CINXE.COM

Research at The Open University

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href="/faculties-themes">Learn more about the OSC programme</a> <a class="ou-introduction ou-button ou-bg-orange mb-0" href="https://societal-challenges.open.ac.uk/">Collaborate with us</a> </div> </div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> <div id="block-block-122" class="block-block clearfix"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/feed2js/style/oro.css" media="all" /></div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> </div> </div> <div id="ou-site-body"> <div id="ou-page"> <div id="ou-region0"> <div class="region region-region0"> <div id="block-block-119" class="block-block clearfix"> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <style> .ou-sections--bar a { padding: 11px 8px 12px 8px !important; } #ou-region1 h1 {display:none;} .at-padding-bottom-0 { padding-bottom: 0px !important; } .at-padding-15 { padding-top: 15px !important; } .at-padding-40 { padding-top: 40px !important; } .at-image-bottom { vertical-align: bottom !important; } #block-block-114 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<!-- /node--> </div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> <div id="block-views-news-home_list" class="block-views clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Research news and articles</h2> <div class="view view-news view-id-news view-display-id-home_list ou-articles view-dom-id-54a934fe365d989c9bd028befa38d94f"> <div class="view-content"> <div> <div id="node-9786" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/several-hands-article.jpg?itok=MGgfAIMA" width="400" height="250" alt="Two people&#039;s hands clasping people&#039;s arms" title="Hands clasping arms" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/shaping-future-palliative-and-end-life-care">Shaping the future of palliative and end of life care research</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Open University researchers are working with Marie Curie, the UK’s leading end of life charity on the future research agenda for palliative and end of life care.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 14th February 2025 </div> </div> </div> <!-- /node--> </div> <div> <div id="node-9736" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/teacher-storytelling-article.jpg?itok=Z0IIOHBN" width="400" height="250" alt="A teacher reading to a group of school children who are wearing white collared shirts and blue jumpers" title="Teacher reading to school children" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/verbal-wins-osc-grant-social-media-resilience-project">Verbal wins OSC grant for social media resilience project</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In a significant boost to youth mental health initiatives, Verbal, a charity based in Londonderry and working across the island of Ireland, dedicated to improving wellbeing through storytelling, has secured &pound;25k funding from the Open Societal Challenges grant for their innovative project, &quot;Beyond &lsquo;Liking&rsquo; or &lsquo;Not Liking&rsquo;: Co-Created Stories for Social Media Resilience.&quot;</p> </div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 12th February 2025 </div> </div> </div> <!-- /node--> </div> <div> <div id="node-9726" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/mental-health-article.jpg?itok=Yl_pF7Al" width="400" height="250" alt="A girl with long dark hair, wearing a white t-shirt and jeans, sitting and hugging her knees" title="A girl with long dark hair, wearing a white t-shirt and jeans, sitting and hugging her knees" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/suffolk-mind-wins-osc-funding-mental-health-research">Suffolk Mind wins OSC funding for mental health research</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Suffolk Mind, an independent mental health charity, has been awarded an Open Societal Challenges (OSC) funding grant to undertake a new research project which aims to address low response rates and the under-representation of mental health service users in research and evaluation activities.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 7th February 2025 </div> </div> </div> <!-- /node--> </div> <div> <div id="node-9721" class="ou-articles__article node node-ou-news node-promoted node-sticky node-teaser ou-articles__article--promoted"> <div class="ou-articles__image"> <img src="https://research.open.ac.uk/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/styles/large/public/news/child-leaves-article.jpg?itok=jFX6A8I9" width="400" height="250" alt="A child holding a red, a green and a yellow leaf in their hands" title="A child holding a red, a green and a yellow leaf in their hands" /> </div> <div class="ou-articles__text"> <h3><a href="/news/researchers-find-disadvantaged-young-people-benefit-supported-nature-activities">Researchers find that disadvantaged young people benefit from supported nature activities</a></h3> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Open University researchers have produced new evidence which suggests that disadvantaged and vulnerable young people benefit from supported nature-focused activities.</p> </div></div></div> <div class="ou-articles__date"> 6th February 2025 </div> </div> </div> <!-- /node--> </div> </div> <a class="ou-button ou-button--more" href="/news"> See all news</a> </div></div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ou-region2"> <div class="ou-clearfix"> </div> <div class="region region-region2"> <div id="block-block-120" class="block-block clearfix"> <h2 class="ou-smaller">Social media</h2> <ul class="ou-list ou-list--social ou-list--social--icons"> <li class="ou-list__youtube rtecenter"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeSVsfXknNvc4CY7Hq58TQw" >YouTube</a></li> <li class="ou-list__facebook rtecenter"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/theopenuniversity/" >Facebook</a></li> <li class="ou-list__twitter rtecenter"><a href="https://twitter.com/openuniversity" >Twitter</a></li> <li class="ou-list__linkedin rtecenter"><a 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<h2 class="block-title">Discover more</h2> <div class="ou-blocks ou-blocks--2-cols ou-blocks--tablet-1-col"> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/faculties-institutes" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Our faculties and institutes</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">Our research is conducted across four faculties, two research institutes, and a variety of inter-faculty research areas.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/people" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Find a researcher</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">We have a global and diverse community of more than 1,200 academic and research staff and 900 postgraduate research students.</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="ou-hero"> <a href="/engagement" class="ou-hero__link"> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-grey"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title">Our research services</h3> <p class="ou-hero__description">We 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class="ou-hero__title"><a class="ou-hero__link" href="/societal-challenges/living-well/managing-our-ageing" id="white-link">Engaging with healthy ageing</a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="ou-hero"><img alt="Two glass bottles, one with clear water in and the other with blue water in" class="ou-hero__image" src="/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/images/article/wastewater-process-article.jpg" title="Two glass bottles, one with clear water in and the other with blue water in" /> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-dark-blue"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title"><a a="" class="ou-hero__link" href="/societal-challenges/sustainability/waste-resource" id="white-link">Waste as a resource: SPLICE Project</a></h3> </div> </div> <div class="ou-hero"><img alt="Members of a jury" class="ou-hero__image" src="/sites/research.open.ac.uk/files/images/article/shutterstock-121503349-jury-article.jpg" title="Members of a jury" /> <div class="ou-hero__wording ou-bg-dark-blue"> <h3 class="ou-hero__title"><a class="ou-hero__link" href="/societal-challenges/tackling-inequalities/justice-affected-peoples-ethnicity" id="white-link" title="link to the impact case study">Is justice affected by ethinicity?</a></h3> </div> </div> </div> <p class="at-centre mb-0"><a class="ou-button ou-button--more mb-0 at-centre" href="/impact">Learn about the impact of our research</a></p> </div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> <div id="block-block-118" class="block-block ou-wrapper clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Five most recent publications</h2> <script language="JavaScript" src="https://oro.open.ac.uk/feed2js/feed2js.php?src=https://oro.open.ac.uk/cgi/r/okaxirf&amp;desc=-1&amp;num=5&amp;utf=y" charset="UTF-8" type="text/javascript"></script> <p class="at-centre"><a href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/view/" "blank" class="ou-button ou-button--more mb-0 at-centre">Browse a full list of our publications</a></p></div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> <div id="block-block-117" class="block-block ou-wrapper clearfix"> <style> .homepage_download_stats_below { float: right; } .ou_homepage_search { margin-top: 0.5rem; white-space: nowrap; } .hide_label { position: absolute; height: 1px; width: 1px; overflow: hidden; } .ou_homepage_text { width: 85%; border: solid #cc411c 1px; padding: 0.2rem; margin: 0; display: inline-block; height: 2rem; vertical-align: middle; } .ou_homepage_search_button { background: #cc411c; border: 0px; padding: 4px 4px; margin: 0px -1px; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; min-height: 2rem; } </style> <div class="ou-blocks ou-blocks--2-cols mb-0 ou-blocks--tablet-1-col"> <div> <h2>Discover research at The Open University</h2> <p class="ou-introduction"><a href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/" "blank" class="ou-external">Open Research Online (ORO)</a> is the Open Access repository of research outputs from The Open University's research community.</p> <p>The service is publicly accessible and can be browsed and searched freely. It is home to thousands of peer reviewed publications.</p> <p><a href="https://oro.open.ac.uk/view/" "blank" class="ou-external">Browse ORO</a> or search using the box below.</p> <div class="ou_homepage_search"> <form method="get" accept-charset="utf8" action="https://oro.open.ac.uk/cgi/search/archive/unified" "blank"> <input name="screen" id="screen" value="Search" type="hidden"> <input name="dataset" id="dataset" value="archive" type="hidden"> <input name="q_merge" id="q_merge" value="ANY" type="hidden"> <label for="q" class="hide_label">Search ORO</label> <input name="q" id="q" maxlength="256" type="text" class="ou_homepage_text" placeholder="Search ORO"><button value="Search" name="_action_search" type="submit" class="ou_homepage_search_button"> <img src="https://oro.open.ac.uk/style/images/search.png" alt="Search"> </button> <input name="order" id="order" value="-date/creators_name/title" type="hidden"> </form> </div> </div> <div> <div class="homepage_download_stats"> <h2 class="homepage_subtitle">ORO downloads this month</h2> <div class="download_graph"> <svg viewBox="0 0 500 250" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" role="img" aria-labelledby="homepage_dl_stats_title homepage_dl_stats_desc"> <title id="homepage_dl_stats_title">Monthly downloads bar chart</title> <desc id="homepage_dl_stats_desc">Downloads by faculty this month: Fass 33129, FBL 13674, STEM 49853, Wels 29630, IET 11690</desc> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="220" x2="400" y2="220"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="0.5" x1="25" y1="170" x2="400" y2="170"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="120" x2="400" y2="120"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="0.5" x1="25" y1="70" x2="400" y2="70"></line> <line stroke="black" stroke-width="1" x1="25" y1="20" x2="400" y2="20"></line> <text x="15" y="225" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">0</text> <text x="0" y="125" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">25k</text> <text x="0" y="25" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">50k</text> <text x="45" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">FASS</text> <text x="122" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">FBL</text> <text x="185" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">STEM</text> <text x="255" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">WELS</text> <text x="332" y="238" font-family="arial" font-size="14" fill="#000000" stroke-width="1">IET</text> <rect x="40" y="86" width="50" height="132" fill="#e21481"></rect><title>33129 FASS downloads this month</title> <rect x="110" y="164" width="50" height="54" fill="#068293"></rect><title>13674 FBL downloads this month </title> <rect x="180" y="19" width="50" height="199" fill="#0e56a7"></rect><title>49853 STEM downloads this month</title> <rect x="250" y="100" width="50" height="118" fill="#d34616"></rect><title>29630 WELS downloads this month</title> <rect x="320" y="172" width="50" height="46" fill="#301934"></rect><title>11690 IET downloads this month</title> </svg> </div> <div class="homepage_download_stats_below"><a class="homepage_download_stats_link" href="/cgi/stats/report?range=1y&amp;view_range=View">Explore ORO statistics</a></div> <span class="download_update_datestamp">Updated 31 January 2025</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /block-inner /block --> </div> <a class="ou-to-top" href="#ou-org">Back to top</a> </div> </div> <!-- ou-footer v2.0.0.594 --> <div id="ou-org-footer" class="ou-footer" role="contentinfo" aria-label="ou site footer"><div class="ou-container"><div class="ou-header"><div class="ou-crest"><img src="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.594" srcset="/ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.594 1x, /ouheaders/gui/OU_Crest_SVG.svg?2.0.0.594 2x" alt="The Open University Crest" title="The Open University Crest" 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