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Early life and career in Syria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career_in_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_governorship_of_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_governorship_of_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First governorship of Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_governorship_of_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_governorship_of_Damascus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_governorship_of_Damascus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second governorship of Damascus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_governorship_of_Damascus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Badr_in_Acre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badr_in_Acre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Badr in Acre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badr_in_Acre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vizierate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vizierate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vizierate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vizierate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vizierate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vizierate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Domestic governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_military_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_and_military_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Foreign policy and military activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_military_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بدر الدين الجمالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بدر الدين الجمالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Jamal%C3%AD" title="Badr al-Jamalí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Badr al-Jamalí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Dschamali" title="Badr al-Dschamali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Badr al-Dschamali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Badr al-Jamali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بدر الجمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدر الجمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Djamali" title="Badr al-Djamali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Badr al-Djamali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB" title="Բադր ալ-Ջամալի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բադր ալ-Ջամալի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_al-Jamali" title="Badr al-Jamali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badr al-Jamali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Badr_al-Jamali" title="Al-Badr al-Jamali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Badr al-Jamali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%92%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="באדר אל-ג'מאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באדר אל-ג'מאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="بدر الدين الجمالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بدر الدين الجمالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بدر الجمالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدر الجمالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badre_Aljamali" title="Badre Aljamali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Badre Aljamali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бадр аль-Джамали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бадр аль-Джамали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedr_el-Cem%C3%A2li" title="Bedr el-Cemâli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bedr el-Cemâli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بدر الجمالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدر الجمالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4841100#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Badr al-Jamali<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بدر الجمالى</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Juyushi_Mosque,Cairo_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg/220px-Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg/330px-Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg/440px-Juyushi_Mosque%2CCairo_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a> in Cairo, founded by Badr</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1005/08</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1094<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Military commander, governor, <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">Before 1063–1094</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu'l-Najm Badr ibn Abdallah al-Jamali al-Mustansiri</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> better known as <b>Badr al-Jamali</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بدر الجمالى</span>) or by his eventual title as <b>Amir al-Juyush</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمير الجيوش</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Commander of the Armies</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), was a military commander and statesman for the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a>. Of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> origin but a convert to Islam, Badr had been brought up as a military slave (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i></span>) by the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Dawla_ibn_Ammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamal al-Dawla ibn Ammar (page does not exist)">Jamal al-Dawla ibn Ammar</a>. In the 1060s, he was appointed twice as governor of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a>, at a time when Fatimid authority there was disintegrating, and the central government in Egypt was on the verge of collapse as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a>. Badr was unable to prevent the loss of most of Syria to local potentates and <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> warlords, but managed to hold on to the coastal cities, making <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> his base. </p><p>As the sole major military commander outside Egypt, he was called upon by al-Mustansir to help rescue the dynasty. Badr landed in Egypt in late 1073, rapidly eliminated his rivals, and was appointed vizier with plenipotentiary powers, making him a quasi-<a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> or military dictator, with the caliph relegated to his religious duties as <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">imam</a>. Control over the state was solidified with the marriage of one of his daughters to al-Mustansir, and the appointment of his own son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a>, as his successor in 1085. Badr managed to restore order in Egypt and initiated major administrative reforms, defeated Turkoman attempts to invade Egypt, and recovered control over <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. He initiated a series of new constructions, including the <a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a> and the new city wall of Cairo, some of whose gates stand to this day. Badr's renure saved the Fatimid regime, but also began a period where the vizierate was dominated by military strongmen who held power on their own, rather than through caliphal appointment, and who increasingly sidelined the caliphs to <a href="/wiki/Puppet_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet rulers">puppet rulers</a>. Badr also initiated a wave of Armenian migration into Egypt, and was the first of a series of viziers of Armenian origin, who played a major role in the fortunes of the Fatimid Caliphate over the subsequent century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career_in_Syria">Early life and career in Syria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career in Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Badr was of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> ethnic origin, and born sometime between 1005 and 1008; he is recorded as being over 80 years of age at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201380_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201380-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his <a href="/wiki/Nasab" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasab">patroymic</a> 'ibn Abdallah' indicates, he was most likely born into a Christian family and later converted to Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was purchased as a military slave (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a></i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam" title="Ghulam">ghulam</a></i></span>) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamal_al-Dawla_ibn_Ammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamal al-Dawla ibn Ammar (page does not exist)">Jamal al-Dawla ibn Ammar</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a>, whence he acquired his <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">epithet</a> of 'al-Jamali'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name, Badr, meaning 'full moon', is likewise typical for slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise his early life and career until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1063</span> are obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the historian <a href="/wiki/Seta_Dadoyan" title="Seta Dadoyan">Seta Dadoyan</a> suggests that he may be identifiable with a namesake <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Najm_Badr" title="Abu'l-Najm Badr">Abu'l-Najm Badr</a>, a young Armenian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghulam</i></span> who briefly ruled over <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> on behalf of the Fatimids in 1022.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107–112_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107–112-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point, Badr married the daughter of Ruqtash, a <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> officer in the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_governorship_of_Damascus">First governorship of Damascus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First governorship of Damascus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Badr's career begins to be documented in April 1063, when he was appointed military governor of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">its province</a> in succession to al-Mu'ayyad Mu'tazz al-Dawla Haydara ibn al-Husayn. Badr is recorded at this point as bearing the <a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">honorific titles</a> of 'Crown of Commanders' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Taj al-Umara</i></span>), 'Commander of the Armies' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muqaddam al-Juyush</i></span>), and 'Honour of the Realm' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sharaf al-Mulk</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989623,_629_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989623,_629-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made Mizza near Damascus his residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Thierry Bianquis</a>, Badr may have tried to exploit local rivalries to strengthen his position, by choosing as fiscal administrator Yahya ibn Zayd al-Zaydi, who hailed from one of the two powerful <a href="/wiki/Husaynid" class="mw-redirect" title="Husaynid">Husaynid</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">ashraf</a></i></span> families of the city, the other being the Banu Abi'l-Jinn family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629–630_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629–630-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that had previously held the post, along with that of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i></span> of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989626–629_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989626–629-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badr's tenure was cut short little more than a year later, in June/July 1064, after clashes between his troops and the local people and the urban militia (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ahdath" title="Ahdath">ahdath</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989630–631_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989630–631-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other governors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydara_ibn_Manzu_ibn_Nu%27man_al-Kutami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydara ibn Manzu ibn Nu'man al-Kutami (page does not exist)">Haydara al-Kutami</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durri_al-Mustansiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durri al-Mustansiri (page does not exist)">Durri al-Mustansiri</a>, followed in short succession, but by the end of the year Damascus was left without governor for several months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989631_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989631-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troubles in Syria were symptomatic of the <a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">wider crisis</a> afflicting the Fatimid state, which during this period neared complete collapse. The weak rule of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1036–1094</span>) had opened the central government to intrigues and rivalries; the <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">vizierate</a> was held by favourites of the Caliph's mother, <a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a>, changing hands over thirty times between 1063–1067; and factional infighting between the different ethnic contingents of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> broke out, crippling the administration and exhausting the treasury. Open clashes broke out in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> between the Turks and the black African troops (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sudan</i></span>) favoured by Rasad in 1062 and again in 1067, when the Turks under <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_Ibn_Hamdan" title="Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan</a> seized control of the capital and expelled their rivals to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007193–194_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007193–194-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003401–402_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003401–402-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_governorship_of_Damascus">Second governorship of Damascus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second governorship of Damascus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 July 1066, Badr returned to Damascus, not only as its governor, but of all of Syria, with the additional honorific of 'Sword of Islam' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sayf al-Islam</i></span>), and took possession of the Qasr al-Saltana fortress, located just outside the city walls, as his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632–633,_636_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632–633,_636-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few days he learned of the death of his son, Sha'ban, at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Badr's second tenure in Damascus proved as troubled as the first, facing uprisings by the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahdath</i></span>, whose motives are unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633–634_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633–634-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His persecution of the Banu Abi'l-Jinn is recorded, as well as the imprisonment or exile of several of the city's notables. Among the exiles was Abu Tahir Haydara ibn Ibrahim Ibn Abi'l-Jinn, who served as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Naqib_al-ashraf" title="Naqib al-ashraf">naqib al-ashraf</a></i></span> (dean of the <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a>) in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Tahir went to Cairo to lodge complaint with Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan, who then held power in Egypt and was a declared rival of Badr. Ibn Hamdan tried to enlist Abu Tahir and the Bedouin tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> in the cause of eliminating Badr; the latter had opposed the Bedouin tribes (<a href="/wiki/Banu_Tayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Tayy">Banu Tayy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Banu Kalb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qays" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Qays">Banu Qays</a>) who, taking advantage of the weakening of Fatimid authority, tried to seize lands in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawran_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawran Plain (page does not exist)">Hawran Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> valley. Ibn Hamdan released <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humayd_ibn_Mahmud_ibn_al-Mufarrij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Humayd ibn Mahmud ibn al-Mufarrij (page does not exist)">Humayd</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hazim_ibn_Ali_ibn_al-Mufarrij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hazim ibn Ali ibn al-Mufarrij (page does not exist)">Hazim</a>, two imprisoned members of the <a href="/wiki/Banu%27l-Jarrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu'l-Jarrah">Banu'l-Jarrah</a>, the leading family of the Tayy, gave them 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">gold dinars</a> to kill Badr, and sent Abu Tahir along with them to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989635–636_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989635–636-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badr was also unable to halt the collapse of the Fatimid state's authority in the region, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Aleppo">Emirate of Aleppo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief city of northern Syria, Aleppo had become a Fatimid vassal <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1009</span>. After that, periods of direct Fatimid rule alternated with rule by the local <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a>; the last Fatimid attempt to recover direct control of the city <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Funaydiq" title="Battle of al-Funaydiq">was defeated</a> in 1060 and marked the start of Fatimid decline in the region, although the Mirdasids continued to recognize nominal Fatimid suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007183,_192,_195_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007183,_192,_195-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factinal conflict between members of the Mirdasid clan continued to plague Aleppo, however, until in 1065, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_ibn_Mirdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud ibn Mirdas">Mahmud ibn Mirdas</a> seized the city. In 1067, according to the 13th-century Damascene historian <a href="/wiki/Sibt_ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Sibt ibn al-Jawzi">Sibt ibn al-Jawzi</a>, Mahmud refused a demand by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1036–1094</span>) to resume raids against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, render tribute and expel the Turkoman warrior band under <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khan" title="Ibn Khan">Ibn Khan</a> that had helped him gain Aleppo. Badr was instructed to bring Mahmud to heel, and turned to the latter's deposed uncle, <a href="/wiki/Atiyya_ibn_Salih" title="Atiyya ibn Salih">Atiyya ibn Salih</a>, promising him assistance to regain control of Aleppo. Atiyya marched on Aleppo, but the two Mirdasids were reconciled by Ibn Ammar of Tripoli, dividing the emirate between themselves and confirming their nominal allegiance to the Fatimid caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989586–589_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989586–589-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Atiyya went to Damascus to join Badr, however, his stronghold, <a href="/wiki/Rahba" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahba">Rahba</a>, was seized by the <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid" class="mw-redirect" title="Uqaylid">Uqaylid</a> emir of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_Quraysh" title="Muslim ibn Quraysh">Muslim ibn Quraysh</a>, who had the <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayer</a> read in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989588_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989588-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1068, Badr had to abandon Qasr al-Saltana, although this may have been related to damages it suffered during the <a href="/wiki/1068_Near_East_earthquake" title="1068 Near East earthquake">severe earthquake</a> of that month. A letter from May 1068 at any rate describes Damascus as deprived of all government authority, the Qasr al-Saltana ransacked by the populace, and Badr having fled to <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636–637_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636–637-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by Qutb al-Dawla Bariz Tughan (accompanied by Abu Tahir Ibn Abi'l-Jinn), likely invested as governor by Ibn Hamdan. Shortly after, in July 1068, Badr arrived with his troops and Bedouin auxiliaries before the city, but was unable to hold his position and had to retire to Ascalon. In his wake, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahdath</i></span> completed the destruction of the Qasr al-Saltana, the chief symbol of Fatimid rule over Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989637–638_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989637–638-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qutb al-Dawla and Abu Tahir did not succeed to restore order. The quarrels between the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahdath</i></span> and the Fatimid soldiers continued, with Badr sending one of his officers to help the latter organize. Badr also bought off the Jarrahid Hazim for 10,000 dinars, while his cousin Humayd sought a similar arrangement. In the end, Qutb al-Dawla and Abu Tahir fled Damascus for Egypt after a few weeks, but were captured by the Tayy in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> and sold to Badr for 12,000 dinars, rich vestments, and the grant of estates. Abu Tahir was paraded through Acre on a donkey, before being strangled and his corpse flayed. This humiliating death of one of the most distinguished Alids on Syria only served to increase the Damascenes' hatred of Badr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989638–639_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989638–639-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Badr_in_Acre">Badr in Acre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Badr in Acre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 1060s, the Fatimid Caliphate seemed on the verge of collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Egypt, poor harvests from a series of low <a href="/wiki/Nile_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile floods">Nile floods</a> coupled with the anarchy and the depradations of the Turkish soldiery created a financial crisis and widespread famine. Caliph al-Mustansir was forced to sell his treasures to meet the Turks' extortionate demands, which did not prevent them from looting the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid palaces</a> and libraries and destroyeing much of the capital <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003403–404_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003403–404-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When one part of the Turks accused Nasir al-Dawla of not distributing the loot fairly, he was forced to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, from where he appealed for aid to the Seljuk sultan, <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1063–1072</span>), and promised to restore Egypt to Abbasid and Sunni allegiance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003414–415_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003414–415-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989593_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989593-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, a century of Fatimid suzerainty over the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and the two holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> also ended, as the <a href="/wiki/Sharif_of_Mecca" title="Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a> also declared his submission to the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989592–593_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989592–593-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003415_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003415-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Syria, Fatimid rule was already tentative, as the collapse of centralized authority had led to the establishment of isolated, regional centres of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north, although the population of Aleppo itself was mostly Shi'ite and favourable to the Fatimids, the evident weakness of the Fatimid state and the mounting pressure of the Seljuk expansion, led Mahmud to recognize Abbasid suzerainty in 1070.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989590–592_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989590–592-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central Syria, Damascus was held by Abu Tahir's brother Muhtass al-Dawla,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before power was seized by the Fatimid officer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27alla_ibn_Haydara_ibn_Manzu_al-Kutami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'alla ibn Haydara ibn Manzu al-Kutami (page does not exist)">Mu'alla al-Kutami</a>, whose father Haydara had served briefly as governor in 1064. Al-Kutami managed to hold on to power through a series of clashes involving the <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrebi">Maghrebi</a> and Eastern contingents of the Fatimid garrison, the Damascenes, and the Banu Kalb. Confronted with the Damascenes' attempts to oust them from the city, al-Kutami and his Maghrebi followers turned to Badr, who formally confirmed al-Kutami as governor of Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640–643_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640–643-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramla and coastal Palestine answered to Ibn Hamdan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Badr held the coastal cities of Acre, Ascalon, Sidon, and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qadi</i></span>s of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Hasan_ibn_Abd_Allah_ibn_Abi_Aqil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Hasan ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi Aqil (page does not exist)">Ibn Abi Aqil</a>, and of Tripoli, Ibn Ammar, supported by their cities' merchant aristocracies, ruled as de facto autonomous princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201326_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201326-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badr aimed to subdue Tyre, which by virtue of its position cut his territories in half, but his first attack on the city was thwarted by the presence of al-Kutami's troops. After Badr and al-Kutami reconciled, Badr once more marched on Tyre. Ibn Abi Aqil turned to the Turkoman warlord <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaralu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaralu (page does not exist)">Qaralu</a>, who attacked Sidon with 6,000 men. Badr defeated him and returned to lay siege to Tyre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643–644_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643–644-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Abi Aqil then turned to Ibn Khan, who with his own Turkoman warband arrived before Tyre. To the consternation of Ibn Abi Aqil, the Turks began fraternizing with Badr's troops. When the ruler of Tyre had Ibn Khan assassinated in revenge, his men joined Badr's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr was soon also joined by Turks from Egypt, opponents of Ibn Hamdan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had once again seized control of Cairo. To secure his position, Ibn Hamdan tried to ensure that his powerful rival remained occupied in Syria. While Badr was engaged with besieging Tyre, Ibn Hamdan encouraged rebellions among the Bedouin tribes of the Banu Sanbas and Banu Tayy, installing his own brother Fakhr al-Arab as governor in Ramla to rally the opposition to Badr, as well as sending encouraging messages to al-Kutami, and even to Alp Arslan himself, inviting him to invade Syria and conquer it from the Fatimids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201327_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201327-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989645_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989645-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 January 1071, the Seljuk ruler <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> crossed the river <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> into Syria to campaign against the Fatimids, before being hastily diverted north to fight the Byzantines at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Manzikert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201325–26,_48_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201325–26,_48-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003416,_418_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003416,_418-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, Badr recruited to his cause the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz (tribe)">Oghuz</a> clan of the Nawikis, that was fleeing the onslaught of the Seljuks, to combat the Bedouin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201343–47_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201343–47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/Atsiz_ibn_Uvaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Atsiz ibn Uvaq">Atsiz ibn Uvaq</a>, in 1071 some of these Turkomen captured Ramla and Jerusalem, which had been severely damaged by the 1068 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201346–48_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201346–48-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have initially been done at Badr's request, to root out the opposition being gathered there by Ibn Hamdan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but soon—possibly as the result of quarrels over the payments he received—Atsiz began acting as an independent ruler, and in late 1072/early 1073 acknowledged the suzerainty of the Abbasid caliph and the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Malikshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Malikshah">Malikshah</a> in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECahen1960750_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen1960750-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atsiz launched repeated attacks on Damascus, still held by al-Kutami and his men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646–647_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646–647-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Badr in Acre, before launching a raid into Egypt itself in 1072, devastating the Nile Delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vizierate">Vizierate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vizierate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March/April 1073, Ibn Hamdan and his relatives were murdered by a rival Turkish commander, but this did not stop the factional infighting in Cairo. Al-Mustansir seized upon a drastic solution to his problems, and secretly called upon Badr for aid. The latter accepted, provided that he could bring him his Armenian troops with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the sailing season was well past and the winter storms begun, Badr embarked his troops. His luck held, and thanks to uncommonly fair weather he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> in December 1073, catching everyone by surprise. He immediately exacted monetary levies from the merchants of <a href="/wiki/Tinnis" title="Tinnis">Tinnis</a>, and marched south on <a href="/wiki/Qalyub" title="Qalyub">Qalyub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unaware of the reason for Badr's arrival, the Turkish factions in Cairo did not suspect him of ill intentions. Badr and the caliph communicated in secret, leading first to the arrest of the Turkish commander Yaldakush. Badr himself arrived in Cairo alone, on the evening of 27 January 1074, and at first avoided any open signs of being in collusion with al-Mustansir. Instead he invited the Turkish commanders for banquets at his residence, where he gave them the impression that he scorned the caliph. In the meantime, Badr's troops joined him singly in Cairo so as not to arouse suspicion, until some 900 had gathered. At that point, Badr invited the rival officers to a sumptuous banquet, where they were assassinated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a18_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following this feat, al-Mustansir proclaimed Badr as vizier with a plenitude of powers and titles: as well as remaining commander-in-chief (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Amir al-Juyush</i></span>), he was also chief justice as 'Protector of the judges of the Muslims' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kafil Qudat al-Muslimin</i></span>), and head of the Isma'ili missionary network as 'Guide of the Missionaries of the Believers' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Hadi Du'at al-Mu'minin</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194–195_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194–195-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Arabic authors describe his position as a "vizierate of the sword and the pen" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wizarat al-sayf wa'l-qalam</i></span>) to highlight the fusion of military and civilian authority, or "vizierate with plenary powers" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">wizarat al-tafwid</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Imad199061–69_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Imad199061–69-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while modern historians term Badr a "military dictator".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199146_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199146-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military foundation of Badr's power was exemplified by the title of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Amir al-Juyush</i></span> (popularly <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mirgush</i></span>), which not only became the name most commonly associated with him, but was also used by Badr as his proper patronymic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199147–48_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199147–48-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998153_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998153-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His private army, some 7,000 strong, formed the core of a new regiment, called the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Juyushiyya</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his own properties and servants were designated with the <a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">adjective surname</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Juyushi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199148_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199148-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Heinz Halm</a> argues that to all intents and purposes, Badr's position was analogous to that of sultan, adopted a few decades earlier by the Seljuk ruler <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Beg">Tughril Beg</a> to frame his authority vis-à-vis the Abbasid caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–208_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–208-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael Brett on the other hand points out that the amplitude of powers vested in Badr was unprecedented, and included matters of religion, which properly belonged to al-Mustansir's sphere of authority as imam, as well as the dispensation of justice, a core attribute of sovereignty. Brett insists that Badr was not a "sultan coming in from the outside like Tughril Beg and <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, but an insider identified with the dynasty and its cause".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017208_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017208-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_governance">Domestic governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Domestic governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once nominated as vizier, Badr began a purge, not only among the remaining Turkish officers, but also among the high officials. The vizierate alone had changed hands dozens of times during the preceding anarchy, and Badr executed many of its holders, as well as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qadi</i></span>s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a19,_21_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a19,_21-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confiscated properties of all the purged officers and officials helped replenish the empty caliphal treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the establishment of control over Cairo, in 1075 Badr proceeded to restore central control in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Luwata" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwata">Luwata</a> Berbers had established their rule during the anarchy, gathering the harvest and hoarding it to drive up prices, without paying any taxes to the treasury or bothering to see to the upkeep of the vital irrigation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr proceeded to clear the Delta from east to west. Although the Luwata chieftain, Sulayman, had aided Badr when the latter landed in Egypt, both he and his son were killed, while Alexandria and Damietta were taken by storm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The re-establishment of Fatimid control over Upper Egypt proved more difficult, as the local Bedouin tribes defended the virtual independence they had gained over the previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr proceeded against them in summer 1076, taking the Bedouin by surprise in their camp at night and killing most of them, while others were pursued until they drowned in the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, on the border with the Christian <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, was captured, completing the conquest of the entirety of Egypt. The local autonomous ruler, <a href="/wiki/Kanz_al-Dawla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanz al-Dawla">Kanz al-Dawla</a>, fled to the Nubians, but was handed over to Badr and executed in Cairo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1076, Badr had restored the authority of the central government over Egypt, and the Caliph al-Mustansir was reduced to the purely ritual role as head of the Isma'ili community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Isma'ilism was restored as the official doctrine, Fatimid ceremonies were reduced, and Sunnis and other Shi'a communities were allowed to practice their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr retained overall control of religious affairs, and sponsored the building of both mosques and churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badr also undertook a major administrative reform of Egypt. Until that time, the country had been divided in a large number (between 60 and 96) of small districts (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kura_(administrative_division)" title="Kura (administrative division)">kūra</a></i></span>), which in some form or other dated to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pagarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagarch">pagarchiae</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Greco-Roman Egypt</a>. Badr abolished and replaced them with 23 provinces (14 in Lower Egypt and 9 in Upper Egypt), which in broad outlines survive to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Badr encouraged the immigration of Armenians, Muslim and Christian alike, into Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr also sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Church">Armenian Church</a>, which became a serious rival to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Church">Coptic Church</a> and established its own, separate hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the century, the Armenian community in Egypt numbered almost 100,000 people, and was represented among the highest civil and military offices of Fatimid Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_and_military_activities">Foreign policy and military activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign policy and military activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria">Syria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Badr's departure for Egypt had only increased the power vacuum in Syria, leaving the field open for increasing numbers of Turkoman warrior bands coming from the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24–25_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24–25-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such chieftain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9E%C3%B6gl%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şöglü (page does not exist)">Şöglü</a>, captured Acre, where Badr had left his wife and children. Atsiz, who regarded himself by then as the overall leader of the Turkomans in Syria, demanded their handover, but Şöglü refused and sent them to Egypt. Shortly after Şöglü and Atsiz fought over possession of Tiberias, a struggle in which Atsiz emerged victorious. The inhabitants of Acre however pre-empted Atsiz' attack on them and called upon the Fatimid garrison of Tyre for protection. Thwarted at Acre, Atsiz turned on Damascus. Resistance was hampered by the rivalries between the local population and the Berber garrison, as well as the outbreak of famine in the city, which capitulated in June/July 1076.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a25_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a25-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emboldened by his success, Atsiz gathered his forces and invaded Egypt in December 1076, raiding and laying waste to the area of the Nile Delta. Panic broke out in Cairo, where the populace thronged before the gates of the caliphal palaces, asking al-Mustansir to deliver them from the Turkomans. Badr, who had been campaigning in Upper Egypt, returned in haste north and busily recruited as many men as he could—including 3,000 Hajj pilgrims and defectors from Atsiz' army. In a battle north of Cairo in February 1077, Atsiz' army was heavily defeated, and he barely escaped with a remnant of his army into Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a26–27_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a26–27-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaza and Ramla shut their doors against Atsiz, who had to withdraw to Damascus. Most of the cities of Palestine returned to Fatimid allegiance, including Jerusalem, where the inhabitants massacred the Turkomans of the garrison. The Turkoman chieftain was not finished, however; he recaptured Jerusalem, in turn massacring its inhabitants, restored his rule over Ramla, which was abandoned by its people, and punished Gaza by storming it and massacring its inhabitants. He then launched a raid into the borders of Egypt and captured the Fatimid-held port city of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, before returning to Damascus, declaring that next he would repeat his invasion of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a27–28_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a27–28-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badr countered this threat by launching his own invasion of Syria, sending his general Aftekin al-Juyushi to attack Damascus. A first attempt in autumn 1077 or spring 1078 failed, but in summer 1078 the Fatimid army laid siege to the city. Atsiz sought assistance from Malikshah, who, displeased with the Turkoman's ineffectiveness, granted possession of Damascus to his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Tutush" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutush">Tutush</a>, as an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a>. When Tutush and his forces appeared before Damascus, the Fatimids withdrew to the coast. Atsiz surrendered Damascus to Tutush, only to be executed in September/October 1078.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElisséeff1965282_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisséeff1965282-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a28_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a28-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabia">Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1075, the two holy cities, Mecca and Medina, that had for a time recognized the Abbasid caliphs, reverted to Fatimid suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, dissensions arose between Atsiz and his brothers. One of them, Mankli, made contact with Badr, and even restored the name of al-Mustansir in the Friday prayer in his territories around Acre. He did not last long against Atsiz, however, and was forced to flee to Rufaynah in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1076, Atsiz marched against Egypt but Badr declared <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihād</a></i> against him. Defeated, Atsiz withdrew to Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348–49_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348–49-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1079, Badr sent his fellow Armenian, Nasr al-Dawla, against Atsiz in Damascus, while from the north the Seljuks under <a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush</a> approached the city (October 1079). In the event, the Fatimids withdrew, and Damascus, along with most of Syria, fell to the Seljuks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201349_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201349-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Badr died on 21 June 1094. Al-Mustansir tried to regain the powers he had ceded to him, but the majority of Badr's officers supported the succession of Badr's son al-Afdal as vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199148_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199148-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Badr's position in the history of the Fatimid state is pivotal. While the fusion of administrative and judicial powers in the person of the vizier was the culmination of a process already evident under previous holders, Badr was the first military man to rise to the vizierate ("vizier of the sword") under the Fatimids, and furthermore owed his position not to the Caliph, but to the support of a private military force, personally loyal to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199146–47_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199146–47-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998153_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998153-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this Badr also set the tone for his successors: until the end of the Fatimid regime in 1171, the vizierate was held mostly by military strongmen, who sidelined the caliphs and were the <i>de facto</i> rulers of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998153,_157_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998153,_157-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these strongmen were Armenian, like Badr: Badr with his son al-Afdal and grandson <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a> provided a "miniature dynasty" of viziers, and three more Muslim Armenian viziers would follow until the assassination of the last of them, <a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a>, in 1163. During this "Armenian period" in the history of Fatimid Egypt, the Armenians provided the mainstay of the Fatimid dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997106_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997106-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367–68,_77_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367–68,_77-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1080s, to protect the city from possible Seljuk attack, Badr ordered the refortification of Cairo. The old <a href="/wiki/Mud_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud brick">mud brick</a> walls, built when Cairo had been founded in the 970s, were entirely replaced by a new stone fortification, supervised by builders from northern Syria. Three of the gates of Badr's city wall still stand to this day (<a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Nasr, Cairo">Bab al-Nasr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a>), as well as a section of the northern city wall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also built the <a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a> on the Muqattam Hill, in memory of his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Awhad_(son_of_Badr_al-Jamali)" title="Al-Awhad (son of Badr al-Jamali)">al-Awhad</a>, who rebelled in Alexandria and was killed in 1085.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most notable surviving wood art objects from the Fatimid period is also the <i><a href="/wiki/Minbar" title="Minbar">minbar</a></i> commissioned by Badr for the shrine of the head of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ascalon</a> (now located at the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Ibrahimi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Minbar_of_the_Ibrahimi_Mosque" title="Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque">Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2012_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan2010_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2010">Dadoyan 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker1960870_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker1960">Becker 1960</a>, p. 870.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201380-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201380_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a17_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan1997">Dadoyan 1997</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107–112-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997107–112_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan1997">Dadoyan 1997</a>, pp. 107–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989623,_629-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989623,_629_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 623, 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997112_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan1997">Dadoyan 1997</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629–630-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989629–630_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 629–630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989626–629-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989626–629_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 626–629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989630–631-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989630–631_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 630–631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989631-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989631_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007193–194-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007193–194_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003401–402-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003401–402_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 401–402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632–633,_636-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632–633,_636_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 632–633, 636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989632_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 632.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633–634-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633–634_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 633–634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989635–636-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989635–636_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 635–636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989633_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007183,_192,_195-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007183,_192,_195_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 183, 192, 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989586–589-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989586–589_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 586–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989588-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989588_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 588.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636–637-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989636–637_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 636–637.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989637–638-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989637–638_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 637–638.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989638–639-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989638–639_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 638–639.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003403–404-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003403–404_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 403–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003414–415-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003414–415_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989593-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989593_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989592–593-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989592–593_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 592–593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003415-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003415_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989639–640_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 639–640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989590–592-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989590–592_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 590–592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640–643-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640–643_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 640–643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989640_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 640.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201326-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201326_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643–644-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989643–644_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 643–644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989644_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 644.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201327-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201327_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989645-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989645_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201325–26,_48-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201325–26,_48_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, pp. 25–26, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2003416,_418-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2003416,_418_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2003">Halm 2003</a>, pp. 416, 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201343–47-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201343–47_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, pp. 43–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201346–48-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201346–48_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen1960750-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECahen1960750_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCahen1960">Cahen 1960</a>, p. 750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989647_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646–647-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBianquis1989646–647_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBianquis1989">Bianquis 1989</a>, pp. 646–647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a18-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a18_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014b_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014b">Halm 2014b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194–195-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007194–195_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Imad199061–69-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Imad199061–69_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Imad1990">al-Imad 1990</a>, pp. 61–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199146-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199146_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1991">Lev 1991</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199147–48-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199147–48_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1991">Lev 1991</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998153-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998153_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998153_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders1998">Sanders 1998</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199148-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199148_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199148_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1991">Lev 1991</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–208-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017207–208_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, pp. 207–208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrett2017208-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrett2017208_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrett2017">Brett 2017</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a19,_21-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a19,_21_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, pp. 19, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Imad1990104_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Imad1990">al-Imad 1990</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a21_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24–25-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a24–25_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a25-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a25_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a26–27-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a26–27_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a27–28-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a27–28_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElisséeff1965282-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElisséeff1965282_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElisséeff1965">Elisséeff 1965</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a28-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm2014a28_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm2014a">Halm 2014a</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348–49-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201348–49_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201349-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201349_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELev199146–47-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELev199146–47_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLev1991">Lev 1991</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders1998153,_157-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders1998153,_157_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders1998">Sanders 1998</a>, pp. 153, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997106-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan1997106_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan1997">Dadoyan 1997</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367–68,_77-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDadoyan201367–68,_77_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDadoyan2013">Dadoyan 2013</a>, pp. 67–68, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2012-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2012_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBloom2012_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBloom2012">Bloom 2012</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/28px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/43px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png/57px-Calif_al_Muizz_Misr_Cairo_969_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Portal:Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFal-Imad1990" class="citation book cs1">al-Imad, Leila S. (1990). <i>The Fatimid Vizierate (979-1172)</i>. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-922968-82-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-922968-82-1"><bdi>3-922968-82-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Vizierate+%28979-1172%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Klaus+Schwarz+Verlag&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-922968-82-1&rft.aulast=al-Imad&rft.aufirst=Leila+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Becker, C. H. (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1018">"Badr al-Ḏj̲amālī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 869–870. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Badr+al-%E1%B8%8Ej%CC%B2am%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=869-870&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_1018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianquis1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Thierry</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ifpo.6458"><i>Damas et la Syrie sous la domination fatimide (359-468/969-1076). Deuxième tome</i></a> (in French). Presses de l’Ifpo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-526-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-526-8"><bdi>978-2-35159-526-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damas+et+la+Syrie+sous+la+domination+fatimide+%28359-468%2F969-1076%29.+Deuxi%C3%A8me+tome&rft.pub=Presses+de+l%E2%80%99Ifpo&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-526-8&rft.aulast=Bianquis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.ifpo.6458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Bloom" title="Jonathan M. Bloom">Bloom, Jonathan M.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27044">"Fāṭimid art and architecture"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27044">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimid+art+and+architecture&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27044&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2017" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael (2017). <i>The Fatimid Empire</i>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4076-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Empire&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4076-8&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Cahen, Claude</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0855">"Atsiz b. Uvak"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 750–751. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atsiz+b.+Uvak&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=750-751&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadoyan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seta_Dadoyan" title="Seta Dadoyan">Dadoyan, Seta B.</a> (1997). <i>The Fatimid Armenians: Cultural and Political Interaction in the Near East</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10816-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10816-5"><bdi>90-04-10816-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatimid+Armenians%3A+Cultural+and+Political+Interaction+in+the+Near+East&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10816-5&rft.aulast=Dadoyan&rft.aufirst=Seta+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadoyan2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seta_Dadoyan" title="Seta Dadoyan">Dadoyan, Seta</a> (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23492">"Badr al-Jamālī"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Badr+al-Jam%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Dadoyan&rft.aufirst=Seta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_23492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDadoyan2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seta_Dadoyan" title="Seta Dadoyan">Dadoyan, Seta B.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQNgF8GizakC"><i>The Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World, Paradigms of Interaction, Seventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Volume Two: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigms, Case of Cilicia: Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries</i></a>. New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4577-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-4577-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians+in+the+Medieval+Islamic+World%2C+Paradigms+of+Interaction%2C+Seventh+to+Fourteenth+Centuries.+Volume+Two%3A+Armenian+Realpolitik+in+the+Islamic+World+and+Diverging+Paradigms%2C+Case+of+Cilicia%3A+Eleventh+to+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.place=New+Brunswick+and+London&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4577-9&rft.aulast=Dadoyan&rft.aufirst=Seta+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQNgF8GizakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSO9zh61AGEC"><i>The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines</i></a> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61636-2"><bdi>978-0-521-61636-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%B1%CC%84l%C4%B1%CC%84s%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61636-2&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcSO9zh61AGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisséeff1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Elisséeff, N. (1965). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0167">"Dimas̲h̲ḳ"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 277–291. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dimas%CC%B2h%CC%B2%E1%B8%B3&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=277-291&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Eliss%C3%A9eff&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj2bhVntO3EC"><i>Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fatimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074</i></a> [<i>The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074</i>] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-48654-1"><bdi>3-406-48654-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kalifen+von+Kairo%3A+Die+Fatimiden+in+%C3%84gypten%2C+973%E2%80%931074&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-406-48654-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHj2bhVntO3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2014a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AtfNAgAAQBAJ"><i>Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171</i></a> [<i>Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171</i>] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17104%2F9783406661648-1">10.17104/9783406661648-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-66163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-66163-1"><bdi>978-3-406-66163-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870587158">870587158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalifen+und+Assassinen%3A+%C3%84gypten+und+der+vordere+Orient+zur+Zeit+der+ersten+Kreuzz%C3%BCge%2C+1074%E2%80%931171&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870587158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17104%2F9783406661648-1&rft.isbn=978-3-406-66163-1&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAtfNAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm2014b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm, Heinz</a> (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27045">"Fāṭimids"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADimids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1991" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Yaacov (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC"><i>State and Society in Fatimid Egypt</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004093447" title="Special:BookSources/9789004093447"><bdi>9789004093447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+Fatimid+Egypt&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789004093447&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2LwgIL_bpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1998" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Paula A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3FtXpB_tqMC&pg=PA151">"The Fatimid State, 969–1171"</a>. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47137-0"><bdi>0-521-47137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Fatimid+State%2C+969%E2%80%931171&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt%2C+Volume+1%3A+Islamic+Egypt%2C+640%E2%80%931517&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=151-174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-47137-0&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Paula+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3FtXpB_tqMC%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badr_al-Jamali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajjadi2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sajjadi, Sadeq (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/badr-al-jamali-COM_034458?s.num=16&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica&s.q=fatimid+caliph">"Badr al-Jamālī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica Online</i>. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Badr+al-Jam%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Sajjadi&rft.aufirst=Sadeq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Fbadr-al-jamali-COM_034458%3Fs.num%3D16%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-islamica%26s.q%3Dfatimid%2Bcaliph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABadr+al-Jamali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hasan_ibn_al-Qadi_ibn_Kudaynah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hasan ibn al-Qadi ibn Kudaynah (page does not exist)">al-Hasan ibn al-Qadi ibn Kudaynah</a> or<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Ala_Abd_al-Ghani_ibn_Nasr_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Dayf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Ala Abd al-Ghani ibn Nasr ibn Sa'id al-Dayf (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Ala Abd al-Ghani ibn Nasr ibn Sa'id al-Dayf</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> </b><br />1074–1094 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fatimid_Caliphate_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fatimid_caliphs" title="List of Fatimid caliphs">Imam-Caliphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">al-Mahdi Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Billah" title="Al-Mansur Billah">al-Mansur Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">al-Aziz Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">al-Mustansir Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">al-Musta'li Billah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkam_Allah" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah">al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid li-Din Allah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Dynasty</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Foundation and rise (909–973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah#Establishment_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ziyadat_Allah_ibn_Qurhub" title="Ahmad ibn Ziyadat Allah ibn Qurhub">1st Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(914%E2%80%93915)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914–915)">1st invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_invasion_of_Egypt_(919%E2%80%93921)" title="Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919–921)">2nd invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi#Governorship_of_Sicily" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">2nd Sicilian revolt</a></li> <li>Rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abu Yazid</a> (943–947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_campaigns_in_the_western_Maghreb_(958%E2%80%93960)" title="Fatimid campaigns in the western Maghreb (958–960)">Conquest of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Fatimid conquest of Egypt">Conquest of Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Apogee and crisis (973–1073)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Expansion into Syria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="First Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Qarmatian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Second Qarmatian invasion of Egypt">2nd</a> Qarmatian invasions</li> <li>Struggle with <a href="/wiki/Alptakin" title="Alptakin">Alptakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li> <li>Uprisings of <a href="/wiki/Mufarrij_ibn_Daghfal_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah">Muffarij b. Daghfal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Uqhuwana" title="Battle of al-Uqhuwana">Bedouin alliance uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rakwa" title="Abu Rakwa">Abu Rakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilalian_invasion_of_Ifriqiya" title="Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya">Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Funaydiq" title="Battle of al-Funaydiq">Loss of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustansirite_Hardship" title="Mustansirite Hardship">Mustansirite Hardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Recovery and downfall (1073–1171)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Dictatorship of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li>Revolt of <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a></li> <li>Regime of <a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a> and accession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">al-Hafiz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> schism</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">End of the Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Blacks" title="Battle of the Blacks">Battle of the Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Fatimid_conspiracy_against_Saladin" title="Pro-Fatimid conspiracy against Saladin">Conspiracy against Saladin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government<br />and military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Fatimid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)">Viziers</a><br />and regents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawdhar" title="Jawdhar">Jawdhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub_ibn_Killis" title="Ya'qub ibn Killis">Ya'qub ibn Killis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_Ammar_al-Kalbi" title="Al-Hasan ibn Ammar al-Kalbi">Ibn Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjawan" title="Barjawan">Barjawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitt_al-Mulk" title="Sitt al-Mulk">Sitt al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ahmad_al-Jarjara%27i" title="Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i">Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Yazuri" title="Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri">Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasad" title="Rasad">Rasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla_Ibn_Hamdan" title="Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan">Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Badr al-Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutayfat" title="Kutayfat">Kutayfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_al-Hafiz" title="Hasan ibn al-Hafiz">Hasan ibn al-Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_al-Armani" title="Bahram al-Armani">Bahram al-Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridwan_ibn_Walakhshi" title="Ridwan ibn Walakhshi">Ridwan ibn Walakhshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun_al-Bata%27ihi" title="Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi">al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_ibn_al-Sallar" title="Al-Adil ibn al-Sallar">al-Adil ibn al-Sallar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abi_al-Futuh" title="Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh">Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala%27i_ibn_Ruzzik" title="Tala'i ibn Ruzzik">Tala'i ibn Ruzzik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzzik_ibn_Tala%27i" title="Ruzzik ibn Tala'i">Ruzzik ibn Tala'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirgham" title="Dirgham">Dirgham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Vassal dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalbids" title="Kalbids">Kalbids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Sicily</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifs of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Medina" title="Sharifate of Medina">Sharifs of Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Yemen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Lodi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Multan" title="Emirate of Multan">Multan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Fatimid Caliphate">Officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Fatimid Caliphate">governors</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Fatimid Caliphate">generals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi">Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_ibn_Ishaq_al-Tamimi" title="Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi">Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawhar_(general)" title="Jawhar (general)">Jawhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakjur" title="Bakjur">Bakjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjutakin" title="Manjutakin">Manjutakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Basasiri" title="Al-Basasiri">al-Basasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Fadil" title="Qadi al-Fadil">Qadi al-Fadil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_army" title="Fatimid army">Fatimid army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_navy" title="Fatimid navy">Fatimid navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Esotericism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Batin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Zahir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Branches and offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Missionaries</a><br />and theologians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">Ibn Hawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Shi%27i" title="Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i">Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Tammam_(Isma%27ili_missionary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Tammam (Isma'ili missionary) (page does not exist)">Abu Tammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_(Ismaili_missionary_to_Gujarat)" title="Abdallah (Ismaili missionary to Gujarat)">Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Anti-Fatimid<br />movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhu_Muhsin" title="Akhu Muhsin">Akhu Muhsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mahdiya" title="Great Mosque of Mahdiya">Great Mosque of Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skifa_Kahla" title="Skifa Kahla">Skifa Kahla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansouria,_Tunisia" title="Mansouria, Tunisia">Mansuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_Mosque" title="Al-Hakim Mosque">Al-Hakim Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqmar_Mosque" title="Aqmar Mosque">Aqmar Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Futuh" title="Bab al-Futuh">Bab al-Futuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Zuweila" title="Bab Zuweila">Bab Zuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Great_Palaces" title="Fatimid Great Palaces">Fatimid Great Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juyushi_Mosque" title="Juyushi Mosque">Juyushi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_mihrab_from_the_Mashhad_of_Sayyida_Ruqayya" title="Portable mihrab from the Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya">Portable mihrab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salih_Tala%27i_Mosque" title="Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque">Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minbar_of_the_Ibrahimi_Mosque" title="Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque">Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Husayn%27s_Head" title="Shrine of Husayn's Head">Shrine of Husayn's Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Literature and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Iyadi" title="Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi">Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Hani_al-Andalusi_al-Azdi" title="Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi">Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fatimid_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fatimid Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4841100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4841100#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4841100#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2856155286671087180001">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTvPHytRfVPk8qVYJYyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1202980163">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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