CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135fa8d18bafce3',cH: 'CKZsvG0bWLI0hMfB1UlUPhZgF2ofuFPZzZ2VNCcwMU4-1739797419-1.2.1.1-qZXqe10vVToE6WiakTlpLCkM6BRerc.WnPqR7h9Up0dRsA5CUEWOgFdzrRD7fjOQ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Lawrence%20Gumbe&__cf_chl_tk=0yqdzpWkNhAwRB41EHtdFrxsRsPKh9mRv.rwVLC39xw-1739797419-1.0.1.1-O4Ip8GHk9gSU2bTq_uUyTTpgqh2JoWB_c_a9sRb6ZSU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739797419',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Lawrence%20Gumbe&__cf_chl_f_tk=0yqdzpWkNhAwRB41EHtdFrxsRsPKh9mRv.rwVLC39xw-1739797419-1.0.1.1-O4Ip8GHk9gSU2bTq_uUyTTpgqh2JoWB_c_a9sRb6ZSU",md: "Qyc.mXPA44nTm_KK.voX5nfGr2ZM_5zZTv2dHjvLM4Y-1739797419-1.2.1.1-VZouWyEa7.K847Fy9Dcfon54FP2pJLbO6SvtJKdnlBECBoR1qQmyT0uUYH7nerZpFOA8Bxs_iZ5geU.TwswGb.fNj1YOWO5IQfeu.MQxJpRvQg8E28ds1bMiDqTlf6x6TmjPTcUWbr221W4jYdx4mkYkPAtRrMVNG7u.tBAcyQuCbQah8L7Xs01vR1WKhsLIHkV3Ax_nrG0zHAo6a7m6uSWrYHlE3biYx49yjsP_.x3jt9gfuGQ1bagOAmUCxcTh33byTo6ukEjcu_NKluyFfRyMn1f758UP9VSMnwPqCppWelKmqvvM9vsh4f947cbUKLYymnu3yuGWd.pHnedBmakqJDlCo7DgvfoHzam5fJFHfzqKoRhJ35DO6QrxjcF3hUvlvgLJUtH8.EcsV.I0qoiyf7xaUSuwg6KijBGSXTY5fr1cMHgWbW76YrUQCnwD1eQEBIQPtBp6oVrT160a01UeFXzbcREuCaHkj6gFZ.NzL2oAsRyCrq_ITfAr7JemaJy9j9yTtWYD10cQj.E9ZBnpSNm48yQTUZje7vdDIjd9fw92npnBV23onDSjL_5YOLvDW17.X7e194.lbKzGdNW.cym8HxtYwtfS6OLCe3mqP9nfZqu0.V2RKAG30sHIXx1dHlQGdrTO64I.8HaXhQTTugGK4sryCmTg3he0GFlRbtvSKPU7zEr28ouMg3cWmWjsLuuypLLXa9Oyct7WRUclFV5X8OtR0a2EnBRMcOD.GVbdNKxuPir14BrMuYxNOgJCQTbZrTqN2bwHtwU6Xbx3oKS5xn2cQoNyMzlNHJGbIOIECwamSJlOAjIT3sAsE3.ct0zqe0YIBcmRcIGtsIiVZJjyQ_0HrV_CjCAbit6dE1O0YIVmxlnk1.X_zIMcH7PfiFAB2LLApVhlliVe30RtR0m1umCTs4x4zv4OO.MLj0.Unl_nRUsPWXHA8o7jW.jB_ZpWbTB4VAmpgKm4hz8.Tw1PCJuSCwJnelnXornvNNnlfNCk_Y.H2bQ0MYx36s91Ks5tSXqEUAO65qmaqIa52BlP630LUSrs5foecueaav_fLEFP3jYhlpAEwtUiciUCvSh0_WuRyOVyE_YdZ2AIvCmXXoPNX00X2sb8wPWUQeJ0n9Wbcn4FCijVK91wFVlFSRp89jtiPTM7B11PHsNbEaloH4A5LOY80UptOXWWRLHTANBFAh8soZw5gQ2WO9a2gJicqmuaM6Grf5fpdlkLvIUYfdx80Lgz1UAR7WKM32oiRo3TDiitE1AAFIk731ZumRRZ4shKHwrxRc.9FWA82PLfzxHjuJH8W2FnRfATYCwdh.9TvM9a7_wKStgeRjsfPrsyDynU4FPD4JxP7TTYm6V241StOyICbbsVEaWRvit22mZXiUF6sOEhJOWWEuxz1_JsIOezhbga.3UId5X46Z145rhLjxwou4gpRPijTW7IuFGRa6DATr7tA3E6R1ChveBO1IhqYoe_B2OdL_4qnF76IqWlKxMHNxwql7GTvqdRMw8umS80wK8ni4NdFMiFbgREXPKw2b._txUxcFDGtYRQ3Y4519NVsSituVTD0_3DG4DuA5jv6yeZE2ypg.qllMDaZoF1Eu88eJtK668qrN2FzVMNMOWQN2hmAMMvCux7En6o6YnkHc0Bv6ZsRSE1s6oxyIdbQA3OGfBu5VnHUt4gE1tJKIOWRt___5giMaObPKTC_CKtxxtnHcJS05lRI9OWgIuEKuNbeY4iKe3AAYV.Q5U1ukqJ7blTQYq7A8q5yYMgy5ulvAf8pbG.AwU7_LeNNJUA1wG7joz9GR5S5N6tedlSYAoRzB6ktccHD9GLLtigHP6b4pZVP3eEFn.QAPj9i3YNBsWBIlb4.MvlveUMK.f7pPUIZtzS8YFcqwy0NfMPV1qer1bJoyw5UxncSSdLO1rPxLvIzPlfakpfgPpGVHGa3sNMxb1KWRI",mdrd: "P_EK9Ek2z6nRX8oxjrtG2HmmbJluM9i35mSdQNsgxuo-1739797419-1.2.1.1-SuPRr2iOoCj2LQpBb7mNihkSsckBb8tCtStyI3FwYTQMCOZtqPW2JikbJxqphFPI5y4hDyj6ZagMI50HMgnyZ0twbkWhJ11ccM.VQEP4t3cRpEYTaxeQfe5UAdMuAccw0KwdERHhTuxmLUGS4qoikmC.G9HLqI17yh.8qpaJVi7EzyS9KaADQPrWauQ9H.w634KUdqvrLqy8DKPs8ZfPGL91f4yHgh4T0IO6jkIrOSag7E6m5cHCao4DYpbUBjlyisxysn.E40YIWR1QcfABVR3UgfdnIfDbEsAOE_7mMZc6adjiP8VolucdN7RDdfTie2g7h6rpg4ZmPlUM8uEwc2ilomcjO3eA7byl7_Uo6GDuw2kO46xI.WQLL1Iyl_AQu05JuIJf2dkX6w_2VBsULcxSSwXAhTW6TexU38f4r0FH3lwc27VAtoXtqOPzFW0DK7mzyVOucbJO4hN216PajGRR5iT_66Jjn4mtjJy7FK1cM3b3W1PF6H1GGw8DbBBYCLEwSeUvAw6IR.gf.XWGvjs49oEnSZGDKLBxj9RZfXgN3OhZOTPWMagmDBVix8Z4ixf4Z3YzXLJbXJSQe78sTx5t5zfPA9Ig4w6Sr9jraAy7Q_SmKVTBfGRqYWaMEREVCHbw3L8dhzxpHa0FvBWd9FjXPX46nTRJLvpsAjyEzV9NNMlSrrjZqC9vpq0kr0uvKKFi53iqK4M.FDwsEnOGf5spj.mqVu9Ehun4dGiJwLpimA.61t2Rba98ACd7rqUn3ibKRYVdl8OEUfVjKoBfBwb0134Iyd2ifXEMQRi3nlwntZB3BBp9ILe0QO5_pTol4r_7brS9TWSZE96xjvxTz8FWBdXsiEg9ViVv9nPJl_G1yN0CQac0CGgSbTVbuRj4K3idjxSKj8pM4h7.XZvkTeKrUZIWttwcc25imD.QfgG4GW6JBaX2aNu5hpVVceZMHRgdDO9swLU_AV6YCC5P1SMZh1MX3ToFBYgpvw6vLK4yy30JbgAYobCXKwIYaCnu1w9f82ardRvlPLffrbB0c.H5yFSUn_zSjG37sRckbKFRrL4po_ZLTflyUsj8rWGmX6TPMxy8i2lg7w5O_zGL_6Epwl7mFYiIHCQRWlhNQPVMJD7dRtzw1746bappSi16PhseClj.BZsGxDGuJntUXih4zqGvU2P0C3BiY5ErKnhwvZKC0JppeSnK.bFX7d01JW2ST9.1fuvyezyTCvZ1Yatl5Lv_cVHmIESO6wJ.1PBFDBtOaq1SXueFHot0Sv20LkxQhFn7kk.l1PbuSRzo0f6kw.iq62bSCBYkWK8D1FqPbI5CIwmlLE2G5UMQbZI_5tFUK5w57XYJ6QEL8xjlDnyXeaM5k_2Ha0smFSK66K15GcSn7U0CyBjzlPmmSLKTryZpSP.MYHz2Mt8sOnwq9n4y9PhZ0JMthp3Rd2KA.Yw0ysej4tSRAavOK_mCbz5DKqSzzVGLRBadojIhQRAJ_msKLTj_SXDVnL1wcEM50dqu0u16ZVMiOm4o_vo7y5JuWUMo8IWDSBbKzNqbT26jgje6HzXqmOHRlJXQc0gph0Olx3.jUQs_RCAd3FU.vgNEGECWu8AlhvkwY2xw7KcebYZ1NWC1rNHVoRoyshijvtxC2boxKtrknLE1ZtF45jdwVRTmQM2KDOKeCz3d_jb5w6573bdPEh2B4jV4aCSd52mKvNccs3dxog4W2mrM37no5gLjJnPxUzrE.3ObjF5BYAxbwNun2Q1XtXBkMqY1hfdDUIk2iObNrZrNG0LODgFCgm8M6zNbZVaJC.nDZi.J36jEzcQdCvGCz9E5oq6Bf1r24rZlnRgNIKoGdMtlTKIxvfpUgGELjU94sYeboQRVm6Ly2VViECELho1JIZHfj6v.vN5c8BQCGm8z.EDAORe.ozvaY_iCRdDSUUMdq6eq1nGySrKkEy3iHeWfwhEzfpNv0fTnAaXwRfNpzysjDxzAwojLIg1SAnAMwEUvzW8xlw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135fa8d18bafce3';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Lawrence%20Gumbe&__cf_chl_rt_tk=0yqdzpWkNhAwRB41EHtdFrxsRsPKh9mRv.rwVLC39xw-1739797419-1.0.1.1-O4Ip8GHk9gSU2bTq_uUyTTpgqh2JoWB_c_a9sRb6ZSU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>