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<script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Ruthenia (disambiguation)">Ruthenia (disambiguation)</a>. </div> Ruthenia<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[a]</a> is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, originally used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a>, as one of several terms for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[1]</a> Originally, the term Rus' land referred to a triangular area, which mainly corresponds to the tribe of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polans_(eastern)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dnieper_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dnieper Ukraine">Dnieper Ukraine</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[2]</a> Ruthenia was used to refer to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> people of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, and later the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria-Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, mainly to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and sometimes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarusians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, corresponding to the territories of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principality_of_Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principality of Volhynia">Eastern Poland</a> and some of western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nazarenko2001-5">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi2010-6">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/220px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/330px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/440px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952"></a> <figcaption> Rus' land/Ruthenia in yellow, Kievan Rus' under Oleg the Wise in gray, 862-912 </figcaption> </figure> Historically, in a broader sense, the term was used to refer to all the territories under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan dominion</a> (mostly East Slavs).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a> (1772–1918), corresponding to parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>, was referred to as Ruthenia and its people as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Magocsi2010-6">[5]</a> As a result of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_nationality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Ukrainian nationality">Ukrainian national identity</a> gradually dominating over much of present-day Ukraine in the 19th and 20th centuries, the endonym <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusyns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a> is now mostly used among a minority of peoples on the territory of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_Middle_Ages">2 Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Late_Middle_Ages">3 Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_modern_period">4 Early modern period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_period">5 Modern period</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ukraine">5.1 Ukraine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_Ruthenia">5.2 Modern Ruthenia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ruthenium">6 Ruthenium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery">7 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">10.1 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia</a> </div> The word Ruthenia originated as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> designation of the region its people called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rus_(name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (name)">Rus'</a>. During the Middle Ages, writers in English and other Western European languages applied the term to lands inhabited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Rusia or Ruthenia appears in the 1520 Latin treatise Mores, leges et ritus omnium gentium, per Ioannem Boëmum, Aubanum, Teutonicum ex multis clarissimis rerum scriptoribus collecti by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Boemus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Boemus">Johann Boemus</a>. In the chapter De Rusia sive Ruthenia, et recentibus Rusianorum moribus ("About Rus', or Ruthenia, and modern customs of the Rus'"), Boemus tells of a country extending from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltic_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caspian_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don River</a> to the northern ocean. It is a source of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beeswax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forest">forests</a> harbor many animals with valuable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fur">fur</a>, and the capital city <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (Moscovia), named after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moskva_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a> (Moscum amnem), is 14 miles in circumference.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Danish diplomat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Ulfeldt_(1535%E2%80%931593)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Ulfeldt (1535–1593)">Jacob Ulfeldt</a>, who traveled to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muscovy_(Grand_Duchy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscovy (Grand Duchy)">Muscovy</a> in 1578 to meet with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsar_Ivan_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Ivan IV">Tsar Ivan IV</a>, titled his posthumously (1608) published memoir Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[14]</a> ("Voyage to Ruthenia").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ruthenian_Lion,_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/220px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1312"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/220px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/330px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg/440px-Ruthenian_Lion%2C_which_was_used_as_a_representative_Coat_of_arms_of_Ruthenia_during_the_Council_of_Constance_from_1414_to_1418.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_lion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenian lion">Ruthenian lion</a>, which was used as a representative coat of arms of Ruthenia during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Constance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> in the 15th century </figcaption> </figure> In Kievan Rus', the name Rus', or Rus'ka zemlia (land of Rus'), described the lands between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chernihiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pereiaslav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pereiaslav">Pereyaslav</a>, corresponding to the tribe of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polans_(eastern)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polans (eastern)">Polanians</a>, which started to identify themself as Rus' (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Русь, Русини) approximately in 9th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/220px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="575"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/220px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/330px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png/440px-Historic_core_of_Rus%27.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rus' land/Ruthenia in the core sense.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-3">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   1. After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petro_Tolochko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petro Tolochko">Petro Tolochko</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   2. After A. M. Nasonov </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   3. After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Rybakov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Rybakov">Boris Rybakov</a> </div> </figcaption> </figure> In a broader sense, this name also referred to all territories under control of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kievan_princes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan princes">Kievan princes</a>, and the initial area of Rus' land served as their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropole">metropole</a>, yet this wider meaning declined when Kiev lost its power over majority of principalities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol Invasion of Kievan Rus'</a> and a massive devastation of the core territory, the name Rus' was succeeded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Galician-Volhynian principality</a>, which declared itself as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rus'">Kingdom of Rus'</a>. European manuscripts dating from the 11th century used the name Ruthenia to describe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rus_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (region)">Rus'</a>,[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the wider area occupied by the early Rus' (commonly referred to as Kievan Rus'). This term was also used to refer to the Slavs of the island of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BCgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rügen">Rügen</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a> or to other Baltic Slavs, whom 12th-century chroniclers portrayed as fierce pirate pagans—even though <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' had converted to Christianity</a> by the 10th century:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eupraxia_of_Kiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eupraxia of Kiev">Eupraxia</a>, the daughter of Rutenorum rex <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I of Kiev</a>, had married the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> in 1089.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> After the devastating <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongols">Mongolian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">occupation of the main part of Ruthenia</a> which began in the 13th century, western Ruthenian principalities became incorporated into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, after which the state became called the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Kingdom">Polish Kingdom</a> also took the title King of Ruthenia<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> when it annexed Galicia. These titles were merged when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was formed. A small part of Rus' (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Transcarpathia</a>, now mainly a part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> in present-day Ukraine), became subordinated to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in the 11th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385-25">[24]</a> The Kings of Hungary continued using the title "King of Galicia and Lodomeria" until 1918.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gathering_of_the_Russian_lands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gathering of the Russian lands">Gathering of the Russian lands</a> </div> By the 15th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow principality</a> had established its sovereignty over a large portion of former Kievan territory and began to fight Lithuania over Ruthenian lands.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In 1547, the Moscow principality adopted the title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsardom_of_Rus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsardom of Rus">The Great Principat of Moscow and Tsardom of the Whole Rus</a> and claimed sovereignty over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/All_the_Russias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="All the Russias">"all the Rus'"</a> — acts not recognized by its neighbour Poland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The Muscovy population was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and preferred to use the Greek transliteration Rossiya (Ῥωσία)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kamusella2008-30">[29]</a> rather than the Latin "Ruthenia". In the 14th century, the southern territories of Rus', including the principalities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, became part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, which in 1384 united with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Poland</a> in a union which became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1569. Due to their usage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> rather than the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrillic_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, they were usually denoted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> name Ruthenia. Other spellings were also used in Latin, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a>, and other languages during this period.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Contemporaneously, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a> was established in the territory of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia-Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia-Volhynia">Galicia-Volhynia</a> and existed until the 18th century. These southern territories include: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Галич-Волинь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Halych-Volyn or Галицько-Волинське королівство, Halytsko-Volynske korolivstvo; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś Halicko-Wołyńska or Księstwo halicko-wołyńskie)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Галич, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Halych or Галицько-Волинська Русь, Halytsko-Volynska Rus; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś Halicka)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Ruthenia">White Ruthenia</a>, (eastern part of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarusian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: Белая Русь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: Belaia Rus; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś Biała)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a> (a western part of modern Belarus; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarusian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: Чорная Русь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: Chornaia Rus <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś Czarna)</li> <li>Galicia, or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Ruthenia">Red Ruthenia</a>, western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and southeast Poland; (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Червона Русь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Chervona Rus; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś Czerwona)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Карпатська Русь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Karpatska Rus; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś Podkarpacka, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literal_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Subcarpathian Ruthenia')</li> </ul> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russian Tsardom</a> was officially called Velikoye Knyazhestvo Moskovskoye (Великое Княжество Московское), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>, until 1547, although <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> (1440–1505, <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1462–1505) had earlier borne the title "Great Tsar of All Russia".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Development" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language § Development</a> </div> During the early modern period, the term Ruthenia started to be mostly associated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian lands of the Polish Crown</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> declared himself the ruler of the Ruthenian state to the Polish representative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Kysil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Kysil">Adam Kysil</a> in February 1649.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[31]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Rus%27_(1658)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Principality of Rus' (1658)">Grand Principality of Ruthenia</a> was the project name of the Cossack Hetmanate integrated into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The use of the term Rus/Russia in the lands of Rus' survived longer as a name used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> for Ukraine.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian monarchy</a> made the vassal state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia–Lodomeria</a> into a province in 1772, Habsburg officials realized that the local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Slavs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Slavs">East Slavic people</a> were distinct from both <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russians">Russians</a> and still called themselves Rus. This was true until the empire fell in 1918.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In the 1880s through the first decade of the 20th century, the popularity of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Ukrainian spread, and the term Ukraine became a substitute for Malaya Rus' among the Ukrainian population of the empire. In the course of time, the term Rus became restricted to western parts of present-day Ukraine (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a>/Halych, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>), an area where Ukrainian nationalism competed with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russophiles_of_Galicia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophiles of Galicia">Galician Russophilia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444-34">[33]</a> By the early 20th century, the term Ukraine had mostly replaced Malorussia in those lands, and by the mid-1920s in the Ukrainian diaspora in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern America">North America</a> as well.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rusyn (the Ruthenian) has been an official self-identification of the Rus' population in Poland (and also in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>). Until 1939, for many Ruthenians and Poles, the word Ukrainiec (Ukrainian) meant a person involved in or friendly to a nationalist movement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Modern_Ruthenia">Modern Ruthenia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern Ruthenia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusyns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:West-Ukraine_1918.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/200px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 288px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/200px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/300px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West-Ukraine_1918.jpg/400px-West-Ukraine_1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of the areas claimed and controlled by the Carpathian Ruthenia, the Lemko Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918 </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=File:Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg&lang=en&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/200px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/200px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/300px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg/400px-Subcarpathia_-_Carpatho-Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia and independent Carpatho-Ukraine 1938–1939. </figcaption> </figure> After 1918, the name Ruthenia became narrowed to the area south of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, also called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: карпатська Русь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: karpatska Rus, including the cities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mukachevo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzhhorod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>) and populated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenians">Carpatho-Ruthenians</a>, a group of East Slavic highlanders. While Galician Ruthenians considered themselves Ukrainians, the Carpatho-Ruthenians were the last East Slavic people who kept the historical name (Ruthen is a Latin form of the Slavic rusyn). Today, the term <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusyns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusyns">Rusyn</a> is used to describe the ethnicity and language of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, who are not compelled to adopt the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian national identity</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungarian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Kárpátalja, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Закарпаття, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Zakarpattia) became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Hungary">part of the newly founded Hungarian Kingdom</a> in 1000. In May 1919, it was incorporated with nominal autonomy into the provisional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czechoslovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak state</a> as Subcarpathian Rus'. Since then, Ruthenian people have been divided into three orientations: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Russophiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Russophiles">Russophiles</a>, who saw Ruthenians as part of the Russian nation; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainophilia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainophilia">Ukrainophiles</a>, who like their Galician counterparts across the Carpathian Mountains considered Ruthenians part of the Ukrainian nation; and Ruthenophiles, who claimed that Carpatho-Ruthenians were a separate nation and who wanted to develop a native <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusyn_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a> and culture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] In 1938, under the Nazi regime in Germany, there were calls in the German press for the independence of a greater Ukraine, which would include Ruthenia, parts of Hungary, the Polish Southeast including Lviv, the Crimea, and Ukraine, including Kyiv and Kharkiv. (These calls were described in the French and Spanish press as "troublemaking".)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> On 15 March 1939, the Ukrainophile president of Carpatho-Ruthenia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avhustyn_Voloshyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Avhustyn Voloshyn">Avhustyn Voloshyn</a>, declared its independence as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>. On the same day, regular troops of the Royal Hungarian Army occupied and annexed the region. In 1944 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> occupied the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">territory</a>, and in 1945 it was annexed to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>. Rusyns were not an officially recognized ethnic group in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USSR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, as the Soviet government considered them to be Ukrainian. A Rusyn minority remained, after World War II, in eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czechoslovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> (now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>). According to critics, the Ruthenians rapidly became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovakization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovakization">Slovakized</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In 1995 the Ruthenian written language became standardized.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Following <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Independent_Ukraine_(1991_to_present)" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukrainian independence and dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> (1990–91), the official position of the government and some Ukrainian politicians has been that the Rusyns are an integral part of the Ukrainian nation. Some of the population of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> of Ukraine have identified as Rusyn (or Boyko, Hutsul, Lemko etc.) first and foremost; a subset of this second group has, nevertheless, considered Rusyns to be part of a broader Ukrainian national identity. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ruthenium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> In 1844, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Ernst_Claus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Ernst Claus">Karl Ernst Claus</a>, Russian naturalist and chemist of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltic_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> origin, isolated the element <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platinum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platinum">platinum</a> ore found in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ural_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. Claus named the element after Ruthenia to honor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912)"> <noscript> <img alt="Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/97px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/97px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png" data-alt="Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912)" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/145px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png/193px-Kyiv_Rus_912_copy.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ruthenia and Kievan domains during Askold and Dir and Oleg the Wise (862–912) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_(1054-1132)_en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)"> <noscript> <img alt="Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/83px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="870"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/83px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png" data-alt="Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132)" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/124px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg/166px-Principalities_of_Kievan_Rus%27_%281054-1132%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054–1132) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)"> <noscript> <img alt="Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png/120px-Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="861"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 101px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png/120px-Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png" data-alt="Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)" data-width="120" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png/180px-Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png/240px-Korolivstvo_Ruske_13-14_stolittia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)"> <noscript> <img alt="Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg/120px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="875"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg/120px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg.png" data-alt="Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)" data-width="120" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg/180px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg/240px-RON_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_ruskie_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)"> <noscript> <img alt="Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/120px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/120px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png" data-alt="Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)" data-width="120" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/180px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png/240px-Rzeczpospolita_Trojga_Narod%C3%B3w_w_roku_1658.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe,_Casimir_Delamarre,_1868.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title=""ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)"> <noscript> <img alt=""ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/76px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3816"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 76px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/76px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg" data-alt=""ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)" data-width="76" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/115px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg/153px-Linguistic_and_political_map_of_Eastern_Europe%2C_Casimir_Delamarre%2C_1868.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> "ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Austria_hungary_1911.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia"> <noscript> <img alt="1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/120px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1155"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/120px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg" data-alt="1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia" data-width="120" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/180px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Austria_hungary_1911.jpg/240px-Austria_hungary_1911.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Rus%27_(1658)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Principality of Rus' (1658)">Grand Principality of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenian Voivodeship">Ruthenian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of Rus', Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Ruthenian_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ruthenian (disambiguation)">Ruthenian (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruthenian nobility">Ruthenian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_National_Government_(January_Uprising)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish National Government (January Uprising)">Polish National Government (January Uprising)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemkos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ruːˈθiːniə/</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Ruthenia or Rutenia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Рутенія, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Rutenia or Русь, Rus, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Ruś, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarusian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: Рутэнія, Русь, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Рутения, Русь</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMägi2018" class="citation book cs1">Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: the role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age communication across the Baltic Sea. Leiden: Brill. p. 166. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004363816?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004363816"><bdi>9789004363816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Austrvegr%3A+the+role+of+the+Eastern+Baltic+in+Viking+Age+communication+across+the+Baltic+Sea&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789004363816&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4gi&rft.aufirst=Marika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotsia2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Motsia, Oleksandr (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf"><bdi lang="uk">«Руська» термінологія в Київському та Галицько-Волинському літописних зводах</bdi></a> ["Ruthenian" question in Kyiv and Halych-Volyn annalistic codes] (PDF). Arkheolohiia (1). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.6084%252FM9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1">10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0235-3490">0235-3490</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101523/http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/5284/02-Motsya.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkheolohiia&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6084%2FM9.FIGSHARE.1492467.V1&rft.issn=0235-3490&rft.aulast=Motsia&rft.aufirst=Oleksandr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nbuv.gov.ua%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F5284%2F02-Motsya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasparovRaevsky-Hughes2021" class="citation book cs1">Gasparov, Boris; Raevsky-Hughes, Olga (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520309180/california-slavic-studies-volume-xvi">California Slavic Studies, Volume XVI: Slavic Culture in the Middle Ages</a>. Univ of California Press. p. 198. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30918-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30918-0"><bdi>978-0-520-30918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Slavic+Studies%2C+Volume+XVI%3A+Slavic+Culture+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2021-07&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30918-0&rft.aulast=Gasparov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Raevsky-Hughes%2C+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520309180%2Fcalifornia-slavic-studies-volume-xvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Nazarenko2001-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nazarenko2001_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazarenko2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aleksandr_Nazarenko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aleksandr Nazarenko">Nazarenko, Aleksandr Vasilevich</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814143443/http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">"1. Имя "Русь" в древнейшей западноевропейской языковой традиции (XI-XII века)"</a> [The name Rus' in the old tradition of Western European language (XI-XII centuries)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmQ80AAAAMAAJ"><bdi lang="ru">Древняя Русь на международных путях: междисциплинарные очерки культурных, торговых, политических связей IX-XII веков</bdi></a> [Old Rus' on international routes: Interdisciplinary Essays on cultural, trade, and political ties in the 9th-12th centuries] (DJVU) (in Russian). Languages of the Rus' culture. pp. 40, 42–45, 49–50. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7859-0085-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7859-0085-1"><bdi>978-5-7859-0085-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dgve.csu.ru/download/Nazarenko_2001_01.djvu">the original</a> on 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F+%22%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%22+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28XI-XII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%29&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%85%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+IX-XII+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pages=40%2C+42-45%2C+49-50&rft.pub=Languages+of+the+Rus%27+culture&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-5-7859-0085-1&rft.aulast=Nazarenko&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Vasilevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdgve.csu.ru%2Fdownload%2FNazarenko_2001_01.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Magocsi2010-6">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi2010_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Magocsi2010_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC%26pg%3DPA73">A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 73. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 February 2017. <q>Besides the Greco-Byzantine term Rosia to describe Rus', Latin documents used several related terms – Ruscia, Russia, Ruzzia – for Kievan Rus' as a whole. Subsequently, the terms Ruteni and Rutheni were used to describe Ukrainian and Belarusan Eastern Christians (especially members of the Uniate, later Greek Catholic, Church) residing in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The German, French, and English versions of those terms – Ruthenen, Ruthène, Ruthenian – generally were applied only to the inhabitants of Austrian Galicia and Bukovina of Hungarian Transcarpathia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Handbook of language and ethnic identity. Vol. 2: The success-failure continuum in language and ethnic identity efforts, volume 2. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 2011. p. 384. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195392456?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195392456"><bdi>978-0195392456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+language+and+ethnic+identity.+Vol.+2%3A+The+success-failure+continuum+in+language+and+ethnic+identity+efforts%2C+volume+2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0195392456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyczok2000" class="citation book cs1">Dyczok, Marta (2000). Ukraine: movement without change, change without movement. 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North York, Ontario, Canada Tonawanda, New York Plymouth: University of Toronto Press. 2016. p. 699. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442634374?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442634374"><bdi>978-1442634374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+later+middle+ages&rft.place=North+York%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada+Tonawanda%2C+New+York+Plymouth&rft.pages=699&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1442634374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (2015). 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Oxford University Press. 2011. <q>Rvcia hatte Rutenia and is a prouynce of Messia (J. Trevisa, 1398).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Alexander_Armstrong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Alexander Armstrong">Armstrong, John Alexander</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF3RGDgAAQBAJ">Nations Before Nationalism</a>. University of North Carolina Press (published 2017). p. 228. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469620725?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781469620725"><bdi>9781469620725</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 July 2019. <q>From the linguistic standpoint, the results of this catastrophe [the Mongol invasion] somewhat resemble the collapse of the Roman empire for the latin-speaking peoples. 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Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд. 14 (1–2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4&rft.atitle=%D0%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81+%D1%96+%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0+%22%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%96+%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E%22&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belhistory.eu%2Firyna-synkova-yogan-baemus-i-yago-kniga-%25E2%2580%259Enoravy-zakony-i-zvychai-%25D1%259Esix-naroda%25D1%259E%25E2%2580%259C%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlfeldt1608" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Ulfeldt_(1535%E2%80%931593)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Ulfeldt (1535–1593)">Ulfeldt, Jacob</a> (1608). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DF_JPAAAAcAAJ">Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum, in quo de Moscovitarum Regione, Moribus, Religione, gubernatione, & Aula Imperatoria quo potuit compendio & eleganter exequitur [...]</a> (in Latin) (1 ed.). Frankfurt. Retrieved 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hodoeporicon+Ruthenicum%2C+in+quo+de+Moscovitarum+Regione%2C+Moribus%2C+Religione%2C+gubernatione%2C+%26+Aula+Imperatoria+quo+potuit+compendio+%26+eleganter+exequitur+%5B...%5D&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.edition=1&rft.date=1608&rft.aulast=Ulfeldt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_JPAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasinecDavis2006" class="citation book cs1">Kasinec, Edward; Davis, Robert H. (2006). "The Imagery of Early Anglo-Russian Relations". In Dmitrieva, Ol'ga; Abramova, Natalya (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DmiIc_u3JuKwC">Britannia & Muscovy: English Silver at the Court of the Tsars</a>. Yale University Press. p. 261. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300116786?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780300116786"><bdi>9780300116786</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 27 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com&rft.atitle=Polianians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3FAddButton%3Dpages%255CP%255CO%255CPolianians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> Orest Subtelny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diasporiana.org.ua/istoriya/11408-subtelny-o-ukraine-a-history/">"Ukraine. A History" (Fourth edition)</a>. Page 38.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D61lMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Druthenia">"The Life of Otto, Apostle of Pomerania, 1060-1139"</a>. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. 28 July 1920 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Otto%2C+Apostle+of+Pomerania%2C+1060-1139&rft.pub=Society+for+promoting+Christian+knowledge&rft.date=1920-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61lMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Druthenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2015" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/roksolany-s-ostrova-ryugen-hronika-nikolaya-marshalka-kak-primer-srednevekovoy-traditsii-otozhdestvleniya-ryugenskih-slavyan-i-russkih">"The Roxolani from Rügen: Nikolaus Marshalk's chronicle as an example of medieval tradition to associate the Rügen's Slavs with the Slavic Rus"</a>. The Historical Format. 1: 5–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Format&rft.atitle=The+Roxolani+from+R%C3%BCgen%3A+Nikolaus+Marshalk%27s+chronicle+as+an+example+of+medieval+tradition+to+associate+the+R%C3%BCgen%27s+Slavs+with+the+Slavic+Rus&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=5-30&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Froksolany-s-ostrova-ryugen-hronika-nikolaya-marshalka-kak-primer-srednevekovoy-traditsii-otozhdestvleniya-ryugenskih-slavyan-i-russkih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DNDJhAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Drutenorum%2Bregis%2Bfiliam">Annales Augustani</a>. 1839. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+Augustani&rft.pages=133&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDJhAAAAcAAJ%26q%3Drutenorum%2Bregis%2Bfiliam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1969" class="citation web cs1">Parker, William Henry (28 July 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DL_4rAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522">"An Historical Geography of Russia"</a>. Aldine Publishing Company – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+Russia&rft.pub=Aldine+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1969-07-28&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_4rAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunitz1947" class="citation web cs1">Kunitz, Joshua (28 July 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5L1oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522">"Russia, the Giant that Came Last"</a>. Dodd, Mead – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+the+Giant+that+Came+Last&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1947-07-28&rft.aulast=Kunitz&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5L1oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204182032/http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/Content/20085/kw_03.html">Document Nr 1340 (CODEX DIPLOMATICUS MAIORIS POLONIA)</a>. POZNANIAE. SUMPTIBUS BIBLIOTHECAE KORNICENSIS. TYPIS J. I. KRASZEWSKI (Dr. W. ŁEBIŃSKI). 1879.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996385_25-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMagocsi1996">Magocsi 1996</a>, p. 385.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Dvornik1962" class="citation book cs1">Francis Dvornik (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. Rutgers University Press. p. 214. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813507996?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780813507996"><bdi>9780813507996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+in+European+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=9780813507996&rft.au=Francis+Dvornik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/Grand-Principality-of-Moscow">Grand Principality of Moscow</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-III">Ivan III</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> Dariusz Kupisz, Psków 1581–1582, Warszawa 2006, s. 55–201.</li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella2008-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kamusella2008_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Kamusella2008" class="citation book cs1">T. Kamusella (16 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164">The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 164–165. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58347-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58347-4"><bdi>978-0-230-58347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+and+Nationalism+in+Modern+Central+Europe&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58347-4&rft.au=T.+Kamusella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzkWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrepanier2010" class="citation book cs1">Trepanier, Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-iYhlLgLXYQC">Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice</a>. Lexington Books. pp. 38–39, 60. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739117897?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780739117897"><bdi>9780739117897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Symbols+in+Russian+History%3A+Church%2C+State%2C+and+the+Quest+for+Order+and+Justice&rft.pages=38-39%2C+60&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780739117897&rft.aulast=Trepanier&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-iYhlLgLXYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://izbornyk.org.ua/encycl/euii284.htm">"Khmelnychyna"</a>. Izbornyk - History of Ukraine IX-XVIII centuries. Sources and Interpretations (in Ukrainian). Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies. Retrieved 25 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Izbornyk+-+History+of+Ukraine+IX-XVIII+centuries.+Sources+and+Interpretations&rft.atitle=Khmelnychyna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizbornyk.org.ua%2Fencycl%2Feuii284.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Vernadsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Vernadsky">Vernadsky, George</a>. A History of Russia (1943–69). Pp. xix, 413. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-00247-5.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1996408-409,444_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMagocsi1996">Magocsi 1996</a>, p. 408-409,444:"Throughout 1848, the Austrian government gave its support to the Ukrainians, both to their efforts to obtain recognition as a nationality and to their attempts to achieve political and cultural rights. In return, the Ukrainian leadership turned a blind eye to the political reaction and repressive measures that at the same time were being carried out by Habsburg authorities against certain other peoples in the empire" (pp. 408–409) ... "Most important from the standpoint of the debate as to the proper national orientation was the Austrian government's decision in 1893 to recognize the vernacular Ukrainian (Rusyn) language as the standard for instructional purposes. As a result of this decision, the Old Ruthenian and Russophile orientations were effectively eliminated from the all-important educational system" (pp. 444)</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> Robert Potocki, Polityka państwa polskiego wobec zagadnienia ukraińskiego w latach 1930–1939, Lublin 2003, wyd. Instytut Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-917615-4-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/83-917615-4-1">83-917615-4-1</a>, s. 45.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabor1938" class="citation journal cs1">Gabor, Madame (Autumn 1938). "Ruthenia". The Ashridge Journal. 35: 27–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ashridge+Journal&rft.atitle=Ruthenia&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=27-39&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Gabor&rft.aufirst=Madame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabra1938" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabra (18 December 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1934/06/15/pagina-7/33123533/pdf.html?search%3DJ%25C3%25A1rkov">"ALEMANIA ESTA CREANDO UN NUEVOFOCO DE PERTURBACIONES EN UCRAINA"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Vanguardia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Vanguardia">La Vanguardia</a> (in Spanish). p. 7. Retrieved 1 April 2022. <q>«Le Figaro» [...] la creación de una Ucraina independiente [...] un mapa de los territorios de raza ucrainiana en que se incluye a la Rutenia, una parte de Hungría, el sureste de Polonia con la ciudad de Lwow, y toda la Ucraina soviética, con Crimea y las ciudades de Kiev y Jarkov</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=ALEMANIA+ESTA+CREANDO+UN+NUEVOFOCO+DE+PERTURBACIONES+EN+UCRAINA&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1938-12-18&rft.au=Fabra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemeroteca.lavanguardia.com%2Fpreview%2F1934%2F06%2F15%2Fpagina-7%2F33123533%2Fpdf.html%3Fsearch%3DJ%C3%A1rkov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/crs/homefund.htm">"The Rusyn Homeland Fund"</a>. carpatho-rusyn.org. 1998. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rusyn+Homeland+Fund&rft.pub=carpatho-rusyn.org&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carpatho-rusyn.org%2Fcrs%2Fhomefund.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> Paul Robert Magocsi: A new Slavic language is born, in: Revue des études slaves, Tome 67, fascicule 1, 1995, pp. 238–240.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruthenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitchkov1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1595/003214096X404181188">"The Discovery of Ruthenium"</a>. Platinum Metals Review. 40 (4): 181–188. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1595%252F003214096X404181188">10.1595/003214096X404181188</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267553640">267553640</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195008/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v40-i4-181-188">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Platinum+Metals+Review&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Ruthenium&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=181-188&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1595%2F003214096X404181188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267553640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pitchkov&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1595%2F003214096X404181188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe:_A_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe: A History">Europe: A History</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-097468-0">0-06-097468-0</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi,_Paul_Robert1995" class="citation book cs1">Magocsi, Paul Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.litopys.org.ua/rizne/magocie.htm">The Rusyn Question – Political Thought</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rusyn+Question+%E2%80%93+Political+Thought&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Magocsi%2C+Paul+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litopys.org.ua%2Frizne%2Fmagocie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 385. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0830-5"><bdi>0-8020-0830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8020-0830-5&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ruthenia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ruthenians">"Ruthenians" </a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruthenians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARuthenia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp">Why is the "Russia" White?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120913051151/http://www.pravapis.org/art_white_russia.asp">Archived</a> 13 September 2012 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archive.today?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> - a book review of Ales Biely's Chronicle of Ruthenia Alba</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126235948/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/ruth/ruth00.htm">"Ruthenia – Spearhead Toward the West", by Senator Charles J. Hokky, Former Member of the Czechoslovakian Parliament (Book representing a Hungarian nationalist position)</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DRuthenia%26oldid%3D1260024222">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&oldid=1260024222</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ruthenia&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 November 2024, at 11:34 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="روتينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روتينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Рутэнія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рутэнія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%25C3%25A8nia" title="Rutènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rutènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenien" title="Rutenien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rutenien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenien" title="Ruthenien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ruthenien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="روسینیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روسینیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%25C3%25A9nie" title="Ruthénie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruthénie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2585%258C%25EB%258B%2588%25EC%2595%2584" title="루테니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루테니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258C%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Ռուտենիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուտենիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenija" title="Rutenija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutenija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="რუთენია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუთენია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruthenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roetheni%25C3%25AB" title="Roethenië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Roethenië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%25C3%25A9nia" title="Ruténia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruténia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ruthenia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="روثينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روثينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%2586%25E3%2583%258B%25E3%2582%25A2" title="ルテニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルテニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%25C3%25A8nia" title="Rutènia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rutènia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%25C3%25AAnia" title="Rutênia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Рутения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рутения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%25C3%25A8nia" title="Rutènia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rutènia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenija" title="Rutenija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutenija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Рутенија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рутенија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenia" title="Rutenia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutenia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenien" title="Rutenien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutenien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutenya" title="Rutenya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutenya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Рутенія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рутенія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ruthenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AD%25AF%25E5%25A1%259E%25E5%25B0%25BC%25E4%25BA%259E" title="魯塞尼亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魯塞尼亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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