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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pendahuluan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendahuluan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pendahuluan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendahuluan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penamaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penamaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penamaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penamaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teori_atom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori_atom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Teori atom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori_atom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kewujudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kewujudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kewujudan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kewujudan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Kewujudan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kewujudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Di_dalam_alam_semesta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di_dalam_alam_semesta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Di dalam alam semesta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di_dalam_alam_semesta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ciri-ciri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Ciri-ciri</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pengelasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengelasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pengelasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengelasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_fizik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_fizik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sifat fizik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_fizik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_kuantum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_kuantum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ciri-ciri kuantum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_kuantum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kegunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Buku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 163 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إلكترون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্ৰন – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইলেকট্ৰন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BA" title="Tiān-chú – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhodzigetsi" title="Mhodzigetsi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhodzigetsi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إليكطرون – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إليكطرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2un" title="Eletròun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Eletròun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreon" title="Leictreon – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրոն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-electrons" title="Ii-electrons – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ii-electrons" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INxelesi" title="INxelesi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INxelesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeind" title="Rafeind – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אלקטרון – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88l%C3%A8ktron" title="Èlèktron – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlèktron" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C9%A9y%CA%8A_pe_(%C3%A9lectron)" title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრონი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="گرٛۆن – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwon" title="Elektwon – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lektron" title="Élektron – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Élektron" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrons" title="Elektrons – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronas" title="Elektronas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9ktron" title="Eléktron – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eléktron" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dutydikca_kantu" title="dutydikca kantu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dutydikca kantu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B4na" title="Elektrôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elektrôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विजाणू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Diêng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrone" title="Elektrone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elektrone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektiroonii" title="Elektiroonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektiroonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الیکٹران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="اېلېکټرون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېلېکټرون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchran" title="Ilekchran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elétron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilikturun" title="Ilikturun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilikturun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="विद्युदणुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्युदणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="الیکٹرانز – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="الیکٹرانز" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrone" title="Eletrone – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettr%C3%B9ni" title="Elettrùni – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elettrùni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88" title="برقيو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برقيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektaroon" title="Elektaroon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektaroon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێلیکترۆن – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیکترۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="எதிர்மின்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliktrun" title="Aliktrun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aliktrun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="برقیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etron" title="Ełetron – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfepp" title="Mbëjfepp – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfepp" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="עלעקטראן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81ktr%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n%C3%B9" title="Ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruons" title="Alektruons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Elektron" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elektron"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elektron"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Elektron" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Elektron" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&oldid=5883991" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Elektron&id=5883991&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DElektron%26section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DElektron%26section%3D2%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Elektron"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Elektron&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2225" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(nyahkekaburan)" class="mw-disambig" title="Elektron (nyahkekaburan)">Elektron (nyahkekaburan)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 110%;" colspan="2"><center><i><b>Elektron</b></i></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Komposisi:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zarah_asas" title="Zarah asas">Zarah asas</a><sup id="cite_ref-prl50_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prl50-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kumpulan:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Lepton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Generasi_(fizik_zarah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Generasi (fizik zarah) (laman tidak wujud)">Generasi</a>:</b></td> <td>Pertama </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi asas (laman tidak wujud)">Interaksi</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti">Graviti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daya_Lorentz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daya Lorentz (laman tidak wujud)">daya Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_lemah" title="Daya nukleus lemah">daya nukleus lemah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Antizarah" title="Antizarah">Antizarah</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a> (atau antielektron) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Pengasas teori:</b></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Laming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Laming (laman tidak wujud)">Richard Laming</a> (1838–1851),<sup id="cite_ref-farrar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farrar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Johnstone_Stoney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Johnstone Stoney (laman tidak wujud)">G. Johnstone Stoney</a> (1874) dan lain-lain.<sup id="cite_ref-arabatzis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabatzis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buchwald1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buchwald1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ditemui:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1897)<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Simbol:</b></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">β<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jisim_tak_berubah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jisim tak berubah (laman tidak wujud)">Jisim</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6969910938370150000♠</span>9.109<span style="margin-left:.25em;">383</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">7015</span>(28)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−31</sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6996548579909069999♠</span>5.485<span style="margin-left:.25em;">799</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">090</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">70</span>(16)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_atomic_mass_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified atomic mass unit (laman tidak wujud)">u</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />[<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7003182288848450000♠</span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">822</span>.888<span style="margin-left:.25em;">4845</span>(14)</span>]<sup>−1</sup> u<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6999510998949999999♠</span>0.510<span style="margin-left:.25em;">998</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">950</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">00</span>(15) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronvolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronvolt (laman tidak wujud)">MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_hayat_min&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa hayat min (laman tidak wujud)">Masa hayat min</a>:</b></td> <td>Stabil ( > <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">7028659999999999999♠</span>6.6<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>28</sup> tahun</span><sup id="cite_ref-bx2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bx2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik">Cas elektrik</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">3018839782351300000♠</span>−1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary charge (laman tidak wujud)"><i>e</i></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">3018839782336600000♠</span>−1.602<span style="margin-left:.25em;">176</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">634</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−19</sup> <a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">C</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-CODATA2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CODATA2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">3009519679549000000♠</span>−4.803<span style="margin-left:.25em;">204</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">51</span>(10)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statcoulomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statcoulomb (laman tidak wujud)">esu</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momen_magnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Momen magnet (laman tidak wujud)">Momen magnet</a>:</b></td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">−1.001<span style="margin-left:0.25em">159</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">652</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">180</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">91(26)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohr_magneton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohr magneton (laman tidak wujud)">μ<sub>B</sub></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-2014_CODATA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014_CODATA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Spin_(fizik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (fizik)">Spin</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none;">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isospin_lemah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isospin lemah (laman tidak wujud)">Isospin lemah</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiral_(fizik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiral (fizik) (laman tidak wujud)">Kiri</a>: −<span class="sfrac nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;">1</span><span style="display:none;">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;">2</span></span>, Kanan: 0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipercas_lemah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipercas lemah (laman tidak wujud)">Hipercas lemah</a>:</b></td> <td><span class="nowrap">Kiri: -1, Kanan: −2</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6349617">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Model_Piawai" title="Model Piawai">Model Piawai</a> <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">fizik zarah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg/240px-Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg/360px-Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg/480px-Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" usemap="#ImageMap_8ed4da26f8707b44" resource="/wiki/Fail:Model_Piawai_Zarah_Keunsuran.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_8ed4da26f8707b44"><area href="/wiki/Kuark_naik" shape="rect" coords="17,48,59,89" alt="Kuark naik" title="Kuark naik" /><area href="/wiki/Kuark_pesona" shape="rect" coords="60,48,102,89" alt="Kuark pesona" title="Kuark pesona" /><area href="/wiki/Kuark_atas" shape="rect" coords="104,48,145,89" alt="Kuark atas" title="Kuark atas" /><area href="/wiki/Gluon" shape="rect" coords="149,48,190,89" alt="Gluon" title="Gluon" /><area href="/wiki/Boson_Higgs" shape="rect" coords="194,48,235,89" alt="Boson Higgs" title="Boson Higgs" /><area href="/wiki/Kuark_turun" shape="rect" coords="17,91,59,132" alt="Kuark turun" title="Kuark turun" /><area href="/wiki/Kuark_aneh" shape="rect" coords="60,91,102,132" alt="Kuark aneh" title="Kuark aneh" /><area href="/wiki/Kuark_bawah" shape="rect" coords="104,91,145,132" alt="Kuark bawah" title="Kuark bawah" /><area href="/wiki/Foton" shape="rect" coords="149,91,190,132" alt="Foton" title="Foton" /><area href="/wiki/Elektron" shape="rect" coords="17,137,59,178" alt="Elektron" title="Elektron" /><area href="/wiki/Muon" shape="rect" coords="60,137,102,178" alt="Muon" title="Muon" /><area href="/wiki/Lepton_tau" shape="rect" coords="104,137,145,178" alt="Lepton tau" title="Lepton tau" /><area href="/wiki/Boson_W_dan_Z" shape="rect" coords="149,137,190,178" alt="Boson W dan Z" title="Boson W dan Z" /><area href="/wiki/Neutrino_elektron" shape="rect" coords="17,180,59,221" alt="Neutrino elektron" title="Neutrino elektron" /><area href="/wiki/Neutrino_muon" shape="rect" coords="60,180,102,221" alt="Neutrino muon" title="Neutrino muon" /><area href="/wiki/Neutrino_tau" shape="rect" coords="104,180,145,221" alt="Neutrino tau" title="Neutrino tau" /><area href="/wiki/Boson_W_dan_Z" shape="rect" coords="149,180,190,221" alt="Boson W dan Z" title="Boson W dan Z" /><area href="/wiki/Model_Piawai" shape="rect" coords="16,8,224,19" alt="Model Piawai" title="Model Piawai" /><area href="/wiki/Fermion" shape="rect" coords="17,24,145,38" alt="Fermion" title="Fermion" /><area href="/wiki/Boson" shape="rect" coords="149,24,235,38" alt="Boson" title="Boson" /><area href="/wiki/Kuark" shape="rect" coords="6,93,14,133" alt="Kuark" title="Kuark" /><area href="/wiki/Lepton" shape="rect" coords="6,176,12,219" alt="Lepton" title="Lepton" /><area href="/wiki/Boson_skalar" shape="rect" coords="227,92,233,172" alt="Boson skalar" title="Boson skalar" /><area href="/wiki/Boson_tolok" shape="rect" coords="196,143,202,219" alt="Boson tolok" title="Boson tolok" /><area href="/wiki/Boson_vektor" shape="rect" coords="205,165,209,219" alt="Boson vektor" title="Boson vektor" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Zarah_keunsuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarah keunsuran">Zarah keunsuran</a> <a href="/wiki/Model_Piawai" title="Model Piawai">Model Piawai</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Latar Belakang</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">Fizik zarah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Model_Piawai" title="Model Piawai">Model Piawai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teori_medan_kuantum" title="Teori medan kuantum">Teori medan kuantum</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_tolok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori tolok (laman tidak wujud)">Teori tolok</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecahan_simetri_spontan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecahan simetri spontan (laman tidak wujud)">Pecahan simetri spontan</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanisme_Higgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanisme Higgs (laman tidak wujud)">Mekanisme Higgs</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Komposisi</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interaksi_elektrolemah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interaksi elektrolemah (laman tidak wujud)">Interaksi elektrolemah</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kromodinamik_kuantum" title="Kromodinamik kuantum">Kromodinamik kuantum</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriks_Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matriks Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (laman tidak wujud)">Matriks CKM</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumusan_matematik_Model_Piawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumusan matematik Model Piawai (laman tidak wujud)">Matematik Model Piawai</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Batasan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masalah_CP_kuat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masalah CP kuat (laman tidak wujud)">Masalah CP kuat</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masalah_hierarki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masalah hierarki (laman tidak wujud)">Masalah hierarki</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayunan_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayunan neutrino (laman tidak wujud)">Ayunan neutrino</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizik_melangkaui_Model_Piawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizik melangkaui Model Piawai (laman tidak wujud)">Fizik melangkaui Model Piawai</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Saintis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=E._C._George_Sudarshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E. C. George Sudarshan (laman tidak wujud)">Sudarshan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis Jr.</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Meer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Cowan" title="Clyde Cowan">Cowan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Cabibbo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ettore_Majorana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ettore Majorana (laman tidak wujud)">Majorana</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(ahli_fizik)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (ahli fizik)">Kobayashi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Vleck</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._R._Hagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. R. Hagen (laman tidak wujud)">Hagen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_Guralnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald Guralnik (laman tidak wujud)">Guralnik</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Kibble</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Ant%C3%BAnez_de_Mayolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo (laman tidak wujud)">Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_Lattes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="César Lattes (laman tidak wujud)">César Lattes</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Model_piawai_fizik_zarah" title="Templat:Model piawai fizik zarah"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Model_piawai_fizik_zarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Model piawai fizik zarah (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Model_piawai_fizik_zarah&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elektron</b> adalah satu <a href="/wiki/Zarah_subatom" title="Zarah subatom">zarah subatom</a> <a href="/wiki/Zarah_keunsuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarah keunsuran">keunsuran</a> berjisim ringan yang membawa cas negatif <a href="/wiki/Cas_elektrik" title="Cas elektrik">cas elektrik</a>. Elektron mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> 1/2 (<a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">fermion</a>), tidak terlibat di dalam <a href="/wiki/Salingtindak_kuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salingtindak kuat">salingtindak kuat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a>) dan tidak mempunyai substruktur. Bersama dengan <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">nukleus atom</a>, elektron membina <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom-atom</a>; mereka bertanggungjawab kepada <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a>. Pengaliran <a href="/wiki/Elektrik" title="Elektrik">elektrik</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengalir_(bahan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengalir (bahan) (laman tidak wujud)">pengalir (pengkonduksi)</a> pepejal adalah disebabkan pergerakan elektron-elektron. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pendahuluan">Pendahuluan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Pendahuluan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pendahuluan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam sesuatu <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, elektron mengelilingi <a href="/wiki/Nukleus_atom" title="Nukleus atom">nukleus atom</a> bagi <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatarajah_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatarajah elektron (laman tidak wujud)">tatarajah elektron</a>. </p><p>Elektron-elektron yang bergerak menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Arus_elektrik" title="Arus elektrik">arus elektrik</a> yang boleh dipergunakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Ahli_sains" title="Ahli sains">ahli-ahli sains</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jurutera" title="Jurutera">jurutera-jurutera</a> untuk mengukur banyak sifat fizik. Arus elektrik wujud untuk tempoh yang terbatas dan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Elektrik" title="Elektrik">elektrik</a> (pergerakan cas) yang boleh dimanfaatkan sebagai cara yang praktik untuk melakukan kerja. </p><p>Pemahamanan tentang elektron-elektron telah berubah secara dramatik sejak beberapa abad yang lalu, dengan perubahan yang paling penting mungkin merupakan perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a> dan idea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedualan_zarah-gelombang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedualan zarah-gelombang (laman tidak wujud)">kedualan zarah-gelombang</a>, iaitu elektron menampilkan kedua-dua sifat zarah dan gelombang. Yang serupa penting, <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">fizik zarah</a> telah meluaskan pemahaman kita terhadap elektron secara tidak terhingga. </p><p>Perubahan dalam <a href="/wiki/Medan_elektrik" title="Medan elektrik">medan elektrik</a> yang dijanakan oleh bilangan elektron yang berbeza dan tatarajah atom menentukan sifat kimia <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur-unsur</a> yang ada. Medan-medan ini memainkan peranan yang asas dalam <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan-ikatan kimia</a> dan bidang <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a> itu sendiri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penamaan">Penamaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Penamaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penamaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Istilah <i>electron</i> dikemukakan oleh ahli fizik Ireland, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stoney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Stoney (laman tidak wujud)">George Stoney</a> pada akhir abad ke-19. Istilah ini adalah gabungan daripada perkataan <i>electric</i> dan <i>ion.</i> Perkataan "elektrik" itu sendirinya berakar daripada <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> iaitu ήλεκτρον (elektron) yang membawa maksud "<a href="/wiki/Ambar" title="Ambar">ambar</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konsep elektron sebagai unit cas dalam <a href="/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia">elektrokimia</a> dicadangkan oleh George Stoney pada 1874. Ketika lewat 1890-an, sebilangan ahli fizik mendakwa bahawa <a href="/wiki/Elektrik" title="Elektrik">elektrik</a> boleh dikatakan terbentuk daripada unit-unit yang lebih diskret, dan diberi pelbagai nama, tetapi belum disahkan secara kukuh. </p><p>Pada 1897, ahli fizik, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> dan rakan-rakannya menjalankan uji kaji di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makmal_Cavendish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makmal Cavendish (laman tidak wujud)">Makmal Cavendish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Cambridge" title="Universiti Cambridge">Universiti Cambridge</a> berkaitan dengan sinar katod (sinar yang terhasil di dalam <a href="/wiki/Tiub_sinar_katod" title="Tiub sinar katod">tiub sinar katod</a> yang dihidupkan), dan mendapati bahawa zarah-zarah yang membentuk sinar katod ialah zarah yang tersendiri, dan bukannya sejenis gelombang, atom atau molekul.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selain itu, beliau menemui nisbah jisim, <i>m</i> kepada cas elektrik, <i>e</i> dan mendapati bahawa nisbah <i>e</i> kepada <i>m</i> adalah tidak tertakluk kepada bahan katod. Beliau mendapati bahawa zarah-zarah yang membentuk sinar katod adalah lebih kurang seribu kali lebih ringan daripada zarah yang paling ringan diketahui pada masa itu, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliau membuat kesimpulan bahawa zarah bercas negatif ini adalah universal dan tertakluk pada semua atom.<sup id="cite_ref-thomson_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beliau menggelar zarah ini sebagai <i>corpuscles</i>. </p><p>Cas elektrik dikaji dengan lebih mendalam oleh <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Fletcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey Fletcher (laman tidak wujud)">Harvey Fletcher</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperimen_titisan_minyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksperimen titisan minyak (laman tidak wujud)">eksperimen titisan minyak</a>, sebuah uji kaji untuk menghalang titisan minyak bercas daripada jatuh akibat graviti dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Medan_elektrik" title="Medan elektrik">medan elektrik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teori_atom">Teori atom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Teori atom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Teori atom"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada 1914, uji kaji oleh beberapa orang ahli fizik banyak menyumbang kepada perkembangan konsep struktur atom, yakni atom terdiri daripada nukleus padat bercas positif yang dikelilingi elektron berjisim rendah. Pada 1913, <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> membuat postulat bahawa elektron memiliki tahap-tahap tenaga berkuantum yang ditentukan oleh momentum sudut orbit elektron di sekeliling nukleus. Elektron-elektron boleh bergerak antara tahap-tahap tersebut melalui pancara atau serapan <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> berfrekuensi tertentu. Melalui konsep ini, beliau dapat menghuraikan <a href="/wiki/Garis_spektrum" title="Garis spektrum">garis spektrum</a> atom hidrogen,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tetapi gagal mengambil kira keamatan garis spektrum serta gagal menghuraikan garis spektrum atom unsur-unsur yang lebih rumit.<sup id="cite_ref-smirnov_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smirnov-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kewujudan">Kewujudan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Kewujudan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kewujudan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Di_dalam_alam_semesta">Di dalam alam semesta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Di dalam alam semesta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Di dalam alam semesta"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jumlah elektron di dalam alam semesta dianggarkan sekurang-kurangnya 10<sup>79</sup> elektron, menjadikan ketumpatan elektron sebanyak satu elektron per meter padu ruang. Berdasarkan jejari elektron klasik dan pemadatan sfera yang kuat, jumlah elektron yang dianggarkan dapat muat dalam <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_boleh_cerap" title="Alam semesta boleh cerap">alam semesta boleh cerap</a> berada pada tahap 10<sup>130</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri">Ciri-ciri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengelasan">Pengelasan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengelasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pengelasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektron merupakan salah satu kelas zarah subatom yang dipanggil sebagai <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a>. Lepton dipercayai merupakan <a href="/wiki/Zarah_keunsuran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarah keunsuran">zarah keunsuran</a>, iaitu zarah ini tidak boleh dipecahkan lagi menjadi unsur-unsur juzuk. Bagaimanapun, istilah "zarah" adalah agak mengelirukan kerana <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a> menunjukkan bahawa elektron-elektron juga bertindak sebagai gelombang, umpamanya dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ujikaji_celah_ganda_dua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ujikaji celah ganda dua (laman tidak wujud)">ujikaji celah ganda dua</a>; ini dipanggil sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedualan_zarah-gelombang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedualan zarah-gelombang (laman tidak wujud)">kedualan zarah-gelombang</a>. </p><p>Antizarah untuk elektron ialah <b><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a></b> yang mempunyai jisim yang sama, tetapi mempunyai cas positif dan bukannya cas negatif. <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl D. Anderson</a>, penemu positron, mencadangkan nama <b>negatron</b> untuk elektron piawai, dan nama <i>elektron</i> sebagai istilah generik untuk memerihalkan kedua-dua kelainan cas positif serta cas negatif. Bagaimanapun, kegunaan istilah ini tidak mendapat sambutan, dan amat jarang ditemukan pada hari ini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sifat_fizik">Sifat fizik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Sifat fizik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sifat fizik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elektron mempunyai cas negatif, dengan magnitud −1.6 × 10<small><sup>−19</sup></small>  C dan jisim elektron ialah 9.11 × 10<small><sup>−31</sup></small> kg (0.51 MeV/c<sup>2</sup>), iaitu lebih kurang <sup>1</sup>/<sub>1836</sub> daripada jisim proton. Elektron kerap ditulis sebagai <b>e<sup>−</sup></b>. </p><p>Elektron mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> ½ dan merupakan sejenis fermion (elektron mematuhi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Statistik_Fermi-Dirac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statistik Fermi-Dirac (laman tidak wujud)">Statistik Fermi-Dirac</a>). Lanjutan kepada momentum sudutan dalamannya ini, elektron juga mempunyai momen magnet pada paksi spinnya. </p><p>Elektron boleh ditemui dalam atom, bergerak secara bebas dalam jirim, atau bersama-sama dalam sinar elektron dalam vakum. Dalam sesetengah superkonduktor, elektron bergerak dalam pasangan Cooper, di mana gerakan elektron digandingkan kepada jirim melalui getaran kekisi yang dikenali sebagai fonon. Apabila elektron bergerak, bebas daripada nukleus atom, dan mempunyai aliran bersih, aliran ini dikenali sebagai arus elektrik. </p><p>Satu jasad mempunyai cas statik apabila jasad itu adalah dalam kelebihan atau kekurangan elektron untuk mengimbangi cas nukleus. Apabila elektron adalah dalam berlebihan, jasad itu akan bercas negatif manakala apabila elektron adalah dalam kekurangan, jasad itu akan bercas positif. Apabila bilangan elektron adalah sama dengan bilangan proton, cas-cas ini akan membatalkan kesan yang dibawa oleh zarah-zarah tersebut dan jasad itu dikatakan bersifat neutral. Jasad makroskopik boleh memperoleh cas melalui gosokkan, melalui fenomena triboelektrik. Elektron dan positron boleh menghapus sesama sendiri (<i>musnahabis</i>) secara mutlak dan menghasilkan sepasang foton. Walau bagaimanapun, foton yang bertenaga tinggi dapat membentuk elektron dan positron melalui proses yang dikenali sebagai penghasilan pasangan. </p><p>Elektron ialah sejenis <a href="/wiki/Zarah_asas" title="Zarah asas">zarah asas</a> — elektron tidak mempunyai substruktur (sekurang-kurangnya sifat ini masih belum ditemui menerusi eksperimen dan terdapat sebab-sebab yang baik untuk menolak kewujudannya). Hatta, elektron sentiasa disifatkan sebagai satu zarah titik yang tidak mempunyai lanjutan. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila seseorang menghampiri elektron, ciri-ciri seperti jisim dan cas akan kelihatan bertukar. Kesan ini adalah sepunya bagi semua zarah keunsuran: zarah itu mempengaruhi perubahan vakum di sekitarnya, sehinggakan ciri-ciri yang diperhatikan dari jauh adalah hasil tambah sifat-sifatnya dan perubahan vakum (lihat pengnormalan semula). </p><p>Terdapat satu pemalar fizik yang dipanggil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jejari_elektron_klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jejari elektron klasik (laman tidak wujud)">jejari elektron klasik</a>, dengan nilai 2.8179 × 10<sup>−15</sup> m. Perhatikan bahawa nilai jejari ini diperoleh daripada casnya dan seandainya fizik hanya diterang menggunakan teori elektodinamik klasik dan tiada mekanik kuantum. Jesteru, pemalar ini merupakan konsep yang telah dimakan zaman tetapi masih berguna dalam beberapa penghitungan tertentu. </p><p>Laju elektron dalam vakum boleh menghampiri, tetapi tidak pernah mencapai, laju cahaya dalam vakum, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>. Pemerhatian ini disebabkan oleh kesan <a href="/wiki/Kerelatifan_khas" title="Kerelatifan khas">kerelatifan khas</a>. Kesan kerelatifan khas adalah berdasarkan satu kuantiti yang dinamakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faktor_Lorentz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faktor Lorentz (laman tidak wujud)">faktor Lorentz</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span>. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> ialah satu fungsi laju jasad itu <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-(v^{2}/c^{2})}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-(v^{2}/c^{2})}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/312bae84a7ec549a2fda98c5be1f804a556f89a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:20.227ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma =1/{\sqrt {1-(v^{2}/c^{2})}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Tenaga yang diperlukan untuk memecut satu zarah ialah <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> tolak satu darab jisim rehat. Sebagai contoh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/relativity.html">pemecut linear</a> yang terdapat di Stanford dapat memecut elektron kepada 51 GeV. Ini memberikan nilai <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> sebanyak 100 000 jika jisim rehat elektron ialah 0.51 MeV/c² (jisim relativiti bagi elektron yang bergerak dengan laju adalah 100 000 kali ganda jisim rehat elektron). Dengan menyelesaikan persamaan di atas, laju elektron ialah: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(1-{\frac {1}{2}}\gamma ^{-2}\right)c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(1-{\frac {1}{2}}\gamma ^{-2}\right)c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d12fed615b297484edbcf3dfa5a04285a2620d90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:14.429ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(1-{\frac {1}{2}}\gamma ^{-2}\right)c}"></span> = 0.999 999 999 95 c.</dd></dl> <p>(Rumus ini diguna pakai untuk nilai <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>γ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"></span> yang besar.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ciri-ciri_kuantum">Ciri-ciri kuantum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri kuantum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri kuantum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_kuantum" title="Mekanik kuantum">mekanik kuantum</a> relatif, elektron dihuraikan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persamaan_Dirac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persamaan Dirac (laman tidak wujud)">persamaan Dirac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elektrodinamik_kuantum" title="Elektrodinamik kuantum">Elektrodinamik kuantum</a> (QED) mengelaskan elektron sebagai suatu zarah bercas yang dikelilingi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarah_maya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarah maya (laman tidak wujud)">zarah maya</a> yang membentuk vakum. Meskipun teori ini memiliki masalah teori berkaitan pengiraan yang mendapat jumlah ketidakterhinggan, satu kaedah yang dipanggil sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penormalan_semula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penormalan semula (laman tidak wujud)">penormalan semula</a>, yakni kaedah penghilangan terbitan ketidakteringgaan untuk mendapatkan nilai terhingga berkaitan sifat elektron, telah dijumpai. Pembetulan terhadap nilai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisbah_giromagnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisbah giromagnet (laman tidak wujud)">nisbah giromagnet</a> elektron dari 2 seperti yang diramal oleh model zarah tunggal Dirac serta nilai yang amat tepat dilihat sebagai kemajuan dalam fizik moden. Kini, terdapat tanda bahawa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_benang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori benang (laman tidak wujud)">teori benang</a> serta terbitannya dapat memberikan model elektron serta zarah-zarah asas lain tanpa nilai ketidakterhinggaan dalam pengiraan kerana elektron tidak lagi dilihat sebagai suatu titik tanpa dimensi. Kini, teori benang masih ketiadaan ramalan yang serupa dengan teori dalam QED yang dapat disahkan melalui uji kaji. </p><p>Menurut mekanik kuantum, elektron boleh diwakilkan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungsi_gelombang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungsi gelombang (laman tidak wujud)">fungsi gelombang</a>. Daripada fungsi gelombang, ketumpatan elektron boleh ditentukan. Setiap elektron mempunyai fungsi gelombangnya yang tersendiri yang juga dikenali sebagai orbital. Kedua-dua momentum dan kedudukan bagi elektron tidak boleh ditentukan dengan jitu serentak. Batasan ini diberikan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsip_Ketakpastian_Heisenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsip Ketakpastian Heisenberg (laman tidak wujud)">Prinsip Ketakpastian Heisenberg</a>. Menurut prinsip ini, sekiranya kita ingin menentukan kedudukan sesuatu zarah dengan jitu, kita tidak akan berupaya menentukan momentumnya dengan jitu, dan begitulah sebaliknya. </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Model_Piawai" title="Model Piawai">Model Piawai</a> bagi <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">fizik zarah</a>, elektron membentuk kumpulan zarah ganda dua, SU(2) dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutrino_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutrino elektron (laman tidak wujud)">neutrino elektron</a> ketika mengalami <a href="/wiki/Daya_nukleus_lemah" title="Daya nukleus lemah">daya nukleus lemah</a>. Selain elektron, terdapat dua zarah yang lebih besar dengan jisim berbeza, tetapi memiliki cas yang sama, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">muon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lepton_tau" title="Lepton tau">lepton tau</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a> ialah versi <a href="/wiki/Antizarah" title="Antizarah">antizarah</a> bagi elektron. Positron memiliki nilai cas elektron yang sama, tetapi bercas positif, dan memiliki jisim dan spin yang sama dengan elektron. Pertembungan antara elektron dengan positron akan menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musnah_habis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musnah habis (laman tidak wujud)">musnah habis</a> lalu menghasilkan dua <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">sinar gama</a> dengan jumlah tenaga sebanyak 0.511 <a href="/w/index.php?title=MeV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeV (laman tidak wujud)">MeV</a> (511 <a href="/w/index.php?title=KeV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KeV (laman tidak wujud)">keV</a>) setiap satu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegunaan">Kegunaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pancaran_elektron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pancaran elektron (laman tidak wujud)">Pancaran elektron</a> digunakan dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Kimpalan" title="Kimpalan">kimpalan</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Litografi" class="mw-redirect" title="Litografi">litografi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_elektron" title="Mikroskop elektron">Mikroskop elektron</a> dapat membesarkan suatu gambar hingga 500 ribu kali. Sifat kuantum elektron digunakan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikroskop_penerowongan_pengimbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikroskop penerowongan pengimbas (laman tidak wujud)">mikroskop penerowongan pengimbas</a> untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri bahan pada skala atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektrik" title="Elektrik">Elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesan_fotoelektrik" title="Kesan fotoelektrik">Kesan fotoelektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilat" title="Kilat">Kilat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Fermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Fermion (laman tidak wujud)">Medan Fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Piawai" title="Model Piawai">Model Piawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_zarah" title="Senarai zarah">Senarai zarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinar_katod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinar katod (laman tidak wujud)">Sinar katod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarah_subatom" title="Zarah subatom">Zarah subatom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nota">Nota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Nota" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nota"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penyebut versi pacahan ialah songsangan nilai perpuluhan (serta nilai ketidaktentuan piawai relatif <span class="nowrap"><span style="display:none" class="sortkey">6987420000000000000♠</span>4.2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−13</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_atomic_mass_unit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified atomic mass unit (laman tidak wujud)">u</a></span>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cas elektron ialah nilai negatif bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cas_asas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cas asas (laman tidak wujud)">cas asas</a> yang menjadi nilai positif bagi proton.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6173370"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-prl50-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prl50_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFEichtenPeskinPeskin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Eichten, E.J.; Peskin, M.E.; Peskin, M. 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University of Chicago Press. m/s. 70–74, 96. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-02421-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-226-02421-9"><bdi>978-0-226-02421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+Electrons%3A+A+Biographical+Approach+to+Theoretical+Entities&rft.pages=70-74%2C+96&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02421-9&rft.aulast=Arabatzis&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrZHT-chpLmAC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buchwald1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buchwald1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="refBaW2001" class="citation book cs1">Buchwald, J.Z.; Warwick, A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=1yqqhlIdCOoC&pg=PA195"><i>Histories of the Electron: The Birth of Microphysics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. m/s. 195–203. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-262-52424-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-262-52424-7"><bdi>978-0-262-52424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Electron%3A+The+Birth+of+Microphysics&rft.pages=195-203&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52424-7&rft.aulast=Buchwald&rft.aufirst=J.Z.&rft.au=Warwick%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D1yqqhlIdCOoC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thomson_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1897" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J.J. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html">"Cathode Rays"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Magazine (laman tidak wujud)">Philosophical Magazine</a></i>. <b>44</b> (269): 293–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786449708621070">10.1080/14786449708621070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cathode+Rays&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=269&rft.pages=293-316&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786449708621070&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~GIUNTA%2Fthomson1897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CODATA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CODATA_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMohrTaylorNewell" class="citation journal cs1">Mohr, P.J.; Taylor, B.N.; Newell, D.B. (2). "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reviews_of_Modern_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reviews of Modern Physics (laman tidak wujud)">Reviews of Modern Physics</a></i>. <b>80</b> (2): 633–730. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0801.0028">0801.0028</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RvMP...80..633M">2008RvMP...80..633M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.150.1225">10.1.1.150.1225</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.80.633">10.1103/RevModPhys.80.633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=CODATA+recommended+values+of+the+fundamental+physical+constants&rft.chron=2&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=633-730&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.0028&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.80.633&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.150.1225%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RvMP...80..633M&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+B.N.&rft.au=Newell%2C+D.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|year=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_CODATA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_CODATA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor, and D.B. Newell, "The 2014 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants". This database was developed by J. Baker, M. Douma, and S. Kotochigova. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://physics.nist.gov/constants">[1]</a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CODATA2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CODATA2018_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"2018 CODATA recommended values" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html">https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bx2015-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bx2015_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFAgostini2015" class="citation journal cs1">Agostini, M.; dll. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Borexino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borexino (laman tidak wujud)">Borexino</a> Collaboration) (2015). "Test of Electric Charge Conservation with Borexino". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review Letters (laman tidak wujud)">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>115</b> (23): 231802. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1509.01223">1509.01223</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhRvL.115w1802A">2015PhRvL.115w1802A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.115.231802">10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.231802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26684111">26684111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Test+of+Electric+Charge+Conservation+with+Borexino&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=231802&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.01223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26684111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.115.231802&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhRvL.115w1802A&rft.aulast=Agostini&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1906" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, J.J. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010100408/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-lecture.pdf">"Nobel Lecture: Carriers of Negative Electricity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobel Foundation (laman tidak wujud)">The Nobel Foundation</a>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-lecture.pdf">yang asal</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> pada 2008-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lecture%3A+Carriers+of+Negative+Electricity&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Fthomson-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBohr1922" class="citation web cs1">Bohr, N. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/bohr-lecture.pdf">"Nobel Lecture: The Structure of the Atom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobel Foundation (laman tidak wujud)">The Nobel Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2008-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Lecture%3A+The+Structure+of+the+Atom&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1922%2Fbohr-lecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smirnov-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smirnov_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSmirnov2003" class="citation book cs1">Smirnov, B.M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=I1O8WYOcUscC&pg=PA14"><i>Physics of Atoms and Ions</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. m/s. 14–21. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-95550-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-95550-6"><bdi>978-0-387-95550-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Atoms+and+Ions&rft.pages=14-21&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95550-6&rft.aulast=Smirnov&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DI1O8WYOcUscC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buku">Buku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Buku" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Buku"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, David J. (2004). <i>Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (edisi ke-2)</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/013805326X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-13-805326-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Quantum+Mechanics+%28edisi+ke-2%29&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTipler,_Paul;_Llewellyn,_Ralph2002" class="citation book cs1">Tipler, Paul; Llewellyn, Ralph (2002). <i>Modern Physics (edisi ke-4)</i>. W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0716743450" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-4345-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Physics+%28edisi+ke-4%29&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Tipler%2C+Paul%3B+Llewellyn%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AElektron" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Brumfiel, G. (<a href="/wiki/6_Januari" title="6 Januari">6 Januari</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). Can electrons do the splits? Dalam majalah <i>Nature, 433</i>, 11.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisumber</a> mempunyai teks dari artikel di <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Britannica_Edisi_Ke-11" title="Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11"><i>Ensiklopedia Britannica</i> 1911</a> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Electron" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Electron">Elektron</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Kategori berkenaan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electrons">Elektron</a> di Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wiktionary-logo-ms.svg/12px-Wiktionary-logo-ms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wiktionary-logo-ms.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-ms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wiktionary-logo-ms.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo-ms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></span></span> Takrifan kamus <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/elektron" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/elektron"><i>elektron</i></a> di Wikikamus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">Laman web Insititut Pusat Sejarah Fizik Amerika: Penemuan Elektron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/">Laman web Kumpulan Data Zarah</a></li> <li>Stoney, G. Johnstone. "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Stoney-1894.html">Tentang 'Elektron,' atau Atom Elektrik</a></i>". Majalah Falsafah. Siri 5, Jilid 38, m.s. 418-420 Oktober 1894.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Electron.html">Dunia Fizik Eric Weisstein: Elektron</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zarah_dalam_fizik_-_zarah_asas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5375175"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Zarah" title="Templat:Zarah"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Zarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan 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