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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Oppenheimer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 99 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC._%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="ج. روبرت أوبينهايمر – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ج. روبرت أوبينهايمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheymer" title="Robert Oppenheymer – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Oppenheymer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="رابرت اوپنهایمر – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت اوپنهایمر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জে. রবার্ট অপেনহাইমার – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জে. রবার্ট অপেনহাইমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Опенгеймер – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Опенгеймер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Робэрт Опэнгаймэр – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робэрт Опэнгаймэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Робърт Опенхаймер – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Опенхаймер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Оппенгеймер, Роберт – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оппенгеймер, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A4%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="روبيرت ؤپنهايمر – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روبيرت ؤپنهايمر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9F%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρόμπερτ Οπενχάιμερ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Οπενχάιμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="جی. رابرت اوپنهایمر – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی. رابرت اوپنهایمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%9C%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%A8%B8" title="J. 로버트 오펜하이머 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="J. 로버트 오펜하이머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%95%D6%83%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռոբերտ Օփենհայմեր – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Օփենհայմեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="रॉबर्ट ओपेनहाइमर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉबर्ट ओपेनहाइमर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="רוברט אופנהיימר – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט אופנהיימר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ოპენჰაიმერი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ ოპენჰაიმერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Оппенгеймер – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Оппенгеймер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Оппенгеймер – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Роберт Оппенгеймер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Oppenheimer" title="Robertus Oppenheimer – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Openheimers" title="Roberts Openheimers – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Openheimers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Опенхајмер – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роберт Опенхајмер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BC" title="റോബർട്ട് ഓപ്പൻഹൈമർ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് ഓപ്പൻഹൈമർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="जे. रॉबर्ट ऑपनहाइमर – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जे. रॉबर्ट ऑपनहाइमर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ოპენჰაიმერი – mingrelsk" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ ოპენჰაიმერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="جوليوس روبرت اوبنهايمر – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوليوس روبرت اوبنهايمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Оппенхаймер – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Роберт Оппенхаймер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျေရောဘတ် အိုပင်ဟိုင်းမား – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျေရောဘတ် အိုပင်ဟိုင်းမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0" title="जे. रोबर्ट ओपेनहाइमर – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जे. रोबर्ट ओपेनहाइमर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ロバート・オッペンハイマー – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・オッペンハイマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87._%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੇ. ਰਾਬਰਟ ਓਪਨਹਾਈਮਰ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇ. ਰਾਬਰਟ ਓਪਨਹਾਈਮਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B1" title="جوليوس روبرټ اوپنهايمر – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوليوس روبرټ اوپنهايمر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenxaymer,_Robert" title="Oppenxaymer, Robert – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oppenxaymer, Robert" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Оппенгеймер, Роберт – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оппенгеймер, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julius Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C._%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B1" title="جەی. ڕۆبێرت ئۆپنھایمەر – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەی. ڕۆبێرت ئۆپنھایمەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Опенхајмер – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Опенхајмер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikkel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86._%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜெ. இராபர்ட் ஓப்பன்கைமர் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெ. இராபர்ட் ஓப்பன்கைமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Оппенһеймер – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роберт Оппенһеймер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="రాబర్ట్ ఓపెన్‌హైమర్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాబర్ట్ ఓపెన్‌హైమర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88._%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เจ. รอเบิร์ต ออปเพนไฮเมอร์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ. รอเบิร์ต ออปเพนไฮเมอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Оппенгеймер – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Оппенгеймер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1" title="جے رابرٹ اوپنہائیمر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جے رابرٹ اوپنہائیمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="奧本海默 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧本海默" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="罗伯特·奥本海默 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·奥本海默" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%B2%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ראבערט אפנהײמער – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראבערט אפנהײמער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%94%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="羅拔·奧本海默 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅拔·奧本海默" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="罗伯特·奥本海默 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·奥本海默" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132537#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" 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1em;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift th{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:larger;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{background-color:#fff;color:black;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks td{background-color:#efefef;color:black;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;margin:4px;padding:3px}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.custom td{background:none;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad th{text-align:left;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td{text-align:left;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.rad td.headercenter{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.hode th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24829246"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Robert Oppenheimer</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Oppenheimer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oppenheimer_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Oppenheimer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oppenheimer_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Oppenheimer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Oppenheimer_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Oppenheimer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><span><span lang="en">Julius Robert Oppenheimer</span></span></span><br /><span><a href="/wiki/22._april" title="22. april">22. apr.</a> <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-0df68cd9fbdc899f6aac4878252ed4b0fffdcb63_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-0df68cd9fbdc899f6aac4878252ed4b0fffdcb63-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/18._februar" title="18. februar">18. feb.</a> <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P570" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (62 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton" title="Princeton">Princeton</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2">Teoretisk fysiker, <a href="/wiki/Ingeni%C3%B8r" title="Ingeniør">ingeniør</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kjernefysiker" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjernefysiker">kjernefysiker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunstsamler" title="Kunstsamler">kunstsamler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A6rer" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetslærer">universitetslærer</a>, science administrator, <a href="/wiki/Fysiker" title="Fysiker">fysiker</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Embete</th><td colspan="2"><ul style="list-style:none none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><li>Direktør (<a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a>, 1947–1966)</li><li>direktør (<a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>, 1943–1945) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P39" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Akademisk grad</th><td colspan="2">Doktor i fysikk- og matematikkvitenskaper<br /><a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_doktorgrad" title="Filosofisk doktorgrad">ph.d.</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">7 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a><br />Ethical Culture Fieldston School<br /><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College_(Cambridge)" title="Jesus College (Cambridge)">Jesus College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georg-August-Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Georg-August-Universität Göttingen">Georg-August-Universität Göttingen</a></div> </div> </td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Doktorgrads-<br />veileder</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-927f8d6cf7f23d8aed6ee9d360fa24549bf8b0f2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-927f8d6cf7f23d8aed6ee9d360fa24549bf8b0f2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Ektefelle</th><td colspan="2">Katherine Oppenheimer (<span title="startdato: 1. nov. 1940">1940</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 18. feb. 1967">1967</span>) (avslutningsårsak: personens død)</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Søsken</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Oppenheimer" title="Frank Oppenheimer">Frank Oppenheimer</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Barn</th><td colspan="2">Peter Oppenheimer<br />Toni Oppenheimer</td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a><sup id="cite_ref-hash-59ec99bf10bfb62e727e0fd4ab2cfb0d1793ac5b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-59ec99bf10bfb62e727e0fd4ab2cfb0d1793ac5b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-f353c5fc3e0969df13bea11c77abe894da393d68_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f353c5fc3e0969df13bea11c77abe894da393d68-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-bbf6e9056ece2c1df0d1fb84dcaead42107f1187_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-bbf6e9056ece2c1df0d1fb84dcaead42107f1187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (<span title="startdato: 3. mai 1962">1962</span>–<span title="sluttdato: 18. feb. 1967">1967</span>)<br />American Philosophical Society<br />American Academy of Arts and Sciences<br /><a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">11 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi-prisen" title="Enrico Fermi-prisen">Enrico Fermi-prisen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1963">1963</span>) (neste: Hyman G. Rickover, forrige: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-4f5c78fe7f6db9aba9246cadc5b4a034c276cc38_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-4f5c78fe7f6db9aba9246cadc5b4a034c276cc38-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ridder_av_%C3%86reslegionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridder av Æreslegionen">Ridder av Æreslegionen</a> (<span title="tidspunkt: 1958">1958</span>)<br />Medal for Merit (<span title="tidspunkt: 1946">1946</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-84970f6b8af0909cd0842ee42e2d6f08fc82308c_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-84970f6b8af0909cd0842ee42e2d6f08fc82308c-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Prix des trois physiciens (<span title="tidspunkt: 1958">1958</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-1eb42d13e28fb0649ab5e5605127bc83f637fbba_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-1eb42d13e28fb0649ab5e5605127bc83f637fbba-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Prix Nessim-Habif (<span title="tidspunkt: 1962">1962</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-5f0683d6416a935d3f6fe55a9b11f39c15f7a755_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-5f0683d6416a935d3f6fe55a9b11f39c15f7a755-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Æresdoktor ved Princeton University<br />Richtmyer Memorial Lecture Award (<span title="tidspunkt: 1947">1947</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-8ba8ee2f936b54cb92293f0420fced8c27f1ef8f_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-8ba8ee2f936b54cb92293f0420fced8c27f1ef8f-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Fellow of the American Physical Society<br />Utenlandsk medlem av Royal Society (<span title="tidspunkt: 3. mai 1962">1962</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-87a79d1e88ef5d6425c78721c3b2cfa11412ad01_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-87a79d1e88ef5d6425c78721c3b2cfa11412ad01-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-f3a37c5850a7c140b7924519763d19e3326e21a3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-f3a37c5850a7c140b7924519763d19e3326e21a3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Honorary doctor of the University of Calcutta<br />Messenger Lectures (<span title="tidspunkt: 1945">1945</span>)</div> </div> </td></tr> <tr class="overskrift" valign="top"><td colspan="4">Signatur</td></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Robert Oppenheimers signatur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg/250px-J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg/375px-J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg/500px-J_Robert_Oppenheimer_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="99" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Julius Robert Oppenheimer</b> (1904–1967) var en amerikansk teoretisk fysiker. Han ledet <a href="/wiki/Manhattanprosjektet" title="Manhattanprosjektet">Manhattanprosjektets</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos-laboratorium</a> under andre verdenskrig og har blitt omtalt som «atombombens far». </p><p>Faren, en rik tekstilimportør, hadde utvandret fra <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a> i 1888. Robert Oppenheimer studerte <a href="/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk">fysikk</a>, klassisk <a href="/wiki/Filologi" title="Filologi">filologi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orientalisme" title="Orientalisme">orientalistikk</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemi</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> og <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>. Han tok <a href="/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad">doktorgraden</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Göttingen">Universitetet i Göttingen</a>, og arbeidet her med <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> og <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>. I 1929 ble han professor ved <a href="/wiki/Berkeley" title="Berkeley">Berkeley</a>-universitetet i <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. </p><p>Fra 1943 til 1945 ledet han <a href="/wiki/Manhattanprosjektet" title="Manhattanprosjektet">Manhattanprosjektet</a> i <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, som hadde som mål å utvikle <a href="/wiki/Atombombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Atombombe">atombomben</a>. Han kalles gjerne «atombombens far». Etter å ha sett hvilke redsler bomben forårsaket i <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> ble han imidlertid en overbevist motstander av bruk av atomvåpen, og nektet å delta i utviklingen av <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenbombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogenbombe">hydrogenbomben</a>. Han engasjerte seg i internasjonal lobbyvirksomhet for nedrustning og for internasjonal kontroll av alle atomvåpen. I 1950-årene ble han beskyldt for anti-amerikansk virksomhet og påståtte tidligere kommunistsympatier, og ble fratatt sin sikkerhetsklarering. Selv om han hadde mistet all innflytelse i USA, fortsatte han å undervise, skrive og arbeide med fysisk forskning. Han ble først <a href="/wiki/Politisk_rehabilitering" title="Politisk rehabilitering">rehabilitert</a> i 1963. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liv_og_virke">Liv og virke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Liv og virke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Liv og virke"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakgrunn">Bakgrunn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bakgrunn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bakgrunn"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oppenheimer kom fra en rik (ikke-praktiserende) jødisk familie som blant annet eide en imponerende kunstsamling med verker av <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Vuillard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Vuillard (ikke skrevet ennå)">Édouard Vuillard</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>. Hans far, Julius Seligmann Oppenheimer fra <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a> i <a href="/wiki/Provinsen_Hessen-Nassau" title="Provinsen Hessen-Nassau">provinsen Hessen-Nassau</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konged%C3%B8mmet_Preussen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongedømmet Preussen">kongedømmet Preussen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Keiserd%C3%B8mmet_Tyskland" class="mw-redirect" title="Keiserdømmet Tyskland">keiserdømmet Tyskland</a>, var en tekstilimportør som var innvandret til USA i 1888, og medlem av den jødiske patrisierslekten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oppenheimer_(familie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oppenheimer (familie) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Oppenheimer</a>. Roberts mor Ella Friedman var kunstlærerinne. Hun hadde maleriutdannelse fra <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> og eide et atelier i New York. Robert hadde en bror, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oppenheimer" title="Frank Oppenheimer">Frank Oppenheimer</a> (1912–1985), som også ble fysiker. </p><p>Ifølge Oppenheimers fødselsattest var han gitt fornavnene <i>Julius Robert</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beslutningen om å forkorte navnet til <b>J. Robert</b> ble spontant fattet av foreldrene. Ifølge Oppenheimer betød denne <b>J.</b> ikke noe som helst.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oppenheimer gikk på skolen «New York Society for Ethical Culture» i New York City. Fra tredjeklasse fikk han privatundervisning i <a href="/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi">kjemi</a>. </p><p>I 1922 begynte Oppenheimer sine <i>M.Sc.-</i>studier ved <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, som han avsluttet i 1925 <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i>. Hans hovedfag var kjemi, men han hadde også studert gresk, arkitektur, kunst og litteratur. I tredje studieår gjorde professor <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Bridgman</a> ham begeistret for fysikken. Det ble til at han studerte videre ved <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> på <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> i England under ledelse av <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, der han ble gitt eksperimentelle arbeider, noe som interesserte ham mindre. I den perioden hadde han en psykisk krise og fikk psykologisk behandling. Deretter gikk han inn i den teoretiske fysikk, som han viste seg å ha stort talent for. </p><p>I 1926 dro han til det tyske <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetet i Göttingen">Universitetet i Göttingen</a>, som var ledende innen teoretisk fysikk, og <a href="/wiki/Atomfysikk" title="Atomfysikk">atomfysikk</a>. Han studerte der under <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>. Han ble der kjent med en rekke senere meget fremgangsrike vitenskapsmenn, som <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascual_Jordan" title="Pascual Jordan">Pascual Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>. Han møtte også <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Houtermans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Houtermans (ikke skrevet ennå)">Fritz Houtermans</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Riefenstahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Riefenstahl (ikke skrevet ennå)">Charlotte Riefenstahl</a>, som han forgudet og kurtiserte.<sup id="cite_ref-Shifman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shifman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>«Fritz Houtermans og Robert Oppenheimer skilte seg ut fra andre studenter. […] Robert Oppenheimer var svært begavet; så mye at kollegene hans til slutt var glade for å se Oppenheimer reise til USA etter at han fikk sin doktorgrad under Max Born i 1927. Han begynte å stille spørsmål som <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> ikke kunne svare på. Jeg ble overrasket over kunnskapen hans.»</i> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Houtermans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Houtermans (ikke skrevet ennå)">Charlotte Houtermans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shifman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shifman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Oppenheimer ble raskt en av de store forskerne innen kvantemekanikk. Fra 1926 til 1929 publiserte han seksten store bidrag til kvantefysikk. I 1927 mottok Oppenheimer sin doktorgrad 'med utmerkelse' fra Max Born om teoretiske undersøkelser av spektre. Deretter takket han ja til en stilling som adjunkt i Berkeley i California. I 1928 besøkte han Europa igjen på et forskningsstipend. Faren Julius døde i 1937, og etterlot ham og broren en betydelig formue. Oppenheimer dannet en aktiv skole for teoretiske fysikere i California. At det i datidens atmosfære, preget av den spanske borgerkrigen, var vanlig med kommunistiske tendenser blant intellektuelle, inkludert mange av Oppenheimers venner, ble senere tolket negativt i McCarthy-perioden. </p><p>Fra 1936 skal Oppenheimer ha hatt et romantisk forhold til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Tatlock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Tatlock (ikke skrevet ennå)">Jean Tatlock</a> (1914-1944), som var medlem av det amerikanske kommunistpartiet. </p><p>I 1939 publiserte han arbeider om astrofysikk, blant annet en tidlig studie på nøytronstjerner<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og en studie om gravitasjonskollaps av tunge stjerner (til sorte hull -- betegnelsen «sort hull» dukket ikke opp før på 1960-tallet).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 1940 ble Oppenheimer valgt inn i <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences (ikke skrevet ennå)">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1941 ble han tatt opp til <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og i 1945 til <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Philosophical Society (ikke skrevet ennå)">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattanprosjektet">Manhattanprosjektet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Manhattanprosjektet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Manhattanprosjektet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Han var administrativ/vitenskapelig leder for Manhattanprosjektet.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prosjektets første prøvesprengning, <a href="/wiki/Trinitytesten" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitytesten">Trinitytesten</a>, fant sted i ørkenen ved <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo" title="Alamogordo">Alamogordo</a> i <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> i 1945. Oppenheimer, som bevitnet sprengningen, tenkte for seg selv på en passasje fra det hinduistiske diktverket <a href="/wiki/Bhagavadgita" title="Bhagavadgita">Bhagavadgita</a>, <i>«Jeg er blitt Døden, tilintetgjører av verdener»</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oppenheimer fortalte dette i et filmet intervju under innspillingen av dokumentaren <i>The Decision to Drop the Bomb</i> fra 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Decision_to_Drop_the_Bomb_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Decision_to_Drop_the_Bomb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I litteraturen forekommer ofte sitatet som <i>shatterer of worlds</i> ettersom det var slik det var gjengitt i <a href="/wiki/Time_(tidskrift)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (tidskrift)">Time Magazine</a> den 8. november 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne versjon et også med i boken <i>Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists</i> skrevet av Robert Jungk i 1958,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som bygde på et intervju med Oppenheimer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etterkrigstiden">Etterkrigstiden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Etterkrigstiden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Etterkrigstiden"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oppenheimers publikasjoner ble betraktet som vanskelige å forstå selv ut fra de faglige rammer som forskere innen hans abstrakte fagfelter var vant med. Han brukte gjerne elegante, om enn ekstremt komplekse, matematiske teknikker for å demonstrere fysiske prinsipper, og ble noen ganger kritisert for å begå matematiske feil, formodentlig av hastverk. «Hans fysikk var god», sa hans student Snyder, «men hans aritmetikk forskrekkelig». </p><p>Etter Andre verdenskrig publiserte Oppenheimer kun fem akademiske bidrag, hvor av ett var i biofysikk, og ingen av dem etter 1950. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>, en senere nobelprisvinner som i egenskap av besøkende forsker arbeidet med ham på <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> i 1951, mente: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>He didn't have </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sitzfleisch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sitzfleisch (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sitzfleisch</a><i>, «sitting flesh,» when you sit on a chair. As far as I know, he never wrote a long paper or did a long calculation, anything of that kind. He didn't have patience for that; his own work consisted of little </i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aper%C3%A7u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aperçu (ikke skrevet ennå)">aperçus</a><i>, but quite brilliant ones. But he inspired other people to do things, and his influence was fantastic.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Etter krigen ble Robert Oppenheimer hovedrådgiver for den nydannede <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission.</a> Han benyttet vervet til å utøve påtrykk for en internasjonal kontroll over kjernevåpen og kjernekraft. Dette var for å motvirke spredning av kjernevåpen og kapprustning med <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>. Etter å ha falt i unåde hos mange politikere etter å ha gitt frimodige uttalelser under <a href="/wiki/McCarthyisme" title="McCarthyisme">McCarthytiden</a> ble hans sikkerhetsklarering tilbakekalt i 1954. Selv om dette fratok ham hans direkte politiske innflytelse, fortsatte han å holde forelesninger, skrive og arbeide innen fysikken. Oppenheimer ble i 1963, som et uttrykk for hans politiske rehabilitering, tildelt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Fermi-prisen_(USA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Fermi-prisen (USA) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Enrico Fermi-prisen</a> av <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. På grunn av <a href="/wiki/Attentatet_mot_John_F._Kennedy" title="Attentatet mot John F. Kennedy">mordet på John F. Kennedy</a> ble prisen istedet overrakt ham av den etterfølgende president, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faglig_ettermæle"><span id="Faglig_etterm.C3.A6le"></span>Faglig ettermæle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Faglig ettermæle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Faglig ettermæle"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foruten hans ledelse av Manhattanprosjektets arbeide i <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos" title="Los Alamos">Los Alamos</a> var Robert Oppenheimers fremste bragder innen fysikken <a href="/w/index.php?title=Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer-approksimasjonen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Born–Oppenheimer-approksimasjonen (ikke skrevet ennå)">Born–Oppenheimer-approksimasjonen</a>, arbeidet med teorien om <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positroner</a> samt de første forutsigelsene om <a href="/wiki/Kvantetunnelering" title="Kvantetunnelering">tunneleffekten</a>. Sammen med sine studenter gjorde han også viktige fremskritt innen den moderne teori om <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8ytronstjerne" title="Nøytronstjerne">nøytronstjerner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Svarte_hull" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarte hull">svarte hull</a>, såvel som innen <a href="/wiki/Kvantemekanikk" title="Kvantemekanikk">kvantemekanikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvantefeltteori" title="Kvantefeltteori">kvantefeltteori</a> og vekselvirkningen mellom <a href="/wiki/Kosmisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Kosmisk stråling">kosmiske partikler</a>. Som lærer og fremmer av vitenskap blir han husket som en av grunnleggerne av den amerikanske skole innen teoretisk fysikk, som i 1930-årene ble en av de verdensledende. Etter andre verdenskrig ble han direktør for <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Abraham Pais (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jrobertoppenheim00pais_0"><i>J. Robert Oppenheimer: A Life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-516673-6" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-19-516673-6">0-19-516673-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.au=Abraham+Pais&rft.btitle=J.+Robert+Oppenheimer%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-516673-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjrobertoppenheim00pais_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, <i>American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i> (New York: Knopf, 2005) <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-375-41202-6" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-375-41202-6">0-375-41202-6</a></li> <li>David C. Cassidy, <i>J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century</i> (New York: Pi Press, 2005). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-13-147996-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-13-147996-2">0-13-147996-2</a></li> <li>Nuel Pharr Davis, <i>Lawrence and Oppenheimer</i> (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968).</li> <li>Gregg Herken, <i>Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller</i> (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2002). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8050-6588-1" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8050-6588-1">0-8050-6588-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1442/Hijiya.pdf">James A. Hijiya, "The <i>Gita</i> of Robert Oppenheimer" <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>, 144:2 (June 2000).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226091905/http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1442/Hijiya.pdf">Arkivert</a> 26. februar 2005 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050226091905/http://www.aps-pub.com/proceedings/1442/Hijiya.pdf">Arkivert</a> 2005-02-26 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (on Oppenheimer's famous quote)</li> <li>Priscilla J. McMillan, <i>The Ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer: And the Birth of the Modern Arms Race</i> (New York: Viking, 2005) <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-670-03422-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-670-03422-3">0-670-03422-3</a></li> <li>Richard Polenberg, ed., <i>In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: The Security Clearance Hearing</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8014-3783-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8014-3783-0">0-8014-3783-0</a></li> <li>Jack Rummel, <i>Robert Oppenheimer: Dark Prince</i> (New York: Facts on File, 1992). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8160-2598-3" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-8160-2598-3">0-8160-2598-3</a></li> <li>S.S. Schweber, <i>In the Shadow of the Bomb: Oppenheimer, Bethe, and the Moral Responsibility of the Scientist,</i> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-691-04989-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-691-04989-0">0-691-04989-0</a></li> <li>S.S. Schweber, "J. Robert Oppenheimer: Proteus Unbound", Science in Context 16 (1/2), 219–242, 2003 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=150977#">abstract</a>)</li> <li>Peter Michelmore, <i>The Swift Years: The Robert Oppenheimer Story</i> (Dodd Mead, 1969) <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-396-06024-2" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-396-06024-2">0-396-06024-2</a></li> <li>Alice Kimball Smith and Charles Weiner, <i>Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and Recollections,</i> (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980).</li> <li>U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, <i>In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i> (Washington, D.C.: 1954).</li> <li>Herbert York, <i>The Advisors: Oppenheimer, Teller, and the Superbomb</i> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-274565d7568c32a4ecb6b04d940e94ee9bcb90b8_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></span></span>, besøkt 26. april 2014<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-893df907df537d2aa29bc43122165f154724fdcb_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Munzinger Personen</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>J. Robert Oppenheimer</span></span>, Munzinger IBA <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000001374">00000001374</a></span></span>, besøkt 9. oktober 2017<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152-3"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152_3-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-3ede517cb95715e657e80be652ec1d67e12ed152_3-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Hrvatska enciklopedija</span></span>, Hrvatska enciklopedija-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=45298">45298</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12-4"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2fd9268f941c08097de306f69c8ce5c283159b12_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Babelio</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>J.R. Oppenheimer</span></span>, Babelio forfatter-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelio.com/auteur/wd/117273">117273</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-332d162d365fc309135025684aa893bfe39caf21_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></span></span>, besøkt 11. desember 2014<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9-6"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-f3fc4ca2203f461c934e26e371904ccb3b7b55f9_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Store sovjetiske encyklopedi (1969–1978)</span></span>, avsnitt, vers eller paragraf <span><span>Оппенгеймер Роберт</span></span>, besøkt 28. september 2015<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-0df68cd9fbdc899f6aac4878252ed4b0fffdcb63-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-0df68cd9fbdc899f6aac4878252ed4b0fffdcb63_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/1593063">a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov</a>, type referanse <span><span><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8dselsattest" title="Fødselsattest">fødselsattest</a></span></span>, besøkt 19. september 2022<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-82136f8a98a4982f31e232ee983777c369136231_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a></span></span>, besøkt 31. desember 2014<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0-9"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0_9-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hash-2de1840aeb0d26da4e40afc8b07b2a3bdf4af2e0_9-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana</span></span>, side(r) <span><span>382</span></span>, bind <span><span>Suplemento 1967-1968</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-927f8d6cf7f23d8aed6ee9d360fa24549bf8b0f2-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-927f8d6cf7f23d8aed6ee9d360fa24549bf8b0f2_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></span>, verkets språk <span><span><a href="/wiki/Engelsk" title="Engelsk">engelsk</a></span></span>, Mathematics Genealogy Project-identifikator <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=14001">14001</a></span></span>, besøkt 8. august 2016<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-59ec99bf10bfb62e727e0fd4ab2cfb0d1793ac5b-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-59ec99bf10bfb62e727e0fd4ab2cfb0d1793ac5b_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a></span></span>, «<span><span><span lang="en">Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904-1967</span></span></span>», Libris-URI <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs68c5rd1nbw07r">vs68c5rd1nbw07r</a></span></span>, utgitt 29. august 2012, besøkt 24. august 2018<sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-f353c5fc3e0969df13bea11c77abe894da393d68-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-f353c5fc3e0969df13bea11c77abe894da393d68_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Notable Names Database</span></span>, «<span><span><span lang="en">Robert Oppenheimer</span></span></span>», NNDB <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndb.com/people/808/000047667/">808/000047667</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-bbf6e9056ece2c1df0d1fb84dcaead42107f1187-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-bbf6e9056ece2c1df0d1fb84dcaead42107f1187_13-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/01/23/world/europe/ap-eu-britain-oppenheimer.html">www.nytimes.com</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-4f5c78fe7f6db9aba9246cadc5b4a034c276cc38-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-4f5c78fe7f6db9aba9246cadc5b4a034c276cc38_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Fermi Prize: J. Robert Oppenheimer Named to Receive Annual AEC Award</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-84970f6b8af0909cd0842ee42e2d6f08fc82308c-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-84970f6b8af0909cd0842ee42e2d6f08fc82308c_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=26076">www.presidency.ucsb.edu</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-1eb42d13e28fb0649ab5e5605127bc83f637fbba-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-1eb42d13e28fb0649ab5e5605127bc83f637fbba_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.ens.fr/spip.php?article2567&lang=fr">www.phys.ens.fr</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-5f0683d6416a935d3f6fe55a9b11f39c15f7a755-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-5f0683d6416a935d3f6fe55a9b11f39c15f7a755_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arts-et-metiers.asso.fr/page/article/id/149-le-prix-nessim-habif">www.arts-et-metiers.asso.fr</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-8ba8ee2f936b54cb92293f0420fced8c27f1ef8f-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-8ba8ee2f936b54cb92293f0420fced8c27f1ef8f_18-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aapt.org/programs/awards/richtmyer.cfm">www.aapt.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-87a79d1e88ef5d6425c78721c3b2cfa11412ad01-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-87a79d1e88ef5d6425c78721c3b2cfa11412ad01_19-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Complete List of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007</span></span>, side(r) <span><span>266</span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-f3a37c5850a7c140b7924519763d19e3326e21a3-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-f3a37c5850a7c140b7924519763d19e3326e21a3_20-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=4294972811">royalsociety.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">David C. Cassidy. <i>J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century</i>. New York: Pi Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.au=David+C.+Cassidy&rft.btitle=J.+Robert+Oppenheimer+and+the+American+Century&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pi+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Kai Bird / Martin J. Sherwin: <i>American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i>, Vintage Books, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780375726262" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-72626-2</a>, s. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shifman-23"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Shifman_23-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shifman_23-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Misha Shifman: <i>Standing Together In Troubled Times: Unpublished Letters Of Pauli, Einstein, Franck And Others</i>. World Scientific, Hackensack, New Jersey, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9789813201002" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-981-3201-00-2</a>, s. 34f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">med <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Michael_Volkoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Michael Volkoff (ikke skrevet ennå)">George Michael Volkoff</a> „On massive neutron cores“, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physical Review (ikke skrevet ennå)">Physical Review</a>, Bd. 55, 1939, 375; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff-Grenze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff-Grenze (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff-Grenze</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">med Snyder <i>On continued gravitational contraction.</i> Physical Review 56, 1939, 455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Members of the American Academy. Listed by election year, 1900–1949</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/electionIndex1900-1949.pdf">PDF</a>). Lest 24. september 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000780.html">«Member Directory: J. Robert Oppenheimer»</a> (på engelsk). National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 29. november 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.btitle=Member+Directory%3A+J.+Robert+Oppenheimer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20000780.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <i>Biographical Memoir by <a href="/wiki/Hans_A._Bethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans A. Bethe">Hans A. Bethe</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=J.+Robert+Oppenheimer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">«Member History: J. Robert Oppenheimer»</a>. American Philosophical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 2. november 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.btitle=Member+History%3A+J.+Robert+Oppenheimer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJ.%2BRobert%2BOppenheimer%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>American Prometheus: the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2005. s. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-375-41202-6" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-375-41202-6">0-375-41202-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.btitle=American+Prometheus%3A+the+triumph+and+tragedy+of+J.+Robert+Oppenheimer&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-375-41202-6&rft.pages=12&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Olausson, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faktoider.nu/oppenheimer.html">«I am become death»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 21. juli 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Olausson&rft.btitle=I+am+become+death&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faktoider.nu%2Foppenheimer.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Decision_to_Drop_the_Bomb-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Decision_to_Drop_the_Bomb_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie8.shtml">«J. Robert Oppenheimer "Now I am become death...<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>»</a>. Atomic Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 21. juli 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.btitle=J.+Robert+Oppenheimer+%22Now+I+am+become+death...%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Atomic+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FMovies%2FMovie8.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/612h7DMpp?url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853367-8,00.html">«The Eternal Apprentice»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(tidskrift)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time (tidskrift)">Time</a></i>. 8. november 1948. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853367-8,00.html">originalen</a> 19. august 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 21. juli 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.atitle=The+Eternal+Apprentice&rft.date=1948-11-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C853367-8%2C00.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Brighter than a Thousand Suns: a Personal History of the Atomic Scientists</i>. New York: Harcourt Brace. 1958. s. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-15-614150-7" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-15-614150-7">0-15-614150-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.btitle=Brighter+than+a+Thousand+Suns%3A+a+Personal+History+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-15-614150-7&rft.pages=201&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Tidskriftsref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mal:Tidskriftsref (ikke skrevet ennå)">Mal:Tidskriftsref</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224154/http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/Hijiya.pdf">«Arkivert kopi»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 15. mai 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 17. juli 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Oppenheimer&rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FHijiya.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Uheldig_URL" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Kai Bird, Martin J. Sherwin: <i>American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 2005, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780375412028" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-41202-8</a>. OCLC 56753298.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Oppenheimer&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" class="extiw" title="commons:J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p935"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P935" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=345&url_prefix=https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm0649185">Robert Oppenheimer</a> på <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p345"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P345" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoviedb.org/person/1197805">Robert Oppenheimer</a> hos <a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Database" title="The Movie Database">The Movie Database</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p4985"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P4985" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/1943552">Robert Oppenheimer</a> på <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p1953"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P1953" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0638a4ef-ea68-41bd-abc6-a5bd05d9ae97">Robert Oppenheimer</a> på <a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p434"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132537?uselang=nb#P434" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301238">Robert Oppenheimer</a> hos <a 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattanprosjektet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23230704"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24561741">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-vis"><a href="/wiki/Mal:Manhattanprosjektet" title="Mal:Manhattanprosjektet"><abbr title="Vis denne malen">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskuter"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maldiskusjon:Manhattanprosjektet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maldiskusjon:Manhattanprosjektet (ikke skrevet ennå)"><abbr title="Diskuter denne malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:Manhattanprosjektet" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Manhattanprosjektet"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattanprosjektet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattanprosjektet" title="Manhattanprosjektet">Manhattanprosjektet</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Engineer_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Engineer Works (ikke skrevet ennå)">Clinton Engineer Works</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Engineer Works</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Berkeley Radiation Laboratory</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Metallurgiske_Laboratorium" title="Metallurgiske Laboratorium">Chicago Metallurgiske Laboratorium</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ames_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ames Laboratory (ikke skrevet ennå)">Ames Laboratory</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montreal_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montreal Laboratory (ikke skrevet ennå)">Montreal Laboratory</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandia_National_Laboratories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandia National Laboratories (ikke skrevet ennå)">Sandia National Laboratories</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trinitypr%C3%B8vesprengningen" title="Trinityprøvesprengningen">Trinity testområde</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton-prosjektet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton-prosjektet (ikke skrevet ennå)">Dayton-prosjektet</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/X-10_(grafittreaktor)" title="X-10 (grafittreaktor)">X-10</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12</a></span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="En soppsky stiger opp i atmosfæren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/130px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/195px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/260px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ledere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryant_Conant" title="James Bryant Conant">James Conant</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(general)" title="Thomas Farrell (general)">Thomas Farrell</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Nichols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Nichols (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kenneth Nichols</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Oppenheimer</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">William Parsons</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forskere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Compton</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kistiakowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kistiakowsky (ikke skrevet ennå)">George Kistiakowsky</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Penney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Penney (ikke skrevet ennå)">William Penney</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Slotin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Slotin (ikke skrevet ennå)">Louis Slotin</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd" title="Leó Szilárd">Leó Szilárd</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Tolman" title="Richard Tolman">Richard Tolman</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Marcin_Ulam" title="Stanisław Marcin Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harold Urey</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relatert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidslinje_for_Manhattanprosjektet" title="Tidslinje for Manhattanprosjektet">Tidslinje</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kjernev%C3%A5penets_historie" title="Kjernevåpenets historie">Kjernevåpenets historie</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S-1_Uranium_Committee" title="S-1 Uranium Committee">S-1 Uranium Committee</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_Energy_(skulptur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear Energy (skulptur) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Nuclear Energy</a></i></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Y-12_National_Security_Complex" title="Y-12 National Security Complex">Y-12 National Security Complex</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Operasjon Alsos</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interim_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interim Committee (ikke skrevet ennå)">Interim Committee</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smyth-rapporten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smyth-rapporten (ikke skrevet ennå)">Smyth-rapporten</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Alberta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Alberta (ikke skrevet ennå)">Project Alberta</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silverplate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silverplate (ikke skrevet ennå)">Silverplate</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=509th_Operations_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="509th Operations Group (ikke skrevet ennå)">509th Operations Group</a></span> • <span class="nowrap">«<a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>»</span> • <span class="nowrap">«<a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>»</span> • <span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></span> • <span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atombombene_over_Hiroshima_og_Nagasaki" title="Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki">Atombombene over Hiroshima og Nagasaki</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomspioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomspioner (ikke skrevet ennå)">Atomspioner</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (ikke skrevet ennå)">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armed_Forces_Special_Weapons_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (ikke skrevet ennå)">Armed Forces Special Weapons Project</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operasjon Crossroads</a></span> • <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Se også</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategori"><img alt="Kategori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Manhattanprosjektet" title="Kategori:Manhattanprosjektet">Kategori:Manhattanprosjektet</a> <b>·</b> 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