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title="Classicide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classicide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Կլասիցիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլասիցիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Classicide" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%C3%ADdio" title="Classicídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classicídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Классицид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Классицид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasicidi" title="Klasicidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Klasicidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intentional destruction of a social class</div> <p><b>Classicide</b> is a concept proposed by sociologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Michael Mann</a> to describe the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of a <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> through <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201572_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201572-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was first used by physician and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Schwarz" title="Fred Schwarz">Fred Schwarz</a> in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>classicide</i> was popularized by Mann as a term that is similar to but distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201572_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201572-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it means the "intended mass killing of entire social classes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann200517_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann200517-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classicide is considered a form of "premeditated <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a>", which is narrower than genocide, because the target of a classicide is a part of a population which is defined by its <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, and classicide is also considered broader than <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicide</a> because the group which is targeted for classicide is killed without any concern for its political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangar20071,_paragraph_3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangar20071,_paragraph_3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classicide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Classicide</i> was first used by Schwarz in his 1972 book <i>The Three Faces of Revolution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later used by Mann as a well-defined term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, <i>classicide</i> has been used by some <a href="/wiki/Sociologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologists">sociologists</a>, such as Mann<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Martin Shaw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201572_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201572-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the unique forms of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> which pertain to the annihilation of a class through <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> or displacement and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> to form an equal <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, although Mann does not use <i>genocide</i> in reference to examples under <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Christophe Jaffrelot</a> and historian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_S%C3%A9melin" title="Jacques Sémelin">Jacques Sémelin</a> write that "Mann thus establishes a sort of parallel between <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial enemies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_enemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Class enemies">class enemies</a>, thereby contributing to the debates on comparisons between <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. This theory has also been developed by some <a href="/wiki/French_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="French historians">French historians</a> such as <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Margolin" title="Jean-Louis Margolin">Jean-Louis Margolin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></i>: they view class genocide as the equivalent to racial genocide. However, Mann refuses to use the term 'genocide' to describe the crimes which were committed under communism. He prefers to use the terms '<a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">fratricide</a>' and 'classicide', a word which he coined in reference to the intentional mass killings of entire social classes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classicide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Mann, examples of classicide include the <a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">dekulakization</a> policy during the forced <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization in the Soviet Union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin era">Stalin era</a> of the better off peasants, who were labelled as <i><a href="/wiki/Kulaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulaks">kulaks</a></i> and identified as "<a href="/wiki/Class_enemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Class enemies">class enemies</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> regime,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200925_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200925-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201634_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201634-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being stopped by <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2012100_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2012100-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mann said they were a perversion of <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> theories of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in the same sense as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> is a perversion of <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> theory of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2005350_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2005350-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Wu" title="Harry Wu">Harry Wu</a> has identified the killings which were carried out during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Land_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Land Reform">Chinese Land Reform</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> as classicide. Wu writes that "in order to consolidate his power, Mao Zedong implemented a nation-wide ideology to undermine those who previously held power."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Wu, this ideology included dividing people into five class categories depending on their possession of land, capital, property, and income. The five categories were the landlord class, the rich peasant class, the middle peasant class, and the poor worker and peasant classes. Those in the lower classes were "praised for their humble way of life and work ethic", while the landlords and the wealthy were demonized and persecuted. Their property was seized, they were sent to do hard manual labor in the countryside, and many of them were killed. Wu writes that "according to research, in 1949 there were around 10 to 15 million members of the landlord and rich peasant classes nationwide. By the end of the 1970s, when the Cultural Revolution had ended, only 10 to 15 percent of them remained alive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu2012_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classicide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helots" title="Helots">Helots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_unworthy_of_life" title="Life unworthy of life">Life unworthy of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classicide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez2009" class="citation book cs1">Alvarez, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vh8AgAAQBAJ"><i>Genocidal Crimes</i></a> (1st illustrated ed.). London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134035816" title="Special:BookSources/9781134035816"><bdi>9781134035816</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocidal+Crimes&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=1st+illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781134035816&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vh8AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelotSémelin2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe; Sémelin, Jacques, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIS-AwAAQBAJ"><i>Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide</i></a>. CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Translated by Cynthia Schoch (hardback ed.). New York City, New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231142823" title="Special:BookSources/9780231142823"><bdi>9780231142823</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purify+and+Destroy%3A+The+Political+Uses+of+Massacre+and+Genocide&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.series=CERI+Series+in+Comparative+Politics+and+International+Studies&rft.edition=hardback&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780231142823&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIS-AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2016) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8lDwAAQBAJ"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a> (3rd ed.). London, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317533863" title="Special:BookSources/9781317533863"><bdi>9781317533863</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317533863&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKC8lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2005" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC"><i>The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing</i></a> (paperback ed.). New York City, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521538541" title="Special:BookSources/9780521538541"><bdi>9780521538541</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Democracy%3A+Explaining+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521538541&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGHGPgj1_tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Mann, Michael (Spring 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030521172856/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/mann/theses.pdf"><i>Explaining Murderous Ethnic Cleansing: Eight Theses</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Paper prepared for the International Sociological Association Conference, Brisbane, Australia, July 2002). Brisbane, Australia: University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/mann/theses.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 21, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via UCLA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Explaining+Murderous+Ethnic+Cleansing%3A+Eight+Theses&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fsoc%2Ffaculty%2Fmann%2Ftheses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2012" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqUhAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Sources of Social Power: Volume 4, Globalizations, 1945–2011</i></a>. New York City, New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107311220" title="Special:BookSources/9781107311220"><bdi>9781107311220</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Social+Power%3A+Volume+4%2C+Globalizations%2C+1945%E2%80%932011&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781107311220&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqUhAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangar2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sangar, Eric (3 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/classicide">"Classicide"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Sciences Po.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Classicide&rft.btitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.date=2007-11-03&rft.aulast=Sangar&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fclassicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz1972" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Fred (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xYxAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Three Faces of Revolution</i></a> (hardcover ed.). Washington, D.C.: Capitol Hill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882210032" title="Special:BookSources/9780882210032"><bdi>9780882210032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Faces+of+Revolution&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Capitol+Hill+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780882210032&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xYxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2015" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Martin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGqTqgueMt8C"><i>What is Genocide?</i></a> (1st ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745631837" title="Special:BookSources/9780745631837"><bdi>9780745631837</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780745631837&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGqTqgueMt8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Harry (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1877&context=ccr">"Classicide in Communist China"</a>. <i>Comparative Civilizations Review</i>. <b>67</b> (Fall 2012). Salzburg, Austria: International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations: 101–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjis2006181%2F27">10.5840/jis2006181/27</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via BYU ScholarsArchive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Civilizations+Review&rft.atitle=Classicide+in+Communist+China&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=Fall+2012&rft.pages=101-106&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fjis2006181%2F27&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1877%26context%3Dccr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Harry (1 July 2006). "Classicide – Genocide in Communist China". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1/2). Huntington, West Virginia: Institute for Interdisciplinary Research: 121–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjis2006181%2F27">10.5840/jis2006181/27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=Classicide+%E2%80%93+Genocide+in+Communist+China&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=121-135&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fjis2006181%2F27&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassicide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classicide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2002_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2002_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2002">Mann 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201572-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201572_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201572_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201572_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2015">Shaw 2015</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz197251–53_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwarz1972">Schwarz 1972</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann200517-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann200517_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2005">Mann 2005</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangar20071,_paragraph_3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangar20071,_paragraph_3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangar2007">Sangar 2007</a>, p. 1, paragraph 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200737_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaffrelotSémelin2007">Jaffrelot & Sémelin 2007</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200925-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlvarez200925_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2009">Alvarez 2009</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones201634-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones201634_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2016">Jones 2016</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2012100-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2012100_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2012">Mann 2012</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2005350-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2005350_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMann2005">Mann 2005</a>, p. 350: "Stalinist, Maoist, or Khmer Rouge atrocities were socialist versions of modern organicism, perverting socialist and class theories of democracy just as ethnically aimed atrocities perverted nationalist theories of democracy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu2012_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu2012_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu2012">Wu 2012</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> 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