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href="#Legal_career_and_time_in_Seanad_Éireann_(1967–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal career and time in <span><span>Seanad Éireann</span></span> (1967–1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career_and_time_in_Seanad_Éireann_(1967–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidates_from_other_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidates_from_other_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Candidates from other parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidates_from_other_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lenihan_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenihan_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lenihan controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenihan_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1990–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1990–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1990–1997)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1990–1997)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1990–1997) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1990–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration_and_early_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration_and_early_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inauguration and early term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration_and_early_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oireachtas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oireachtas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oireachtas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oireachtas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Church and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Legislation and popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation_as_president" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation_as_president"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Resignation as president</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation_as_president-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights_(1997–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights_(1997–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights_(1997–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-commissioner_period_(2002_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-commissioner_period_(2002_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-commissioner period (2002 – present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-commissioner_period_(2002_–_present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-commissioner period (2002 – present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-commissioner_period_(2002_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Dublin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Dublin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>University of Dublin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Dublin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_of_"The_Elders"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_of_"The_Elders""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Membership of "The Elders"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_of_"The_Elders"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Memoirs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Views on agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archive_and_tax_avoidance_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archive_and_tax_avoidance_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Archive and tax avoidance controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archive_and_tax_avoidance_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_in_non-governmental_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_in_non-governmental_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Activities in non-governmental organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_in_non-governmental_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles_in_international_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles_in_international_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Roles in international organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles_in_international_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Robinson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ماري روبنسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري روبنسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="মেৰী ৰবিনচন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰী ৰবিনচন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Robinson" title="Meri Robinson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meri Robinson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="মেরি রবিনসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরি রবিনসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мэры Робінсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мэры Робінсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мэры Робінсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэры Робінсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(prezidantez)" title="Mary Robinson (prezidantez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mary Robinson (prezidantez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinsonov%C3%A1" title="Mary Robinsonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mary Robinsonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Μαίρη Ρόμπινσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαίρη Ρόμπινσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="مری رابینسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری رابینسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhic_R%C3%B3ib%C3%ADn" title="Máire Mhic Róibín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máire Mhic Róibín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Mhic_R%C3%B3ib%C3%ADn" title="Máire Mhic Róibín – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Máire Mhic Róibín" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%88%EC%8A%A8" title="메리 로빈슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 로빈슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մերի Ռոբինսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մերի Ռոբինսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Therese_Robinson" title="Mary Therese Robinson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mary Therese Robinson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מרי רובינסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי רובינסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მერი რობინსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერი რობინსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Robinson" title="Maria Robinson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Robinson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93rija_Robinsone" title="Mērija Robinsone – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mērija Robinsone" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="മേരി റോബിൻസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേരി റോബിൻസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="मेरी रॉबिन्सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेरी रॉबिन्सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="مارى روبنسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى روبنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(Iers_president)" title="Mary Robinson (Iers president) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Robinson (Iers president)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="メアリー・ロビンソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリー・ロビンソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Therese_Winifred_Robinson" title="Mary Therese Winifred Robinson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mary Therese Winifred Robinson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ماري رابېنسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماري رابېنسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Робинсон, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Робинсон, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinsonov%C3%A1" title="Mary Robinsonová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mary Robinsonová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ماری ڕۆبنسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماری ڕۆبنسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mary Robinson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Мері Робінсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мері Робінсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میری رابنسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میری رابنسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%E9%80%8A" title="玛丽·罗宾逊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽·罗宾逊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BE%BF%E8%87%A3%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="瑪麗·羅便臣夫人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗·羅便臣夫人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">President of Ireland from 1990 to 1997</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Mary Robinson, see <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mary Robinson (disambiguation)">Mary Robinson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Mary Robinson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_(2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/330px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg/440px-Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Robinson in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 December 1990 – 12 September 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Taoiseach</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Reynolds" title="Albert Reynolds">Albert Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Bertie Ahern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 September 1997 – 12 September 2002</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Secretary-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ayala_Lasso" title="José Ayala Lasso">José Ayala Lasso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Vieira_de_Mello" title="Sérgio Vieira de Mello">Sérgio Vieira de Mello</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Senator</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 November 1969 – 5 July 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mary Therese Winifred Bourke</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1944-05-21</span>) </span>21 May 1944<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 80)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ballina,_County_Mayo" title="Ballina, County Mayo">Ballina</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a> (before 1977, 1985–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> (1977–1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Robinson_(historian)" title="Nicholas Robinson (historian)">Nicholas Robinson</a><br /></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1970)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residences</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/LL.M." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.M.">LLM</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li><li>politician</li><li>diplomat</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderone_Prize" title="Calderone Prize">Calderone Prize</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Princess of Asturias Award</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Freedom_Award" title="Knight of Freedom Award">Knight of Freedom Award</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_International_Medal" title="Kew International Medal">Kew International Medal</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryrobinsonsignature.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Robinson's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Maryrobinsonsignature.jpg/128px-Maryrobinsonsignature.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Maryrobinsonsignature.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="51" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac" title="File:Mary Robinson - Desert Island Discs - 28 July 2013.flac">Mary Robinson's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac/Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac/Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Mary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMary_Robinson_-_Desert_Island_Discs_-_28_July_2013.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">From the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> programme <i><a href="/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs">Desert Island Discs</a></i><br /> Recorded 28 July 2013<sup id="cite_ref-DID_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DID-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Therese Winifred Robinson</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Máire Mhic Róibín</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-pres.iebio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pres.iebio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Bourke</b></span>; born 21 May 1944) is an Irish politician who served as the seventh <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president of Ireland</a>, holding the office from December 1990 to September 1997. She was the country's first <a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">female president</a>. Robinson had previously served as a senator in <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a></span></span> from 1969 to 1989, and as a councillor on <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Corporation" title="Dublin Corporation">Dublin Corporation</a> from 1979 to 1983. Although she had been briefly affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a> during her time as a senator, she became the first independent candidate to win the presidency and the first not to have had the support of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIpresE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIpresE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following her time as president, Robinson became the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> from 1997 to 2002. </p><p>Robinson and her presidency are widely regarded as having a transformative effect on Ireland. Having successfully campaigned on several liberalising issues as a senator and as a lawyer, Robinson was involved in the decriminalisation of homosexuality, the legalisation of contraception, the legalisation of divorce, enabling women to sit on juries, and securing the right to legal aid in civil legal cases in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was Ireland's most popular president, at one point having a 93% approval rating among the electorate. </p><p>During her tenure as High Commissioner, she visited <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> (1998), the first High Commissioner to have done so; she criticised Ireland's immigration policy; and criticised the use of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">capital punishment in the United States</a>. She extended her intended single four-year term as High Commissioner by one year to preside over the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">World Conference against Racism 2001</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa: the conference proved controversial due to a draft document which equated Zionism with racism. Robinson resigned her post in September 2002. After leaving the United Nations in 2002, Robinson formed Realizing Rights: the Ethical Globalization Initiative,<sup id="cite_ref-real1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-real1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came to a planned end at the end of 2010. </p><p>Robinson served as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a> from 1998 until 2019, and as <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>'s honorary president from 2002 until she stepped down in 2012. She returned to live in Ireland at the end of 2010 and has since founded <i>The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice.</i><sup id="cite_ref-mrfcj_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrfcj-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson remains active in campaigning globally on issues of civil rights. She has been the honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Inter-University_Centre_for_Human_Rights_and_Democratisation" title="European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation">European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation</a> (EIUC) since 2005. She is a former Chair of the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Environment_and_Development" title="International Institute for Environment and Development">International Institute for Environment and Development</a> (IIED) and is also a founding member and chair of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders" title="Council of Women World Leaders">Council of Women World Leaders</a>. She was a member of the European members of the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_background_(1944–1969)"><span id="Early_life_and_background_.281944.E2.80.931969.29"></span>Early life and background (1944–1969)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and background (1944–1969)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Ballina,_County_Mayo" title="Ballina, County Mayo">Ballina</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>, in 1944, she is the daughter of two medical doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-brita_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brita-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was Aubrey Bourke, of Ballina, while her mother was Tessa Bourke (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> O'Donnell</span>) from <a href="/wiki/Carndonagh" title="Carndonagh">Carndonagh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inishowen" title="Inishowen">Inishowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199713_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199713-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary was raised, along with her brothers, at Victoria House (Numbers 1 and 2 Victoria Terrace), her parents' residence in the centre of Ballina.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her family had links with many diverse political strands in Ireland. One ancestor was a leading activist in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Land_League" title="Irish National Land League">Irish National Land League</a> of Mayo and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> (IRB); an uncle, <a href="/wiki/Paget_Bourke" title="Paget Bourke">Sir Paget John Bourke</a>, was knighted by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> after a career as a judge in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Service" title="Colonial Service">Colonial Service</a>; while another relative was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> nun. Some branches of the family were members of the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> while others were Catholics. More distant relatives included <a href="/wiki/William_Liath_de_Burgh" title="William Liath de Burgh">William Liath de Burgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibbot_MacWalter_Kittagh_Bourke" title="Tibbot MacWalter Kittagh Bourke">Tibbot MacWalter Kittagh Bourke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourke" title="Charles Bourke">Charles Bourke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She attended <a href="/wiki/Mount_Anville_Secondary_School" title="Mount Anville Secondary School">Mount Anville Secondary School</a> in Dublin<sup id="cite_ref-dubli_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubli-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and studied law at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (where she was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scholars_of_Trinity_College_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scholars of Trinity College Dublin">elected a scholar</a> in 1965).<sup id="cite_ref-tdcli_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdcli-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Catholic Church's ban on Catholics attending Trinity was still in place at the time of Bourke's application, her parents had to first request permission from <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_McQuaid" title="John Charles McQuaid">Archbishop McQuaid</a> to allow her to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199323_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199323-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of three women in her class in Trinity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199326_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199326-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated in 1967 with first-class honours.<sup id="cite_ref-tdcli_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdcli-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outspoken critic of some Catholic church teachings, during her inaugural address as auditor of the Dublin University Law Society in 1967 she advocated removing the prohibition of divorce from the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Irish Constitution</a>, eliminating the ban on the use of contraceptives, and decriminalizing homosexuality and suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_Feb_1967_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT_Feb_1967-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She furthered her studies at the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a> and was called to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_of_Ireland" title="Bar of Ireland">Irish Bar</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-tcdbio_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcdbio-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded a fellowship to attend <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, receiving an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LL.M</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-HLS_2019_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLS_2019-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_career_and_time_in_Seanad_Éireann_(1967–1990)"><span id="Legal_career_and_time_in_Seanad_.C3.89ireann_.281967.E2.80.931990.29"></span>Legal career and time in <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad Éireann</span></span> (1967–1990)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal career and time in Seanad Éireann (1967–1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seanad_career_of_Mary_Robinson" title="Seanad career of Mary Robinson">Seanad career of Mary Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legal_career_of_Mary_Robinson" title="Legal career of Mary Robinson">Legal career of Mary Robinson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG/220px-LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG/330px-LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG/440px-LeinsterHouseDublin2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a>, which houses <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad Éireann</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1969, aged 25, Bourke was appointed <a href="/wiki/Reid_Professor_of_Criminal_Law,_Criminology_and_Penology" title="Reid Professor of Criminal Law, Criminology and Penology">Reid Professor of Criminal Law</a> at Trinity College.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc00_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc00-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Bourke was first elected to <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a></span></span> as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">independent</a> senator.<sup id="cite_ref-oireachtas_db_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oireachtas_db-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her goals as a senator were "to open up Ireland and separate Catholic teaching from aspects of the criminal law and therefore reform the law on contraceptives, legalise homosexuality and change the constitutional ban on divorce."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her time in office is most closely associated with these issues, as well as securing the right for women to serve on juries and her involvement with the <a href="/wiki/Wood_Quay" title="Wood Quay">Wood Quay</a> protests. </p><p>In 1970, she married <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Robinson_(historian)" title="Nicholas Robinson (historian)">Nicholas Robinson</a>, with whom she had a relationship since they were law students and who was then practising as a solicitor. They have three children together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199733_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199733-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A result of Ireland joining the European Economic Community was that two of Robinson's key goals were met: Ireland was required to offer women in the public service equal pay to men, which came into effect in June 1973; and in July the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_bar" title="Marriage bar">marriage bar</a> for women in the civil service was lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199750_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199750-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In late July 1976, Robinson joined the Labour Party, though she later left the party in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199758_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199758-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst a member of the party, she twice ran for <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, but lost both races.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_College_Dublin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Trinity_College_Dublin_2.jpg/220px-Trinity_College_Dublin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Trinity_College_Dublin_2.jpg/330px-Trinity_College_Dublin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Trinity_College_Dublin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>.<br />Robinson served as Reid Professor of Law in the university, as well as being one of its three elected senators in <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad Éireann</span></span> for twenty years.</figcaption></figure><p>During her time in office, Robinson won several landmark court cases. She first fought a gender-based case in the Labour Court on behalf of her husband. Under the pension scheme in place for politicians at the time, the widows of politicians were often entitled to pensions, but widowers were not. On 12 May 1979, the court ruled in her favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1979, she appeared in court on behalf of a couple who alleged that the Irish tax system was discriminatory as the tax allowances available to couples were less than double those available to single people. A court decision in their favour was made in October but was appealed by the Irish government. The Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of the couple in April 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson also lost a groundbreaking case in the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a>, the first case in which the court granted legal aid to a plaintiff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-93_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-93-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 May 1989, Robinson announced that she would not be seeking re-election, and on 5 July 1989, Robinson served as a senator on her last day in her <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad</span></span> career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1993160_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1993160-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_campaign">Presidential campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election" title="1990 Irish presidential election">1990 Irish presidential election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mary_Robinson" title="Presidency of Mary Robinson">Presidency of Mary Robinson</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mary+Robinson%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mary+Robinson%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mary+Robinson%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robinson won the Labour Party nomination over former <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Health (Ireland)">Minister for Health</a> <a href="/wiki/Noel_Browne" class="mw-redirect" title="Noel Browne">Noel Browne</a> by a 4:1 majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1997130_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1997130-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had the advantage of being the first candidate nominated for the election (and the first female), in that she could cover more meetings, public addresses and interviews. However, she refused to be drawn on specifics in case she would alienate possible support. She also received the backing of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i> newspaper, and this proved hugely advantageous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidates_from_other_parties">Candidates from other parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Candidates from other parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robinson ran against two other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Austin_Currie" title="Austin Currie">Austin Currie</a>, for Fine Gael, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a> for Fianna Fáil. Currie was widely seen as the Fine Gael's last choice as a candidate, nominated only when no one else was available. Fianna Fáil's candidate, then <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Defence (Ireland)">Minister for Defence</a> Brian Lenihan had become popular during his three decades in politics. Like Robinson, he had delivered liberal policy reform. </p><p>At the beginning of the campaign, Lenihan was seen as the favourite to win the presidency. As the campaign proceeded, however, it became apparent that Robinson was a serious contender. Crucial to her appeal was the deep unpopularity of the Taoiseach, Charles Haughey, and the rising popularity of Dick Spring. </p><p>Robinson obtained the backing of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Workers' Party</a> which was strong in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> and was considered crucial to getting working-class votes. </p><p>A transfer pact was agreed upon between Fine Gael and Labour, as both parties were normally preferred partners for each other in general elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenihan_controversy">Lenihan controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lenihan controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#The_Lenihan_tape" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan Snr § The Lenihan tape</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr#"On_mature_recollection"" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan Snr § "On mature recollection"</a></div> <p>During the campaign it emerged that what Lenihan had told friends and insiders in private flatly contradicted his public statements on a controversial effort in 1982 by the opposition Fianna Fáil to pressure <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">President Hillery</a> into refusing a parliamentary dissolution to Garret FitzGerald, the Taoiseach at the time; Hillery had resolutely rejected the pressure. </p><p>Lenihan denied he had pressured the President but then a tape was produced of an interview he had given to a postgraduate student the previous May, in which he frankly discussed attempting to apply pressure. Lenihan claimed that "on mature recollection" he hadn't pressured the President and had been confused in his interview with the student. The issue, however, nearly led to the collapse of the government. </p><p>Under pressure from the junior coalition partner, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a>, Haughey sacked Lenihan as Tánaiste and Minister for Defence. Lenihan's integrity was seriously questioned. Lenihan's role in the event in 1982 seemed to imply that he could be instructed by Haughey in his duties, and that electing Lenihan was in effect empowering the controversial Haughey. In an effort to weaken Robinson, a government minister and Haughey ally, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Flynn" title="Pádraig Flynn">Pádraig Flynn</a>, launched a controversial personal attack on Mary Robinson "as a wife and mother" and "having a new-found interest in her family".<sup id="cite_ref-itim22_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itim22-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flynn, even more controversially, also joked privately that Robinson would "turn the Áras <i>[President's residence]</i> into the Red Cow Inn <i>[a pub in Dublin]</i>". Flynn's tirade was itself attacked in response as "disgraceful" on radio by <a href="/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(politician)" title="Michael McDowell (politician)">Michael McDowell</a>, a senior member of the Progressive Democrat party which up to that point supported Lenihan's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-quote1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quote1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Robinson met McDowell later in a restaurant, she quipped, "with enemies like McDowell, who needs friends?" Flynn's attack was a fatal blow to Lenihan's campaign, causing many female supporters of Lenihan to vote for Robinson in a gesture of support. </p><p>Lenihan's support evaporated, and Haughey concluded that the election was as good as lost. Haughey distanced himself from Lenihan and sacked him from the Cabinet. This had unintended consequences, as disquiet within the Fianna Fáil organisation concerning Haughey's leadership increased dramatically. Many canvassers now restarted the campaign to get Lenihan elected. However, Lenihan's personal confidence was shattered and although he recovered somewhat in the polls towards the end of the campaign, it was insufficient. He was ahead on the first count with 44% of the first-preference votes — Robinson attaining 39%.<sup id="cite_ref-elei42_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elei42-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, transfers from Currie proved critical and the majority of these went — as expected — against Fianna Fáil. Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil presidential candidate to lose a presidential election. Robinson became president, the first woman to hold the office, and the first candidate to be second on first preference votes to win the presidency. </p><p>She became the first Labour Party candidate, the first woman, and the first non-Fianna-Fáil candidate in a contested presidential election to win the presidency. RTÉ broadcast her victory speech live rather than <a href="/wiki/The_Angelus_(television_programme)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Angelus (television programme)">The Angelus</a>. Her first television interview as President-elect was on the RTÉ children's television show The Den with <a href="/wiki/Ray_D%27Arcy" title="Ray D'Arcy">Ray D'Arcy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zig_and_Zag_(puppets)" title="Zig and Zag (puppets)">puppets Zig and Zag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dustin_the_Turkey" title="Dustin the Turkey">Dustin the Turkey</a>, another puppet.<sup id="cite_ref-zigzag_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zigzag-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1990–1997)"><span id="Presidency_.281990.E2.80.931997.29"></span>Presidency (1990–1997)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presidency (1990–1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Mary_Robinson" title="Presidency of Mary Robinson">Presidency of Mary Robinson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg/220px-24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg/330px-24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg/440px-24._Internationales_Management-Gespr%C3%A4ch_1994-Mary_Robinson-HSGH_022-000751-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6886" data-file-height="4889" /></a><figcaption>Robinson gives a speech, 1994</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration_and_early_term">Inauguration and early term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inauguration and early term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/360px--Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="360" height="203" data-durationhint="805" data-mwtitle="Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson,_1990.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson,_1990.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm/Inauguration_of_President_Mary_Robinson%2C_1990.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video footage of Robinson's Inauguration speech as President of Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>Robinson was inaugurated as the seventh President of Ireland on 3 December 1990. She proved a remarkably popular President, earning the praise of Brian Lenihan himself who, before his death five years later, said that she was a better President than he ever could have been.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Robinson was prevented from leaving the country by Charles Haughey's government. The power of the government to prevent the president from leaving the country is enshrined in Article 12.9 of the Irish constitution, which states that "the President shall not leave the State [...] save with the consent of the Government". Robinson had been invited to deliver the prestigious <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimbleby_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimbleby Lecture">Dimbleby Lecture</a>, and was to be speaking on the position of women and the family in Ireland. Wary of Robinson's position as a feminist and human rights lawyer, the government prevented her from leaving as they wished to avoid the negative publicity that they believed would arise from a speech they believed would be highly critical of the Irish state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999260-261_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999260-261-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_relations">International relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg/440px-President_Bill_Clinton_arrives_at_Dublin_and_proceeds_on_the_tarmac_with_President_Mary_Robinson_and_Prime_Minister_John_Bruton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5612" data-file-height="3693" /></a><figcaption>Robinson greets U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, Robinson travelled to Somalia, which at the time was struck by <a href="/wiki/1992_famine_in_Somalia" title="1992 famine in Somalia">famine</a>. She then travelled to the UN to make a report of her findings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN ultimately failed in its effort to relieve the famine, and the United States eventually intervened, ending the famine by March 1993. </p><p>In the summer of 1993, Robinson met and shook hands with both <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> (the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="President of Sinn Féin">president of Sinn Féin</a>), meetings which occurred on two separate occasions. On 27 May,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson became the first serving Irish president to visit the United Kingdom and meet <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irtim77_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irtim77-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later welcomed visits by senior members of the British royal family, most notably <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, to her official residence, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In June, a few weeks after her trip to London, Robinson controversially met and shook hands with Gerry Adams in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan1997176_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan1997176-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dick Spring, now the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>, had advised her not to meet Adams,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> whose party was linked with the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a>. His disapproval was well-circulated by Irish media.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999267_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999267-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Government refused to formally advise her not to meet with him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During her various visits to Northern Ireland, she in fact regularly met politicians of all hues, including <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oireachtas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the previous 52 years, only one address to the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (parliament) had taken place, by President <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a> in 1966, on the fiftieth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>. Robinson delivered two such addresses. She was also invited to chair a committee to review the workings of the United Nations, but declined when asked to by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>, who feared that her involvement might make it difficult for it to oppose the proposals that would result.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_and_religion">Church and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Church and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference,_Cork,_February_1996_(01)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference%2C_Cork%2C_February_1996_%2801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference%2C_Cork%2C_February_1996_%2801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference%2C_Cork%2C_February_1996_%2801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference%2C_Cork%2C_February_1996_%2801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference%2C_Cork%2C_February_1996_%2801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Amnesty_International_Ireland_Conference%2C_Cork%2C_February_1996_%2801%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1749" /></a><figcaption>Robinson at the Amnesty International Ireland Conference, February 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>To the surprise of her critics, who had seen her as embodying liberalism that the Catholic Church disapproved of, she had a close working relationship with the Church. She visited Irish nuns and priests abroad regularly, and became the first President to host an Áras reception for the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers</a>. When on a working trip to Rome, she requested, and was granted, an audience with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. Her outfit was condemned by a young priest, Fr <a href="/wiki/David_O%27Hanlon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="David O'Hanlon (priest)">David O'Hanlon</a>, for supposedly breaking Vatican dress codes. The Vatican contradicted O'Hanlon, pointing out that the dress codes had been changed early in John Paul's pontificate – an analysis echoed by Ireland's Catholic Bishops, who distanced themselves from Fr O'Hanlon's comments.<sup id="cite_ref-quote2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quote2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_and_popularity">Legislation and popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legislation and popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As President, she signed two significant bills that she had fought for throughout her political career: a bill to fully liberalise the law on the availability of <a href="/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a>; and a bill fully decriminalising homosexuality, and which unlike legislation in much of the world at the time, provided for a fully equal <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, she also signed the legalisation of divorce into law. </p><p>Robinson was an exceptionally popular president, and halfway through her term of office her popularity rating had reached an unprecedented 93%.<sup id="cite_ref-newsr_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsr-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation_as_president">Resignation as president</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Resignation as president"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robinson issued her resignation as president in a message to the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a></span></span> of the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Dáil</span></span>, taking effect on 12 September 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-oire49_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oire49-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertie_Ahern" title="Bertie Ahern">Bertie Ahern</a> said in a statement that her resignation "was not unexpected" and wished her "every success".<sup id="cite_ref-taos3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taos3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson resigned to take up the appointment as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-presi85_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-presi85-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her resignation as president, the role of President of Ireland was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Presidential Commission (Ireland)">Presidential Commission</a> (which comprised the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice of Ireland</a>, the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Ceann Comhairle</span></span> of <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Dáil Éireann</span></span> and the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></span></span> of <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad Éireann</span></span>) from 12 September to 11 November 1997, when the new president <a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a> was sworn in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights_(1997–2002)"><span id="High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights_.281997.E2.80.932002.29"></span>High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: High Commissioner for Human Rights (1997–2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robinson became the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> on 12 September 1997, resigning the presidency a few weeks early to take up the post. Media reports suggested that she had been head-hunted for the post by <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, to assume an advocacy as opposed to an administrative role, in other words, to become a public campaigner outlining principles rather than the previous implementational and consensus-building model. The belief was that the post had ceased to be seen as the voice of general principles and had become largely bureaucratic. Robinson's role was to set the human rights agenda within the organisation and internationally, refocusing its appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg/260px-Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg/390px-Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg/520px-Mary_Robinson_in_Somalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Robinson in <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1997, she delivered the <a href="/wiki/Romanes_Lecture" title="Romanes Lecture">Romanes Lecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> on the topic of "Realizing Human Rights"; she spoke of the "daunting challenge" ahead of her, and how she intended to set about her task. She concluded the lecture with words from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>: "If fate has called you, the bough will come easily, and of its own accord. Otherwise, no matter how much strength you muster, you never will manage to quell it or cut it down with the toughest of blades."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robinson was the first High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, making her trip in 1998. During her tenure, she criticised the Irish system of permits for non-EU immigrants as similar to "bonded labour" and criticised the United States' use of capital punishment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2001, she chaired the Asia Regional Preparatory Meeting for the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and related intolerances, which was held in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-irane_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irane-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this meeting, neither the representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Wiesenthal Centre">Simon Wiesenthal Centre</a>, a Jewish group, nor the <a href="/wiki/Baha%27i_International_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'i International Community">Baha'i International Community</a> were permitted to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-un126_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un126-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wore a headscarf at the meeting because the Iranians enforced an edict that all women attending the conference must wear one. Women who did not wear it were criticised, and Robinson said that it "played into the hands of religious conservatives".<sup id="cite_ref-belief_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belief-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bahai_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bahai-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though she had initially announced her intention to serve a single four-year period, she extended the term by a year following an appeal from Annan, allowing her to preside over the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">2001 World Conference against Racism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa, as secretary-general. The conference drew widespread criticism, as did Robinson. Former <a href="/wiki/US_Congressman" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congressman">US Congressman</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lantos" title="Tom Lantos">Tom Lantos</a> said, "To many of us present at the events at Durban, it is clear that much of the responsibility for the debacle rests on the shoulders of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson, who, in her role as secretary-general of the conference, failed to provide the leadership needed to keep the conference on track."<sup id="cite_ref-lantos_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lantos-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robinson's period as High Commissioner ended in 2002, after sustained pressure from the United States led her to declare she was no longer able to continue her work.<sup id="cite_ref-guard_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had criticised the US for violating human rights in its <a href="/wiki/War_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on terrorism">war on terrorism</a> and the World Conference against Racism was widely condemned in the US for its perceived <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rubin_(historian)" title="Michael Rubin (historian)">Michael Rubin</a> even went so far as to suggest in a tongue-in-cheek article that she be tried for war crimes for presiding over "an intellectual pogrom against Jews and Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-natre_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natre-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 November 2006, in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, she attended the International Conference, then she became one of 29 signators of the <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adopted for protection of rights by <a href="/wiki/International_Human_Rights_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="International Human Rights Law">International Human Rights Law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-commissioner_period_(2002_–_present)"><span id="Post-commissioner_period_.282002_.E2.80.93_present.29"></span>Post-commissioner period (2002 – present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-commissioner period (2002 – present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Dublin">University of Dublin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: University of Dublin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robinson served as the twenty-fourth, and first female, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a>. She represented the university in the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad</span></span> for over twenty years and held the Reid Chair in Law. She was succeeded as chancellor by <a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a>, who had also succeeded her as president of Ireland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_of_"The_Elders""><span id="Membership_of_.22The_Elders.22"></span>Membership of "The Elders"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Membership of "The Elders""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Elders_(organization)" title="The Elders (organization)">The Elders (organization)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg/220px-Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg/330px-Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg/440px-Musimbi_and_Mary_Robinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Robinson and <a href="/wiki/Musimbi_Kanyoro" title="Musimbi Kanyoro">Musimbi Kanyoro</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, and others, Robinson was a founding member of "The Elders", a group of world leaders with the goal of contributing their wisdom to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. She has travelled with Elders delegations to the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, Ethiopia, India, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-theel_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theel-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, she was joined by fellow Elder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>, to pen an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Policy (magazine)">Foreign Policy</a></i> magazine, pressing for the inclusion of recognition of <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> as a legitimate political actor, noting the recent unity deal between Hamas and <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> when the former agreed with the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> to denounce violence, recognise Israel and adhere to past agreements. Robinson and Carter called on the UN Security Council to act on what they described as the inhumane conditions in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>, and mandate an end to the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterRobinson_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterRobinson-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 October 2014, she attended the One Young World Summit in Dublin. During a session with fellow Elder, Kofi Annan, she encouraged 1,300 young leaders from 191 countries to lead on inter-generational issues such as <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a> and the need for action to take place now, not tomorrow.<sup id="cite_ref-theel2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theel2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yout_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yout-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inde25_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inde25-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also the keynote speaker at the One Young World Opening Ceremony where she highlighted the need to empower young people to participate in decision-making processes that shape their future.<sup id="cite_ref-mrfcj32_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrfcj32-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oneyo_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oneyo-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 November 2018, Robinson was appointed as the Chair of The Elders, succeeding Kofi Annan who had died earlier in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-theel88_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theel88-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs">Memoirs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Memoirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img resource="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg/220px-Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg/330px-Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg/440px-Mary_Robinson_World_Economic_Forum_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6930" data-file-height="4835" /></span><figcaption>Robinson at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 2012, Robinson's memoir <i>Everybody Matters</i> was published by <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-irpub09_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irpub09-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_agriculture">Views on agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Views on agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016 at the One Young World summit, Robinson began to become vocal about her efforts to <a href="/wiki/Semi-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-vegetarianism">eat less meat</a> and encouraged others to either do the same or adopt some type of entirely <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> diet <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">in order to help fight climate change</a>. Robinson was applauded for her suggestions but did receive condemnation from critics in her own country expressing concern that following her lead would inadvertently harm workers in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">agricultural industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>; she was asked to withdraw her comments by her local council. At the 2018 summit she stood by her call for people to consume less meat despite the backlash.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 Robinson announced that she believes in making tackling climate change a personal issue in our lives and for this reason she has stopped eating meat in favour of a more <a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism#Sustainability_and_environmental_concerns" title="Pescetarianism">eco-friendly pescetarian diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archive_and_tax_avoidance_controversy">Archive and tax avoidance controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Archive and tax avoidance controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2016, it was revealed in the media that Robinson was planning to donate her archive to <a href="/wiki/Mayo_County_Council" title="Mayo County Council">Mayo County Council</a>, as part of the development of The Mary Robinson Centre, and had applied to have the archive designated under the Taxes Consolidation Act, 1997, potentially resulting in a personal tax credit to her worth over €2m, arising from the donation of her personal papers. The house proposed to be used for the centre was to be purchased from Robinson's brother for €665,000.<sup id="cite_ref-irishtimes.com_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishtimes.com-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The website of the Mary Robinson Centre lists the contents of the proposed archive (valued at €2.5m) as including: "2,000 books on law and Human Rights 3,800 periodicals; A Master File of the President's engagements from December 1990 to September 1997; The symbolic light in the window of Áras an Uachtaráin from her Presidency; Robinson's personal diaries from 1967 to 1990 and from 1998 to 2001; 325 Archive Cartons..Scrap Books, Cassette Tapes." These papers relate to Robinson's almost 50-year career, spanning her time as a senator and barrister in the 1970s and '80s, her personal papers relating to the presidency and significant papers from the post-presidential period of her career, most notably her time with the United Nations as High Commissioner for Human Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-robcen_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robcen-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The project as a whole was condemned as an "expensive vanity project" by historian Diarmuid Ferriter.<sup id="cite_ref-irishtimes.com_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irishtimes.com-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the fundraising committee for the Centre argued that "Ballina is the same distance to Dublin as Dublin is to Ballina."<sup id="cite_ref-irit63_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irit63-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chief Executive of Mayo County Council, Peter Hynes (who is also on the board of the Mary Robinson Centre) stated that Robinson had a "legacy as a politician" and that the centre is designed to bring significant academic, tourism, education and economic opportunities to Ballina and the West. Hynes also commented that "The west coast town (of Ballina) has considerable pride in her outstanding career and on-going global leadership and sees the proposed centre as a living institution which will focus global attention and, working in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Galway" title="University of Galway">National University of Ireland, Galway</a>, will continue the conversation on topics of fundamental importance."<sup id="cite_ref-robce35_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robce35-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the reporting of the potential €2m windfall, Robinson announced she would abandon the plan to "gift" the archive to Ballina and instead she said the papers would be "gifted to NUIG, with Mayo County Council having full access to any part of the collection which is required to support the mission of the centre in Ballina".<sup id="cite_ref-irit17_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irit17-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition she stated that she would now not avail of the tax credit for the donation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_in_non-governmental_organisations">Activities in non-governmental organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Activities in non-governmental organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Member of the High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations (since 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Institute for Human Rights & Business (IHRB), Patron<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de Madrid">Club de Madrid</a>, member and former president<sup id="cite_ref-clubm_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clubm-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Prize_for_Awakening_Humanity" title="Aurora Prize for Awakening Humanity">Aurora Prize</a>, member of the selection committee (since 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-auror_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auror-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Democracy_Foundation" title="Arab Democracy Foundation">Arab Democracy Foundation</a>, founding member of the board of trustees (since 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_for_Clean_Cookstoves" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves">Clean Cooking Alliance</a>, Member of the Leadership Council<sup id="cite_ref-cleanc_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleanc-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Climate_Foundation" title="European Climate Foundation">European Climate Foundation</a>, board member<sup id="cite_ref-euclim_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euclim-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>, head (since 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-rte97_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rte97-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Scaling Up Nutrition Movement, Member of the Lead Group (since 2016, appointed by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-un433_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un433-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_B_Team" title="The B Team">The B Team</a>, Member<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a>, honorary co-chairwoman</li> <li>Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa (<a href="/wiki/AWEPA" class="mw-redirect" title="AWEPA">AWEPA</a>), member of the Eminent Advisory Board<sup id="cite_ref-awepa_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awepa-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prusa_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prusa-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-allaf_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allaf-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a>, board member.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_of_Invention_(podcast)" title="Mothers of Invention (podcast)">Mothers of Invention (podcast)</a>, co-host (since 2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles_in_international_organisations">Roles in international organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Roles in international organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_(8696029048).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_%288696029048%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_%288696029048%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_%288696029048%29.jpg/330px-Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_%288696029048%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_%288696029048%29.jpg/440px-Mary_Robinson_visits_to_DR_Congo_%288696029048%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mary Robinson, the UN Special Envoy for the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region, on 28 April 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, during a press briefing at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2013, Robinson was chosen to oversee the implementation of a peace deal to stabilise the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. Appointed as <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Envoy">special envoy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region_(Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lakes region (Africa)">Africa's Great Lakes region</a> by UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-edmon_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmon-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she played a key role in supporting implementation of the U.N.-drafted peace deal signed by 11 African countries in late February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her tenure as special envoy, the 23 March Movement and other armed rebel groups surrendered to the Congolese government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2014, Ban Ki-moon appointed her special envoy for climate change to interact with global leaders ahead of the 2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_UN_Climate_Summit" title="2014 UN Climate Summit">Climate Summit</a>, in New York, at which the secretary-general said he hoped to forge political commitment to finalising an agreement in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateChange_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateChange-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month following her appointment, in August 2014, she stepped down as special envoy to Africa's Great Lakes region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015, she voiced support for <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">fossil fuel divestment</a> commenting "it is almost a due diligence requirement to consider ending investment in dirty energy companies".<sup id="cite_ref-UN_climate_envoy_backs_fossil_fuel_divestment_movement_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_climate_envoy_backs_fossil_fuel_divestment_movement-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2016, she was appointed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Solheim" title="Erik Solheim">Erik Solheim</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Development_Assistance_Committee" title="Development Assistance Committee">Development Assistance Committee</a>, to head a high-level panel on the future of the Development Assistance Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd4_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, Ban Ki-moon appointed Robinson and <a href="/wiki/Macharia_Kamau" title="Macharia Kamau">Macharia Kamau</a>, as special envoys of the Secretary-General on <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> and Climate, tasking them with calling attention to the people around the world affected by severe El Niño-linked drought and climate impacts, and mobilising an integrated response that takes preparedness for future climatic events into account.<sup id="cite_ref-secg_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secg-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2016, she was appointed by Ban Ki-moon to serve as member of the lead group of the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-un433_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un433-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2018, she was criticised by human rights organisations, Detained International and Guernica 37 International Justice Chambers, for her statements regarding Dubai's <a href="/wiki/Latifa_bint_Mohammed_Al_Maktoum_(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (II)">Sheikha Latifa</a>'s disappearance and escape attempt. After meeting Latifa at a family lunch on the invitation of Dubai's royal family, Robinson described Latifa to the BBC as a "troubled young woman" who regretted an earlier video in which she alleged being confined and tortured in Dubai. Detained International head <a href="/wiki/David_Haigh" title="David Haigh">David Haigh</a> expressed astonishment at the former UN commissioner for repeatedly reciting a single statement from Dubai's official version of the events, "loving care of her family", and for dismissing Latifa's alleged attempt to escape from Dubai in February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc99_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc99-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2021, Robinson retracted her 2018 statement claiming on the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(British_TV_programme)" title="Panorama (British TV programme)">Panorama</a></i> programme that she and Latifa's stepmother, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Haya" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Haya">Princess Haya</a>, were both misled over the health and stability of Latifa during that period, when she was held in enforced detention in a Dubai villa and Robinson was embroiled into the proof of life controversy to allay international concern over Latifa's disappearance from the public eye.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robinson gave an account of the incident on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_(Irish_talk_show)" title="The Late Late Show (Irish talk show)">The Late Late Show</a></i> on 26 February 2021, referring to it as the biggest mistake of her career.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, she led an independent probe of a report that cleared <a href="/wiki/Akinwumi_Adesina" title="Akinwumi Adesina">Akinwumi Adesina</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>, of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of her career, Robinson has been awarded numerous honours, including the following: </p> <ul><li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Suffrage_Centennial_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal">New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-dpmc4_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpmc4-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Prize" title="North–South Prize">North–South Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-coeint_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coeint-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award#Freedom_Medal" title="Four Freedoms Award">Freedom Medal</a></li> <li>1999 – <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a></li> <li>1999 – Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny_Peace_Prize" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize">Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize" title="Sydney Peace Prize">Sydney Peace Prize</a></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Center_of_New_York" title="Interfaith Center of New York">James Parks Morton Interfaith Award</a></li> <li>2003 – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a> in Gold of the United Nations Association of Germany</li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_Conscience_Award" title="Ambassador of Conscience Award">Ambassador of Conscience Award</a> for her work in promoting human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-brita_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brita-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Calderone_Prize" title="Calderone Prize">Calderone Prize</a></li> <li>2005 – Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – "Outspoken" Award by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (<a href="/wiki/IGLHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="IGLHRC">IGLHRC</a>)</li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a> for Social Science</li> <li>2009 – Inamori Ethics Prize by <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Freedom_Award" title="Knight of Freedom Award">Knight of Freedom Award</a></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Kew_International_Medal" title="Kew International Medal">Kew International Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-kew20_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kew20-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Tipperary_International_Peace_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipperary International Peace Award">Tipperary International Peace Award</a></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> in the field of "Rule of Law".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>On 29 September 2010, at a ceremony in Dublin, she received a damehood from the Military and Hospitaller <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Lazarus">Order of St. Lazarus</a> of Jerusalem. As a former Head of State and in recognition of her significant contribution towards human rights she was awarded the honour of Dame Grand Cross of Merit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991 and in 2001, Robinson was awarded honorary doctorates by <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Nova_de_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Nova de Lisboa">Lisbon Nova University</a>. On 22 January 2000, she received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Law at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-uuse_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uuse-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, she was awarded an honorary degree by <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgill_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgill-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, she was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>, at the 1100th anniversary celebration of the Diocese of Bath and Wells, where she gave a lecture entitled "Realising rights: the role of religion in human rights in the future".<sup id="cite_ref-bathac_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bathac-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom">U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Mary_Robinson_recieves_the_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_2009_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Robinson receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, the highest civilian honour awarded by the US.<sup id="cite_ref-whitgo_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitgo-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-irit45_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irit45-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In presenting the award, President Obama said "As a crusader for women and those without a voice in Ireland, Mary Robinson was the first woman elected President of Ireland, before being appointed U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights. [...] Today, as an advocate for the hungry and the hunted, the forgotten and the ignored, Mary Robinson has not only shone a light on human suffering, but illuminated a better future for our world."<sup id="cite_ref-whitgo3_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitgo3-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amnesty International congratulated Robinson on being named recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-amnes_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnes-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The award was criticised by American and European Jewish groups, while others offered support. Parties opposed included the <a href="/wiki/AIPAC" title="AIPAC">AIPAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, European Jewish Congress, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a>, former US Ambassador to the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-JPRob_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPRob-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolton stated that those in the administration who recommended her either ignored her anti-Israel history, or missed it entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-wsjco_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsjco-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a group of Israeli human rights organisations stated "as leaders of a sector within Israeli civil society that monitors and often criticizes government and military policy for violating human rights, we do not see such actions as plausible reason for denying Mrs. Robinson the award."<sup id="cite_ref-JPRob_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPRob-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the protests by some Jewish groups and commentators, Robinson said she was "surprised and dismayed" and that "this is old, recycled, untrue stuff," "I have been very critical of the Palestinian side. My conduct continues to be on the side of tackling anti-Semitism and discrimination."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt56_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt56-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There's a lot of bullying by certain elements of the Jewish community. They bully people who try to address the severe situation in Gaza and the West Bank. Archbishop Desmond Tutu gets the same criticism."<sup id="cite_ref-Bt554_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bt554-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an open letter to Robinson, <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Neuer" title="Hillel Neuer">Hillel Neuer</a>, a director of <a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a>, rejected Robinson's claim of being misunderstood or bullied by those who criticise her role in Durban. He said that she failed to confront purveyors of anti-Israel rhetoric. "You may not have been the chief culprit of the <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism_2001" title="World Conference against Racism 2001">Durban</a> debacle, but you will always be its preeminent symbol", he added.<sup id="cite_ref-JPRob_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPRob-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When asked about the opposition, White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs replied "Mary Robinson was the first female President of Ireland, and she is somebody whom we are honouring as a prominent crusader of women's rights in Ireland and throughout the world."<sup id="cite_ref-witgo7_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-witgo7-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi,<sup id="cite_ref-speak_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speak-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senate Assistant Majority Leader, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-durbin_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durbin-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other legislators<sup id="cite_ref-mcmah_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmah-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> welcomed the award to Robinson."<sup id="cite_ref-scribd_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scribd-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty-five Republican Congressmen sent a letter to President Obama citing "her failed, biased record as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights".<sup id="cite_ref-JPRob_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPRob-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to President Obama, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rubin" title="Nancy Rubin">Nancy Rubin</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council">US ambassador to the UN Human Rights Commission</a>, praised Robinson as a "dedicated crusader for human rights for all people".<sup id="cite_ref-reali_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reali-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> expressed its strong support for Robinson.<sup id="cite_ref-jtaor_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtaor-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxfam0_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfam0-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council of Women World Leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-cwwl2_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwwl2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Champalimaud Foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-champ_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champ-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/ImagineNations_Group" title="ImagineNations Group">ImagineNations Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-busi5_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-busi5-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> welcomed the award to Robinson. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Gay_and_Lesbian_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission">International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission</a> congratulated Robinson, saying she "helped advance recognition of the human rights of LGBT people in her capacity as President of Ireland and as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. She has been unwavering in her passionate call to end torture, persecution, and discrimination against LGBT people globally."<sup id="cite_ref-iglhrc_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iglhrc-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DID-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DID_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b037gm1f">"Mary Robinson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs" title="Desert Island Discs"><i>Desert Island Discs</i></a>. 28 July 2013. BBC Radio 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731022709/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b037gm1f">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desert+Island+Discs&rft.date=2013-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb037gm1f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pres.iebio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pres.iebio_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.ie/index.php/ga/the-president/mary-robinson">"The President Mary Robinson"</a>. <i>Office of the President of Ireland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912121812/https://president.ie/ga/the-president/mary-robinson">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+President+of+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+President+Mary+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.ie%2Findex.php%2Fga%2Fthe-president%2Fmary-robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIpresE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIpresE_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221162150/http://electionsireland.org/results/president/index.cfm">"Elections Ireland: Presidential Elections"</a>. <i>ElectionsIreland.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionsireland.org/results/president/index.cfm">the original</a> on 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElectionsIreland.org&rft.atitle=Elections+Ireland%3A+Presidential+Elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionsireland.org%2Fresults%2Fpresident%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ABOUTUS/Pages/Robinson.aspx">"OHCHR | Mary Robinson"</a>. <i>www.ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309082236/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/Robinson.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+Mary+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FABOUTUS%2FPages%2FRobinson.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-real1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-real1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317131046/http://www.realizingrights.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=88">"Our Board: Mary Robinson"</a>. Realizing Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realizingrights.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=88">the original</a> on 17 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Board%3A+Mary+Robinson&rft.pub=Realizing+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realizingrights.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D75%26Itemid%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrfcj-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mrfcj_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430115236/http://www.mrfcj.org/about/us/mary_robinson.html">"Our President: Mary Robinson – About Us"</a>. The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrfcj.org/about/us/mary_robinson.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+President%3A+Mary+Robinson+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft.pub=The+Mary+Robinson+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Climate+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrfcj.org%2Fabout%2Fus%2Fmary_robinson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brita-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brita_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brita_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9126239">"Mary Robinson"</a>. <i>Britannica Online Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423122701/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9126239">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedubliner.ie/the_dubliner_magazine/2008/06/dubliners-dubli.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Mount+Anville+hands+over+control&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedubliner.ie%2Fthe_dubliner_magazine%2F2008%2F06%2Fdubliners-dubli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdcli-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tdcli_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tdcli_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdlife.ie/scholars/scholar/about-list.php">"List of Scholars"</a>. <i>TCD Life</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615091340/http://www.tcdlife.ie/scholars/scholar/about-list.php">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TCD+Life&rft.atitle=List+of+Scholars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdlife.ie%2Fscholars%2Fscholar%2Fabout-list.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199323-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199323_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan1993">O'Sullivan 1993</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199326-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan199326_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan1993">O'Sullivan 1993</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IT_Feb_1967-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IT_Feb_1967_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Mistaken Equation of Crime and Sin". <i>The Irish Times</i>. 4 February 1967. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Mistaken+Equation+of+Crime+and+Sin&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1967-02-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcdbio-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tcdbio_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/chancellor/biog/">"Chancellor's Biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711105842/https://www.tcd.ie/chancellor/biog/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chancellor%27s+Biography&rft.pub=Trinity+College+Dublin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fchancellor%2Fbiog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLS_2019-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HLS_2019_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrickey" class="citation web cs1">Trickey, Erick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607143726/https://today.law.harvard.edu/mary-robinson-ll-m-68/">"Mary Robinson LL.M. '68"</a>. <i>Harvard Law Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.law.harvard.edu/mary-robinson-ll-m-68/">the original</a> on 7 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Today&rft.atitle=Mary+Robinson+LL.M.+%2768&rft.aulast=Trickey&rft.aufirst=Erick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.law.harvard.edu%2Fmary-robinson-ll-m-68%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc00-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc00_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1680695.stm">"Europe | Mary Robinson: Human rights champion"</a>. BBC News. 18 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031007201602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1680695.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe+%26%23124%3B+Mary+Robinson%3A+Human+rights+champion&rft.date=2002-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F1680695.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oireachtas_db-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oireachtas_db_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Mary-Robinson.S.1969-11-05/">"Mary Robinson"</a>. <i>Oireachtas Members Database</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108184845/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Mary-Robinson.S.1969-11-05">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oireachtas+Members+Database&rft.atitle=Mary+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Fmember%2FMary-Robinson.S.1969-11-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208115222/https://www.ucd.ie/businessalumni/news/inprofile/maryrobinson/">"In Profile: Mary Robinson"</a>. <i>UCD.ie</i>. September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucd.ie/businessalumni/news/inprofile/maryrobinson/">the original</a> on 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCD.ie&rft.atitle=In+Profile%3A+Mary+Robinson&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fbusinessalumni%2Fnews%2Finprofile%2Fmaryrobinson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199733-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199733_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan1997">Horgan 1997</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199750-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199750_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan1997">Horgan 1997</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199758-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199758_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan1997">Horgan 1997</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan1997">Horgan 1997</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-93-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan199792-93_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan1997">Horgan 1997</a>, p. 92-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1993160-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Sullivan1993160_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Sullivan1993">O'Sullivan 1993</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1997130-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1997130_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1997">Robinson 1997</a>, p. 130.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobinson1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itim22-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itim22_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiel2008" class="citation news cs1">Shiel, Tom (22 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1222/1229728441360.html">"Robinson has no hard feelings over Flynn jibe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212055628/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1222/1229728441360.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Robinson+has+no+hard+feelings+over+Flynn+jibe&rft.date=2008-12-22&rft.aulast=Shiel&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fireland%2F2008%2F1222%2F1229728441360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quote1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quote1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDowell, a former TD, had been a controversial figure in the government. Though with no seat in parliament, he was nevertheless projected as the party's "conscience", launching attacks on Fianna Fáil that caused considerable anger in Fianna Fáil. The PDs threatened to quit the government after the revelations about Lenihan. They gave Haughey an ultimatum: either hold an inquiry into the pressure placed on President Hillery, or dismiss Lenihan. Through professing loyalty to his "friend of thirty years" Haughey chose the latter option and dismissed Lenihan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elei42-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elei42_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221170420/http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1990P&cons=194">"1990 Presidential – Ireland First Preference Votes"</a>. ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1990P&cons=194">the original</a> on 21 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1990+Presidential+%E2%80%93+Ireland+First+Preference+Votes&rft.pub=ElectionsIreland.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionsireland.org%2Fresult.cfm%3Felection%3D1990P%26cons%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zigzag-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zigzag_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1319592/">"Zig and Zag: Best Bitz from Back Den"</a>. IMDb. 27 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210183920/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1319592/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zig+and+Zag%3A+Best+Bitz+from+Back+Den&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2008-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1319592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney1995" class="citation news cs1">Downey, James (2 November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/260710537/?clipping_id=126671267&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI2MDcxMDUzNywiaWF0IjoxNzIxOTA4NTQ3LCJleHAiOjE3MjE5OTQ5NDd9.gI7ZD6OVDfHvlx8Wu-gNX41hO_Mh5aYvtDS2tRoDGVA">"Decent Man of Ireland"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Decent+Man+of+Ireland&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1995-11-02&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F260710537%2F%3Fclipping_id%3D126671267%26fcfToken%3DeyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI2MDcxMDUzNywiaWF0IjoxNzIxOTA4NTQ3LCJleHAiOjE3MjE5OTQ5NDd9.gI7ZD6OVDfHvlx8Wu-gNX41hO_Mh5aYvtDS2tRoDGVA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999260-261-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999260-261_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1999">Morgan 1999</a>, p. 260-261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999266_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1999">Morgan 1999</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irtim77-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irtim77_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/president-s-state-visit-to-uk-opens-up-limitless-opportunities-1.1598833">President's State visit to UK opens up 'limitless opportunities'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118154758/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/president-s-state-visit-to-uk-opens-up-limitless-opportunities-1.1598833">Archived</a> 18 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Irish Times</i>, 18 November 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan1997176-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan1997176_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan1997">Horgan 1997</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999267-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan1999267_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgan1999">Morgan 1999</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quote2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quote2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Hanlon also criticised Robinson for not making a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to the Vatican. That was revealed to be unjustified. She could only make a state visit if invited. No invitation had been issued. As the last state visit had been carried out by President Hillery, in 1989, another state visit was not due for at least a decade.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Jacobs2010" class="citation web cs1">James Jacobs (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829033852/http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/robinson/">"Presidential Lectures: Mary Robinson – Free and Equal in Dignity and Rights: The Life and Work of Mary Robinson"</a>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/robinson/">the original</a> on 29 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsroom.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/display.cgi?id=955">the original</a> on 1 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=President+Obama+Names+Medal+of+Freedom+Recipients&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe_press_office%2FPresident-Obama-Names-Medal-of-Freedom-Recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irit45-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-irit45_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0807/1224252150352.html">"Pro-Israel groups attack US honour for Robinson"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. 7 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024024600/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/0807/1224252150352.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Pro-Israel+groups+attack+US+honour+for+Robinson&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fopinion%2F2009%2F0807%2F1224252150352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitgo3-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitgo3_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-the-Medal-of-Freedom-ceremony/">"White House: Remarks by the President at the Medal Of Freedom Ceremony"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. 13 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912121812/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-medal-freedom-ceremony">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International%3A+Amnesty+International+congratulates+Mary+Robinson+on+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2009-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fnews-and-updates%2Fnews%2Famnesty-international-congratulates-mary-robinson-medal-freedom-20090810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPRob-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPRob_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPRob_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPRob_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPRob_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224112610/https://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1249418590999&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter">"Jerusalem Post: Despite critics, White House honors Robinson"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. 12 August 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=White+House%3A+Press+Briefing+By+Press+Secretary+Robert+Gibbs&rft.date=2009-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe_press_office%2FBriefing-by-White-House-Press-Secretary-Robert-Gibbs-8%2F4%2F09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speak-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speak_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205192630/http://www.speaker.gov/newsroom/pressreleases?id=1302">"Pelosi Statement on Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients"</a>. <i>speaker.gov</i>. 30 July 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxfam+International&rft.atitle=Oxfam+International+congratulates+Mary+Robinson+on+US+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfam.org%2Fen%2Fpressroom%2Fpressrelease%2F2009-08-11%2Foxfam-international-congratulates-its-honorary-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cwwl2-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cwwl2_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721203805/https://www.cwwl.org/events/2009-08-12_mary-robinson-medal-of-freedom.html">"Council of World Women Leaders: 2009 US Presidential Medal of Freedom Awarded to H.E. President Mary Robinson"</a>. Cwwl.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwwl.org/events/2009-08-12_mary-robinson-medal-of-freedom.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+World+Women+Leaders%3A+2009+US+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Awarded+to+H.E.+President+Mary+Robinson&rft.pub=Cwwl.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwwl.org%2Fevents%2F2009-08-12_mary-robinson-medal-of-freedom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-champ-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-champ_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720104926/http://www.fchampalimaud.org/newsroom/detail/mary-robinson-awarded-2009-presidential-medal-of-freedom/">"Champalimaud Foundation: Mary Robinson Awarded 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom"</a>. Fchampalimaud.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fchampalimaud.org/newsroom/detail/mary-robinson-awarded-2009-presidential-medal-of-freedom/">the original</a> on 20 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champalimaud+Foundation%3A+Mary+Robinson+Awarded+2009+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.pub=Fchampalimaud.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fchampalimaud.org%2Fnewsroom%2Fdetail%2Fmary-robinson-awarded-2009-presidential-medal-of-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-busi5-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-busi5_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvesting_in_Ireland" class="citation web cs1">Investing in Ireland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bx.businessweek.com/investing-in-ireland/view?url=http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?r2122634346&f=9791">"Business Week: ImagineNations Group Congratulates Mary Robinson on Receiving Presidential Medal of Freedom"</a>. <i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Business+Week%3A+ImagineNations+Group+Congratulates+Mary+Robinson+on+Receiving+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom&rft.au=Investing+in+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbx.businessweek.com%2Finvesting-in-ireland%2Fview%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fc.moreover.com%2Fclick%2Fhere.pl%3Fr2122634346%26f%3D9791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iglhrc-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iglhrc_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/resourcecenter/960.html">"International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission: USA: IGLHRC Congratulates Presidential Medal of Freedom Winners"</a>. Iglhrc.org. 13 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606051218/http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/resourcecenter/960.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Gay+and+Lesbian+Human+Rights+Commission%3A+USA%3A+IGLHRC+Congratulates+Presidential+Medal+of+Freedom+Winners&rft.pub=Iglhrc.org&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iglhrc.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fiowa%2Farticle%2Ftakeaction%2Fresourcecenter%2F960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1988" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Anna (1988). "814". <i>Women in Ireland: An Annotated Bibliography</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24486-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24486-3"><bdi>0-313-24486-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-6941">0742-6941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=814&rft.btitle=Women+in+Ireland%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0742-6941&rft.isbn=0-313-24486-3&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan1997" class="citation book cs1">Horgan, John (1997). <i>Mary Robinson: An Independent Voice</i>. Dublin, Ireland: The O'Brien Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-540-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-540-5"><bdi>0-86278-540-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Robinson%3A+An+Independent+Voice&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=The+O%27Brien+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-86278-540-5&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, David Gwynn (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44026473">"Mary Robinson's Presidency: Relations With The Government"</a>. <i>Irish Jurist</i>. <b>34</b>: 256–275. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44026473">44026473</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Jurist&rft.atitle=Mary+Robinson%27s+Presidency%3A+Relations+With+The+Government&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=256-275&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44026473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David+Gwynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44026473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'LearyBurke1998" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, Olivia; Burke, Helen (1998). <i>Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography</i>. London: Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71738-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-71738-6"><bdi>0-340-71738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Robinson%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-340-71738-6&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft.au=Burke%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Michael (1993). <i>Mary Robinson: The Life and Time of an Irish Liberal</i>. Dublin: Blackwater Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86121-448-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86121-448-8"><bdi>978-0-86121-448-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Robinson%3A+The+Life+and+Time+of+an+Irish+Liberal&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Blackwater+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86121-448-8&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stephen Collins, <i>Spring and the Labour Party</i> (O'Brien Press, 1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-349-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-349-6">0-86278-349-6</a></li> <li>Eamon Delaney, <i>An Accidental Diplomat: My Years in the Irish Foreign Service (1987–1995)</i> (New Island Books, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902602-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-902602-39-0">1-902602-39-0</a></li> <li>Garret FitzGerald, <i>All in a Life</i> (Gill and Macmillan, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-1600-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-1600-X">0-7171-1600-X</a></li> <li>Fergus Finlay, <i>Mary Robinson: A President with a Purpose</i> (O'Brien Press, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86278-257-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86278-257-0">0-86278-257-0</a></li> <li>Fergus Finlay. <i>Snakes & Ladders</i> (New Island Books, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874597-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-874597-76-6">1-874597-76-6</a></li> <li>Jack Jones, <i>In Your Opinion: Political and Social Trends in Ireland through the Eyes of the Electorate</i> (Townhouse, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86059-149-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86059-149-3">1-86059-149-3</a></li> <li>Ray Kavanagh, <i>The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party:1986–1999</i> (Blackwater Press 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84131-528-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84131-528-1">1-84131-528-1</a></li> <li>Gabriel Kiely, Anne O'Donnell, Patricia Kennedy, Suzanne Quin (eds) <i>Irish Social Policy in Context</i> (University College Dublin Press, 1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900621-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-900621-25-8">1-900621-25-8</a></li> <li>Brian Lenihan, <i>For the Record</i> (Blackwater Press, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86121-362-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86121-362-9">0-86121-362-9</a></li> <li>Mary McQuillan, <i>Mary Robinson: A President in Progress</i> (Gill and Macmillan, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2251-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2251-4">0-7171-2251-4</a></li> <li>Olivia O'Leary & Helen Burke, <i>Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography</i> (Lir/Hodder & Stoughton, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-71738-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-71738-6">0-340-71738-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2013" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Mary (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everybodymatters0000robi"><i>Everybody Matters: My Life Giving Voice</i></a></span>. New York: Walker Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7964-9"><bdi>978-0-8027-7964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everybody+Matters%3A+My+Life+Giving+Voice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-7964-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverybodymatters0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lorna Siggins, <i>The Woman Who Took Power in the Park: Mary Robinson, President of Ireland, 1990–1997</i> (Mainstream Publishing, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85158-805-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85158-805-1">1-85158-805-1</a></li> <li>Torild Skard, "Mary Robinson", <i>Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide</i>(Bristol: Policy Press, 2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44731-578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44731-578-0">978-1-44731-578-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mary Robinson</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mary_Robinson" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Mary Robinson">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson" class="extiw" title="q:Mary Robinson">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mary_Robinson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Mary Robinson">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ie/past_presidents/mary-robinson-2/">Biography at Áras an Uachtaráin website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140325071423/http://www.president.ie/past_presidents/mary-robinson-2/">Archived</a> 25 March 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508182148/http://www.realizingrights.org/">Realizing Rights was founded in October 2002 by Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/6/fmr_irish_president_mary_robinson_calls">Mary Robinson Calls for Global Climate Justice Fund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208033623/http://www.democracynow.org/2010/12/6/fmr_irish_president_mary_robinson_calls">Archived</a> 8 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430193025/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/mary_robinson.php">Lecture transcript and video of Robinson's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, March 2005</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140926082043/http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/r/Robinson_M/life.htm">"Mary Robinson"</a>. <i>Ricorso</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/authors/r/Robinson_M/life.htm">the original</a> on 26 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ricorso&rft.atitle=Mary+Robinson&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricorso.net%2Frx%2Faz-data%2Fauthors%2Fr%2FRobinson_M%2Flife.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Robinson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> </b><br />1990–1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ayala_Lasso" title="José Ayala Lasso">José Ayala Lasso</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> </b><br />1997–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Vieira_de_Mello" title="Sérgio Vieira de Mello">Sérgio Vieira de Mello</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders" title="Council of Women World Leaders">Council of Women World Leaders</a> </b><br />2003–2009 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tarja_Halonen" title="Tarja Halonen">Tarja Halonen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_O%27Reilly" title="Francis O'Reilly">Frank O'Reilly</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a> </b><br />1998–2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hyde" title="Douglas Hyde">Douglas Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Hamilton_Childers" title="Erskine Hamilton Childers">Erskine H. Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hillery" title="Patrick Hillery">Patrick Hillery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McAleese" title="Mary McAleese">Mary McAleese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Ireland" title="Category:Presidents of Ireland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_11th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_12th_Seanad_(1969–1973)_»_13th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_12th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 12th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_12th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 12th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_12th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 12th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_11th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_12th_Seanad_(1969–1973)_»_13th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_11th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 11th Seanad">11th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/12th_Seanad" title="12th Seanad">Members of the 12th Seanad</a> (1969–1973)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_13th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 13th Seanad">13th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Yeats" title="Michael Yeats">Michael Yeats</a> (FF)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mullins_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Mullins (Irish politician)">Thomas Mullins</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Ahern" title="Liam Ahern">Liam Ahern</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Belton" title="Richard Belton">Richard Belton</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fitzsimons_(politician)" title="Patrick Fitzsimons (politician)">Patrick Fitzsimons</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garrett" title="Jack Garrett">Jack Garrett</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Malone_(Irish_politician)" title="Patrick Malone (Irish politician)">Patrick Malone</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Norton_(Irish_politician)" title="Patrick Norton (Irish politician)">Patrick Norton</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Reynolds_(politician)" title="Patrick J. Reynolds (politician)">Patrick J. Reynolds</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(Irish_politician,_born_1922)" title="Pierce Butler (Irish politician, born 1922)">Pierce Butler</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doyle_(Tipperary_hurler)" title="John Doyle (Tipperary hurler)">John Doyle</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Jack Fitzgerald (politician)">Jack Fitzgerald</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mannion_Jnr" title="John Mannion Jnr">John Mannion Jnr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(Irish_politician)" title="James Martin (Irish politician)">James Martin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGowan_(Irish_politician)" title="Patrick McGowan (Irish politician)">Patrick McGowan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(politician)" title="Andy O'Brien (politician)">Andy O'Brien</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Prendergast" title="Micheál Prendergast">Micheál Prendergast</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._Ryan" title="Patrick W. Ryan">Patrick W. Ryan</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Ahern" title="Kit Ahern">Kit Ahern</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Kelly_(politician)" title="John M. Kelly (politician)">John Kelly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Nash" title="John J. Nash">John J. Nash</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Higgins" title="Michael O'Higgins">Michael J. O'Higgins</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Yeats" title="Michael Yeats">Michael Yeats</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_Brugha" title="Ruairí Brugha">Ruairí Brugha</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Desmond" title="Eileen Desmond">Eileen Desmond</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Farrelly" title="Denis Farrelly">Denis Farrelly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_FitzGerald_Snr" title="Alexis FitzGerald Snr">Alexis FitzGerald Snr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermot_Honan" title="Dermot Honan">Dermot Honan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGlinchey" title="Bernard McGlinchey">Bernard McGlinchey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Russell_(Irish_politician)" title="Ted Russell (Irish politician)">Ted Russell</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boland_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="John Boland (Fine Gael politician)">John Boland</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brosnahan" title="Seán Brosnahan">Seán Brosnahan</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Dunne_(politician)" title="Jimmy Dunne (politician)">Jimmy Dunne</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farrell_(politician)" title="Joseph Farrell (politician)">Joseph Farrell</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintan_Kennedy" title="Fintan Kennedy">Fintan Kennedy</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Killilea_Jnr" title="Mark Killilea Jnr">Mark Killilea Jnr</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lyons_(politician)" title="Michael Lyons (politician)">Michael Lyons</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="William O'Brien (Fine Gael politician)">William O'Brien</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Owens" title="Evelyn Owens">Evelyn Owens</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Walsh_(politician)" title="Seán Walsh (politician)">Seán Walsh</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._E._Jessop" title="William J. E. Jessop">William J. E. Jessop</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Sheehy-Skeffington" title="Owen Sheehy-Skeffington">Owen Sheehy-Skeffington</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Alton" title="Bryan Alton">Bryan Alton</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(academic)" title="John Horgan (academic)">John Horgan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Quinlan_(politician)" title="Patrick Quinlan (politician)">Patrick Quinlan</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brennan_(Irish_senator)" title="John Brennan (Irish senator)">John J. Brennan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Cranitch" title="Micheál Cranitch">Micheál Cranitch</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Crinion" title="Brendan Crinion">Brendan Crinion</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Farrell_(politician)" title="Peggy Farrell (politician)">Peggy Farrell</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flanagan_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Flanagan (Irish politician)">Thomas Flanagan</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gallanagh" title="Michael Gallanagh">Michael Gallanagh</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Keery" title="Neville Keery">Neville Keery</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrell_McElgunn" title="Farrell McElgunn">Farrell McElgunn</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mullins_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Mullins (Irish politician)">Thomas Mullins</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_O%27Sullivan_(politician)" title="Terence O'Sullivan (politician)">Terence O'Sullivan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sheldon_(Irish_politician)" title="William Sheldon (Irish politician)">William Sheldon</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected or nominated later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1970</b> <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_O%27Callaghan_(Fianna_F%C3%A1il_politician)" title="Cornelius O'Callaghan (Fianna Fáil politician)">Cornelius O'Callaghan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Keegan" title="Seán Keegan">Seán Keegan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_West" title="Trevor West">Trevor West</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_12th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_13th_Seanad_(1973–1977)_»_14th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_13th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 13th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_13th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 13th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_13th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 13th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_12th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_13th_Seanad_(1973–1977)_»_14th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_12th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 12th Seanad">12th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/13th_Seanad" title="13th Seanad">Members of the 13th Seanad</a> (1973–1977)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_14th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 14th Seanad">14th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Higgins" title="Michael O'Higgins">Michael J. O'Higgins</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brosnan" title="Seán Brosnan">Seán Brosnan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Burton_(politician)" title="Philip Burton (politician)">Philip Burton</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garrett" title="Jack Garrett">Jack Garrett</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Keegan" title="Seán Keegan">Seán Keegan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilbride_(politician)" title="Thomas Kilbride (politician)">Thomas Kilbride</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGlinchey" title="Bernard McGlinchey">Bernard McGlinchey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(politician)" title="Andy O'Brien (politician)">Andy O'Brien</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Aylward" title="Bob Aylward">Bob Aylward</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Barrett_(politician)" title="Jack Barrett (politician)">Jack Barrett</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(Irish_politician,_born_1922)" title="Pierce Butler (Irish politician, born 1922)">Pierce Butler</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cowen" title="Bernard Cowen">Bernard Cowen</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Jack Fitzgerald (politician)">Jack Fitzgerald</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mannion_Jnr" title="John Mannion Jnr">John Mannion Jnr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McCartin" title="Joe McCartin">Joe McCartin</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGowan_(Irish_politician)" title="Patrick McGowan (Irish politician)">Patrick McGowan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_O%27Callaghan_(Fianna_F%C3%A1il_politician)" title="Cornelius O'Callaghan (Fianna Fáil politician)">Cornelius O'Callaghan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Whyte" title="Liam Whyte">Liam Whyte</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Ahern" title="Kit Ahern">Kit Ahern</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McAuliffe" title="Timothy McAuliffe">Timothy McAuliffe</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Walsh_(politician)" title="Mary Walsh (politician)">Mary Walsh</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Yeats" title="Michael Yeats">Michael Yeats</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brennan_(Irish_senator)" title="John Brennan (Irish senator)">John J. Brennan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_Browne" title="Fad Browne">Fad Browne</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Farrelly" title="Denis Farrelly">Denis Farrelly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_FitzGerald_Snr" title="Alexis FitzGerald Snr">Alexis FitzGerald Snr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lenihan_Snr" title="Brian Lenihan Snr">Brian Lenihan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moynihan_(Kerry_politician)" title="Michael Moynihan (Kerry politician)">Michael Moynihan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Russell_(Irish_politician)" title="Ted Russell (Irish politician)">Ted Russell</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boland_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="John Boland (Fine Gael politician)">John Boland</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Brosnahan" title="Seán Brosnahan">Seán Brosnahan</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Dolan" title="Séamus Dolan">Séamus Dolan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintan_Kennedy" title="Fintan Kennedy">Fintan Kennedy</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Killilea_Jnr" title="Mark Killilea Jnr">Mark Killilea Jnr</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lyons_(politician)" title="Michael Lyons (politician)">Michael Lyons</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Markey" title="Bernard Markey">Bernard Markey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="William O'Brien (Fine Gael politician)">William O'Brien</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Owens" title="Evelyn Owens">Evelyn Owens</a> (Lab)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Browne" title="Noël Browne">Noël Browne</a> (SLP)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_West" title="Trevor West">Trevor West</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(academic)" title="John Horgan (academic)">John Horgan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Martin" title="Augustine Martin">Augustine Martin</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Quinlan_(politician)" title="Patrick Quinlan (politician)">Patrick Quinlan</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blennerhassett_(politician)" title="John Blennerhassett (politician)">John Blennerhassett</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Deasy" title="Austin Deasy">Austin Deasy</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Guinness,_3rd_Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh">Benjamin Guinness</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Halligan" title="Brendan Halligan">Brendan Halligan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kerrigan" title="Patrick Kerrigan">Patrick Kerrigan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._McGrath" title="Patrick W. McGrath">Patrick W. McGrath</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Mullen (Irish politician)">Michael Mullen</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Higgins" title="Michael O'Higgins">Michael J. O'Higgins</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Toole" title="Paddy O'Toole">Paddy O'Toole</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sanfey" title="James Sanfey">James Sanfey</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected or nominated later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1975</b> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Codd" title="Pat Codd">Pat Codd</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddy_Connolly" title="Roddy Connolly">Roddy Connolly</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Daly_(politician)" title="Jack Daly (politician)">Jack Daly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferris_(politician)" title="Michael Ferris (politician)">Michael Ferris</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Prendergast" title="Micheál Prendergast">Micheál Prendergast</a> (FG)</li> <li><b>1976</b> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_McHugh" title="Vincent McHugh">Vincent McHugh</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruairi_Quinn" title="Ruairi Quinn">Ruairi Quinn</a> (Lab)</li> <li><b>1977</b> <a href="/wiki/Liam_Burke" title="Liam Burke">Liam Burke</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Finn" title="Martin Finn">Martin Finn</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_King_(Irish_politician)" title="Frank King (Irish politician)">Frank King</a> (Lab)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>SLP: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Labour Party (Ireland)">Socialist Labour Party</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_13th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_14th_Seanad_(1977–1981)_»_15th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_14th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 14th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_14th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 14th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_14th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 14th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_13th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_14th_Seanad_(1977–1981)_»_15th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_13th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 13th Seanad">13th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/14th_Seanad" title="14th Seanad">Members of the 14th Seanad</a> (1977–1981)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_15th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 15th Seanad">15th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Dolan" title="Séamus Dolan">Séamus Dolan</a> (FF)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Burke" title="Liam Burke">Liam Burke</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Cranitch" title="Micheál Cranitch">Micheál Cranitch</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garrett" title="Jack Garrett">Jack Garrett</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilbride_(politician)" title="Thomas Kilbride (politician)">Thomas Kilbride</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Kitt" title="Michael P. Kitt">Michael P. Kitt</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Staunton" title="Myles Staunton">Myles Staunton</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(Irish_politician,_born_1922)" title="Pierce Butler (Irish politician, born 1922)">Pierce Butler</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Connaughton_Snr" title="Paul Connaughton Snr">Paul Connaughton Snr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(Fianna_F%C3%A1il_politician)" title="John Ellis (Fianna Fáil politician)">John Ellis</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Keating" title="Justin Keating">Justin Keating</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kiely" title="Rory Kiely">Rory Kiely</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lynch_(Irish_politician)" title="Gerard Lynch (Irish politician)">Gerard Lynch</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McCartin" title="Joe McCartin">Joe McCartin</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGowan_(Irish_politician)" title="Patrick McGowan (Irish politician)">Patrick McGowan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Toole" title="Martin O'Toole">Martin O'Toole</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Conroy" title="Richard Conroy">Richard Conroy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cooney" title="Patrick Cooney">Patrick Cooney</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_Crowley" title="Flor Crowley">Flor Crowley</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McAuliffe" title="Timothy McAuliffe">Timothy McAuliffe</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Molony" title="David Molony">David Molony</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_Brugha" title="Ruairí Brugha">Ruairí Brugha</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_FitzGerald_Snr" title="Alexis FitzGerald Snr">Alexis FitzGerald Snr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Governey" title="Desmond Governey">Desmond Governey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Howard (Irish politician)">Michael Howard</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hyland" title="Liam Hyland">Liam Hyland</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lanigan" title="Mick Lanigan">Mick Lanigan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moynihan_(Kerry_politician)" title="Michael Moynihan (Kerry politician)">Michael Moynihan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Reynolds_(politician)" title="Patrick J. Reynolds (politician)">Patrick J. Reynolds</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blennerhassett_(politician)" title="John Blennerhassett (politician)">John Blennerhassett</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Dolan" title="Séamus Dolan">Séamus Dolan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dowling" title="Joseph Dowling">Joseph Dowling</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Herbert" title="Tony Herbert">Tony Herbert</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hillery" title="Brian Hillery">Brian Hillery</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fintan_Kennedy" title="Fintan Kennedy">Fintan Kennedy</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lyons_(politician)" title="Michael Lyons (politician)">Michael Lyons</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Markey" title="Bernard Markey">Bernard Markey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(politician)" title="Andy O'Brien (politician)">Andy O'Brien</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_West" title="Trevor West">Trevor West</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Hussey" title="Gemma Hussey">Gemma Hussey</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Martin" title="Augustine Martin">Augustine Martin</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Murphy" title="John A. Murphy">John A. Murphy</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Brennan" title="Séamus Brennan">Séamus Brennan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_de_Br%C3%BAn" title="Séamus de Brún">Séamus de Brún</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Cassidy" title="Eileen Cassidy">Eileen Cassidy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Goulding" title="Valerie Goulding">Valerie Goulding</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harney" title="Mary Harney">Mary Harney</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Jago" title="Valentine Jago">Valentine Jago</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Lambert" title="Gordon Lambert">Gordon Lambert</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGlinchey" title="Bernard McGlinchey">Bernard McGlinchey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Mulcahy" title="Noel Mulcahy">Noel Mulcahy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Whitaker" title="T. K. Whitaker">T. K. Whitaker</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Yeats" title="Michael Yeats">Michael Yeats</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected or nominated later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1977</b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Donnelly_(politician)" title="Michael Donnelly (politician)">Michael Donnelly</a> (FF)</li> <li><b>1979</b> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_McGuinness" title="Catherine McGuinness">Catherine McGuinness</a> (Ind)</li> <li><b>1980</b> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Doolan" title="Jim Doolan">Jim Doolan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Ruttle" title="Jim Ruttle">Jim Ruttle</a> (FF)</li> <li><b>1981</b> <a href="/wiki/P._J._Mara" title="P. J. Mara">P. J. Mara</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_O%27Neill_(politician)" title="Joseph O'Neill (politician)">Joseph O'Neill</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_14th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_15th_Seanad_(1981–1982)_»_16th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_15th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 15th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_15th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 15th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_15th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 15th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_14th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_15th_Seanad_(1981–1982)_»_16th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_14th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 14th Seanad">14th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/15th_Seanad" title="15th Seanad">Members of the 15th Seanad</a> (1981–1982)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_16th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 16th Seanad">16th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Hussey" title="Gemma Hussey">Gemma Hussey</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Bulbulia" title="Katharine Bulbulia">Katharine Bulbulia</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Cranitch" title="Micheál Cranitch">Micheál Cranitch</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kennedy_(Limerick_politician)" title="Patrick Kennedy (Limerick politician)">Patrick Kennedy</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Leonard" title="Jimmy Leonard">Jimmy Leonard</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_O%27Mahony" title="Flor O'Mahony">Flor O'Mahony</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Staunton" title="Myles Staunton">Myles Staunton</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bruton" title="Richard Bruton">Richard Bruton</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(Irish_politician,_born_1922)" title="Pierce Butler (Irish politician, born 1922)">Pierce Butler</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferris_(politician)" title="Michael Ferris (politician)">Michael Ferris</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fitzgerald_(Irish_politician)" title="Tom Fitzgerald (Irish politician)">Tom Fitzgerald</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hussey_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Hussey (Irish politician)">Thomas Hussey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kiely" title="Rory Kiely">Rory Kiely</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mannion_Jnr" title="John Mannion Jnr">John Mannion Jnr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Naughten" title="Liam Naughten">Liam Naughten</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Toole" title="Martin O'Toole">Martin O'Toole</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Lawlor" title="Patsy Lawlor">Patsy Lawlor</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Manning" title="Maurice Manning">Maurice Manning</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McAuliffe" title="Timothy McAuliffe">Timothy McAuliffe</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Rourke" title="Mary O'Rourke">Mary O'Rourke</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(Irish_politician)" title="Joe Walsh (Irish politician)">Joe Walsh</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Bolger" title="Deirdre Bolger">Deirdre Bolger</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cogan_(politician)" title="Barry Cogan (politician)">Barry Cogan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Fallon_(politician)" title="Seán Fallon (politician)">Seán Fallon</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_FitzGerald_Jnr" title="Alexis FitzGerald Jnr">Alexis FitzGerald Jnr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Howard (Irish politician)">Michael Howard</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lanigan" title="Mick Lanigan">Mick Lanigan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruairi_Quinn" title="Ruairi Quinn">Ruairi Quinn</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Reynolds_(politician)" title="Patrick J. Reynolds (politician)">Patrick J. Reynolds</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blennerhassett_(politician)" title="John Blennerhassett (politician)">John Blennerhassett</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddie_Byrne" title="Toddie Byrne">Toddie Byrne</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donal_Carey" title="Donal Carey">Donal Carey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Dolan" title="Séamus Dolan">Séamus Dolan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hillery" title="Brian Hillery">Brian Hillery</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kiely" title="Dan Kiely">Dan Kiely</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mullooly" title="Brian Mullooly">Brian Mullooly</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(politician)" title="Andy O'Brien (politician)">Andy O'Brien</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_O%27Connell_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Maurice O'Connell (Fine Gael politician)">Maurice O'Connell</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McGuinness" title="Catherine McGuinness">Catherine McGuinness</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Ross" title="Shane Ross">Shane Ross</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Hussey" title="Gemma Hussey">Gemma Hussey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Murphy" title="John A. Murphy">John A. Murphy</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Ryan_(Cork_politician)" title="Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)">Brendan Ryan</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulick_Burke_(politician)" title="Ulick Burke (politician)">Ulick Burke</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carroll_(trade_unionist)" title="John Carroll (trade unionist)">John F. Carroll</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timmy_Conway" title="Timmy Conway">Timmy Conway</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Dunne_(politician)" title="Paddy Dunne (politician)">Paddy Dunne</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fausset" title="Robert Fausset">Robert Fausset</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Higgins_(Irish_politician)" title="Jim Higgins (Irish politician)">Jim Higgins</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Kearney" title="Miriam Kearney">Miriam Kearney</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Magner" title="Pat Magner">Pat Magner</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Leary" title="Seán O'Leary">Seán O'Leary</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._Whitaker" title="T. K. Whitaker">T. K. Whitaker</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_15th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_16th_Seanad_(1982–1983)_»_17th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_16th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 16th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_16th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 16th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_16th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 16th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_15th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_16th_Seanad_(1982–1983)_»_17th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_15th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 15th Seanad">15th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/16th_Seanad" title="16th Seanad">Members of the 16th Seanad</a> (1982–1983)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_17th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 17th Seanad">17th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">FF</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Belton" title="Luke Belton">Luke Belton</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Bulbulia" title="Katharine Bulbulia">Katharine Bulbulia</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Conway_(Irish_politician)" title="Sean Conway (Irish politician)">Sean Conway</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Cranitch" title="Micheál Cranitch">Micheál Cranitch</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Kenneally" title="Billy Kenneally">Billy Kenneally</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_O%27Mahony" title="Flor O'Mahony">Flor O'Mahony</a> (Lab)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Durkan" title="Bernard Durkan">Bernard Durkan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferris_(politician)" title="Michael Ferris (politician)">Michael Ferris</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fitzgerald_(Irish_politician)" title="Tom Fitzgerald (Irish politician)">Tom Fitzgerald</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hourigan" title="Richard Hourigan">Richard Hourigan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hussey_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Hussey (Irish politician)">Thomas Hussey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lennon" title="Joseph Lennon">Joseph Lennon</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mannion_Jnr" title="John Mannion Jnr">John Mannion Jnr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Toole" title="Martin O'Toole">Martin O'Toole</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Smith (Irish politician)">Michael Smith</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_de_Br%C3%BAn" title="Séamus de Brún">Séamus de Brún</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Loughrey" title="Joachim Loughrey">Joachim Loughrey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_McAuliffe" title="Timothy McAuliffe">Timothy McAuliffe</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Rourke" title="Mary O'Rourke">Mary O'Rourke</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Taylor-Quinn" title="Madeleine Taylor-Quinn">Madeleine Taylor</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_Bolger" title="Deirdre Bolger">Deirdre Bolger</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timmy_Conway" title="Timmy Conway">Timmy Conway</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Daly_(politician)" title="Jack Daly (politician)">Jack Daly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Fallon_(politician)" title="Seán Fallon (politician)">Seán Fallon</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Farrell" title="Willie Farrell">Willie Farrell</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Howard (Irish politician)">Michael Howard</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lanigan" title="Mick Lanigan">Mick Lanigan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Reynolds_(politician)" title="Patrick J. Reynolds (politician)">Patrick J. Reynolds</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Barnes" title="Monica Barnes">Monica Barnes</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddie_Byrne" title="Toddie Byrne">Toddie Byrne</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donie_Cassidy" title="Donie Cassidy">Donie Cassidy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cregan" title="Denis Cregan">Denis Cregan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Dowling" title="Dick Dowling">Dick Dowling</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Herbert" title="Tony Herbert">Tony Herbert</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Killilea_Jnr" title="Mark Killilea Jnr">Mark Killilea Jnr</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mullooly" title="Brian Mullooly">Brian Mullooly</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_O%27Connell_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="Maurice O'Connell (Fine Gael politician)">Maurice O'Connell</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Ross" title="Shane Ross">Shane Ross</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_West" title="Trevor West">Trevor West</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Murphy" title="John A. Murphy">John A. Murphy</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Ryan_(Cork_politician)" title="Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)">Brendan Ryan</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paudge_Brennan" title="Paudge Brennan">Paudge Brennan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_Crowley" title="Flor Crowley">Flor Crowley</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Hannon" title="Camilla Hannon">Camilla Hannon</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin_(Independent_Fianna_F%C3%A1il)" title="James Larkin (Independent Fianna Fáil)">James Larkin</a> (Ind FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Mallon" title="Seamus Mallon">Seamus Mallon</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Mara" title="P. J. Mara">P. J. Mara</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_McGlinchey" title="Bernard McGlinchey">Bernard McGlinchey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._J._Nolan" title="M. J. Nolan">M. J. Nolan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_O%27Keeffe" title="Ned O'Keeffe">Ned O'Keeffe</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robb_(surgeon)" title="John Robb (surgeon)">John Robb</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._V._Wright" title="G. V. Wright">G. V. Wright</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominated December 1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Eames" title="Aidan Eames">Aidan Eames</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Connor_(businessman)" title="Seán O'Connor (businessman)">Seán O'Connor</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wall_(Irish_politician)" title="Frank Wall (Irish politician)">Frank Wall</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li> <li>Ind FF: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Independent Fianna Fáil">Independent Fianna Fáil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_16th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_17th_Seanad_(1983–1987)_»_18th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_17th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 17th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_17th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 17th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_17th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 17th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_16th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_17th_Seanad_(1983–1987)_»_18th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_16th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 16th Seanad">16th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/17th_Seanad" title="17th Seanad">Members of the 17th Seanad</a> (1983–1987)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_18th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 18th Seanad">18th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Reynolds_(politician)" title="Patrick J. Reynolds (politician)">Patrick J. Reynolds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">FG</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Belton" title="Luke Belton">Luke Belton</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Bulbulia" title="Katharine Bulbulia">Katharine Bulbulia</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kennedy_(Limerick_politician)" title="Patrick Kennedy (Limerick politician)">Patrick Kennedy</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Lynch (Irish politician)">Michael Lynch</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Donoghue" title="Martin O'Donoghue">Martin O'Donoghue</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flor_O%27Mahony" title="Flor O'Mahony">Flor O'Mahony</a> (Lab)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulick_Burke_(politician)" title="Ulick Burke (politician)">Ulick Burke</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(Fianna_F%C3%A1il_politician)" title="John Ellis (Fianna Fáil politician)">John Ellis</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferris_(politician)" title="Michael Ferris (politician)">Michael Ferris</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hourigan" title="Richard Hourigan">Richard Hourigan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hussey_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Hussey (Irish politician)">Thomas Hussey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kiely" title="Rory Kiely">Rory Kiely</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lennon" title="Joseph Lennon">Joseph Lennon</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Toole" title="Martin O'Toole">Martin O'Toole</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Quealy" title="Michael Quealy">Michael Quealy</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_de_Br%C3%BAn" title="Séamus de Brún">Séamus de Brún</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fleming" title="Brian Fleming">Brian Fleming</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Loughrey" title="Joachim Loughrey">Joachim Loughrey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_McAuliffe-Ennis" title="Helena McAuliffe-Ennis">Helena McAuliffe-Ennis</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Smith (Irish politician)">Michael Smith</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timmy_Conway" title="Timmy Conway">Timmy Conway</a> (Lab, then PD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Daly_(politician)" title="Jack Daly (politician)">Jack Daly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Fallon_(politician)" title="Seán Fallon (politician)">Seán Fallon</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_FitzGerald_Jnr" title="Alexis FitzGerald Jnr">Alexis FitzGerald Jnr</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fitzsimons" title="Jack Fitzsimons">Jack Fitzsimons</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Howard (Irish politician)">Michael Howard</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lanigan" title="Mick Lanigan">Mick Lanigan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Reynolds_(politician)" title="Patrick J. Reynolds (politician)">Patrick J. Reynolds</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_Ryan_Snr" title="Eoin Ryan Snr">Eoin Ryan Snr</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donie_Cassidy" title="Donie Cassidy">Donie Cassidy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cregan" title="Denis Cregan">Denis Cregan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Higgins_(Irish_politician)" title="Jim Higgins (Irish politician)">Jim Higgins</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hillery" title="Brian Hillery">Brian Hillery</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kelleher" title="Peter Kelleher">Peter Kelleher</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Killilea_Jnr" title="Mark Killilea Jnr">Mark Killilea Jnr</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_McMahon" title="Larry McMahon">Larry McMahon</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mullooly" title="Brian Mullooly">Brian Mullooly</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_O%27Brien_(politician)" title="Andy O'Brien (politician)">Andy O'Brien</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_McGuinness" title="Catherine McGuinness">Catherine McGuinness</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Ross" title="Shane Ross">Shane Ross</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Dooge" title="James Dooge">James Dooge</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Ryan_(Cork_politician)" title="Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)">Brendan Ryan</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(Fine_Gael_politician)" title="John Browne (Fine Gael politician)">John Browne</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connor_(Irish_politician)" title="John Connor (Irish politician)">John Connor</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Deenihan" title="Jimmy Deenihan">Jimmy Deenihan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Durcan_(politician)" title="Patrick Durcan (politician)">Patrick Durcan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Howlin" title="Brendan Howlin">Brendan Howlin</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christy_Kirwan" title="Christy Kirwan">Christy Kirwan</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Magner" title="Pat Magner">Pat Magner</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McGonagle" title="Stephen McGonagle">Stephen McGonagle</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Leary" title="Seán O'Leary">Seán O'Leary</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robb_(surgeon)" title="John Robb (surgeon)">John Robb</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%ADd_Rodgers" title="Bríd Rodgers">Bríd Rodgers</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominated 1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_Fennell" title="Nuala Fennell">Nuala Fennell</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Toole" title="Paddy O'Toole">Paddy O'Toole</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>PD: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_17th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_18th_Seanad_(1987–1989)_»_19th_Seanad_»" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_18th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 18th Seanad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Members_of_the_18th_Seanad" title="Template talk:Members of the 18th Seanad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Members_of_the_18th_Seanad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Members of the 18th Seanad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="«_17th_Seanad_«_Members_of_the_18th_Seanad_(1987–1989)_»_19th_Seanad_»" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>« <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_17th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 17th Seanad">17th Seanad</a></i> «</small>   <span style="padding:0 4.5em"><a href="/wiki/18th_Seanad" title="18th Seanad">Members of the 18th Seanad</a> (1987–1989)</span> <small>» <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Members_of_the_19th_Seanad" title="Template:Members of the 19th Seanad">19th Seanad</a></i> »</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cathaoirleach" title="Cathaoirleach">Cathaoirleach</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">FF</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Seanad" title="Leader of the Seanad">Leader of the Seanad</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Mick_Lanigan" title="Mick Lanigan">Mick Lanigan</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Panel" title="Administrative Panel">Administrative Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Bulbulia" title="Katharine Bulbulia">Katharine Bulbulia</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Doherty_(Irish_politician)" title="Michael Doherty (Irish politician)">Michael Doherty</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Doyle_(politician)" title="Joe Doyle (politician)">Joe Doyle</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Haughey" title="Seán Haughey">Seán Haughey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tras_Honan" title="Tras Honan">Tras Honan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kennedy_(Limerick_politician)" title="Patrick Kennedy (Limerick politician)">Patrick Kennedy</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wallace" title="Mary Wallace">Mary Wallace</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Panel" title="Agricultural Panel">Agricultural Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bradford" title="Paul Bradford">Paul Bradford</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connor_(Irish_politician)" title="John Connor (Irish politician)">John Connor</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferris_(politician)" title="Michael Ferris (politician)">Michael Ferris</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Fitzgerald_(Irish_politician)" title="Tom Fitzgerald (Irish politician)">Tom Fitzgerald</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hussey_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Hussey (Irish politician)">Thomas Hussey</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kiely" title="Rory Kiely">Rory Kiely</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_McCormack" title="Pádraic McCormack">Pádraic McCormack</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDonald_(Irish_politician)" title="Charles McDonald (Irish politician)">Charles McDonald</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGowan_(Irish_politician)" title="Patrick McGowan (Irish politician)">Patrick McGowan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Toole" title="Martin O'Toole">Martin O'Toole</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ryan_(Irish_politician)" title="William Ryan (Irish politician)">William Ryan</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_Educational_Panel" title="Cultural and Educational Panel">Cultural and Educational Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Byrne_(politician)" title="Seán Byrne (politician)">Seán Byrne</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Loughrey" title="Joachim Loughrey">Joachim Loughrey</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Manning" title="Maurice Manning">Maurice Manning</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_McKenna" title="Tony McKenna">Tony McKenna</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Mooney" title="Paschal Mooney">Paschal Mooney</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Panel" title="Industrial and Commercial Panel">Industrial and Commercial Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bohan" title="Eddie Bohan">Eddie Bohan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Daly_(politician)" title="Jack Daly (politician)">Jack Daly</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Fallon_(politician)" title="Seán Fallon (politician)">Seán Fallon</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Farrell" title="Willie Farrell">Willie Farrell</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fitzsimons" title="Jack Fitzsimons">Jack Fitzsimons</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Hogan" title="Phil Hogan">Phil Hogan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Lanigan" title="Mick Lanigan">Mick Lanigan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Shea_(politician)" title="Brian O'Shea (politician)">Brian O'Shea</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Reynolds_(Irish_politician)" title="Gerry Reynolds (Irish politician)">Gerry Reynolds</a> (FG)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Panel" title="Labour Panel">Labour Panel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donie_Cassidy" title="Donie Cassidy">Donie Cassidy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cregan" title="Denis Cregan">Denis Cregan</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_Fennell" title="Nuala Fennell">Nuala Fennell</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Hanafin" title="Des Hanafin">Des Hanafin</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a> (Lab)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hillery" title="Brian Hillery">Brian Hillery</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kelleher" title="Peter Kelleher">Peter Kelleher</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kiely" title="Dan Kiely">Dan Kiely</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Lydon" title="Don Lydon">Don Lydon</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_McMahon" title="Larry McMahon">Larry McMahon</a> (FG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mullooly" title="Brian Mullooly">Brian Mullooly</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)" title="Dublin University (constituency)">Dublin University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Norris_(politician)" title="David Norris (politician)">David Norris</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Ross" title="Shane Ross">Shane Ross</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland_(constituency)" title="National University of Ireland (constituency)">National University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Murphy" title="John A. Murphy">John A. Murphy</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_O%27Toole" title="Joe O'Toole">Joe O'Toole</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Ryan_(Cork_politician)" title="Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)">Brendan Ryan</a> (Ind)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">Nominated by the Taoiseach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_Cullimore" title="Séamus Cullimore">Séamus Cullimore</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Buitl%C3%A9ar" title="Éamon de Buitléar">Éamon de Buitléar</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eogan" title="George Eogan">George Eogan</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Magnier" title="John Magnier">John Magnier</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robb_(surgeon)" title="John Robb (surgeon)">John Robb</a> (Ind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McEllistrim_(1926%E2%80%932000)" title="Tom McEllistrim (1926–2000)">Tom McEllistrim</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Mulroy" title="Jimmy Mulroy">Jimmy Mulroy</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_O%27Callaghan" title="Vivian O'Callaghan">Vivian O'Callaghan</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connell_(Dublin_politician)" title="John O'Connell (Dublin politician)">John O'Connell</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_O%27Connor" title="Nicholas O'Connor">Nicholas O'Connor</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected or nominated later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>1988</b> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bromell" title="Tony Bromell">Tony Bromell</a> (FF)</li> <li><b>1989</b> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dawson_(businessman)" title="Michael Dawson (businessman)">Michael Dawson</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kavanagh_(politician)" title="Paul Kavanagh (politician)">Paul Kavanagh</a> (FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McDonnell_(Irish_politician)" title="Frank McDonnell (Irish politician)">Frank McDonnell</a> (FF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>FF: <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a></li> <li>FG: <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a></li> <li>Lab: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a></li> <li>Ind: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Calderone_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9D9EB;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #1D4F91, inset -2px -2px 0 #1D4F91;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calderone_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Calderone Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calderone_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Calderone Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calderone_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calderone Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Calderone_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Calderone_Prize" title="Calderone Prize">Calderone Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Everett_Koop" title="C. Everett Koop">C. Everett Koop</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mann_(WHO_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Mann (WHO official)">Jonathan Mann</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Foege" title="William Foege">William Foege</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D.A._Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="D.A. Henderson">D.A. Henderson</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nafis_Sadik" title="Nafis Sadik">Nafis Sadik</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Piot" title="Peter Piot">Peter Piot</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rosenfield" title="Allan Rosenfield">Allan Rosenfield</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pardee_Baker" title="Susan Pardee Baker">Susan Pardee Baker</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_V._Fineberg" title="Harvey V. Fineberg">Harvey V. Fineberg</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._Jack_Geiger" title="H. Jack Geiger">H. Jack Geiger</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_T._Bassett" title="Mary T. Bassett">Mary T. Bassett</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Frenk" title="Julio Frenk">Julio Frenk</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calderone_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Calderone_Prize.png/150px-Calderone_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Calderone_Prize.png/225px-Calderone_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Calderone_Prize.png/300px-Calderone_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Sydney Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Sydney Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sydney Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize" title="Sydney Peace Prize">Sydney Peace Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Xanana Gusmão">Xanana Gusmão</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Deane" title="William Deane">William Deane</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi" title="Hanan Ashrawi">Hanan Ashrawi</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Olara_Otunnu" title="Olara Otunnu">Olara Otunnu</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irene_Khan" title="Irene Khan">Irene Khan</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Dodson" title="Pat Dodson">Pat Dodson</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sekai_Holland" title="Sekai Holland">Sekai Holland</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Maung" title="Cynthia Maung">Cynthia Maung</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Burnside" title="Julian Burnside">Julian Burnside</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Gittoes" title="George Gittoes">George Gittoes</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo Movement</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Oil" title="Midnight Oil">Midnight Oil</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart" title="Uluru Statement from the Heart">Uluru Statement from the Heart</a></i> (2021–22)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazanin_Boniadi" title="Nazanin Boniadi">Nazanin Boniadi</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Sonning_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sonning_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sonning Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Sonning_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Sonning_Prize" title="Sonning Prize">Sonning Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alvar_Aalto" title="Alvar Aalto">Alvar Aalto</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Visser_%27t_Hooft" title="Willem Visser 't Hooft">Willem Visser 't Hooft</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Tau" title="Max Tau">Max Tau</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Dolci" title="Danilo Dolci">Danilo Dolci</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gmeiner" title="Hermann Gmeiner">Hermann Gmeiner</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Heinesen" title="William Heinesen">William Heinesen</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Utzon" title="Jørn Utzon">Jørn Utzon</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barba" title="Eugenio Barba">Eugenio Barba</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mona_Hatoum" title="Mona Hatoum">Mona Hatoum</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Heller" title="Ágnes Heller">Ágnes Heller</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haneke" title="Michael Haneke">Michael Haneke</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Abramovi%C4%87" title="Marina Abramović">Marina Abramović</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom%C3%A1n_Perpi%C3%B1%C3%A1_Grau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Román Perpiñá Grau (page does not exist)">Román Perpiñá Grau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A0_Perpiny%C3%A0_Grau" class="extiw" title="ca:Romà Perpinyà Grau">ca</a>]</span></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Dom%C3%ADnguez_Ortiz" title="Antonio Domínguez Ortiz">Antonio Domínguez Ortiz</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Julio_Caro_Baroja" title="Julio Caro Baroja">Julio Caro Baroja</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Garc%C3%ADa_de_Enterr%C3%ADa" title="Eduardo García de Enterría">Eduardo García de Enterría</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Carande" title="Ramón Carande">Ramón Carande Thovar</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Pinillos_D%C3%ADaz" title="José Luis Pinillos Díaz">José Luis Pinillos</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Luis_D%C3%ADez_del_Corral" title="Luis Díez del Corral">Luis Díez del Corral</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_S%C3%A1nchez_Agesta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Sánchez Agesta (page does not exist)">Luis Sánchez Agesta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_S%C3%A1nchez_Agesta" class="extiw" title="es:Luis Sánchez Agesta">es</a>]</span></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Fuentes_Quintana" title="Enrique Fuentes Quintana">Enrique Fuentes Quintana</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ur%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Uría González (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Uría González</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Ur%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="extiw" title="es:Rodrigo Uría González">es</a>]</span></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Artola_Gallego" title="Miguel Artola Gallego">Miguel Artola Gallego</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velarde_(economist)" title="Juan Velarde (economist)">Juan Velarde Fuertes</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Zavala" title="Silvio Zavala">Silvio Zavala</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Men%C3%A9ndez" title="Aurelio Menéndez">Aurelio Menéndez Menéndez</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Ver%C3%ADssimo_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão">Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miquel_Batllori_i_Munn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miquel Batllori i Munné (page does not exist)">Miquel Batllori i Munné</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Batllori_i_Munn%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="ca:Miquel Batllori i Munné">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Batllori" class="extiw" title="es:Miquel Batllori">es</a>]</span></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">John H. Elliott</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer_i_Morera" title="Martí de Riquer i Morera">Martí de Riquer i Morera</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Werner" title="Pierre Werner">Pierre Werner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Raymond Carr</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="El Colegio de México">El Colegio de México</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Iglesias_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Iglesias Santos (page does not exist)">Juan Iglesias Santos</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="ca:Juan Iglesias Santos">ca</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Iglesias_Santos" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Iglesias Santos">es</a>]</span></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Giovanni Sartori</a></li> <li>2006: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li>2010: The archaeological team of the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Gardner" title="Howard Gardner">Howard Gardner</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Joseph Pérez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Social_Sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Social Sciences</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Michael Sandel</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Matos_Moctezuma" title="Eduardo Matos Moctezuma">Eduardo Matos Moctezuma</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Carr%C3%A8re_d%27Encausse" title="Hélène Carrère d'Encausse">Hélène Carrère d'Encausse</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Elders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Elders" title="Template:The Elders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Elders" title="Template talk:The Elders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbegdorj_Tsakhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbegdorj Tsakhia">Elbegdorj Tsakhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeid_Ra%27ad_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hina_Jilani" title="Hina Jilani">Hina Jilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Ricardo Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> (former chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Bhatt" title="Ela Bhatt">Ela Bhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi" title="Lakhdar Brahimi">Lakhdar Brahimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhaoxing" title="Li Zhaoxing">Li Zhaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (former chair)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labour_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Template:Labour Party (Ireland)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Template talk:Labour Party (Ireland)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labour Party (Ireland)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labour_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #fff; text-decoration: inherit;">Labour Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="History of the Labour Party (Ireland)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #fff; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien_(trade_unionist)" title="William O'Brien (trade unionist)">William O'Brien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">Associated organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Socialist Party (Ireland)">Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_and_Labour_Association" title="Irish Land and Labour Association">Irish Land and Labour Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Worker_League" title="Irish Worker League">Irish Worker League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Party (Ireland)">Militant Tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="National Labour Party (Ireland)">National Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Labour_Party" title="Republican Labour Party">Republican Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Socialist Labour Party (Ireland)">Socialist Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labour_Party_(Ireland)_banner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29_banner.png/150px-Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29_banner.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29_banner.png/225px-Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29_banner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29_banner.png/300px-Labour_Party_%28Ireland%29_banner.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (Ireland)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(Irish_politician)" title="Thomas Johnson (Irish politician)">Thomas Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._O%27Connell" title="Thomas J. O'Connell">Thomas J. O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Norton" title="William Norton">William Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Corish" title="Brendan Corish">Brendan Corish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cluskey" title="Frank Cluskey">Frank Cluskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Leary_(politician)" title="Michael O'Leary (politician)">Michael O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Spring" title="Dick Spring">Dick Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruairi_Quinn" title="Ruairi Quinn">Ruairi Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Rabbitte" title="Pat Rabbitte">Pat Rabbitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Gilmore" title="Eamon Gilmore">Eamon Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Burton" title="Joan Burton">Joan Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Howlin" title="Brendan Howlin">Brendan Howlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kelly_(politician)" title="Alan Kelly (politician)">Alan Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Bacik" title="Ivana Bacik">Ivana Bacik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;">Deputy leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Desmond" title="Barry Desmond">Barry Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruairi_Quinn" title="Ruairi Quinn">Ruairi Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Howlin" title="Brendan Howlin">Brendan Howlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_McManus" title="Liz McManus">Liz McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Burton" title="Joan Burton">Joan Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kelly_(politician)" title="Alan Kelly (politician)">Alan Kelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><span style="color:white;">Seanad leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferris_(politician)" title="Michael Ferris (politician)">Michael Ferris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Harte_(politician)" title="Jack Harte (politician)">Jack Harte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_O%27Sullivan" title="Jan O'Sullivan">Jan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Costello_(politician)" title="Joe Costello (politician)">Joe Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Ryan_(Cork_politician)" title="Brendan Ryan (Cork politician)">Brendan Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_White_(Irish_politician)" title="Alex White (Irish politician)">Alex White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Prendergast" title="Phil Prendergast">Phil Prendergast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Bacik" title="Ivana Bacik">Ivana Bacik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Moynihan" title="Rebecca Moynihan">Rebecca Moynihan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_De_Rossa" title="Proinsias De Rossa">Proinsias De Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">Leadership elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(Ireland)" title="2014 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)">2014 (Burton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(Ireland)" title="2016 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)">2016 (Howlin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(Ireland)" title="2020 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)">2020 (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Labour_Party_leadership_election_(Ireland)" title="2022 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)">2022 (Bacik)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Category:Labour Party (Ireland)"><span style="color:white;">Party structures</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (Ireland)">Leader of the Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Front_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party Front Bench (Ireland)">Labour Party Front Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Youth" title="Labour Youth">Labour Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Women" title="Labour Women">Labour Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">Presidential candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Irish_presidential_election" title="1990 Irish presidential election">1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Roche" title="Adi Roche">Adi Roche</a> (<a href="/wiki/1997_Irish_presidential_election" title="1997 Irish presidential election">1997</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2011_Irish_presidential_election" title="2011 Irish presidential election">2011</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">Elected representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><span style="color:white;">Dáil Éireann</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_Ahern" title="Ciarán Ahern">Ciarán Ahern</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Bacik" title="Ivana Bacik">Ivana Bacik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kelly_(politician)" title="Alan Kelly (politician)">Alan Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Kenny" title="Eoghan Kenny">Eoghan Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lawlor" title="George Lawlor">George Lawlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_Nash" title="Ged Nash">Ged Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O%27Donoghue" title="Robert O'Donoghue">Robert O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Sheehan" title="Conor Sheehan">Conor Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Sherlock" title="Marie Sherlock">Marie Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Smith_(Irish_politician)" title="Duncan Smith (Irish politician)">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wall_(politician)" title="Mark Wall (politician)">Mark Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><span style="color:white;">Seanad Éireann</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Hoey" title="Annie Hoey">Annie Hoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Moynihan" title="Rebecca Moynihan">Rebecca Moynihan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament"><span style="color:white;">European Parliament</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aodh%C3%A1n_%C3%93_R%C3%ADord%C3%A1in" title="Aodhán Ó Ríordáin">Aodhán Ó Ríordáin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CC0000;color:white;;width:1%">International affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000;color:white;">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_(political_international)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Alliance (political international)">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Abortion in the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Abortion in the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Abortion in the Republic of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861#Abortion" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Life_During_Pregnancy_Act_2013" title="Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013">Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_(Regulation_of_Termination_of_Pregnancy)_Act_2018" title="Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018">Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Eighth Amendment</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Thirteenth Amendment (Travel)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Fourteenth Amendment (Information)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Thirty-sixth Amendment (Repeal of Eighth Amendment)</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failed amendments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1992">Twelfth Amendment (Remove risk of suicide)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_Bill_2001" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2001">Twenty-fifth Amendment (Remove risk of suicide etc.)</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_v._X" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General v. X">X Case</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_re_Article_26_and_the_Regulation_of_Information_(Services_outside_the_State_for_Termination_of_Pregnancies)_Bill_1995" title="In re Article 26 and the Regulation of Information (Services outside the State for Termination of Pregnancies) Bill 1995">Services outside the State for Termination of Pregnancies Act 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Case" title="C Case">C Case</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D_v_Ireland" title="D v Ireland">D v Ireland</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A,_B_and_C_v_Ireland" title="A, B and C v Ireland">A, B and C v Ireland</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PP_v._HSE" title="PP v. HSE">PP v. HSE</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellet_v_Ireland" title="Mellet v Ireland">Mellet v Ireland</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-abortion rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_Campaign" title="Abortion Rights Campaign">Abortion Rights Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Ireland" title="Amnesty International Ireland">Amnesty International Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_O%27Gorman" title="Colm O'Gorman">Colm O'Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Family_Planning_Association" title="Irish Family Planning Association">Irish Family Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Bacik" title="Ivana Bacik">Ivana Bacik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_O%27Sullivan" title="Janet O'Sullivan">Janet O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_O%27Connell" title="Kate O'Connell">Kate O'Connell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrants_and_Ethnic-minorities_for_Reproductive_Justice" title="Migrants and Ethnic-minorities for Reproductive Justice">Migrants and Ethnic-minorities for Reproductive Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Boylan" title="Peter Boylan">Peter Boylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Coppinger" title="Ruth Coppinger">Ruth Coppinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_Medical_Reasons_(advocacy_group)" title="Termination for Medical Reasons (advocacy group)">Termination for Medical Reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Together_for_Yes" title="Together for Yes">Together for Yes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-abortion rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breda_O%27Brien" title="Breda O'Brien">Breda O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Sherlock" title="Cora Sherlock">Cora Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Quinn_(columnist)" title="David Quinn (columnist)">David Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Life_Counts" title="Every Life Counts">Every Life Counts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_%26_Life" title="Family & Life">Family & Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Institute" title="Iona Institute">Iona Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference" title="Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference">Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McCarroll" title="Joe McCarroll">Joe McCarroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bruton" title="John Bruton">John Bruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McGuirk" title="John McGuirk">John McGuirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Barrett" title="Justin Barrett">Justin Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Steen" title="Maria Steen">Maria Steen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niamh_U%C3%AD_Bhriain" title="Niamh Uí Bhriain">Niamh Uí Bhriain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Casey" title="Patricia Casey">Patricia Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Life_Campaign" title="Pro Life Campaign">Pro Life Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Life_Amendment_Campaign" title="Pro-Life Amendment Campaign">Pro-Life Amendment Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Defence" title="Youth Defence">Youth Defence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Cadden" title="Mamie Cadden">Mamie Cadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hodgers" title="Sheila Hodgers">Sheila Hodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_D" title="Miss D">Miss D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Savita_Halappanavar" title="Death of Savita Halappanavar">Savita Halappanavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ms_Y" title="Ms Y">Ms Y</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188214#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188214#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188214#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109689121">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/47073247">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/287074/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4BgM4CPPJvGdx37RkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119046067">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91056554">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15527089d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15527089d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Robinson, Mary <1944- >"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV140132">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1713326">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p102608644">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14337">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000025733&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000149159&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202099349">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810653792105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007319690905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08314705?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119046067.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/06305423X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&oldid=1261042788">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Robinson&oldid=1261042788</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_births" title="Category:1944 births">1944 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ballina,_County_Mayo" title="Category:People from Ballina, County Mayo">People from Ballina, County Mayo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Ireland" title="Category:Presidents of Ireland">Presidents of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Nations_High_Commissioners_for_Human_Rights" title="Category:United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights">United Nations High 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[\"Use Hiberno-English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFRobinson1997\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","20.0"],["?","280","16.5"],["recursiveClone 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Robinson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Robinson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188214","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188214","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-12-03T23:01:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Mary_Robinson_%282014%29.jpg","headline":"former President of Ireland and former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights"}</script> </body> </html>