaren_Lurraldea" title="Maud Erreginaren Lurraldea">Maud Erreginaren Lurraldearen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marta_Printzesaren_Kosta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marta Printzesaren Kosta (sortu gabe)">Marta Printzesaren Kostaldetik</a> 32 km (20 milia)-ra (69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W) zeudela. Egun, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimbul_izotz_plataforma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimbul izotz plataforma (sortu gabe)">Fimbul izotz plataforma</a> bezala ezagutzen da. Otsailean, kontinenteko ertzera (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enderby_Lurraldea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enderby Lurraldea (sortu gabe)">Enderby Lurraldean</a>) hurreratu ziren.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Bertatik, Cook-ek 1775ean eginiko ibilbidea jarraitu, eta Australiaruntz jo zuten.<a href="#cite_note-:7-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_(1820).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281820%29.jpg/305px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281820%29.jpg/458px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281820%29.jpg/610px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_-_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2_%281820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Antartikako izotz-geruzaren paisaia (1820).</figcaption></figure> Bransfield Erresuma Batuko <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Erregeren Itsas Gudarostearen</a> marinel <a href="/wiki/Irlandar" title="Irlandar">irlandarra</a> zen.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> William Smith-ek bere lehen bidaian Livingston irlako begiztatu ostean, Itsas Gudarosteak Smithen ontzia pleitatu eta Bransfield bidali zuen Smith-ekin batera aurkitu berri ziren irlak ikuskatzera. Hala, 1819ko urrian <a href="/wiki/Hego_Shetlandak" title="Hego Shetlandak">Hego Shetlandaketara</a> jo zuten, bertan <a href="/wiki/George_erregearen_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="George erregearen uhartea (Antartika)">George Erregearen uhartea</a> topatu eta Erresuma Batuko lurralde berri bezala erreklamatuz <a href="/wiki/Jurgi_III.a_Erresuma_Batukoa" title="Jurgi III.a Erresuma Batukoa">Jurgi III erregearentzat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Jarraian, hegoalderantz jo zuten Bransfield itsasartea igaroz. 1820ko <a href="/wiki/Urtarrilaren_30" title="Urtarrilaren 30">urtarrilaren 30ean</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitate_Penintsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitate Penintsula (sortu gabe)">Trinitate Penintsula</a>, Antartikako pentsulako iparrerengo gunea, behatu zuten; Bransfield-ek bere egunerokoan bi "mendi altu, elurrez estaliak" desribatu zituelarik. Hurrenez, Antartikako <a href="/wiki/Inlandsis" title="Inlandsis">izotz-geruzaren</a> ertza jarraitu zuten ipar-ekialdeko norabidean <a href="/wiki/Elefante_uhartea" title="Elefante uhartea">Elefante uharteko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Clarence_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="Clarence uhartea (Antartika)">Clarence uharteko</a> gune ezberdinak deskubrituz eta koroa ingelesarentzat erreklamatuz. Gainera, bidean Trinitate penintsulako segmentu bat eta Claren ce uharte guztia erregistratu zituen.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Nathaniel Brown Palmer esploratzaile, nabigazio kapitain, itsasontzi disenatzaile eta itsas txakur ehiztari estatubatuarra zen.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> 1820ko <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_17" title="Azaroaren 17">azaroaren 17an</a> Antartikako penintsula behatu zuen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antartikako_esplorazio_goiztiarra">Antartikako esplorazio goiztiarra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antartikako esplorazio goiztiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Antartikako esplorazio goiztiarra">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zerrenda:Antartikako_espedizioak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zerrenda:Antartikako espedizioak (sortu gabe)">Antartikako espedizioen zerrenda</a>»; «<a href="/wiki/Antartikako_historia" title="Antartikako historia">Antartikako historia</a>».<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png/283px-Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png" decoding="async" width="283" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png/425px-Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png/567px-Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.png 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>1897aren aurretik egindako Antartikako espedizioen ibilbideak.</figcaption></figure>XX. mendea arte, espedizio gehienen helburua komertziala zen: balea-arrantza eta itxas-txakurren ehiza aukerak bilatzeko. Antartikako kontinenteko lehen lurreratzea <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(esploratzailea)" title="John Davis (esploratzailea)">John Davis</a> kapitain amerikarrak adarrikatu zuen <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821eko</a> <a href="/wiki/Otsailaren_7" title="Otsailaren 7">otsailaren 7an</a>, nahiz eta gertaera hau ez duten historialari guztiek onartzen.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823an</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Weddell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Weddell (sortu gabe)">James Weddell</a> itsas-txakur ehiztari ingelesak egun Wedell itsasoa bezala ezagutzen den urak aurkitu zuen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antartikako_esplorazioaren_Aro_heroikoa">Antartikako esplorazioaren Aro heroikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antartikako esplorazioaren Aro heroikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Antartikako esplorazioaren Aro heroikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartikako_esplorazioaren_Aro_heroikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartikako esplorazioaren Aro heroikoa (sortu gabe)">Antartikako esplorazioaren Aro heroikoa</a>». Antartikako esplorazioaren garai heroikoa XIX. mendearen amaieratik I. mundu guda amaitu arte (1897–1922) zabaldu zen. Denboraldi honetan, Antartikako gunea nazioarteko herrialdeen interesekoa bilakatu zen; 17 espedizio zientifiko zein geografiko antolatu zirelarik 10 herrialde ezberdinetatik.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Garai heroikoaren ezaugarri bereizgarrietako bat, aurretiaz mugaturik aurkitzen zen garrio eta komunikabide-teknologiaren garapena izan zen.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Antartikako esplorazioaren garai heroikoko espediioak </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Datak </th> <th>Herrialdeak </th> <th>Espedizioen izenak </th> <th>Ontzia(k) </th> <th>Buruzagia </th></tr> <tr> <td>1897 - 99 </td> <td>Belgika </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espedizio_Antartiko_Belga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espedizio Antartiko Belga (sortu gabe)">Espedizio Antartiko Belga</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=RV_Belgica_(itsasontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RV Belgica (itsasontzia) (sortu gabe)">Belgica</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrien_de_Gerlache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrien de Gerlache (sortu gabe)">Adrien de Gerlache</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898 - 1900 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_espedizioa" title="Southern Cross espedizioa">Southern Cross espedizioa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Southern_Cross_(itsasontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Southern Cross (itsasontzia) (sortu gabe)">Southern Cross</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carsten_Borchgrevink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carsten Borchgrevink (sortu gabe)">Carsten Borchgrevink</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 - 04 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Discovery_espedizioa" title="Discovery espedizioa">Discovery espedizioa (1901-1904ko britainiar espedizio antartikoa)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a> (ontzi nagusia) <a href="/w/index.php?title=SY_Morning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SY Morning (sortu gabe)">Morning</a> (laguntza ontzia) <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(itsasontzia)" title="Terra Nova (itsasontzia)">Terra Nova</a> (laguntza ontzia) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 - 03 </td> <td>Alemania </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gauss_espedizioa" title="Gauss espedizioa">Gauss espedizioa (Antartikako lehen alemaniar espedizioa)</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gauss_(itsasontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gauss (itsasontzia) (sortu gabe)">Gauss</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erich_Dagobert_von_Drygalski" title="Erich Dagobert von Drygalski">Erich von Drygalski</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 - 03 </td> <td>Suedia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espedizio_Antartiko_Suediarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espedizio Antartiko Suediarra (sortu gabe)">Espedizio Antartiko Suediarra</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctika_(itsasontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctika (itsasontzia) (sortu gabe)">Antarctika</a> (ontzi nagusia) <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARA_Uruguay_(itsasontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARA Uruguay (itsasontzia) (sortu gabe)">ARA Uruguay</a> (laguntza ontzia) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">Otto Nordenskjöld</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902 - 04 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskoziako_Espedizio_Antartiko_Nazionala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eskoziako Espedizio Antartiko Nazionala (sortu gabe)">Eskoziako Espedizio Antartiko Nazionala</a> </td> <td>Scotia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Speirs_Bruce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Speirs Bruce (sortu gabe)">William Speirs Bruce</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903 - 05 </td> <td>Frantzia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espedizio_Antartiko_Frantsesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espedizio Antartiko Frantsesa (sortu gabe)">Hirugarren Espedizio Antartiko Frantsesa</a> </td> <td>Français </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Charcot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot (sortu gabe)">Jean-Baptiste Charcot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 - 09 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_espedizioa" title="Nimrod espedizioa">Nimrod espedizioa (Espedizio Antartiko Britaniarra)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(itsasontzia)" title="Nimrod (itsasontzia)">Nimrod</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 - 10 </td> <td>Frantzia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espedizio_Antartiko_Frantsesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espedizio Antartiko Frantsesa (sortu gabe)">Laugarren Espedizio Antartiko Frantsesa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pourquoi-Pas%3F_(ontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pourquoi-Pas? (ontzia) (sortu gabe)">Pourquoi-Pas? IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Charcot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot (sortu gabe)">Jean-Baptiste Charcot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 - 12 </td> <td>Japonia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japoniar_Espedizio_Antartikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japoniar Espedizio Antartikoa (sortu gabe)">Japoniar Espedizio Antartikoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kainan_Maru_(itsasontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kainan Maru (itsasontzia) (sortu gabe)">Kainan Maru</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobu_Shirase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobu Shirase (sortu gabe)">Nobu Shirase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 - 12 </td> <td>Norvegia </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amundsenen_Hego_Poloko_espedizioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amundsenen Hego Poloko espedizioa (sortu gabe)">Amundsenen Hego Poloko espedizioa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fram_(itsasontzia)" title="Fram (itsasontzia)">Fram</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910 - 13 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_espedizioa" title="Terra Nova espedizioa">Terra Nova espedizioa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(itsasontzia)" title="Terra Nova (itsasontzia)">Terra Nova</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott†</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 - 13 </td> <td>Alemania </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartikako_bigarren_alemaniar_espedizioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartikako bigarren alemaniar espedizioa (sortu gabe)">Antartikako bigarren alemaniar espedizioa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutschland_(ontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutschland (ontzia) (sortu gabe)">Deutschland</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Filchner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Filchner (sortu gabe)">Wilhelm Filchner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 - 14 </td> <td>Australia eta Zeelanda Berria </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australasiar_Espedizio_Antartikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australasiar Espedizio Antartikoa (sortu gabe)">Australasiar Espedizio Antartikoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SY_Aurora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SY Aurora (sortu gabe)">Aurora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 - 17 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trans-Antartika_Espedizio_Inperiala" title="Trans-Antartika Espedizio Inperiala">Trans-Antartika Espedizio Inperiala</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endurance_(ontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endurance (ontzia) (sortu gabe)">Endurance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 - 17 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Sea_taldea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ross Sea taldea (sortu gabe)">Ross Sea taldea</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SY_Aurora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SY Aurora (sortu gabe)">Aurora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Aeneas Mackintosh†</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 - 22 </td> <td>Erresuma Batua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_espedizioa" title="Shackleton–Rowett espedizioa">Shackleton–Rowett espedizioa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quest_(ontzia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quest (ontzia) (sortu gabe)">Quest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton†</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> † Espedizioa eman bitartean hildakoak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historia_modernoa">Historia modernoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia modernoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Historia modernoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Geografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Geografia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozeano_Australeko_uharteak">Ozeano Australeko uharteak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ozeano Australeko uharteak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ozeano Australeko uharteak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zerrenda:Antartikako_eta_Antartikaz_hegoaldeko_uharteak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zerrenda:Antartikako eta Antartikaz hegoaldeko uharteak (sortu gabe)">Antartikako eta Antartikaz hegoaldeko uharteen zerrenda</a>». Uharte antartikoak, zentzu hertsian, Antartikako kontinentearen inguruan aurkitzen diren irlak dira, <a href="/wiki/Antartikako_plaka" title="Antartikako plaka">Antartikako plakan</a> kokatuak Konbergentzia Antartikoaren hegoaldean (zehazki, 60° hego latitudeko paraleloaren hegoaldean). <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Uharteak </th> <th>Azalera (km²) </th> <th>Altitude handiena. (m) </th> <th>Koordenatuak </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandro_I.aren_uhartea" title="Alexandro I.aren uhartea">Alexandro I.aren uhartea</a> </td> <td>49070 </td> <td>2976 </td> <td>70°46′H 71°15′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Petri_I.a_uhartea" title="Petri I.a uhartea">Petri I.a uhartea</a> </td> <td>156 </td> <td>1640 </td> <td>68°51′00″S 90°35′00″M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hego_Orkadak" title="Hego Orkadak">Hego Orkadak</a> </td> <td>620 </td> <td>1265,8 </td> <td>60°36′H 45°30′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott uhartea (sortu gabe)">Scott uhartea</a> </td> <td>4 ha </td> <td>54 </td> <td>67°22.7′H 179°54,7′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balleny_irlak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balleny irlak (sortu gabe)">Balleny irlak</a> </td> <td>1705 </td> <td>800 </td> <td>66°55′H 163°45′E </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Hego_Shetlandak" title="Hego Shetlandak">Hego Shetlandak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_erregearen_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="George erregearen uhartea (Antartika)">George erregearen uhartea</a> </td> <td>1383,8 </td> <td>655 </td> <td>62°23′H 59°7′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="Nelson uhartea (Antartika)">Nelson uhartea</a> </td> <td>. </td> <td>. </td> <td>62°18′H 59°03′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_uhartea" title="Robert uhartea">Robert uhartea</a> </td> <td>132 </td> <td>. </td> <td>62°24′H 59°30′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snow_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="Snow uhartea (Antartika)">Snow uhartea</a> </td> <td>120,4 </td> <td>. </td> <td>62°47′H 61°23′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smith_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="Smith uhartea (Antartika)">Smith uhartea</a> </td> <td>148 </td> <td>2105 </td> <td>63°00′H 62°30′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Low_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="Low uhartea (Antartika)">Low uhartea</a> </td> <td>. </td> <td>. </td> <td>63°17′H 62°09′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deception_uhartea" title="Deception uhartea">Deception uhartea</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td>542 </td> <td>62°58′37′′H 60°39′00″M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_uhartea" title="Greenwich uhartea">Greenwich uhartea</a> </td> <td>142,7 </td> <td>625 </td> <td>62°31′H 59°47′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkner_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkner uhartea (sortu gabe)">Berkner uhartea</a> </td> <td>43873 </td> <td>975 </td> <td>79°20′H 48°07′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thurston_uhartea" title="Thurston uhartea">Thurston uhartea</a> </td> <td>15700 </td> <td>. </td> <td>72°10′H 99°00′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carney uhartea </td> <td>8500 </td> <td>. </td> <td>73°56′H 121°00′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roosevelt uhartea </td> <td>7910 </td> <td>550 </td> <td>79°17′H 162°00′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siple_uhartea" title="Siple uhartea">Siple uhartea</a> </td> <td>6390 </td> <td>3110 </td> <td>73°44′H 125°12′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelaida_uhartea_(Antartika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelaida uhartea (Antartika) (sortu gabe)">Adelaida uhartea</a> </td> <td>4463 </td> <td>2317 </td> <td>67°12′H 68°30′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spaatz uhartea </td> <td>4100 </td> <td>. </td> <td>73°00′H 75°00′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bear uhartea </td> <td>3500 </td> <td>. </td> <td>68°18′H 67°06′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guest uhartea </td> <td>2950 </td> <td>. </td> <td>76°11′H 167°04′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_uhartea" title="James Ross uhartea">James Ross uhartea</a> </td> <td>2598,4 </td> <td>1628 </td> <td>64°12′H 57°45′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ross_uhartea" title="Ross uhartea">Ross uhartea</a> </td> <td>2.460 </td> <td>3794 </td> <td>77°30′H 167°45′E </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anvers uhartea </td> <td>2.432 </td> <td>2821 </td> <td>64°36′H 63°30′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joinville_uhartea" title="Joinville uhartea">Joinville uhartea</a> </td> <td>1.607,4 </td> <td>765 </td> <td>63°21′H 55°40′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charcot uhartea </td> <td>1.500 </td> <td>. </td> <td>69°45′H 75°15′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mill uhartea </td> <td>1.258,1 </td> <td>326 </td> <td>65°30′H 100°40′E </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sherman uhartea </td> <td>1.158,6 </td> <td>186 </td> <td>73°3′H 100°00′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Smyley uhartea </td> <td>1.000 </td> <td>. </td> <td>72°43′H 78°33′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brabante uhartea </td> <td>976,8 </td> <td>2522 </td> <td>64°15′H 62°20′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Livingston_uhartea" title="Livingston uhartea">Livingston uhartea</a> </td> <td>973,5 </td> <td>914 </td> <td>62°36′H 60°30′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grant uhartea </td> <td>767,8 </td> <td>580 </td> <td>74°28′H 131°35′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latady uhartea </td> <td>700 </td> <td>. </td> <td>70°45′H 74°35′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drygalski uhartea </td> <td>693,7 </td> <td>510 </td> <td>65°45′H 92°30′E </td></tr> <tr> <td>Renaud uhartea </td> <td>618,3 </td> <td>. </td> <td>66°10′H 66°00′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Masson uhartea </td> <td>585,4 </td> <td>471 </td> <td>66°08′H 96°35′E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elefante_uhartea" title="Elefante uhartea">Elefante uhartea</a> </td> <td>557,9 </td> <td>852 </td> <td>61°01′H 54°54′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_uhartea" title="Rothschild uhartea">Rothschild uhartea</a> </td> <td>500 </td> <td>. </td> <td>70°45′H 74°35′M </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hearst uhartea </td> <td>500 </td> <td>365 </td> <td>69°00′H 62°20′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_uhartea_(Antartika)" title="D'Urville uhartea (Antartika)">D'Urville uhartea</a> </td> <td>455,3 </td> <td>210 </td> <td>63°06′H 56°15′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koroatze_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koroatze uhartea (sortu gabe)">Koroatze uhartea</a> </td> <td>450 </td> <td>1278 </td> <td>60°26′H 45°43′M </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sturge_uhartea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sturge uhartea (sortu gabe)">Sturge uhartea</a> </td> <td>437,4 </td> <td>945 </td> <td>67°26′H 164°47′E </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozeano_Australeko_ur-egiturak">Ozeano Australeko ur-egiturak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ozeano Australeko ur-egiturak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ozeano Australeko ur-egiturak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Antarctic-seas-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antarctic-seas-en.svg/343px-Antarctic-seas-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="343" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antarctic-seas-en.svg/515px-Antarctic-seas-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Antarctic-seas-en.svg/686px-Antarctic-seas-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_itsasoa" title="Weddell itsasoa">Weddell itsasoa</a> (57°18'M – 12°16'E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII.a_Erregearen_itsasoa" title="Haakon VII.a Erregearen itsasoa">Haakon VII.a Erregearen itsasoa</a> (20°M – 45°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_itsasoa" title="Lazarev itsasoa">Lazarev itsasoa</a> (0° – 14°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_itsasoa" title="Riiser-Larsen itsasoa">Riiser-Larsen itsasoa</a> (14° – 30°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmonauten_itsasoa" title="Kosmonauten itsasoa">Kosmonauten itsasoa</a> (30° – 50°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankidetzaren_itsasoa" title="Lankidetzaren itsasoa">Lankidetzaren itsasoa</a> (59°34' – 85°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_itsasoa" title="Davis itsasoa">Davis itsasoa</a> (82° – 96°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_itsasoa" title="Mawson itsasoa">Mawson itsasoa</a> (95°45' – 113°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_itsasoa" title="D'Urville itsasoa">D'Urville itsasoa</a> (140°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_itsasoa" title="Somov itsasoa">Somov itsasoa</a> (150° – 170°E)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_itsasoa" title="Ross itsasoa">Ross itsasoa</a> (166°E – 155°M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_itsasoa" title="Amundsen itsasoa">Amundsen itsasoa</a> (102°20′ – 126°M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_itsasoa" title="Bellingshausen itsasoa">Bellingshausen itsasoa</a> (57°18' – 102°20'M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_pasaia" title="Drake pasaia">Drake pasaia</a> (54° – 68°M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bransfield_itsasartea" title="Bransfield itsasartea">Bransfield itsasartea</a> (54° – 62°M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_itsasoa" title="Scotia itsasoa">Scotia itsasoa</a> (26°30' – 65°M)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ozeanografia_fisikoa">Ozeanografia fisikoa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ozeanografia fisikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ozeanografia fisikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Thermohaline_circulation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/220px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/330px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Thermohaline_circulation.svg/440px-Thermohaline_circulation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa (Antartikako inguruko zirkulu gorria), <a href="/wiki/Zirkulazio_termohalino" title="Zirkulazio termohalino">Zirkulazio termohalinoaren</a> parte bezala.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa">Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa" title="Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa">Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa</a> Ozeano Australeko <a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster" title="Itsaslaster">itsaslaster</a> bat da, mendebaldetik ekialdera dabilena. Ozeano Atlantikoa, Pazifikoa eta Indiakoa lotzen ditu, eta haien arteko garraiobide nagusia izanik. Munduko ur-laster handiena da, 135 milioi metro kubiko garraiatuz segundoko (4.6×109 cu ft/s), munduko ibai guztien emaria baino 135 aldiz gehiago. Lurraren errotazio-noranzko bera du, eta bera da Hego hemisferioko itsaslaster bakarra tropikoen arteko zonako itsaslasterren ekialdetik mendebalderako higidura konpentsatzen duena. Beraz, Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoak ur epelak Antartikara iristea eragozten du, batetik, eta, horri esker, Antartikak bere inlandsis edo izotz-geruza gordetzen du; bestetik, Antartikatik datozen icebergak Ipar hemisferioan bezain latitude txikietara iristea eragozten du. Lur-masek eta batimetriak nabarmen mugatzen dute itsaslasterra. Hego Amerikan hasita, lasterrak Drake pasaia zeharkatzen du, eta gero erdibitu egiten da. Beso bat, azalekoa eta epela, ekialderantz eta iparralderantz abiatzen da <a href="/wiki/Malvinetako_itsaslasterra" title="Malvinetako itsaslasterra">Malvinetako itsaslasterrean</a>, eta beste beso bat, sakonagoa, ekialderago iristen da iparralderantz egin baino lehen. Indiako ozeanora iritsita, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerguelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerguelen (sortu gabe)">Kerguelen</a> uharteetan erdibitu egiten da berriro, baina fluxu gehiena iparraldetik pasatzen da. Zeelanda Berritik hegoaldera jarraitzen du, eta deflexio bat jasaten du Pazifikoko hego-ekialdeko bizkarretik igarotzean. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iturburuak">Iturburuak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Iturburuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Iturburuak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/336px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="336" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/504px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/672px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Ozeano Australeko iturburuen egituraketa.</figcaption></figure> Ozeano Australean <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iturburua_(ozeanografia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iturburua (ozeanografia) (sortu gabe)">iturburuak</a> (ingelesez: upwellling) aurkitu daitezke, fenomeno ozeanografiko hauek itsas hondoko elikagaietan dentsoak diren urak azaleratzea eragiten dute. <a href="/wiki/Haize" title="Haize">Haizearen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_efektua" title="Coriolis efektua">Coriolis efektuaren</a>, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekman_garraioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekman garraioa (sortu gabe)">Ekman garraioaren</a> ondorioz ematen dira eta iturburu mota ezberdinak daude. Ozeano Australean, kostaldeko iturburuak ematen dira, non haize korronteak kostaldeko ertzarekiko paralelo jotzen duten, itsas-korronteak eratuz. Korronte hauek Korioilus efekuaren ondorioz ezkerrerantz mugitzen dira hego hemisferioan eta gainazaleko ura Ekman garraio bidez kostaldetik urruntzen da, itsas-hondoko ur dentsoago batengatik ordezkatzen direlarik.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png/220px-Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png/330px-Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png/440px-Antarctic_frontal-system_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Ross eta Weddell biren kokalekuak.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ross_eta_Weddell_birak">Ross eta Weddell birak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ross eta Weddell birak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ross eta Weddell birak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ross_bira" title="Ross bira">Ross bira</a> <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartikako</a> ozeanoan gertatzen diren bi biretako bat da. <a href="/wiki/Ross_itsasoa" title="Ross itsasoa">Ross itsasoan</a> kokatuta dago, eta erloju-orratzen noranzkoan biratzen da. <a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa" title="Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa">Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoaren</a> eta Antartikako kontinente-plataformaren arteko interakzioaren ondorioz sortzen da. Biraren erdialdean itsasoko izotzak irauteko joera duela ikusi da.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weddell_bira" title="Weddell bira">Weddel bira</a> <a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartikako</a> ozeanoan gertatzen diren bi biretako bat da. <a href="/wiki/Weddell_itsasoa" title="Weddell itsasoa">Weddell itsasoan</a> dago, eta erloju-orratzen noranzkoan biratzen da. Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoaren eta Antartikako kontinente-plataformaren arteko interakzioaren ondorioz sortzen da bira.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Klima»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Klima">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Itsas uraren <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a> -2 °C eta 10 °C (28 °F eta 50 °F) artean dago.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zikloi" title="Zikloi">Zikloi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekaitz" title="Ekaitz">ekaitzak</a> ematen dira, ekialderantz mugituz, kontinentea inguratzen dutelarik, eta maiz gogor bilakatzen dira <a href="/wiki/Izotz" title="Izotz">izotz</a> eta ozeano zabalen arteko tenperatura desberdintasunaren ondorioz. Ozeanoaren azalera 40° Hego latitudearen eta Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoaren artean zabaltzen da, bertan planetako <a href="/wiki/Haize" title="Haize">haize</a> bortitzenak ematen direlarik.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Negu" title="Negu">Neguan</a>, ozeanoa 65° hego-latituderaino (Pazifikoaren noranzkoan) eta 55° hego-latituderaino (Atlantikoaren noranzkoan) izozten da, gainazal tenperatura 0 °C (32 °F) azpiraino jaitsiz. Halaber, kontinentearen <a href="/wiki/Itsasertz" title="Itsasertz">kosta</a> batzuetan, barnealdetik datozen etengabeko <a href="/wiki/Haize_katabatiko" title="Haize katabatiko">haize katabatiko</a> gogorrek itsasertza izotzik gabe mantentzen dute neguan zehar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hondamen_naturalak">Hondamen naturalak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hondamen naturalak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Hondamen naturalak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Antartikako mugako gertakizunak.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krisi_klimatikoa">Krisi klimatikoa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Krisi klimatikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Krisi klimatikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Antartika klima aldaketaren ondorioak gehien sentitzen diren lekuetako bat da. Tenperatura hamarkada bakoitzeko 0,5 ºC inguru igo da 1950etik. Horrela jarraitzen badu, izotza urtzen den heinean lur libre gehiago egongo da, beraz, seguruenik askoz ere eskualde berdeagoa izango da etorkizunean.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Itsas-mailaren_igoera" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsas-mailaren igoera">Itsasoaren maila globala igotzen</a> ari da <a href="/wiki/Glaziarren_atzeraldia_1850etik_aurrera" title="Glaziarren atzeraldia 1850etik aurrera">glaziarren urtzearen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groenlandiako_izotz-geruza" title="Groenlandiako izotz-geruza">Groenlandiako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Antartikako_izotz-geruza" title="Antartikako izotz-geruza">Antartikako izotz geruzen</a> urtzearen eta hedapen termikoaren ondorioz,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> isuriak handiak izanez gero itsas maila 2100ean 2 metro igotzeko aukerarekin.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baliabide_naturalak">Baliabide naturalak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baliabide naturalak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Baliabide naturalak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Hego ozeanoaren baliabide naturalak ez dira oraindik ustiatu, baina kontinentearen gertutasunean <a href="/wiki/Gas_natural" title="Gas natural">gas</a>- eta <a href="/wiki/Petrolio" title="Petrolio">petrolio</a>-hobi handiak daudela uste da. Gainera, <a href="/wiki/Urre" title="Urre">urrea</a> bezalako <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> baliotsuen metaketak espero dira, <a href="/wiki/Alubioi" title="Alubioi">alubioi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentu" title="Sedimentu">sedimentuetan</a> aurkitu daitezkeenak <a href="/wiki/Arroka_sedimentario" title="Arroka sedimentario">prozesu sedimentarioetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio" title="Grabitazio">grabitateak</a> eragindako banaketagatik sortuak. Baita, <a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">manganeso</a> <a href="/wiki/Nodulo_polimetaliko" title="Nodulo polimetaliko">noduluak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itsas_hondo" title="Itsas hondo">itsas hondoan</a> nukleo baten inguruko <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdin</a> eta manganeso hidroxido geruza zentrokideek osaturiko arroka kontzentrazioak; nukleoa mikroskopikoa izan daiteke eta kasu batzuetan manganesozko mineral bilakatu kristalizazio prozesu bidez.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Antartikako kontinentea estaltzen duen izotza munduan dagoen <a href="/wiki/Ur_geza" title="Ur geza">ur gez</a> erreserba nagusia da;<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> ia munduko ur gezaren %81a osatuz eta munduko pertsona guztiak hainbat hilabetez mantentzeko haina. Hori dela eta, hamarkada askotan zehar proposatu da Ozeano Australeko <a href="/wiki/Izozmendi" title="Izozmendi">izozmendiak</a> iparraldera, Australiara, atoitzea bertan landu daitezen, baina orain arte ez da horrelako proiekturik arrakastaz aurrera eraman.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodibertsitatea">Biodibertsitatea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Biodibertsitatea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Biodibertsitatea">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Flora»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Flora">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Organismo" title="Organismo">Organismo</a> <a href="/wiki/Autotrofo" title="Autotrofo">autotrofo</a> itsastarren bi ordezkari bakarrak itsas <a href="/wiki/Alga" title="Alga">algak</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplaktona</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> dira; <a href="/wiki/Animalia" title="Animalia">animalia</a> itsastar asko, modu zuzen zein ez-zuzenean, fitoplaktonaren menpe bizi direlarik. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animaliak_edo_Fauna">Animaliak edo Fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Animaliak edo Fauna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Animaliak edo Fauna">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrainak">Arrainak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Arrainak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Arrainak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Icefishuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Icefishuk.jpg/220px-Icefishuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Icefishuk.jpg/330px-Icefishuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Icefishuk.jpg/440px-Icefishuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Channichthyidae" title="Channichthyidae">Channichthyidae</a> familiako arraina, soilik klima antartiko eta subantartikoan bizi daitezkeena. Bertako tenperatura hotzak bizirauteko izotz-kontrako substantziak jariatzen dituzte eta koloregabeak dira, hemoglobinarik ez dutelako.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">Klima</a> polar honetan ingurune hotzetan bizirauteko moldatu diren <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">arrainak</a> aurkituko ditugu, horretarako gorputzeko <a href="/wiki/Izotz-kontrako" title="Izotz-kontrako">izotz-kontrako</a> proteinen produkzioa emendatzen dutenak, gorputz barnean izotz kristalen sorrera emendatzea ekidinez.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Ondorioz, gainontzeko ozeanoekin alderatuta, Ozeano Australean familia gutxi batzuetan bildutako arrain espezie urri daude. Gehienak <a href="/wiki/Liparidae" title="Liparidae">Liparidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nototheniidae" title="Nototheniidae">Nototheniidae</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Zoarcidae" title="Zoarcidae">zoarzidoen (Zoarcidae)</a> familietako kideak dira, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notothenioidei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notothenioidei (sortu gabe)">blenido antartikoen</a> subordeneko gainontzeko ezpezieekin batera Hego ozeanoko 320 espezie ezagunen %90 osatzen dutelarik; kontuan edukita, hamarnaka deskribatu gabeko espezie daudela, batez ere Liparidae familiaren barnean.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Liparidae familiako espezieak ur sakonetan bizi diren bitartean, Nototheniidae familiakoak azaleko uretan aurkitu daitezke.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Genero ugari bat Notothenia da. Ur hauetan bizi den arrain ezberdinen beste adibide bat <a href="/wiki/Channichthyidae" title="Channichthyidae">Channichthyidae</a> familia da, Hego Ozeanoan soilik (Antartika eta Hego Amerikako kostaldeetan) bizi dena.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Arrain hauek hemoglobinarik ez dutenez, haien odolak ez du kolorerik eta egunean zehar itsas hondoan egoten dira, gauean zehar ur-zutabeetan gorantz eginez krustazeoz elikatu ahal izateko.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Aintzinan, Champsocephalus gunnari familia honetako espezie ugariena zen (kostaldean eta gune ez oso sakonetan bizi zena), baina XX. mendearen amaieran emandako gehiegizko arrantzaren ondorioz populazioak beherakada handia jasan zuen.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a> Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Dissostichus" title="Dissostichus">Dissostichus</a> generoaren barnean bi espezie daude; Antartika kostaldeko <a href="/wiki/Dissostichus_mawsoni" title="Dissostichus mawsoni">Dissostichus mawsoni</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagoniako</a> ur-subantartikoetako <a href="/wiki/Dissostichus_eleginoides" title="Dissostichus eleginoides">Dissostichus eleginoides</a>. Espezie hauek itsas hondoan, 100 eta 3.000 metro artean bizi dira eta 2 metroko luzera zein 100 kilogramorainoko pisua eskuratu ditzakete 45 urteraino biziz. Arrain hauek komertzialki arrantzatzen dira, gehiegizko arrantzaren ondorioz populazioen murrizpena eman delarik.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[67]</a> Espezie aipagarri eta ezohikoa <a href="/wiki/Pleuragramma_antarctica" title="Pleuragramma antarctica">Pleuragramma antarctica</a> da, Antartika inguruko uretan bizi den arrain benetan <a href="/wiki/Eremu_pelagiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremu pelagiko">pelagiko</a> bakarra kontsideratua.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island,_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg/126px-Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg/190px-Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg/253px-Aptenodytes_forsteri_-Snow_Hill_Island%2C_Antarctica_-adults_and_juvenile-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinguino_enperadore" title="Pinguino enperadore">Pinguino enperadoreen (Aptenodytes forsteri)</a> bi heldu eta kume bat <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Nevado_uhartea" title="Cerro Nevado uhartea">Cerro Nevado uhartean</a>, Antartikan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hegaztiak">Hegaztiak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hegaztiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Hegaztiak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Ozeano hauetan endemikoak diren eta kontinenteko kostalde arrokatsuek zein inguruko irletan habiak sortzen dituzten 100 milioi baino hegazti gehiago daude; hauen artean <a href="/wiki/Albatros" title="Albatros">albatrosak</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Diomedea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diomedea (sortu gabe)">Diomedea</a> generoa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrel_(hegaztia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petrel (hegaztia) (sortu gabe)">petrelak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Procellaria" title="Procellaria">Procellaria</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceanites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceanites (sortu gabe)">Oceanites</a> generoak) eta <a href="/wiki/Fulmar" title="Fulmar">fulmarrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marikaka_(hegaztia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikaka (hegaztia)">marikakak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubarroi" title="Ubarroi">ubarroiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaio" title="Kaio">kaioak edo antxetak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Txenada" title="Txenada">txenadak</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sterna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sterna (sortu gabe)">Sterna</a> generoa) aurkitzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Hauez gain, <a href="/wiki/Hego_Georgia" title="Hego Georgia">Hego Georgiako</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegoaldeko_Georgiak" title="Hegoaldeko Georgiak">uhertedian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthus_antarcticus" title="Anthus antarcticus">Anthus antarcticus</a> espezie intsektiboroa aurki dezakegu, ur-gezetako ahateez gain.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Bestalde, hegan ezin duten pinguinoak hego hemisferioan bizi dira, gehienbat Antartikan kontzentratuz. Pinguinoen 18 espezie kontinentean bizi eta ugaltzen dira eta beste 4 espezie ur-subantartikoetako irletan.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Aurki ditzakegun pinguinoen artean <a href="/wiki/Pinguino_enperadore" title="Pinguino enperadore">pinguino enperadorea</a> (neguan ugaltzen den Antartikako animalia bakarra, bero mantentzeko lau luma geruzaz babestua)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygoscelis_adeliae" title="Pygoscelis adeliae">Adelia pinguinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygoscelis_papua" title="Pygoscelis papua">Papuako pinguinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinguino_papozuri" title="Pinguino papozuri">pinguino papozuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinguino_errege" title="Pinguino errege">Pinguino erregea</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Eudyptes_chrysolophus" title="Eudyptes chrysolophus">Eudyptes chrysolophus</a> daude.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ugaztunak">Ugaztunak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ugaztunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Ugaztunak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Ozeano Australeko uretan <a href="/wiki/Pinnipedia" title="Pinnipedia">Pinnipedia</a> familiako eta <a href="/wiki/Zetazeo" title="Zetazeo">zetazeo</a> ordeneko hainbat espezie bizi dira. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg/220px-Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg/330px-Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg/440px-Humpback_whales_in_singing_position.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xibarta" title="Xibarta">Xibartak</a> abeste posizioan, ustez ugaltze-funtzioarekin erlazionaturik dagoena.</figcaption></figure> Zetazeoen 10 espezie aurki ditzakegu ingurune hauetan, 6 bale aholatzak (Mysticeti parvordenekoak) -handiena <a href="/wiki/Balea_urdin" title="Balea urdin">balea urdina</a> (Balaenoptera musculus) da, <a href="/wiki/Zere_arrunt" title="Zere arrunt">Zere arrunta</a> (Balaenoptera physalus), <a href="/wiki/Ipar-zere" title="Ipar-zere">Ipar-zerea</a> (Balaenoptera borealis), <a href="/wiki/Sardako_balea" title="Sardako balea">Ipar Atlantikoko sardako balea edo euskal balea</a> (Eubalaena glacialis), <a href="/wiki/Xibarta" title="Xibarta">Xibarta</a> (Megaptera novaeangliae), <a href="/wiki/Zere_txiki" title="Zere txiki">Zere txikia</a> (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)- dira eta 4 <a href="/wiki/Odontozeto" title="Odontozeto">odontozetoak</a> -<a href="/wiki/Kaxalote" title="Kaxalote">Kaxalotea edo zeroia</a> (Physeter macrocephalus), <a href="/wiki/Berardius_arnuxii" title="Berardius arnuxii">Berardius arnuxii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperoodon_planifrons" title="Hyperoodon planifrons">Hyperoodon planifrons</a> eta habitat honetako <a href="/wiki/Izurde" title="Izurde">izurde</a> bakarra <a href="/wiki/Hyperoodon_planifrons" title="Hyperoodon planifrons">(</a><a href="/wiki/Lagenorhynchus_cruciger" title="Lagenorhynchus cruciger">Lagenorhynchus cruciger</a>)-. Espezie hauetako asko migratzaileak dira eta Antartikako negua heltzean ur tropikaletara bidaiatzen dute.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg/220px-New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg/330px-New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg/440px-New_zealand_sea_lion_nursing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phocarctos_hookeri" title="Phocarctos hookeri">Phocarctos hookeri</a>, Zelanda Berriko otarioa kumea elikatzen.</figcaption></figure> Halaber, Antartikako uretan pinipedoen zazpi espezie aurki ditzakegu <a href="/wiki/Itsas_txakur" title="Itsas txakur">itsas txakur</a> -<a href="/wiki/Lobodon_carcinophaga" title="Lobodon carcinophaga">Lobodon carcinophaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptonychotes_weddellii" title="Leptonychotes weddellii">Leptonychotes weddellii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ommatophoca_rossii" title="Ommatophoca rossii">Ommatophoca rossii</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Itsas_lehoinabar" title="Itsas lehoinabar">Hydrurga leptonyx</a>-, <a href="/wiki/Itsas_lehoi" title="Itsas lehoi">itsas lehoi edo otaria</a> -<a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_gazella" title="Arctocephalus gazella">Arctocephalus gazella</a>- eta <a href="/wiki/Itsas_elefante" title="Itsas elefante">itsas elefanteen</a> -<a href="/wiki/Mirounga_leonina" title="Mirounga leonina">Mirounga leonina</a>- artean.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Hauez gain, pinipedo arraro eta jarraitu bat dago, Zelanda Berriko otaria (<a href="/wiki/Phocarctos_hookeri" title="Phocarctos hookeri">Phocarctos hookeri)</a>; gehienbat ur-subantartikoetako <a href="/wiki/Auckland_uharteak" title="Auckland uharteak">Auckland uharteetan</a> ugaltzen dena, nahiz eta aintzinan eremu zabalagoak erabiltzen zituen.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a> Animalia hauek Antartikako ingurune hotzetara egokitzeko gai dira ilaje geruza lodi bati edo azalari azpian loturiko gantz geruza sendo bati esker. Itsas elefanteena da espezie handiena, 4.000 Kg pisatzera heldu daitekeelarik eta itsas lehoiak txikienak dira, emeek 150 Kg pisatzen dituztelarik; bi espezie hauek <a href="/wiki/Bankisa" title="Bankisa">bankisa edo itsas-izotzetik</a> iparraldera bizi dira eta harem bidez ugaltzen dira hondartzetan.<a href="#cite_note-:2-79">[79]</a> Gainontzeko pinipedoak, itsas lehoien lau espezieak, bankisetan bizi dira eta ur azpian ehizatzen duten arren, lehorrean edo itsas-izotzetan ugaltzen dira. Bertan denbora asko igarotzen dute <a href="/wiki/Harraparitza" title="Harraparitza">harrapari</a> lehortarrik ez dutela aprobetxatuz eta munduko itsas txakurren <a href="/wiki/Biomasa" title="Biomasa">biomasaren</a> %50 osatzen dute.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Lobodon carcinophagus-ek 15 milioiko populazioa osatzen dute, munduko animalia zabalduenetarikoak bilakatuz<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> eta Leptonychotes weddellii (hegoalderantz urrunagoen bizi den itsas txakur espeziea) bezala,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> koloniatan bizi dira; Hydrurga leptonyx eta Ommatophoca rossii ordea, bakarka. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krustazeoak">Krustazeoak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Krustazeoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Krustazeoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Antarctic_krill_(Euphausia_superba).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/220px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/330px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg/440px-Antarctic_krill_%28Euphausia_superba%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphausia_superba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphausia superba (sortu gabe)">Euphausia superba</a> krill espeziea mikroskopio birtualez aztertua.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill-a</a> ozeanoko <a href="/wiki/Kate_trofiko" title="Kate trofiko">kate trofikoaren</a> oinarria da, plaktonaz elikatu eta gainontzeko animalien (arrain, hegazti, pinipedo eta zetazeoen) elikagaia delako. <a href="/wiki/Krustazeo" title="Krustazeo">Krustazeo</a> igerilari aske honen 5 espezie aurkitu dira Ozeano Australean. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphausia_superba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euphausia superba (sortu gabe)">Euphausia superba</a> munduko animalia ugarienetakoa da, eta hego hemisferioko krill espezie ugariena, 500 milioi tonako biomasarekin. Banako bakoitzak 6 zentimetro neurtzen eta 1 gramo pisatzen ditu. Neguan, janaria urria denean, krill-ak gaztedi fase txikiagora bueltatzen dira, beren gorputza elikatzeko erabiliz. Krill taldeek hainbat kilometroko hedadura lortu dezakete, metro karratuko 30.000 banakorekin eta ura kolore gorriko bilakatuz. Normalean taldeak ur sakonetan mantentzen dira egunean zehar, eta gaua heltzean planktonez elikatzeko igo. Aipatu bezala, animalia handiago asko krill-aren menpekoak dira beren biziraupenerako.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Krustazeo <a href="/wiki/Zona_bentiko" title="Zona bentiko">bentiko</a> askok ez dute urtaroko ugaltze-zikloa eta kumeak kumaldi-poltsa batean hazten dituzte. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyptonotus_antarcticus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyptonotus antarcticus (sortu gabe)">Glyptonotus antarcticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Isopodo" title="Isopodo">isopodo</a> bentiko ezohiko handia da, 20 zentimetroko luzera eta 70 gramoko pisua eskura ditzakeelarik. <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a> ordena, krustazeo bentikoen talde oso dibertsoa da, <a href="/wiki/Konbergentzia_Antartikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Konbergentzia Antartikoa">Konbergentzia Antartikoaren</a> hegoaldean bizi diren 600 espezie ezagunekin eta oraindik deskribatu ez diren beste hainbat. Orden honetako banako handiek, bereziki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epimeriidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epimeriidae (sortu gabe)">Epimeriidae</a> familiakoek 8 zentimetrorainoko luzera eduki dezakete.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beste_animalia_taldeak">Beste animalia taldeak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste animalia taldeak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Beste animalia taldeak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Colossalsquid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Colossalsquid.png/284px-Colossalsquid.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Colossalsquid.png/426px-Colossalsquid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Colossalsquid.png/568px-Colossalsquid.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesonychoteuthis_hamiltoni" title="Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni">Txipiroi antartiko edo txipiroi erraldoia</a>, munduko zefalopodo eta ornodun handiena da.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Kelizeratu" title="Kelizeratu">Kelizeratuen</a> artean, <a href="/wiki/Pantopoda" title="Pantopoda">pantopoda edo itsas-armiarma</a> motelak ohikoak dira Hego Ozeanoan, pantopoda guztien artean tamaina handienekoak habitat honetan bizi direlarik, batzuetan giza eskua hainako tamainara haziz. Itsas hondoan ugaltzen diren <a href="/wiki/Koral" title="Koral">koral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belaki" title="Belaki">belaki</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">briozoez</a> elikatzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Molusku" title="Molusku">Molusku</a> urtar asko aurkitu daitezke Antartikan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adamussium_colbecki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adamussium colbecki (sortu gabe)">Adamussium colbecki</a> bezalako <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalvia">bibalbioak</a> itsas hondoaren inguruan mugitzen dira; aldi berean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laternula_elliptica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laternula elliptica (sortu gabe)">Laternula elliptica</a> gordelekuetan bizi da, bere gaineko ura filtratuz.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[85]</a> Hego Ozeanoan 70 <a href="/wiki/Cephalopoda" title="Cephalopoda">zefalopodo</a> espezie inguru daude; guztietan handiena <a href="/wiki/Mesonychoteuthis_hamiltoni" title="Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni">txipiroi erraldoia edo antartikako txipiroia</a> (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) da, 14 metroko luzerara heldu daitekeena eta munduko ornodun handienen artean kokatzen dena.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Onykia ingens edo Moroteuthis ingens ur-subantartikoetako harrapakin nagusia da, hainbat ornodunek ehizatua.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Itsas_triku" title="Itsas triku">Itsas trikuen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abatus (sortu gabe)">Abatus</a> generoko banakoak sedimentua zulatzen du, bertan aurkituriko elikagaiak janez.<a href="#cite_note-:3-85">[85]</a> Salpa thompsoni eta Ihlea racovitzai Antartikako uretan ohikoak diren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salpa_(tunikatua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salpa (tunikatua (sortu gabe)">salpa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunikadun" title="Tunikadun">tunikatuen</a> espezieak dira. Salpa thompsoni izoztz gabeko guneetan aurkitzen da, Ihlea racovitzai ordea, latitude altuagoetan izotz inguruan aurkitzen da.Balio elikagarri baxua dutenez, gehienbat arrainek jaten dituzte, hegaztiak eta itsas ugaztunak bezalako animalia handiagoek soilik janari eskasiaren aurrean ehizatzen dituztelarik.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Antartikako <a href="/wiki/Belaki" title="Belaki">belakiak</a> luzaroan bizi dira. Ingurumen aldaketekiko sentikorrak dira, <a href="/wiki/Sinbiosi" title="Sinbiosi">sinbiosian</a> dituzten <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikroorganismo">mikroorganismoen</a> komunitateen espezifitateari esker. Hori dela eta, ingumen-osasunaren adierazle bezala erabiltzen dira.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomia">Ekonomia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ekonomia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_(1805-1905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_%281805-1905%29.jpg/387px-US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_%281805-1905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="387" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_%281805-1905%29.jpg/581px-US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_%281805-1905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_%281805-1905%29.jpg/774px-US_Whale_Oil_and_Sperm_Oil_Imports_%281805-1905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Historikoki, Antartikako ekonomia <a href="/wiki/Balea" title="Balea">balea</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Itsas_txakur" title="Itsas txakur">foken</a> ehizan oinarritu da. <a href="/wiki/Balea_arrantza" title="Balea arrantza">Balea arrantza</a> Antartikako uretan XIX. mendean hasi zenean, <a href="/wiki/Industria_Iraultza" title="Industria Iraultza">Industria Iraultza</a> garatu zen. Industralizazioak zekartzan berrikuntza eta teknika-aurrekariek lehengai askoren eskaera emendatu zuten (lanpara erregaia, labaingarri industriala edo gantz-jangarriak, eta hauek egiteko behar zen <a href="/wiki/Lumera" title="Lumera">lumera</a>).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Ondorioz, behar zen lumera eskuratzeko, arrantzaleek baleen ustiapen intentsiboari ekin zioten. <a href="/wiki/1800eko_hamarkada" title="1800eko hamarkada">1800eko hamarkadako</a> <a href="/wiki/Arrantza-ontzi" title="Arrantza-ontzi">itsasontzi arrantzari</a> gehienen itua <a href="/wiki/Xibarta" title="Xibarta">xibartak</a> izan ziren, hamarkada bakarrean xibarten populazioak beherakada handia jasan zuelarik, espezie honen banakoak aurkitzea oso zaila bilakatuz. Hala, xibartak aurkitu ezin zirenenan, jomuga hurrengo balea espezie errentagarrienera igaro zen, <a href="/wiki/Balea_urdin" title="Balea urdin">balea urdinetara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-93">[93]</a> Bale kantitate gehiago ehizatu ahal izateko, teknologia berria ere garatu zen arrantzan; <a href="/wiki/Arpoi" title="Arpoi">arpoiak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kanoi" title="Kanoi">kanoiak</a> zeramatzaten <a href="/wiki/Lurrun-makina" title="Lurrun-makina">lurrun-makinek</a> propultsaturiko ontzi mekanikoak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arpoi_leherkorrak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arpoi leherkorrak (sortu gabe)">arpoi leherkorrak</a>, besteak beste. Berrikuntza hauek bale arrantza efizienteagoa egin zuten, eta aurretiaz ehizatzeko azkarregiak ziren espezieak (balea urdinak eta zere arruntak) harrapatzeko aukera eman zuten. Hala, XIX. mende amaieran eta XX. mendearen hasiera bale arratzaren garai modernoa hasi zen.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Gauza bera gertatu zen <a href="/wiki/40ko_hamarkada" title="40ko hamarkada">40ko hamarkadan</a> <a href="/wiki/Zere_arrunt" title="Zere arrunt">zere arruntekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaxalote" title="Kaxalote">kaxaloteekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipar-zere" title="Ipar-zere">ipar-zereekin</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minke_balea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minke balea (sortu gabe)">minke baleekin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> XVIII. eta XIX. mendeetan itsas-txakur edo fokak hegoaldeko uretatik desagertu ziren, James Cook-ek 1775ean Hego Georgoako uhartea aurkitu ostean bertako itsas-txakur populazio handien ehizari ekin zietelarik. 1822 urterako, bertako itsas-txakur populazioa ia erabat irangituta zegoelarik. Izan ere, garaian itsas-txakur larruak modan zeuden jantziak egiteko orduan, Europan eta Ipar Amerikan eskari handian zeudelarik.<a href="#cite_note-:8-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/index.php?option=com_eoda&Itemid=207&lang=eu&nonkodea=8.6&view=exonimia">Antartikako exonimia. </a> Euskaltzaindia (Noiz kontsultatua: 2010-05-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/encyclopaedia-britannica/archive/193468566#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=111&xywh=-312,-353,3707,4754">«Volume 2, Anaxagoras-ATH - Encyclopaedia Britannica - Encyclopaedia Britannica - National Library of Scotland»</a> digital.nls.uk (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-25). </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">c</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/oo.html">«Oceans :: Southern Ocean — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency»</a> www.cia.gov (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-26). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> (Ingelesez) M. A., Geography; B. A., Geography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-new-fifth-ocean-1435095">«Do You Know the World's Newest Ocean?»</a> ThoughtCo (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-26). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Pyne, Stephen J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnvc8">The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica. </a> University of Washington Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-295-97678-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-295-97678-5">978-0-295-97678-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-26). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Wilford, John Noble. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6918813">The mapmakers: the Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to Space Age. </a> (1. argitaraldia) Vintage Books, Random House, 139 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-394-46194-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-394-46194-0">0-394-46194-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=6918813">6918813</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-6">g</a> (Ingelesez) Mill, Hugh Robert. (1911). Polar Regions. (11. argitaraldia) Encyclopædia Britannica 21. Cambridge University Press, 961–972 or.. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20854">«Ortelius, Abraham (1527–1598), map maker»</a> Oxford Dictionary of National Biography  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-20854">10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20854</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-10). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Barber, Peter; Barnes, Katherine; Erskine, Dr Nigel; Gertisen, Rupert; Green, Dr Jeremy; Helman, Dr Susannah; Kaus, David; King, Robert J. et al.. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?printsec=frontcover&vid=ISBN9780642278098&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Mapping Our World: Terra Incognita To Australia. </a> National Library of Australia <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-642-27809-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-642-27809-8">978-0-642-27809-8</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-10). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621132441/http://www.ejercito.mde.es/mexterior/webantartida/docs/extras/GABRIEL%20DE%20CASTILLA.pdf">«Wayback Machine»</a> web.archive.org 2007-06-21 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-20). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> (Gaztelaniaz) Vázquez de Acuña, Isidoro. (1993). Don Gabriel de Castilla primer avistador de la Antártica. Revista de Marina. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Headland, Robert, 1944-. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10163039">The island of South Georgia. </a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-25274-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-25274-1">0-521-25274-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=10163039">10163039</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-20). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Dalrymple, Alexander. (1771). A Collection of Voyages Made to the Ocean Between Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope. London. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Cook, James. (1777). A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World. Volume 2. London: Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell.. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> Colledge, J. J.. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67375475">Ships of the Royal Navy : the complete record of all fighting ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th century to the present. </a> (Rev. ed.. argitaraldia) Chatham <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8">978-1-86176-281-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=67375475">67375475</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagetowardsSo00Wedd">«A voyage towards the South Pole, performed in the years 1822-24, containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea, to the seventy-fourth degree of latitude : and a visit to Tierra del Fuego, with a particular account of the inhabitants; to which is added, much useful information on the coasting navigation of Cape Horn, and the adjacent lands, with charts of harbours, etc. : Weddell, James,1787-1834 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming»</a> Internet Archive (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-08-11). </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-2">c</a> Headland, R.  2009.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=1819&f=false">A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration: A Synopsis of Events and Activities From the Earliest Times Until the International Polar Years</a>, 2007-09.  London: Bernard Quaritch.  722 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Headland, Robert. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=1819&f=false">Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events. </a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-30903-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-30903-5">978-0-521-30903-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Wehi, Priscilla M.; Scott, Nigel J.; Beckwith, Jacinta; Rodgers, Rata Pryor; Gillies, Tasman; Van Uitregt, Vincent; Watene, Krushil. (2022-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03036758.2021.1917633">«A short scan of Māori journeys to Antarctica»</a> Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 52 (5): 587–598.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.2021.1917633">10.1080/03036758.2021.1917633</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0303-6758">0303-6758</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_8_1899/Volume_8,_No._1,_March_1899/Hawaiki:_the_whence_of_the_Maori,_being_an_introduction_to_Rarotongan_history:_Part_III,_by_S._Percy_Smith,_p_1-48/p1">«Journal of the Polynesian Society: Hawaiki: The Whence Of The Maori, Being An Introduction To Rarotongan History: Part III, By S. Percy Smith, P 1-48»</a> www.jps.auckland.ac.nz (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucViki-t1-body-d1-d9.html">«9. The Southwest Course | NZETC»</a> nzetc.victoria.ac.nz (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> Mulvaney, Kieran. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atendsofearthhis00mulv">At the ends of the earth: a history of the polar regions. </a> Island Press/Shearwater Books <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55963-908-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-55963-908-8">978-1-55963-908-8</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_23-2">c</a> Ivanov, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingston-island.weebly.com/">General Geography and History of Livingston Island</a>. In: Bulgarian Antarctic Research: A Synthesis. Eds. C. Pimpirev and N. Chipev. Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, (2015), pp.–17–28, <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9789540739397" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-954-07-3939-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> Martín-Cancela, Elena. (2018). Tras las huellas del "San Telmo": contexto, historia y arqueología en la Antártida. Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-17358-23-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-17358-23-5">978-84-17358-23-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> (Gaztelaniaz) Roche, Arnaud Cazenave de la. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fh.mdp.edu.ar/revistas/index.php/magallanica/article/view/3903">«Pesquisas sobre el descubrimiento de la Antártida: tras la estela del Williams of Blyth y del San Telmo (1819-1821)»</a> Magallánica : revista de historia moderna 6 (11): 276–317. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2422-779X">2422-779X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> U.S. Antarctic Program External Panel. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/antpan05.pdf">Antarctica – past and present</a>" (PDF). NSF. Retrieved 14 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Guy G. Guthridge. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060202101525/http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/antarctica/background/NSF/palmer.html">Nathaniel Brown Palmer</a>". NASA. Archived from the original on 2 February 2006. Retrieved 14 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828065910/http://arcane.ucsd.edu/pstat.html">«AARC Palmer Station Info»</a> web.archive.org 2006-08-28 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> H., A. R.. (1939). Hobbs, William Herbert ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1788099">«On Some Misrepresentations of Antarctic History»</a> The Geographical Journal 94 (4): 309–330.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1788099">10.2307/1788099</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0016-7398">0016-7398</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-30">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_30-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freeditorial.com/es/books/1819-20-21">«Descargar Двукратные изыскания в Южном Ледовитом океане и плавание вокруг света в продолжение 1819, 20 и 21 годов, совершенные на шлюпах»</a> Двукратные изыскания в Южном Ледовитом океане и плавание вокруг света в продолжение 1819, 20 и 21 годов, совершенные на шлюпах (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Трёшников А. Ф. (1963). История открытия и исследования Антарктиды (in Russian). М. Географгиз. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> Беллинсгаузен Ф. Ф. (2008). Двукратные изыскания в Южном Ледовитом океане и плавание вокруг света (errusieraz). Moscow: Дрофа. ISBN <bdi>978-5-358-02961-3</bdi>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Bulkeley R. (2014). Bellingshausen and the Russian Antarctic Expedition, 1819—21. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN <bdi>978-1-349-59576-1</bdi>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Division, National Geographic Society (U S. ) Cartographic. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=20sOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA23&redir_esc=y">Antarctica. </a> The Society (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Michael Smith, Great Endeavour: Ireland's Antarctic Explorers, Dublin: The Collins Press, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Bransfield">«Edward Bransfield | Discoveries & Facts | Britannica»</a> www.britannica.com (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Campbell, David G. (2002). The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica, p. 4. Houghton-Mifflin Books. ISBN 0-618-21921-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> Baughman, T.H.. (1997-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014789">«Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1688–1839. Alan Gurney. 1997. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, xii + 315 p, illustrated, hard cover. ISBN0-393-03949-8. £ 18.95.»</a> Polar Record 33 (186): 251–252.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0032247400014789">10.1017/s0032247400014789</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0032-2474">0032-2474</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Brewster, David,; Brewster, David; Jameson, Robert; Jameson, Robert; Lizars, Daniel; Lizars, Daniel; Lizars, W. H.; Edinburgh, Royal Society of et al.. (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/217889">The Edinburgh philosophical journal. </a> Printed for Archibald Constable (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> Spears, John Randolph. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LPwlAAAAMAAJ">Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer, an old-time sailor of the sea. </a> New York : The Macmillan company (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> Baughman, T.H.. (1997-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400014789">«Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1688–1839. Alan Gurney. 1997. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, xii + 315 p, illustrated, hard cover. ISBN0-393-03949-8. £ 18.95.»</a> Polar Record 33 (186): 251–252.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0032247400014789">10.1017/s0032247400014789</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0032-2474">0032-2474</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> Bourke, Jane (2004). Amazing Antarctica Resource. Ready-Ed Publications. ISBN <bdi>9781863975841</bdi>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Barczewski, Stephanie L.. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antarcticdestini0000barc">Antarctic destinies: Scott, Shackleton, and the changing face of heroism. </a> Hambledon Continuum <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84725-192-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-84725-192-3">978-1-84725-192-3</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> Smith, Michael. (2015). Shackleton: by endurance we conquer. (Paperback ed. argitaraldia) Oneworld Publ <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-78074-707-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-78074-707-1">978-1-78074-707-1</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Mann, Kenneth H.; Lazier, J. R. N.. (2009). Dynamics of marine ecosystems: biological-physical interactions in the oceans. (3. ed., [Nachdr.]. argitaraldia) Blackwell Publ <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4051-1118-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4051-1118-8">978-1-4051-1118-8</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> Ditullio, Giacomo R.; Dunbar, Robert B.. (2003). Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea. American geophysical union <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87590-972-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87590-972-1">978-0-87590-972-1</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Orsi, Alejandro H.; Nowlin, Worth D.; Whitworth, Thomas. (1993-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/096706379390060G">«On the circulation and stratification of the Weddell Gyre»</a> Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 40 (1): 169–203.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0967-0637%2893%2990060-G">10.1016/0967-0637(93)90060-G</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Deacon, G.E.R.. (1979-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/019801497990044X">«The Weddell gyre»</a> Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 26 (9): 981–995.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0198-0149%2879%2990044-X">10.1016/0198-0149(79)90044-X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Fahrbach, E.; Rohardt, G.; Schröder, M.; Strass, V.. (1994-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/12/840/1994/">«Transport and structure of the Weddell Gyre»</a> Annales Geophysicae 12 (9): 840–855.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00585-994-0840-7">10.1007/s00585-994-0840-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1432-0576">1432-0576</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> (Ingelesez) David, Bruno; Saucède, Thomas. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=Al4pBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Biodiversity of the Southern Ocean. </a> Elsevier <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-08-100485-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-08-100485-2">978-0-08-100485-2</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-25). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Siegert, Martin J.; Bentley, Mike J.; Atkinson, Angus; Bracegirdle, Thomas J.; Convey, Peter; Davies, Bethan; Downie, Rod; Hogg, Anna E. et al.. (2023-08-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1229283/full">«Antarctic extreme events»</a> Frontiers in Environmental Science 11  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffenvs.2023.1229283">10.3389/fenvs.2023.1229283</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2296-665X">2296-665X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Sanchez, Monica. (2017-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteorologiaenred.com/eu/klima-aldaketa-berde-Antartika.html">«Klima aldaketak berde Antartika»</a> Meteorología en Red (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> Ansa, Mikel P.. (2023-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/216960/antartikako-izotza-salbatzeko-garaiz-da-baina-azken-aukera-izan-liteke-zientzialarien-arabera.htm">«Antartikako izotza salbatzeko, garaiz da, baina azken aukera izan liteke, zientzialarien arabera»</a> Berria (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> (Ingelesez) DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David. (2016-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17145">«Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise»</a> Nature 531 (7596): 591–597.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17145">10.1038/nature17145</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Bamber, Jonathan L.; Oppenheimer, Michael; Kopp, Robert E.; Aspinall, Willy P.; Cooke, Roger M.. (2019-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1817205116">«Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment»</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (23): 11195–11200.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1817205116">10.1073/pnas.1817205116</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31110015">31110015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6561295">PMC6561295</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-30). </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Anderson, J. B.; Houston), J. B. (Rice University Anderson. (1999-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=f9YqF73oe4IC&pg=PA153&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Antarctic Marine Geology. </a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-59317-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-59317-5">978-0-521-59317-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-26). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Stephenson, Gordon R.; Sprintall, Janet; Gille, Sarah T.; Vernet, Maria; Helly, John J.; Kaufmann, Ronald S.. (2011-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967064510003656">«Subsurface melting of a free-floating Antarctic iceberg»</a> Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 58 (11-12): 1336–1345.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2010.11.009">10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.009</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Karimidastenaei, Zahra; Klöve, Björn; Sadegh, Mojtaba; Haghighi, Ali Torabi. (2021-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/22/3220">«Polar Ice as an Unconventional Water Resource: Opportunities and Challenges»</a> Water 13 (22): 3220.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fw13223220">10.3390/w13223220</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2073-4441">2073-4441</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-27). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Harvey, William Henry. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=L8xAAAAAcAAJ&redir_esc=y">Nereis Australis, Or Algae of the Southern Ocean: Being Figures and Descriptions of Marine Plants, Collected on the Shores of the Cape of Good Hope, the Extra-Tropical Australian Colonies, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Regions; Deposited in the Herbarium of the Dublin University by William Henry Harvey. </a> Reeve (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> Knox, G. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/123199313">Biology of the Southern Ocean. </a> (2. argitaraldia) CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4200-0513-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-4200-0513-4">978-1-4200-0513-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=123199313">123199313</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Ross, Piper. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/191846476">Extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. </a> Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-313-08594-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-313-08594-9">978-0-313-08594-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=191846476">191846476</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Jung, A.; Johnson, P.; Eastman, J. T.; DeVries, A. L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00004292">«Protein content and freezing avoidance properties of the subdermal extracellular matrix and serum of the Antarctic snailfish, Paraliparis devriesi»</a> Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 14 (1): 71–80.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00004292">10.1007/BF00004292</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0920-1742">0920-1742</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Eastman, Joseph T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00300-004-0667-4">«The nature of the diversity of Antarctic fishes»</a> Polar Biology 28 (2): 93–107.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00300-004-0667-4">10.1007/s00300-004-0667-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0722-4060">0722-4060</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-26). </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Eastman, Joseph T.; Lannoo, Michael J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199809)237:3"><213::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-# «Morphology of the brain and sense organs in the snailfish Paraliparis devriesi: neural convergence and sensory compensation on the Antarctic shelf»</a> Journal of Morphology 237 (3): 213–236.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291097-4687%28199809%29237%3A3%3C213%3A%3Aaid-jmor2%3E3.0.co%3B2-%23">10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199809)237:3<213::aid-jmor2>3.0.co;2-#</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0362-2525">0362-2525</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> Nelson, Joseph S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28965588">Fishes of the world. </a> (3. argitaraldia) John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-471-54713-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-471-54713-1">0-471-54713-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28965588">28965588</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.us/summary/Champsocephalus-gunnari.html">«Champsocephalus gunnari summary page»</a> FishBase (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-67">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/fish/">«Antarctic fish»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.us/summary/Pleuragramma-antarctica.html">«Pleuragramma antarctica summary page»</a> FishBase (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-06-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/flying-birds/">«Flying birds»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122145509/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/land_animals/index.php">«Land Animals of Antarctica - British Antarctic Survey»</a> web.archive.org 2012-11-22 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/penguins/">«Penguins»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/adapting-to-the-cold/">«Antarctic animals adapting to the cold»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Nunn, John. (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=iS0BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA196&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=penguin&f=false">Narrative of the wreck of the 'Favorite' on the island of Desolation (Kerguelen Land): detailing the adventures, sufferings and privations of John Nunn; ed. by W.B. Clarke [from Nunn's account as told to him</a>.. ] (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Kalman, Bobbie; Johnson, Robin R.. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=AGbKAorC0N8C&redir_esc=y">The Life Cycle of an Emperor Penguin. </a> Crabtree Publishing Company <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7787-0630-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-7787-0630-4">978-0-7787-0630-4</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Müller-Schwarze, Dietland. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=mJtX-0jc4uMC&pg=PA138&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Behavior of Penguins: Adapted to Ice and Tropics. </a> SUNY Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87395-866-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-87395-866-0">978-0-87395-866-0</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/whales/what-is-a-whale/">«What is a whale?»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0004280.xml">«oceà Antàrtic | enciclopèdia.cat»</a> www.enciclopedia.cat (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Riffenburgh, Beau. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71552334">Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. </a> Routledge <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-415-97024-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-415-97024-5">0-415-97024-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-79">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_79-1">b</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/seals/sea-lions/">«Sea lions»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120826005443/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/seals-and-sea-lions/pack-ice-seals/pack-ice-seal-species">«Pack-ice seal species — Australian Antarctic Division»</a> web.archive.org 2012-08-26 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/seals/crabeater-seals/">«Crabeater seals»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/seals/weddell-seals/">«Weddell seals»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/krill/">«Antarctic krill»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/krill/krill-magicians-of-the-southern-ocean/">«Krill: magicians of the Southern Ocean»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-04). </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-85">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_85-3">d</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/seabed-benthic-communities/">«Seabed (benthic) communities»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> D'Udekem d'Acoz, Cédric; Verheye, Marie L.. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/484">«Epimeria of the Southern Ocean with notes on their relatives (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Eusiroidea)»</a> European Journal of Taxonomy (359)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5852%2Fejt.2017.359">10.5852/ejt.2017.359</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2118-9773">2118-9773</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/worlds-largest-squid-landed-nz">«World's largest squid landed in NZ»</a> The Beehive (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/squid/">«Squid»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/salps/">«Salps»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/sponges/">«Sponges»</a> www.antarctica.gov.au (Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-07-05). </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> Clapham, Phil (2004). <a href="//archive.org/details/rightwhalesnatur0000clap/page/n75/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:rightwhalesnatur0000clap/page/n75/mode/2up">Right Whales: Natural History & Conservation</a>. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 8. ISBN <bdi>0-89658-657-X</bdi>. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.petroleumhistory.org/OilHistory/pages/Whale/whale.html">«Whale Oil»</a> www.petroleumhistory.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_93-2">c</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studycountry.com/guide/AQ-economy.htm">«The Economy of Antarctica»</a> SpainExchange Country Guide (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-28). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/whaling">«Global whaling peaked in the 1960s»</a> Our World in Data (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/big-fish-history-whaling">«Big Fish: A Brief History of Whaling»</a> education.nationalgeographic.org (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-29). </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Tønnessen, Johan Nicolay; Johnsen, Arne Odd. (1982-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books/about/The_History_of_Modern_Whaling.html?id=-miE3r5DgPUC&redir_esc=y">The History of Modern Whaling. </a> University of California Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-03973-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-520-03973-5">978-0-520-03973-5</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-10-29). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozeano_Australa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div 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aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wikimedia proiektuak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> Datuak: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7354" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7354">Q7354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Multimedia: <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7354%22">Q7354</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Identifikadoreak</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/viaf-316732340">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316732340/">316732340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058444-6">4058444-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005488">sh85005488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00643931">00643931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128382">ge128382</a></li> <li>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Southern-Ocean">url</a></li> <li>Lekuak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Getty_Thesaurus_of_Geographic_Names" title="Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names">TGN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/1112234">1112234</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a> Datuak: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7354" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7354">Q7354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Multimedia: <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q7354%22">Q7354</a></li></ul> </div></div> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse" style="clear: both; width: 100%; text-align: center; padding: 0; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9; color: #111; font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 0;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100%" style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; background: #BFD7FF"><a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurreko</a> bost ozeanoak </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0.5em 1em; background:white"> <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa">Ozeano Atlantikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Barea" title="Ozeano Barea">Ozeano Barea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozeano Australa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Indiako ozeanoa</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lurreko_ozeano_eta_itsasoak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Itsasoen_aurkibidea" title="Txantiloi:Itsasoen aurkibidea"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Itsasoen_aurkibidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Itsasoen aurkibidea (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Itsasoen_aurkibidea&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lurreko_ozeano_eta_itsasoak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurreko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ozeano" title="Ozeano">ozeano</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Itsaso" title="Itsaso">itsasoak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_golkoa" title="Amundsen golkoa">Amundsen golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barents" class="mw-redirect" title="Barents">Barents</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_itsasoa" title="Beaufort itsasoa">Beaufort itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bering_(itsasartea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering (itsasartea)">Bering</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boothiako_golkoa" title="Boothiako golkoa">Boothiako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Siberiako_itsasoa" title="Ekialdeko Siberiako itsasoa">Ekialdeko Siberiako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fram_itsasartea" title="Fram itsasartea">Fram itsasartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandiako_itsasoa" title="Groenlandiako itsasoa">Groenlandiako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_Printzearen_itsasoa" title="Gustavo Adolfo Printzearen itsasoa">Gustavo Adolfo Printzearen itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Zuria" title="Itsaso Zuria">Itsaso Zuria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kara_itsasoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara itsasoa">Kara itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karako_itsasartea" title="Karako itsasartea">Karako itsasartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laptev" title="Laptev">Laptev</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_itsasoa" title="Lincoln itsasoa">Lincoln itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petxora_itsasoa" title="Petxora itsasoa">Petxora itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Txuktxien_itsasoa" title="Txuktxien itsasoa">Txuktxien itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wandel_itsasoa" title="Wandel itsasoa">Wandel itsasoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa">Ozeano Atlantikoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adriatikoa" title="Adriatikoa">Adriatikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_itsasoa" title="Åland itsasoa">Åland itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alborango_itsasoa" title="Alborango itsasoa">Alborango itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argentinako_itsasoa" title="Argentinako itsasoa">Argentinako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Azoveko_itsasoa" title="Azoveko itsasoa">Azoveko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baffin_badia" title="Baffin badia">Baffin badia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Balearretako_itsasoa" title="Balearretako itsasoa">Balearretako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baltikoa" title="Baltikoa">Baltikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bizkaiko_golkoa" title="Bizkaiko golkoa">Bizkaiko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botniako_badia" title="Botniako badia">Botniako badia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botniako_itsasoa" title="Botniako itsasoa">Botniako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botniako_golkoa" title="Botniako golkoa">Botniako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Campecheko_golkoa" title="Campecheko golkoa">Campecheko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danimarkako_itsasartea" title="Danimarkako itsasartea">Danimarkako itsasartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Davis_itsasartea" title="Davis itsasartea">Davis itsasartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egeo" title="Egeo">Egeo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Finlandiako_golkoa" title="Finlandiako golkoa">Finlandiako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Foxe_Arroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxe Arroa">Foxe Arroa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundy_badia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundy badia">Fundy badia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gineako_golkoa" title="Gineako golkoa">Gineako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandiako_itsasoa" title="Groenlandiako itsasoa">Groenlandiako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hebridetako_itsasoa" title="Hebridetako itsasoa">Hebridetako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hudson_badia" title="Hudson badia">Hudson badia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ipar_itsasoa" title="Ipar itsasoa">Ipar itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irlandako_itsasoa" title="Irlandako itsasoa">Irlandako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irminger_itsasoa" title="Irminger itsasoa">Irminger itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza">Itsaso Beltza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Zeltikoa" title="Itsaso Zeltikoa">Itsaso Zeltikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_badia" title="James badia">James badia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonikoa" title="Jonikoa">Jonikoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karibe_itsasoa" title="Karibe itsasoa">Karibe itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kretako_itsasoa" title="Kretako itsasoa">Kretako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Labrador_itsasoa" title="Labrador itsasoa">Labrador itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Levanteko_itsasoa" title="Levanteko itsasoa">Levanteko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Libiako_itsasoa" title="Libiako itsasoa">Libiako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liguriako_itsasoa" title="Liguriako itsasoa">Liguriako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liongo_golkoa" title="Liongo golkoa">Liongo golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maineko_golkoa" title="Maineko golkoa">Maineko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mantxako_kanala" title="Mantxako kanala">Mantxako kanala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marmarako_itsasoa" title="Marmarako itsasoa">Marmarako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneoa" title="Mediterraneoa">Mediterraneoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mexikoko_golkoa" title="Mexikoko golkoa">Mexikoko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mirtos" title="Mirtos">Mirtos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norvegiako_itsasoa" title="Norvegiako itsasoa">Norvegiako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Laurendi_golkoa" title="San Laurendi golkoa">San Laurendi golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sargazoen_itsasoa" title="Sargazoen itsasoa">Sargazoen itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sirteko_golkoa" title="Sirteko golkoa">Sirteko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tirreniar_itsasoa" title="Tirreniar itsasoa">Tirreniar itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Traziako_itsasoa" title="Traziako itsasoa">Traziako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Uhartediaren_itsasoa" title="Uhartediaren itsasoa">Uhartediaren itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Venezuelako_golkoa" title="Venezuelako golkoa">Venezuelako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wadden_itsasoa" title="Wadden itsasoa">Wadden itsasoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Indiako ozeanoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adengo_golkoa" title="Adengo golkoa">Adengo golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andamango_itsasoa" title="Andamango itsasoa">Andamango itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aqabako_golkoa" title="Aqabako golkoa">Aqabako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arabiako_itsasoa" title="Arabiako itsasoa">Arabiako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bengalako_golkoa" title="Bengalako golkoa">Bengalako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Gorria" title="Itsaso Gorria">Itsaso Gorria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Khambhateko_golkoa" title="Khambhateko golkoa">Khambhateko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kutcheko_golkoa" title="Kutcheko golkoa">Kutcheko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lakadiveetako_itsasoa" title="Lakadiveetako itsasoa">Lakadiveetako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malakako_itsasartea" title="Malakako itsasartea">Malakako itsasartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozambikeko_kanala" title="Mozambikeko kanala">Mozambikeko kanala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Omango_golkoa" title="Omango golkoa">Omango golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Persiar_golkoa" title="Persiar golkoa">Persiar golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suezko_golkoa" title="Suezko golkoa">Suezko golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timorko_itsasoa" title="Timorko itsasoa">Timorko itsasoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Barea" title="Ozeano Barea">Ozeano Barea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alaskako_golkoa" title="Alaskako golkoa">Alaskako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Arafura_itsasoa" title="Arafura itsasoa">Arafura itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baliko_itsasoa" title="Baliko itsasoa">Baliko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bandako_itsasoa" title="Bandako itsasoa">Bandako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bering_(itsasoa)" title="Bering (itsasoa)">Bering</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bisayetako_itsasoa" title="Bisayetako itsasoa">Bisayetako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_itsasoa" title="Bismarck itsasoa">Bismarck itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bohai_itsasoa" title="Bohai itsasoa">Bohai itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bohol_itsasoa" title="Bohol itsasoa">Bohol itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Camotesko_itsasoa" title="Camotesko itsasoa">Camotesko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carpentaria_golkoa" title="Carpentaria golkoa">Carpentaria golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Celebesko_itsasoa" title="Celebesko itsasoa">Celebesko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Txinako_itsasoa" title="Ekialdeko Txinako itsasoa">Ekialdeko Txinako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Filipinetako_itsasoa" title="Filipinetako itsasoa">Filipinetako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Floresko_itsasoa" title="Floresko itsasoa">Floresko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fonsecako_golkoa" title="Fonsecako golkoa">Fonsecako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grauren_itsasoa" title="Grauren itsasoa">Grauren itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Halmaherako_itsasoa" title="Halmaherako itsasoa">Halmaherako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hego_Txinako_itsasoa" title="Hego Txinako itsasoa">Hego Txinako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Horia" title="Itsaso Horia">Itsaso Horia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japoniako_itsasoa" title="Japoniako itsasoa">Japoniako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Javako_itsasoa" title="Javako itsasoa">Javako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniako_golkoa" title="Kaliforniako golkoa">Kaliforniako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Koral_itsasoa" title="Koral itsasoa">Koral itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Koroko_itsasoa" title="Koroko itsasoa">Koroko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Makassar_itsasartea" title="Makassar itsasartea">Makassar itsasartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moluka_uharteetako_itsasoa" title="Moluka uharteetako itsasoa">Moluka uharteetako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moro_golkoa" title="Moro golkoa">Moro golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Okhotskeko_itsasoa" title="Okhotskeko itsasoa">Okhotskeko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salish_itsasoa" title="Salish itsasoa">Salish itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Salomon_itsasoa" title="Salomon itsasoa">Salomon itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Savuko_itsasoa" title="Savuko itsasoa">Savuko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seramgo_itsasoa" title="Seramgo itsasoa">Seramgo itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Setoko_Barne_Itsasoa" title="Setoko Barne Itsasoa">Setoko Barne Itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sibuyango_itsasoa" title="Sibuyango itsasoa">Sibuyango itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suluko_itsasoa" title="Suluko itsasoa">Suluko itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tasmaniako_itsasoa" title="Tasmaniako itsasoa">Tasmaniako itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thailandiako_golkoa" title="Thailandiako golkoa">Thailandiako golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tonkingo_golkoa" title="Tonkingo golkoa">Tonkingo golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Txileko_itsasoa" title="Txileko itsasoa">Txileko itsasoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozeano Australa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_itsasoa" title="Amundsen itsasoa">Amundsen itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_itsasoa" title="Bellingshausen itsasoa">Bellingshausen itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Davis_itsasoa" title="Davis itsasoa">Davis itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_itsasoa" title="D'Urville itsasoa">D'Urville itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII.a_Erregearen_itsasoa" title="Haakon VII.a Erregearen itsasoa">Haakon VII.a Erregearen itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosmonauten_itsasoa" title="Kosmonauten itsasoa">Kosmonauten itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lankidetzaren_itsasoa" title="Lankidetzaren itsasoa">Lankidetzaren itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lazarev_itsasoa" title="Lazarev itsasoa">Lazarev itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mawson_itsasoa" title="Mawson itsasoa">Mawson itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_itsasoa" title="Riiser-Larsen itsasoa">Riiser-Larsen itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_itsasoa" title="Ross itsasoa">Ross itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scotia_itsasoa" title="Scotia itsasoa">Scotia itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Somov_itsasoa" title="Somov itsasoa">Somov itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weddell_itsasoa" title="Weddell itsasoa">Weddell itsasoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barne itsasoak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aral_itsasoa" title="Aral itsasoa">Aral itsasoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itsaso_Hila" title="Itsaso Hila">Itsaso Hila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaspiar_itsasoa" title="Kaspiar itsasoa">Kaspiar itsasoa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Itsaslaster_eta_birak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9235565"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Ozeanoen_itsaslaster_eta_birak" title="Txantiloi:Ozeanoen itsaslaster eta birak"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Ozeanoen_itsaslaster_eta_birak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Ozeanoen itsaslaster eta birak (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Ozeanoen_itsaslaster_eta_birak&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Itsaslaster_eta_birak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster" title="Itsaslaster">Itsaslaster</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bira_(ozeanografia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bira (ozeanografia) (sortu gabe)">birak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster" title="Itsaslaster">Itsaslasterrak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Artikoa" title="Ozeano Artikoa">Ozeano Artikoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Groenlandiako_ekialdeko_itsaslasterra" title="Groenlandiako ekialdeko itsaslasterra">Groenlandiako ekialdekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norvegiako_itsaslasterra" title="Norvegiako itsaslasterra">Norvegia</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poloz_haraindiko_jito_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poloz haraindiko jito itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Poloz haraindikoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa">Ozeano Atlantikoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agulhasko_itsaslasterra" title="Agulhasko itsaslasterra">Agulhas</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angolako_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angolako itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Angola</a> • <a href="/wiki/Antilletako_itsaslasterra" title="Antilletako itsaslasterra">Antillak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Azoreetako_itsaslasterra" title="Azoreetako itsaslasterra">Azoreak</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baffin_uharteko_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baffin uharteko itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Baffin uhartea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benguelako_itsaslasterra" title="Benguelako itsaslasterra">Benguela</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brasilgo_itsaslasterra" title="Brasilgo itsaslasterra">Brasil</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brasilgo_iparraldeko_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brasilgo iparraldeko itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Brasilgo iparraldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hegoaldeko_itsaslaster_ekuatoriala" title="Hegoaldeko itsaslaster ekuatoriala">Ekuatoreko hegoaldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_itsaslaster_ekuatoriala" title="Iparraldeko itsaslaster ekuatoriala">Ekuatoreko iparraldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Floridako_itsaslasterra" title="Floridako itsaslasterra">Florida</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gineako_itsaslasterra" title="Gineako itsaslasterra">Ginea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Golkoko_itsaslasterra" title="Golkoko itsaslasterra">Golkoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandiako_ekialdeko_itsaslasterra" title="Groenlandiako ekialdeko itsaslasterra">Groenlandiako ekialdekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Groenlandiako_mendebaldeko_itsaslasterra" title="Groenlandiako mendebaldeko itsaslasterra">Groenlandiako mendebaldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hego_Atlantikoko_itsaslasterra" title="Hego Atlantikoko itsaslasterra">Hego Atlantikokoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hornos_lurmuturreko_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hornos lurmuturreko itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Hornos lurmuturra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Atlantikoko_itsaslasterra" title="Ipar Atlantikoko itsaslasterra">Ipar Atlantikokoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irminger_itsaslasterra" title="Irminger itsaslasterra">Irminger</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islandiako_ekialdeko_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islandiako ekialdeko itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Islandiako ekialdekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kanarietako_itsaslasterra" title="Kanarietako itsaslasterra">Kanariak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Karibeko_itsaslasterra" title="Karibeko itsaslasterra">Karibea</a> • <a href="/wiki/Labradorko_itsaslasterra" title="Labradorko itsaslasterra">Labrador</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_itsaslasterra" title="Lomonosov itsaslasterra">Lomonosov</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loop_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loop itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Loop</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malvinetako_itsaslasterra" title="Malvinetako itsaslasterra">Malvinak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norvegiako_itsaslasterra" title="Norvegiako itsaslasterra">Norvegia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portugalgo_itsaslasterra" title="Portugalgo itsaslasterra">Portugal</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slope_Jet_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slope Jet itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Slope Jet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spitsbergengo_mendebaldeko_itsaslasterra" title="Spitsbergengo mendebaldeko itsaslasterra">Spitsbergen</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa">Indiako ozeanoa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Agulhasko_itsaslasterra" title="Agulhasko itsaslasterra">Agulhas</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australiako_hegoaldeko_kontralasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australiako hegoaldeko kontralasterra (sortu gabe)">Australiako hegoaldekoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australiako_mendebaldeko_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australiako mendebaldeko itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Australiako mendebaldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hegoaldeko_itsaslaster_ekuatoriala" title="Hegoaldeko itsaslaster ekuatoriala">Ekuatoreko hegoaldekoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiako_montzoiaren_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiako montzoiaren itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Indiako montzoiarena</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesiako_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesiako itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Indonesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontralaster_Ekuatoriala" title="Kontralaster Ekuatoriala">Kontralaster Ekuatoriala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leeuwingo_itsaslasterra" title="Leeuwingo itsaslasterra">Leeuwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madagaskarko_itsaslasterra" title="Madagaskarko itsaslasterra">Madagaskar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Madagaskarko_ekialdeko_itsaslasterra" title="Madagaskarko ekialdeko itsaslasterra">Madagaskarko ekialdekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mozambikeko_itsaslasterra" title="Mozambikeko itsaslasterra">Mozambike</a> • <a href="/wiki/Somaliako_itsaslasterra" title="Somaliako itsaslasterra">Somalia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Ozeano_Barea" title="Ozeano Barea">Ozeano Barea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alaskako_itsaslasterra" title="Alaskako itsaslasterra">Alaska</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleutiarretako_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleutiarretako itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Aleutiarrak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_itsaslasterra" title="Cromwell itsaslasterra">Cromwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Australiako_itsaslasterra" title="Ekialdeko Australiako itsaslasterra">Ekialdeko Australiakoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hegoaldeko_itsaslaster_ekuatoriala" title="Hegoaldeko itsaslaster ekuatoriala">Ekuatoreko hegoaldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iparraldeko_itsaslaster_ekuatoriala" title="Iparraldeko itsaslaster ekuatoriala">Ekuatoreko iparraldekoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_itsaslasterra" title="Humboldt itsaslasterra">Humboldt</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indonesiako_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indonesiako itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Indonesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Pazifikoko_itsaslasterra" title="Ipar Pazifikoko itsaslasterra">Ipar Pazifikokoa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kaliforniako_itsaslasterra" title="Kaliforniako itsaslasterra">Kalifornia</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamtxatkako_itsaslasterra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamtxatkako itsaslasterra (sortu gabe)">Kamtxatka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kontralaster_Ekuatoriala" title="Kontralaster Ekuatoriala">Kontralaster Ekuatoriala</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_itsaslasterra" title="Kuroshio itsaslasterra">Kuroshio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mindanaoko_itsaslasterra" title="Mindanaoko itsaslasterra">Mindanao</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oyashio_itsaslasterra" title="Oyashio itsaslasterra">Oyashio</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozeano Australa</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Itsaslaster_Zirkunpolar_Antartikoa" title="Itsaslaster Zirkunpolar Antartikoa">Zirkunpolar Antartikoa</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bira_(ozeanografia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bira (ozeanografia) (sortu gabe)">Birak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Bira nagusiak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indiako_ozeanoko_bira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indiako ozeanoko bira (sortu gabe)">Indiako ozeanokoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipar_Atlantikoko_bira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipar Atlantikoko bira (sortu gabe)">Ipar Atlantikoko</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hego_Atlantikoko_bira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hego Atlantikoko bira (sortu gabe)">Hego Atlantikokoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipar_Pazifikoko_bira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipar Pazifikoko bira (sortu gabe)">Ipar Pazifikokoa</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hego_Pazifikoko_bira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hego Pazifikoko bira (sortu gabe)">Hego Pazifikokoa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Beste birak</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_bira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beaufort bira (sortu gabe)">Beaufort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_bira" title="Ross bira">Ross</a> • <a href="/wiki/Weddell_bira" title="Weddell bira">Weddell</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ozeanoen itsaslasterrak"><img alt="Ozeanoen itsaslasterrak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg/640px-Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg/960px-Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg/1280px-Corrientes-oceanicas-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="493" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antartika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible {{{state}}} navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9235565"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Antartika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Antartika (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Antartika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Antartika (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Antartika&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antartika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika">Antartika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orokorra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itun_Antartikoa" title="Itun Antartikoa">Itun Antartikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klima_Antartikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klima Antartikoa (sortu gabe)">Klima</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartikoaren_kolonizazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartikoaren kolonizazioa (sortu gabe)">Kolonizazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartikoko_krimena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartikoko krimena (sortu gabe)">Krimen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartikoko_demografia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartikoko demografia (sortu gabe)">Demografia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Antarctic_expeditions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Antarctic expeditions (sortu gabe)">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_field_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctic field camps (sortu gabe)">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefighting_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firefighting in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_flora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctic flora (sortu gabe)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geography of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geology_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geology of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic (sortu gabe)">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_warming_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global warming in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves (sortu gabe)">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of mammals of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_species_found_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of species found in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Other species</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military activity in the Antarctic (sortu gabe)">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctic_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarctic Protected Area (sortu gabe)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_stations_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Research stations in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Antarctica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wildlife of Antarctica (sortu gabe)">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gune geografikoak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antartikako_penintsula" title="Antartikako penintsula">Antartikako penintsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekialdeko_Antartika" title="Ekialdeko Antartika">Ekialdeko Antartika</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet (sortu gabe)">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Antarctic_Shield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Antarctic Shield (sortu gabe)">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Antartika" title="Mendebaldeko Antartika">Mendebaldeko Antartika</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet (sortu gabe)">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antartikoa_(ekozona)" title="Antartikoa (ekozona)">Ekozona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erresuma_floristikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erresuma floristikoa (sortu gabe)">Erresuma floristikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irlak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irlak (sortu gabe)">Irlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegoburua" title="Hegoburua">Hegoburua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ur gorputzak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_aintzira" title="Vostok aintzira">Vostok aintzira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercer_aintzira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercer aintzira (sortu gabe)">Mercer aintzira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antartikako_ibaiak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antartikako ibaiak (sortu gabe)">Antartikako ibaiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_itsasartea" title="McMurdo itsasartea">McMurdo itsasartea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_itsasoa" title="Ross itsasoa">Ross itsasoa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozeano Australa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_itsasoa" title="Weddell itsasoa">Weddell itsasoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CECs_aintzira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CECs aintzira (sortu gabe)">CECs aintzira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Esploratzaile ezagunak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Icon (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Icon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Antartika" title="Kategoria:Antartika">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Icon (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Icon</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antartika" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antartika">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles (sortu gabe)">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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