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href="#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attitude towards Fascism and Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Internationalist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicholas Murray Butler</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نيكولاس موراي باتلر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيكولاس موراي باتلر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_M%C3%BCrrey_Batler" title="Nikolas Mürrey Batler – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikolas Mürrey Batler" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نیکولاس موری باتلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیکولاس موری باتلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নিকোলাস মারে বাটলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিকোলাস মারে বাটলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нікалас Мюрэй Батлер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нікалас Мюрэй Батлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Нікалас Мюрэй Батлер – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нікалас Мюрэй Батлер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Никълъс Мъри Бътлър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Никълъс Мъри Бътлър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نیکولاس موری باتلر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیکولاس موری باتلر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Butler" title="Nicholas Butler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nicholas Butler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A8%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B2%84%ED%8B%80%EB%9F%AC" title="니컬러스 머리 버틀러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니컬러스 머리 버틀러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նիկոլաս Մյուրեյ Բաթլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիկոլաս Մյուրեյ Բաթլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_M._Butler" title="Nicholas M. Butler – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nicholas M. Butler" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="ניקולס מארי באטלר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניקולס מארי באטלר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნიკოლას მიურეი ბატლერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკოლას მიურეი ბატლერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Butler" title="Nicholas Butler – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nicholas Butler" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Murray_Butler" title="Nicolaus Murray Butler – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نيكولاس موراى باتلر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيكولاس موراى باتلر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ニコラス・バトラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニコラス・バトラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%92_%D8%A8%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نیکولس مرے بٹلر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیکولس مرے بٹلر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Батлер, Николас Мюррей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Батлер, Николас Мюррей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نیکۆلاس مۆرای بۆتلەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیکۆلاس مۆرای بۆتلەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Butler" title="Nicholas Butler – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nicholas Butler" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nicholas Murray Butler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%27%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ніколас М'юррей Батлер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніколас М'юррей Батлер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nickolas_Butler" title="Nickolas Butler">Nickolas Butler</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Nicholas Butler</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Nicholas_Murray_Butler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="767" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Butler <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1902</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">President of Columbia University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 6, 1902 – October 1, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal" title="Frank D. Fackenthal">Frank D. Fackenthal</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1862-04-02</span>)</span>April 2, 1862<br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-12-07)</span> (aged 85)<br />New York City, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Susanna Edwards Schuyler</li><li>Kate La Montagne</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicholas Murray Butler's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg/128px-Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg/192px-Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg/256px-Nicholas_Murray_Butler_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg/220px-Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg/330px-Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg/440px-Nicholas_Murray_Butler_in_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3265" /></a><figcaption>Butler in 1916</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Nicholas Murray Butler</b> (April 2, 1862 – December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> president of the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, and the late <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a>'s replacement as <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>’s running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> printed his Christmas greeting to the nation for many years during the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butler, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_John_Rhys" title="Morgan John Rhys">Morgan John Rhys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Mary Butler and manufacturing worker Henry Butler. He enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College of Columbia University">Columbia College</a> (later Columbia University) and joined the <a href="/wiki/Peithologian_Society" title="Peithologian Society">Peithologian Society</a>. He earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other achievements led <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to call him "Nicholas Miraculous". In 1885, Butler studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>. Through Root he also met Roosevelt and <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>. In the fall of 1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department. </p><p>In 1887, he co-founded with <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hoadley_Dodge" title="Grace Hoadley Dodge">Grace Hoadley Dodge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became president of, the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a>, and from which a co-educational experimental and developmental unit became <a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1890 to 1891, Butler was a lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>. Throughout the 1890s, Butler served on the New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Entrance Examination Board</a>. During the 1890s Butler edited The Great Educators book series for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_of_Columbia_University">Presidency of Columbia University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presidency of Columbia University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University and, in 1902, formally became president. Among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>. Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history, retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included <a href="/wiki/Columbia-Presbyterian_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center">Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center</a>, the first academic medical center in the world. </p><p>In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order to limit the number of Jewish students (it became the first American institution of higher learning to establish an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish">anti-Jewish</a> quota). Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54% to 23% stemming "the invasion of the Jewish student".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the reasons why Butler has been called an anti-semite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1931, Butler told the freshman class at Columbia that totalitarian systems produced "men of far greater intelligence, far stronger character, and far more courage than the system of elections."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 204">: 204 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1937, he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> fiction jury selected <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i>. The Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, <i>ex officio</i> head of the Pulitzer board, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received the prize that year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened <a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a>. A faculty apartment building on 119th Street and <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Drive_(Manhattan)" title="Morningside Drive (Manhattan)">Morningside Drive</a> was also renamed in Butler's honor, as was a major prize in philosophy. </p><p>A polemical attack on Butler's time at Columbia University appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goose-Step_(book)" title="The Goose-Step (book)">The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education</a></i>, by Upton Sinclair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activity">Political activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butler was a delegate to each <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> from 1888 to 1936; when Vice President <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> died six days before the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a>, Butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received: the Republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, finishing third behind the Democrats and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressives</a>. Butler <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">tried to secure the 1916 Republican presidential nomination</a> for <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>. Butler also <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">sought the nomination for himself in 1920</a>, without success.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butler believed that <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He was active in the successful effort for <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of Prohibition">Repeal</a> Prohibition in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He credited <a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">John W. Burgess</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> for providing the philosophical basis of his Republican principles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1936, Butler traveled to the Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the meeting, fundamental problems of money and finance were explored.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism">Attitude towards Fascism and Nazism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attitude towards Fascism and Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Norwood" title="Stephen H. Norwood">Stephen H. Norwood</a>, Butler failed to "grasp the nature and implications of Nazism... influenced both by his antisemitism, privately expressed, and his economic conservatism and hostility to trade unionism."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler was a longtime admirer of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. He compared the Italian Fascist leader to <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the 1920s, he noted "the stupendous improvement which <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> has brought".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1933, months after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a> began, he welcomed <a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a>, the German ambassador to the United States, to Columbia and refused to appear with a notable German dissident when the latter visited the university. Butler was criticized for his "remarkable silence" and complicity towards <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Hitler's regime</a> until the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_N_M_Butler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1921_N_M_Butler.jpg/220px-1921_N_M_Butler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1921_N_M_Butler.jpg/330px-1921_N_M_Butler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1921_N_M_Butler.jpg/440px-1921_N_M_Butler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/The_Archives_of_the_Planet" title="The Archives of the Planet">Auguste Léon</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internationalist">Internationalist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internationalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1907 to 1912, Butler was the chair of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mohonk_Conference_on_International_Arbitration" title="Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration">Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration</a>. Butler was also instrumental in persuading <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> to provide the initial $10 million funding for the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. </p><p>Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment from 1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for 1931 (shared with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>) "[For his promotion] of the <a href="/wiki/Kellogg-Briand_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Kellogg-Briand pact">Kellogg-Briand pact</a>" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement". </p><p>In December 1916, Butler, Roosevelt and other philanthropists, including Scottish-born industrialist John C. Moffat, <a href="/wiki/William_A._Chanler" title="William A. Chanler">William Astor Chanler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Choate" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Choate">Joseph Choate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mackay" title="Clarence Mackay">Clarence Mackay</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Grier_Hibben" title="John Grier Hibben">John Grier Hibben</a>, purchased the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chavaniac" title="Château de Chavaniac">Château de Chavaniac</a>, birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>, to serve as a headquarters for the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife, Beatrice Ashley Chanler.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butler was President of the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_Society" title="Pilgrims Society">Pilgrims Society</a>, which promotes Anglo-American friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler was president of <a href="/wiki/The_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Academy of Arts and Letters">The American Academy of Arts and Letters</a> from 1928 to 1941<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was an early member of the academy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. Susanna was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rutsen_Schuyler" title="Jacob Rutsen Schuyler">Jacob Rutsen Schuyler</a> (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne, granddaughter of New York property developer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Davis" title="Thomas E. Davis">Thomas E. Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of <i>Across the Busy Years</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butler became almost completely blind in 1945 at age 83. He resigned from the posts he held and died two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is interred at <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Lawn_Cemetery,_Paterson,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar Lawn Cemetery, Paterson, New Jersey">Cedar Lawn Cemetery</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Butler was not universally liked. In 1939, a former student of Butler, <a href="/wiki/Rolfe_Humphries" title="Rolfe Humphries">Rolfe Humphries</a>, published in the pages of <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a></i> an effort titled "Draft Ode for a Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical format of unrhymed <a href="/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse">blank verse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iambic_pentameter" title="Iambic pentameter">iambic pentameter</a> with one classical reference per line. The first letters of each line of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses [sic] ass". Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bourne" title="Randolph Bourne">Randolph Bourne</a> lampooned Butler as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerors", a 1915 essay he published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>. Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Mercury" title="The American Mercury">The American Mercury</a></i>, the critic <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunbar_Bromley" title="Dorothy Dunbar Bromley">Dorothy Dunbar Bromley</a> referred to Butler's pronouncements as "those interminable miasmas of guff".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Knight Grand Commander in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Order of the Redeemer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Sava" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Sava">Order of Saint Sava</a>.</li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Lion" title="Order of the White Lion">Order of the White Lion</a> on 1926-07-14.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>.</li> <li>Knight Grand cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a>.</li> <li>Commander in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a>.</li> <li>Knight Grand cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a>.</li> <li>Doctor <a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">honoris causa</a> - <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a> (Hungary) in 1931.</li> <li>Elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFButler1896" class="citation book cs1">———— (1896). Introduction. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/regenerationare00butlgoog"><i>Regeneration: A Reply to Max Nordau</i></a>. By <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Egmont_Hake" title="Alfred Egmont Hake">Hake, Alfred Egmont</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/22018013">22018013</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2886930">2886930</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6647134M">6647134M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Regeneration%3A+A+Reply+to+Max+Nordau&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6647134M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F22018013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2886930&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fregenerationare00butlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1907" class="citation book cs1">———— (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truefalsedemocra00butliala"><i>True and False Democracy</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085980194">1085980194</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+and+False+Democracy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085980194&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruefalsedemocra00butliala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1908" class="citation book cs1">———— (March 4, 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophy00butlgoog"><i>Philosophy</i></a> (Third Thousand ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> (published 1911). <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL20542028M">20542028M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=Third+Thousand&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1908-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL20542028M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophy00butlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1912" class="citation book cs1">———— (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalmin00butliala"><i>The International Mind: An Argument for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1047511494">1047511494</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Mind%3A+An+Argument+for+the+Judicial+Settlement+of+International+Disputes&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1047511494&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalmin00butliala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1912" class="citation book cs1">———— (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyshouldwechang00butliala"><i>Why Should we Change our Form of Government? Studies in Practical Politics</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158379286">1158379286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Should+we+Change+our+Form+of+Government%3F+Studies+in+Practical+Politics&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158379286&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyshouldwechang00butliala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1914" class="citation book cs1">———— (October 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatwaritslesso00butl"><i>The Great War and Its Lessons</i></a>. New York City: American Association for International Reconciliation. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/21003338">21003338</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1158379286">1158379286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+and+Its+Lessons&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=American+Association+for+International+Reconciliation&rft.date=1914-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1158379286&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F21003338&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatwaritslesso00butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1914" class="citation interview cs1">———— (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/unitedstatesofeu00butl">"The United States of Europe"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Marshall, Edward. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086146230">1086146230</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23638844M">23638844M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086146230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23638844M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Funitedstatesofeu00butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1914" class="citation interview cs1">———— (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesaswo01butl">"The United States as a World Power"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Marshall, Edward. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086146637">1086146637</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13497116M">13497116M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+as+a+World+Power&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086146637&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13497116M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesaswo01butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1916" class="citation book cs1">———— (April 25, 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingofnation00butl"><i>The Building of the Nation</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/16014796">16014796</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041645865">1041645865</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23283299M">23283299M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Building+of+the+Nation&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1916-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23283299M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F16014796&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041645865&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingofnation00butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1918" class="citation book cs1">———— (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basisofdurablepe00butl"><i>The Basis of Durable Peace: Written at the Invitation of The New York Times</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/24003441">24003441</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041043446">1041043446</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basis+of+Durable+Peace%3A+Written+at+the+Invitation+of+The+New+York+Times&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041043446&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F24003441&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasisofdurablepe00butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1919" class="citation book cs1">———— (February 11, 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/5925391upenn"><i>Problems of Peace and After-Peace</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181661998">181661998</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Peace+and+After-Peace&rft.place=Paterson%2C+New+Jersey&rft.date=1919-02-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181661998&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F5925391upenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1921" class="citation book cs1">———— (February 21, 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingliberalmen00butluoft"><i>Making Liberal Men and Women; Public Criticism of Present-day Education; The New Paganism; The University, Politics and Religion</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1049618080">1049618080</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Liberal+Men+and+Women%3B+Public+Criticism+of+Present-day+Education%3B+The+New+Paganism%3B+The+University%2C+Politics+and+Religion&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1921-02-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1049618080&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingliberalmen00butluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1921" class="citation book cs1">———— (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scholarshipservi00butliala"><i>Scholarship and Service: The Policies of a National University in a Modern Democracy</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1084595889">1084595889</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholarship+and+Service%3A+The+Policies+of+a+National+University+in+a+Modern+Democracy&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1084595889&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscholarshipservi00butliala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1923" class="citation book cs1">———— (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingtheameri013132mbp"><i>Building the American Nation: an Essay of Interpretation</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14798157M">14798157M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+American+Nation%3A+an+Essay+of+Interpretation&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14798157M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingtheameri013132mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1924" class="citation book cs1">———— (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14125156M/The_faith_of_a_liberal"><i>The Faith of a Liberal: Essays and Addresses on Political Principles and Public Policies</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/24030512">24030512</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14125156M">14125156M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+a+Liberal%3A+Essays+and+Addresses+on+Political+Principles+and+Public+Policies&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14125156M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F24030512&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL14125156M%2FThe_faith_of_a_liberal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1934" class="citation book cs1">———— (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6303958M/Between_two_worlds"><i>Between Two Worlds: Interpretations of the Age in Which We Live</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/34010046">34010046</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124951">1124951</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6303958M">6303958M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Two+Worlds%3A+Interpretations+of+the+Age+in+Which+We+Live&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6303958M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F34010046&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1124951&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6303958M%2FBetween_two_worlds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1939" class="citation book cs1">———— (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrossbusyyearsr01butl"><i>Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038753871">1038753871</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13530857M">13530857M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Busy+Years%3A+Recollections+and+Reflections&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038753871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13530857M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrossbusyyearsr01butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1940" class="citation book cs1">———— (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrossbusyyearsr02butl"><i>Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1038780341">1038780341</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Busy+Years%3A+Recollections+and+Reflections&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1038780341&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrossbusyyearsr02butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Educational_Review" title="Educational Review">Educational Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_International_Education" title="Institute of International Education">Institute of International Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Klein" title="Jerome Klein">Jerome Klein</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1928" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Pringle, Henry F.</a> (October 17, 1928). <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rufus_Bellamy" title="Francis Rufus Bellamy">Bellamy, Francis Rufus</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-outlook_1928-10-17_150_7/page/971">"Publicist or Politician? A Portrait of Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler"</a>. <i>The Outlook</i>. Vol. 150, no. 7. New York City. p. 971. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2690-1811">2690-1811</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5361126">5361126</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Outlook&rft.atitle=Publicist+or+Politician%3F+A+Portrait+of+Dr.+Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=971&rft.date=1928-10-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5361126&rft.issn=2690-1811&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_new-outlook_1928-10-17_150_7%2Fpage%2F971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1927/12/24/issue.html">"TimesMachine: Saturday December 24, 1927 - NYTimes.com"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TimesMachine%3A+Saturday+December+24%2C+1927+-+NYTimes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.comhttp%2F%2Ftimesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net%2Ftimesmachine%2F1927%2F12%2F24%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1930/12/23/118394853.html?pageNumber=20">"Dr. Butler's Christmas Message"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BUTLER'S HOLIDAY CARD; His Christmas Message Defines Five Fundamental Human Institutions"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rhees papers, 1794–1968"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Libraries" title="Columbia University Libraries">Columbia University Libraries</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127204903/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_4079832/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Abolitionist, Welsh republican radical, publisher, Baptist minister, pioneer and adventurer Morgan J. Rhees… was the great grandfather of Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+Libraries&rft.atitle=Morgan+J.+Rhees+papers%2C+1794%E2%80%931968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Flweb%2Farchival%2Fcollections%2Fldpd_4079832%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.columbia.edu/news.htm?articleID=3006">"A Tribute to Grace Hoadley Dodge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917201305/https://www.tc.columbia.edu/articles/2000/december/a-tribute-to-grace-hoadley-dodge/">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teachers+College%2C+Columbia+University&rft.atitle=A+Tribute+to+Grace+Hoadley+Dodge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.columbia.edu%2Fnews.htm%3FarticleID%3D3006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horacemann.org/our-school/a-long-tradition">"A Long Tradition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_School" title="Horace Mann School">Horace Mann School</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625120639/https://www.horacemann.org/our-school/a-long-tradition">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved February 8, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallon2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Ballon, Hillary (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ldpd_12981092_043/page/136">"The Architecture of Columbia: Educational Visions in Conflict"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College Today</a></i>. Vol. 28, no. 3. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0572-7820">0572-7820</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12357245">12357245</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/39027850">39027850</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568730477">568730477</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13530857M">13530857M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+busy+years%3A+recollections+and+reflections&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13530857M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F39027850&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568730477&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Facrossbusyyearsr01butl%23page%2F362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//arch-timesmachine-fe-prd-40741-2-575473780.us-east-1.elb.amazonaws.com/timesmachine/1936/07/20/85410707.html?pageNumber=17">"DR. BUTLER URGES ECONOMIC PARLEY; Calls for World Meeting on Fundamental Problems of Money and Finance. SEES DANGER OF WARFARE Borrowing Power of Many Nations May Be Exhausted Next Year, He Declares"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=Silence+in+the+Face+of+Intellectual+Conflagration&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fsilence-in-the-face-of-intellectual-conflagration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElon2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Elon, Amos (February 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/02/23/a-shrine-to-mussolini/">"A Shrine to Mussolini"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lafayette+-+Ch%C3%A2teau+Mus%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Lafayette+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chateau-lafayette.com%2FLafayette-Memorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newspapers.bc.edu/cgi-bin/bostonsh?a=d&d=BOSTONSH19170106-01.2.14#">"Americans buy Lafayette's Home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Heart_Review" title="The Sacred Heart Review">The Sacred Heart Review</a></i>. Vol. 57, no. 4. January 6, 1917. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420133431/https://newspapers.bc.edu/cgi-bin/bostonsh?a=d&d=BOSTONSH19170106-01.2.14">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sacred+Heart+Review&rft.atitle=Americans+buy+Lafayette%27s+Home&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1917-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.bc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbostonsh%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DBOSTONSH19170106-01.2.14%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Hart, Albert Bushnell</a>, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dr+Butler+wed+Miss+La+Montagne&rft.date=1907-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1907%2F03%2F06%2F106742751.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1940" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Nicholas Murray (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acrossbusyyearsr02butl"><i>Across the Busy Years: Recollections and Reflections</i></a>. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/568730477">568730477</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Busy+Years%3A+Recollections+and+Reflections&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F568730477&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facrossbusyyearsr02butl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1931/butler/biographical/">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1931"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1931%2Fbutler%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamaliel" class="citation web cs1">Gamaliel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everything2.com/?node_id=1091716">"Nicholas Murray Butler"</a>. <i>Everything2</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515210108/https://everything2.com/?node_id=1091716">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everything2&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.au=Gamaliel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feverything2.com%2F%3Fnode_id%3D1091716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuvenis1915" class="citation magazine cs1">Juvenis (September 4, 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_new-republic_1915-09-04_4_44/page/121">"One of Our Conquerors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. Vol. 4, no. 44. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=One+of+Our+Conquerors&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1915-09-04&rft.issn=0028-6583&rft.au=Juvenis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_new-republic_1915-09-04_4_44%2Fpage%2F121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromley1935" class="citation magazine cs1">Bromley, Dorothy Dunbar (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-mercury_1935-03_34_135/page/286">"Nicholas Murray Butler—Portrait of a Reactionary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Mercury" title="The American Mercury">The American Mercury</a></i>. Vol. 34, no. 135. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-998X">0002-998X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Mercury&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Murray+Butler%E2%80%94Portrait+of+a+Reactionary&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=135&rft.pages=298&rft.date=1935&rft.issn=0002-998X&rft.aulast=Bromley&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Dunbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-mercury_1935-03_34_135%2Fpage%2F286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoon1990" class="citation book cs1">Coon, Horace (1990) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4785924W/Money_to_burn"><i>Money to Burn: Great American Foundations and Their Money</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Longmans_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="Longmans Green">Longmans Green</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887383343" title="Special:BookSources/0887383343"><bdi>0887383343</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89020465">89020465</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2199648M">2199648M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/OpenLibrary" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenLibrary">OpenLibrary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+to+Burn%3A+Great+American+Foundations+and+Their+Money&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Longmans+Green&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2199648M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89020465&rft.isbn=0887383343&rft.aulast=Coon&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL4785924W%2FMoney_to_burn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf">"Československý řád Bílého lva 1923–1990"</a> [Czechoslovak Order of the White Lion 1923–1990] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President of the Czech Republic</a></i> (in Czech). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323221453/https://www.prazskyhradarchiv.cz/file/edee/vyznamenani/cs_rbl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=President+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.atitle=%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%BD+%C5%99%C3%A1d+B%C3%ADl%C3%A9ho+lva+1923%E2%80%931990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prazskyhradarchiv.cz%2Ffile%2Fedee%2Fvyznamenani%2Fcs_rbl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Nicholas+Murray+Butler&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DNicholas%2BMurray%2BButler%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alogdelis, Joanna. "A Critical Evaluation of Selected Educational Speeches of Nicholas Murray Butler" (PhD dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1949. 10991965).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComte1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Comte, Edward Le (1986). "Dinner with Butler and Eisenhower". <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i>. Vol. 81, no. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-2601">0010-2601</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/488561243">488561243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary&rft.atitle=Dinner+with+Butler+and+Eisenhower&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F488561243&rft.issn=0010-2601&rft.aulast=Comte&rft.aufirst=Edward+Le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlett1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hewlett, Charles F. (1983). "Nicholas Murray Butler and the American Peace Movement". <i><a href="/wiki/Teachers_College_Record" title="Teachers College Record">Teachers College Record</a></i>. <b>85</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-4681">0161-4681</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/92645723">92645723</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1590002">1590002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teachers+College+Record&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Murray+Butler+and+the+American+Peace+Movement&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1590002&rft.issn=0161-4681&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F92645723&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlett1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hewlett, Charles F. (1987). "John Dewey and Nicholas Murray Butler: Contrasting Conceptions of Peace Education in the Twenties". <i>Educational Theory</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 445–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.1987.00445.x">10.1111/j.1741-5446.1987.00445.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-2004">0013-2004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theory&rft.atitle=John+Dewey+and+Nicholas+Murray+Butler%3A+Contrasting+Conceptions+of+Peace+Education+in+the+Twenties&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-461&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5446.1987.00445.x&rft.issn=0013-2004&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarrin1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Marrin" title="Albert Marrin">Marrin, Albert</a> (1976). <i>Nicholas Murray Butler</i>. Twayne's World Leader Series. Vol. 52. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Twayne Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-805777-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-805777-06-2"><bdi>978-0-805777-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Twayne%27s+World+Leader+Series&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-805777-06-2&rft.aulast=Marrin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Michael (2006). <i>Nicholas Miraculous: The Amazing Career of the Redoubtable Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler</i>. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-29994-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-29994-3"><bdi>0-374-29994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Miraculous%3A+The+Amazing+Career+of+the+Redoubtable+Dr.+Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-374-29994-3&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokal2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sokal" title="Michael Sokal">Sokal, Michael M.</a> (May 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-06968-004">"James McKeen Cattell, Nicholas Murray Butler, and Academic Freedom at Columbia University, 1902–1923"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Psychology">History of Psychology</a></i>. <b>12</b> (2): 87–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0016143">10.1037/a0016143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1093-4510">1093-4510</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=James+McKeen+Cattell%2C+Nicholas+Murray+Butler%2C+and+Academic+Freedom+at+Columbia+University%2C+1902%E2%80%931923&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-122&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0016143&rft.issn=1093-4510&rft.aulast=Sokal&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2009-06968-004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1932" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Milton Halsey (1932). <i>Bibliography of Nicholas Murray Butler, 1872–1932: A Check List</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL16551925M">16551925M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliography+of+Nicholas+Murray+Butler%2C+1872%E2%80%931932%3A+A+Check+List&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL16551925M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Milton+Halsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Andrew (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09592296.2012.679471">"Waiting for Monsieur Bergson: Nicholas Murray Butler, James T. Shotwell, and the French Sage"</a></span>. <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 236–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2012.679471">10.1080/09592296.2012.679471</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2296">0959-2296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153505243">153505243</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+Monsieur+Bergson%3A+Nicholas+Murray+Butler%2C+James+T.+Shotwell%2C+and+the+French+Sage&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=236-253&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153505243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2012.679471&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2012.679471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhundTison2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Akhund, Nadine; Tison, Stéphane, eds. (2018). <i>En guerre pour la paix. Correspondance Paul d'Estournelles de Constant et Nicholas Murray Butler (1914–1919)</i> [<i>At war for peace. Correspondence between Paul d'Estournelles de Constant and Nicholas Murray Butler (1914–1919)</i>] (in French). Translated by Akhund, Nadine. Paris: Alma éditeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-362792-63-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-362792-63-2"><bdi>978-2-362792-63-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1101112844">1101112844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+guerre+pour+la+paix.+Correspondance+Paul+d%27Estournelles+de+Constant+et+Nicholas+Murray+Butler+%281914%E2%80%931919%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Alma+%C3%A9diteur&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1101112844&rft.isbn=978-2-362792-63-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/497">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271517#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Linda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155">"Nicholas Murray Butler"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.pub=Find+a+Grave&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.findagrave.com%2Fmemorial%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/40475">Works by Nicholas Murray Butler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20Murray%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Butler%2C%20N%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22N%2E%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22N%2E%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20Murray%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20N%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20N%2E%20Murray%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22N%2E%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%20Murray%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22N%2E%20M%2E%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20Murray%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nicholas%20Butler%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Butler%2C%20Nicholas%22%29%20OR%20%28%221862-1947%22%20AND%20Butler%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Nicholas Murray Butler</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1039570/">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271517#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002834">Newspaper clippings about Nicholas Murray Butler</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271517#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078570">Nicholas Murray Butler papers, 1891-1947</a> at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%22Butler,%20Nicholas%20Murray,%201862-1947.%22&type=author&inst=">Works by Nicholas Murray Butler</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Hathi_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathi Trust">Hathi Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/rbml/collections/carnegie/index.html">CEIP archive at Columbia University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/images/detail/nicholas-murray-butler-3432">"Nicholas Murray Butler, ca. 1930"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_American_Art" title="Archives of American Art">Archives of American Art</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220324045114/https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/nicholas-murray-butler-3432">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+American+Art&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Murray+Butler%2C+ca.+1930&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fimages%2Fdetail%2Fnicholas-murray-butler-3432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/browse-the-collection/index.aspx?id=1924">"Portrait of Nicholas Murray Butler: Augustus Vincent Tack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phillips_Collection" title="The Phillips Collection">The Phillips Collection</a></i>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516103908/https://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/portrait-nicholas-murray-butler">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Phillips+Collection&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Nicholas+Murray+Butler%3A+Augustus+Vincent+Tack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillipscollection.org%2Fcollection%2Fbrowse-the-collection%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3D1924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/355897-1932-rockefeller-to-buttler-letter/355897-1932-rockefeller-to-buttler-letter.pdf">"John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Letter to Nicholas Murray Butler"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York City. June 6, 1932<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+D.+Rockefeller%2C+Jr.%2C+Letter+to+Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.date=1932-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2F355897-1932-rockefeller-to-buttler-letter%2F355897-1932-rockefeller-to-buttler-letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:356778">"Address by Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler to the members of the Union League of Philadelphia"</a>. November 27, 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via Digital Library@<a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+by+Dr.+Nicholas+Murray+Butler+to+the+members+of+the+Union+League+of+Philadelphia&rft.date=1915-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.villanova.edu%2FItem%2Fvudl%3A356778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorkelson1940" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thorkelson" title="Jacob Thorkelson">Thorkelson, Jacob</a> (August 19, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CongressionalRecordRegardingBritish-khazarZionistWorldGovernmentAndTha/CongressionalRecordRegardingBritish-khazarZionistWorldGovernmentAndThaUs-1940_djvu.txt">"Documented in the United States of America Congressional Record, Proceedings and Discussions of the 76th Congress, Third Session, Remarks of Hon. J. Thorkelson of Montana, in the House of Representatives, Aug. 19, 1940: Steps Toward British Union - a World State and International Strife--Part IV (Page 12)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Documented+in+the+United+States+of+America+Congressional+Record%2C+Proceedings+and+Discussions+of+the+76th+Congress%2C+Third+Session%2C+Remarks+of+Hon.+J.+Thorkelson+of+Montana%2C+in+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+Aug.+19%2C+1940%3A+Steps+Toward+British+Union+-+a+World+State+and+International+Strife--Part+IV+%28Page+12%29&rft.date=1940-08-19&rft.aulast=Thorkelson&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCongressionalRecordRegardingBritish-khazarZionistWorldGovernmentAndTha%2FCongressionalRecordRegardingBritish-khazarZionistWorldGovernmentAndThaUs-1940_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANicholas+Murray+Butler" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Columbia University">President of Columbia University</a> </b><br />1902–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal" title="Frank D. Fackenthal">Frank D. Fackenthal</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1931_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1931 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> (United States)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Heinrich Warburg</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1926_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1926 Nobel Prize winners">1926</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><b>1931 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners">1932</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners">1935</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1936 Nobel Prize winners">1936</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">← 1908</a>) <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">→ 1916</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Eugene Foss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></s> (incumbent; nominated but died before election)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B63434;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1912 Progressive National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene W. Chafin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur E. Reimer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1912 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_and_1913_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1920 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1916)_1920_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1924)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">← 1916</a>) <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">→ 1924</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Orren_Lowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Orren Lowden">Frank Orren Lowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">William Cameron Sproul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Jeter C. Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Poindexter" title="Miles Poindexter">Miles Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sutherland" title="Howard Sutherland">Howard Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">William Gibbs McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">A. Mitchell Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I._Edwards" title="Edward I. Edwards">Edward I. Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Owen" title="Robert L. Owen">Robert L. Owen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Parley_P._Christensen" title="Parley P. Christensen">Parley P. Christensen</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Max_S._Hayes" title="Max S. Hayes">Max S. Hayes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/D._Leigh_Colvin" title="D. Leigh Colvin">D. Leigh Colvin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(Texas)" title="American Party (Texas)">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Ferguson" title="James E. Ferguson">James E. Ferguson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Hough_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Hough (politician) (page does not exist)">William J. Hough</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4C915F;"><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Single Tax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Colvin_Macauley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Colvin Macauley (page does not exist)">Robert Colvin Macauley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Barnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard C. Barnum (page does not exist)">Richard C. Barnum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1920 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1920 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1920 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Columbia_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B9D9EB;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #1D4F91, inset -2px -2px 0 #1D4F91;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Columbia_University_presidents" title="Template:Columbia University presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Columbia_University_presidents" title="Template talk:Columbia University presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia_University_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Columbia University presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Columbia_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Presidents of Columbia University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)" title="Samuel Johnson (American educator)">S. Johnson</a> (1754–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Cooper" title="Myles Cooper">Cooper</a> (1763–1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_(bishop)" title="Benjamin Moore (bishop)">B. Moore</a> (1775–1776)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a> (1784–1787)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">W. Johnson</a> (1787–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Wharton" title="Charles Henry Wharton">Wharton</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Moore_(bishop)" title="Benjamin Moore (bishop)">B. Moore</a> (1801–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harris_(academic)" title="William Harris (academic)">Harris</a> (1811–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Duer" title="William Alexander Duer">Duer</a> (1829–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fish_Moore" title="Nathaniel Fish Moore">N. Moore</a> (1842–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(Columbia_University_president)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles King (Columbia University president)">King</a> (1849–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Porter_Barnard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard">Barnard</a> (1864–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drisler" title="Henry Drisler">Drisler</a> (1888–1889)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Low</a> (1890–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Van_Amringe" title="John Howard Van Amringe">Van Amringe</a> (1899)*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butler</a> (1902–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal" title="Frank D. Fackenthal">Fackenthal</a> (1945–1948)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayson_L._Kirk" title="Grayson L. Kirk">Kirk</a> (1953–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Cordier" title="Andrew W. Cordier">Cordier</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._McGill" title="William J. McGill">McGill</a> (1970–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I._Sovern" title="Michael I. Sovern">Sovern</a> (1980–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Erik_Rupp" title="George Erik Rupp">Rupp</a> (1993–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Bollinger</a> (2002–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik" title="Minouche Shafik">Shafik</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrina_Armstrong" title="Katrina Armstrong">Armstrong</a> (2024–)*</li></ul> <p><i>* indicates acting or interim president or chancellor</i> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271517#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271517#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108751202">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368546336">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17333392">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/10964/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhmkpRttdhVQcgdPk4bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/117185302">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50032600">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12534541v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12534541v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00538380">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Butler, Nicholas Murray"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V021645">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000190&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1214332">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/114746">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069741190">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=153456">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftw09x152jbpz2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810622747705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/181598">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259250305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14351070">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01054413?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102003">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/798195">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117185302.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/117185302">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034606904">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65t3m3k">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&oldid=1259569493">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Murray_Butler&oldid=1259569493</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1862_births" title="Category:1862 births">1862 births</a></li><li><a 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