CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Viet Minh - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"98ec7b5f-1d59-44ba-a5f2-8b2680636835","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Viet_Minh","wgTitle":"Viet Minh","wgCurRevisionId":1273707688,"wgRevisionId":1273707688,"wgArticleId":68196,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from October 2020","All articles needing additional references","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text","Pages with Vietnamese IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing French-language text", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025","Viet Minh","1920s in French Indochina","1920s in Vietnam","1925 establishments in French Indochina","1925 establishments in Vietnam","1930 disestablishments in French Indochina","1930 disestablishments in Vietnam","1940s in French Indochina","1940s in Vietnam","1941 establishments in French Indochina","1941 establishments in Vietnam","1944 establishments in French Indochina","1944 establishments in Vietnam","1950s disestablishments in Vietnam","1950s in French Indochina","1988 disestablishments in Vietnam","Aftermath of World War II in Vietnam","Communism in Vietnam","Communist parties in Vietnam","Defunct political parties in Vietnam","Defunct political party alliances in Asia","Guerrilla organizations","History of the Communist Party of Vietnam","Ho Chi Minh","National liberation armies","National liberation movements", "Organizations established in 1941","Political parties disestablished in 1930","Political parties disestablished in 1988","Political parties established in 1925","Political parties established in 1944","Political party alliances in Vietnam","Popular fronts of communist states","Rebellions in Vietnam","Vietnamese independence movement","World War II resistance movements"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Viet_Minh","wgRelevantArticleId":68196,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist": true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q190949","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles" :"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/1200px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/800px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/640px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Viet Minh - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Viet_Minh rootpage-Viet_Minh skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Viet+Minh" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Viet+Minh" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Viet+Minh" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Viet+Minh" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Main members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_opposite_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_opposite_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other opposite parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_opposite_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religious organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripheral_wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripheral_wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Peripheral wings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripheral_wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Indochina_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Indochina_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>First Indochina War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Indochina_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victory_and_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_and_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Victory and dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_and_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_neighbouring_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_neighbouring_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Influences on neighbouring countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_on_neighbouring_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influences on neighbouring countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_neighbouring_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khmer_Việt_Minh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khmer_Việt_Minh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Khmer Việt Minh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khmer_Việt_Minh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laotian_Việt_Minh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laotian_Việt_Minh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Laotian Việt Minh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laotian_Việt_Minh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viet Minh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فيت مين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيت مين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyetmin" title="Vyetmin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vyetmin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ভিয়েত মিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিয়েত মিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="В’етмінь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="В’етмінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Виетмин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Виетмин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ویت مین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویت مین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%AF%BC" title="베트민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베트민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="वियत मिन्ह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वियत मिन्ह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וייט מין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וייט מין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вьетминь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вьетминь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вьетминь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вьетминь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietminh" title="Vietminh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vietminh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="ベトミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベトミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietminh" title="Vietminh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vietminh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%89" title="វៀតមិញ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វៀតមិញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вьетминь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вьетминь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вијетмин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијетмин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietminh" title="Vietminh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vietminh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Viet Minh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வியட் மின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியட் மின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D" title="เหวียตมิญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหวียตมิญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%94%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="В'єтмінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="В'єтмінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%86%DB%81" title="ویت منہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویت منہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" title="Việt Minh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Việt Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%9C%83" title="越南獨立同盟會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="越南獨立同盟會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190949#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Viet_Minh" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Viet_Minh" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Viet_Minh" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&oldid=1273707688" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Viet_Minh&id=1273707688&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FViet_Minh"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FViet_Minh"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Viet_Minh&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viet_Minh" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190949" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vietnam's communist-led independence movement (1941-55)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viet_Minh" title="Special:EditPage/Viet Minh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Viet+Minh%22">"Viet Minh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Viet+Minh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Viet+Minh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Viet+Minh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Viet+Minh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Viet+Minh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #EA0504; border-bottom:2px solid #EA0504; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">League for Independence of Vietnam</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="vi">Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh</div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>Viet Minh</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> (1941–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Viet Minh General Department<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Tổng bộ Việt Minh</i></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Director of General Department</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Nguyễn Lương Bằng">Nguyễn Lương Bằng</a> (1941–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Secretary of General Department</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoàng Văn Thụ (page does not exist)">Hoàng Văn Thụ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%A5" class="extiw" title="vi:Hoàng Văn Thụ">vi</a>]</span> (1941–1943) <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%A0ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoàng Quốc Việt (page does not exist)">Hoàng Quốc Việt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="de:Hoàng Quốc Việt">de</a>; <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Hoàng Quốc Việt">vi</a>]</span> (1943–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Members of General Department</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Huy_Li%E1%BB%87u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trần Huy Liệu (page does not exist)">Trần Huy Liệu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:チャン・フイ・リエウ">ja</a>; <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Huy_Li%E1%BB%87u" class="extiw" title="vi:Trần Huy Liệu">vi</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%BE%89%E7%87%8E" class="extiw" title="zh:陈辉燎">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_T%C3%B9ng_M%E1%BA%ADu" title="Hồ Tùng Mậu">Hồ Tùng Mậu</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">19 May 1941<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1941-05-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10 September 1955<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1955-09-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Anti-imperialist National United Front of Indochina</a> (<i>Mặt trận Thống nhất Dân tộc Phản đế Đông Dương</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam"><img alt="North Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Vietnamese Fatherland Front</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam"><img alt="South Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/23px-FNL_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/35px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FNL_Flag.svg/45px-FNL_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front of South Vietnam">National Liberation Front of South Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1c_B%C3%B3" title="Pác Bó">Pác Bó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Cao Bằng">Cao Bằng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Cứu Quốc</i></span> (National Salvation)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Armed wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese nationalism</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Imperialism">Anti-Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931955).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Việt Minh</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Vietnamese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="vi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">[vîət<span class="wrap"> </span>mīŋ̟]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Viet_Minh.ogg\/Viet_Minh.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Viet Minh.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Viet_Minh.ogg/Viet_Minh.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Viet_Minh.ogg" title="File:Viet Minh.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">越盟</span></span>) is the common and abbreviated name of the <b>League for Independence of Vietnam</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh Hội</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">越南獨立同盟(會)</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Ligue pour l'indépendance du Viêt Nam</i>), which was a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">communist</a>-led <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_separatist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical separatist movements">national independence</a> coalition formed at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1c_B%C3%B3" title="Pác Bó">Pác Bó</a> by <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> on 19 May 1941. Also known as the <b>Việt Minh Front</b> (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Mặt trận Việt Minh</i></span>), it was created by the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> (ICP) as a national <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> to achieve the independence of the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Việt Nam Độc lập Vận động Đồng minh Hội</i></span> was previously formed by Hồ Học Lãm in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China, at some point between August 1935 and early 1936, when Vietnamese nationalist parties formed an anti-imperialist <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>. This organization soon lapsed into inactivity, only to be taken over by Hồ Chí Minh and the ICP in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They presented the organization as inclusive of political groups, with a founding charter more nationalist than communist. It exhorted "soldiers, workers, peasants, intellectuals, civil servants, merchants, young men and women" to overthrow "French jackals" and "Japanese fascists", while the group's first chairman was a non-communist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, the Việt Minh established itself as the only organized anti-French and anti-Japanese resistance group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Việt Minh initially formed to seek independence for <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> from the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a>. The United States supported France. When the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Vietnam">Japanese occupation</a> began, the Việt Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. After World War II, the Việt Minh established the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> and opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">Indochina War</a>, and later opposed <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> and the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. It was also opposed by anti-communist Vietnamese nationalists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a>, the reason for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> in 1949. </p><p>The political leader of Việt Minh was Hồ Chí Minh. The military leadership was under the command of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>. Other founders were <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a>. </p><p>The <i>Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh</i> is not to be confused with the <i>Việt Nam Cách mệnh Đồng minh Hội</i> (League for the Vietnamese Revolution, abbreviated as <i>Việt Cách</i>) which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BA%A3i_Th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Nguyễn Hải Thần">Nguyễn Hải Thần</a>. Việt Cách later joined the Vietnamese National Coalition in 1946. </p><p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Fatherland_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Fatherland Front">Vietnam Fatherland Front</a> – a socio-political coalition led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Vietnamese government</a> – is recognized as the modern incarnation of the Việt Minh front in current <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnamese politics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation">Foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The League for Independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) was founded on 19 May 1941 in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1c_B%C3%B3" title="Pác Bó">Pác Bó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng_province" title="Cao Bằng province">Cao Bằng province</a> (in northern Vietnam).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> was the founder and his <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Indochina</a> was the main leadership organization within Viet Minh.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> was the highest leader. <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Nguyễn Lương Bằng">Nguyễn Lương Bằng</a> was appointed as the Direct of the General Department (from 1941 to 1951).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%A0ng_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoàng Văn Thụ (page does not exist)">Hoàng Văn Thụ</a> was appointed as the Secretary of the General Department (from 1941 to 1943 when he was captured by colonial French), and then <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho%C3%A0ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Vi%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoàng Quốc Việt (page does not exist)">Hoàng Quốc Việt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="de:Hoàng Quốc Việt">de</a>; <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Hoàng Quốc Việt">vi</a>]</span> took over the position (from 1943 to 1951).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nguyen Luong Bang, Hoang Van Thu and Hoang Quoc Viet were members of the Communist Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the national level, Viet Minh is governed by the General Department (<i>Tổng bộ</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further down there were executive committees in provinces and cities; and executive commissions in communes. </p><p>However, due to political turmoil and civil unrest at the time, plus conflicts with Japanese and French forces, the Viet Minh's General Department was not completely elected.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence the details about members of the General Department were very scarce and not fully understood. </p><p>Viet Minh established strongholds in northern and central Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in southern Vietnam, Viet Minh faced many challengers such as <a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a> (religious sects) and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Bình Xuyên">Bình Xuyên</a> (armed group).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_members">Main members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Main members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The founding and core members of Viet Minh were the communists. Other non-communists also joined the front. </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the General Secretary was <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg/25px-Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg/38px-Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg/50px-Former_flag_of_Vietnamese_Democratic_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Democratic Party of Vietnam">Democratic Party of Vietnam</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Secretary-General was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duong_Duc_Hien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duong Duc Hien (page does not exist)">Duong Duc Hien</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Hi%E1%BB%81n" class="extiw" title="vi:Dương Đức Hiền">vi</a>]</span>; joined in 1944</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg/25px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg/38px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg/50px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_k%E1%BB%B3_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Socialist Party of Vietnam">Socialist Party of Vietnam</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Secretary-General was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phan_Tu_Nghia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phan Tu Nghia (page does not exist)">Phan Tu Nghia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_T%C6%B0_Ngh%C4%A9a" class="extiw" title="vi:Phan Tư Nghĩa">vi</a>]</span>; joined in 1946</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Vanguard_Youth_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the chairman was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pham_Ngoc_Thach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pham Ngoc Thach (page does not exist)">Pham Ngoc Thach</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A1ch" class="extiw" title="de:Phạm Ngọc Thạch">de</a>; <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A1ch" class="extiw" title="vi:Phạm Ngọc Thạch">vi</a>]</span>; joined in 1945. A small number of organization's leaders joined other political organizations.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg/25px-Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg/38px-Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg/50px-Flag_of_Binh_Xuyen_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Xuy%C3%AAn" title="Bình Xuyên">Bình Xuyên Force</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Commander was <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Dương Văn Dương">Dương Văn Dương</a>; joined in 1945. A faction led by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Vi%E1%BB%85n" title="Lê Văn Viễn">Lê Văn Viễn</a> did not follow the Việt Minh and later supported the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> and France</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> National Salvation Army:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Commander was <a href="/wiki/Chu_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BA%A5n" title="Chu Văn Tấn">Chu Văn Tấn</a>; merged with the Propaganda Unit of the Liberation Army into Vietnam Liberation Army on 1945</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_opposite_parties">Other opposite parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other opposite parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though many opposite parties fought against Viet Minh for power, many of their members joined Viet Minh and worked with the government of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vietnam_Revolutionary_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_League_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary League of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Revolutionary League of Vietnam</a> (Viet Cach):<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinh_Chuong_Duong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinh Chuong Duong (page does not exist)">Dinh Chuong Duong</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo_Xuan_Luat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bo Xuan Luat (page does not exist)">Bo Xuan Luat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93_Xu%C3%A2n_Lu%E1%BA%ADt" class="extiw" title="vi:Bồ Xuân Luật">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_Duc_Thanh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho Duc Thanh (page does not exist)">Ho Duc Thanh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truong_Trung_Phung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truong Trung Phung (page does not exist)">Truong Trung Phung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Trung_Ph%E1%BB%A5ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Trương Trung Phụng">vi</a>]</span>...</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_VNQDD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_VNQDD.svg/25px-Flag_of_VNQDD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_VNQDD.svg/38px-Flag_of_VNQDD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_VNQDD.svg/50px-Flag_of_VNQDD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Vietnamese Nationalist Party</a> (Viet Quoc):<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phan_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Phan Khôi">Phan Khôi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chu_Ba_Phuong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chu Ba Phuong (page does not exist)">Chu Ba Phuong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_B%C3%A1_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng" class="extiw" title="vi:Chu Bá Phượng">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truc_Khe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truc Khe (page does not exist)">Truc Khe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%AA_(nh%C3%A0_v%C4%83n)" class="extiw" title="vi:Trúc Khê (nhà văn)">vi</a>]</span>...</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png/25px-Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png/38px-Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png/50px-Hi%E1%BB%87u_k%E1%BB%B3_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Independent_Party_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Independent Party of Vietnam (page does not exist)">National Independent Party of Vietnam</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngo_Tan_Nhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngo Tan Nhon (page does not exist)">Ngo Tan Nhon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_T%E1%BA%A5n_Nh%C6%A1n" class="extiw" title="vi:Ngô Tấn Nhơn">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Vietnamese Trotskyists</a> (Fourth Internationals):<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truong_Tuu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truong Tuu (page does not exist)">Truong Tuu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BB%ADu" class="extiw" title="vi:Trương Tửu">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg/25px-Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg/38px-Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg/50px-Flag_of_Vietnam_National_Restoration_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=League_for_National_Restoration_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="League for National Restoration of Vietnam (page does not exist)">League for National Restoration of Vietnam</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ho_Hoc_Lam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ho Hoc Lam (page does not exist)">Ho Hoc Lam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_H%E1%BB%8Dc_L%C3%A3m" class="extiw" title="vi:Hồ Học Lãm">vi</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AD%B8%E8%A6%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:胡學覽">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_organizations">Religious organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhists</a> supported Viet Minh, whereas the majority of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholics</a> supported French. <a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hòa Hảo</a> were split between pro-Viet Minh group and pro-French group. </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Buddhism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Buddhist_Sangha" title="Vietnam Buddhist Sangha">Buddhist Association for National Salvation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_T%E1%BB%8Bnh_Khi%E1%BA%BFt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Tịnh Khiết (page does not exist)">Thích Tịnh Khiết</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Minh_Nguy%E1%BB%87t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Minh Nguyệt (page does not exist)">Thích Minh Nguyệt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Th%E1%BB%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Trí Thủ (page does not exist)">Thích Trí Thủ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Th%E1%BB%A7" class="extiw" title="vi:Thích Trí Thủ">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_M%E1%BA%ADt_Th%E1%BB%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Mật Thể (page does not exist)">Thích Mật Thể</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang" title="Thích Trí Quang">Thích Trí Quang</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_%C4%90%E1%BB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thích Trí Độ (page does not exist)">Thích Trí Độ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" class="extiw" title="vi:Thích Trí Độ">vi</a>]</span>...</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg/25px-C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg/38px-C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg/50px-C%E1%BB%9D_Tam_Thanh_Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Association_for_National_Salvation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Đài Association for National Salvation (page does not exist)">Cao Đài Association for National Salvation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ph%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Triều Phát (page does not exist)">Cao Triều Phát</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ph%C3%A1t" class="extiw" title="vi:Cao Triều Phát">vi</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%9D%E7%99%BC" class="extiw" title="zh:高朝發">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Ng%E1%BB%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Văn Ngợi (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Văn Ngợi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Ng%E1%BB%A3i" class="extiw" title="vi:Nguyễn Văn Ngợi">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Tương (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Ngọc Tương</a>...</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_(Vietnam)_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_(22_November_2015).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/25px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/38px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif/50px-Roman_Catholic_Church_flag_%28Vietnam%29_-_Tomislav_Todorovi%C4%87_%2822_November_2015%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Association_for_National_Salvation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Association for National Salvation (page does not exist)">Catholic Association for National Salvation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%93_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_C%E1%BA%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hồ Ngọc Cẩn (page does not exist)">Hồ Ngọc Cẩn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%91%EC%98%A5%EA%BB%80" class="extiw" title="ko:호응옥껀">ko</a>; <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_Minh_Maria_H%E1%BB%93_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_C%E1%BA%A9n" class="extiw" title="vi:Đa Minh Maria Hồ Ngọc Cẩn">vi</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E7%8E%89%E7%91%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:胡玉瑾">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%B5_Th%C3%A0nh_Trinh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Võ Thành Trinh (page does not exist)">Võ Thành Trinh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AAr%C3%B4_V%C3%B5_Th%C3%A0nh_Trinh" class="extiw" title="vi:Phêrô Võ Thành Trinh">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%C3%A1_Lu%E1%BA%ADt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Bá Luật (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Bá Luật</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gioakim_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%C3%A1_Lu%E1%BA%ADt" class="extiw" title="vi:Gioakim Nguyễn Bá Luật">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_T%E1%BB%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phan Khắc Từ (page does not exist)">Phan Khắc Từ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AAr%C3%B4_Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_T%E1%BB%AB" class="extiw" title="vi:Phêrô Phan Khắc Từ">vi</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%E1%BA%A1m_B%C3%A1_Tr%E1%BB%B1c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phạm Bá Trực (page does not exist)">Phạm Bá Trực</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AAr%C3%B4_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_B%C3%A1_Tr%E1%BB%B1c" class="extiw" title="vi:Phêrô Phạm Bá Trực">vi</a>]</span>...</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoa_Hao_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hoa_Hao_flag.svg/25px-Hoa_Hao_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hoa_Hao_flag.svg/38px-Hoa_Hao_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Hoa_Hao_flag.svg/50px-Hoa_Hao_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o_Association_for_Resistance_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hòa Hảo Association for Resistance War (page does not exist)">Hòa Hảo Association for Resistance War</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few followers joined the front but not well documented, a known pro-communist Hòa Hảo follower was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huynh_Thien_Tu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huynh Thien Tu (page does not exist)">Huynh Thien Tu</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png/25px-Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png/38px-Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png/50px-Logo_H%E1%BB%99i_th%C3%A1nh_tin_l%C3%A0nh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protestant_Church_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protestant Church of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Protestant Church</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bui_Hoanh_Thu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bui Hoanh Thu (page does not exist)">Bui Hoanh Thu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duong_Tu_Ap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duong Tu Ap (page does not exist)">Duong Tu Ap</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tran_Van_De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tran Van De (page does not exist)">Tran Van De</a>...</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripheral_wings">Peripheral wings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peripheral wings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viet Minh established many youth wing, woman wing and military wing. They aimed to draw supports from people of different backgrounds, classes, races, genders and religions. </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931955).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_United_League_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National United League of Vietnam (page does not exist)">National United League of Vietnam</a> (Hoi Lien Viet):<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Leader was <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1ng" title="Huỳnh Thúc Kháng">Huỳnh Thúc Kháng</a> <ul><li>National Salvation Youth Union:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1931, today is the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Communist_Youth_Union" title="Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union">Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union</a></li> <li>National Salvation Women's Union:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1941, today is the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Women%27s_Union" title="Vietnam Women's Union">Vietnam Women's Union</a></li> <li>National Salvation Children's Union:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1941, today is the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Young_Pioneer_Organization" title="Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization">Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization</a></li> <li>National Salvation Workers' Union:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1941, today is the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Vietnam General Confederation of Labour">Vietnam General Confederation of Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Vietnam Liberation Army:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1944; merged from the Propaganda Unit of the Liberation Army and National Salvation Army; the commander was <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a>; today is the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Public_Security_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span> Vietnam Public Security Service:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1945; the commander was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Gian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Gian (page does not exist)">Le Gian</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Gi%E1%BA%A3n" class="extiw" title="vi:Lê Giản">vi</a>]</span>; today is the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Public_Security" title="Vietnam People's Public Security">Vietnam People's Public Security</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945,_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945%2C_4.jpg/220px-Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945%2C_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945%2C_4.jpg/330px-Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945%2C_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945%2C_4.jpg/440px-Hanoi_TN%C4%90L_1945%2C_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Viet Minh troops on 2 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War II, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. As well as fighting the French in the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khai_Phat_and_Na_Ngan" title="Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan">battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan</a>, the Việt Minh started a <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaign</a> against the Japanese. For instance, a raid at Tam Dao internment camp in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a> on 19 July 1945 saw 500 Viet Minh kill fifty Japanese soldiers and officials, freeing French civilian captives and escorting them to the Chinese border. The Viet Minh also fought the <a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="21st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">Japanese 21st Division</a> in Thái Nguyên, and regularly raided rice storehouses to alleviate the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese famine of 1945">ongoing famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti,_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti%2C_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png/220px-1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti%2C_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti%2C_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png/330px-1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti%2C_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti%2C_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png/440px-1945_Aug_Archimedes_Patti%2C_Vo_Nguyen_Giap.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>OSS officer <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Patti" title="Archimedes Patti">Archimedes Patti</a> standing with General <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> at a parade held in honour of the American's contributions to the Viet Minh, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>As of the end of 1944, the Việt Minh claimed a membership of 500,000, of which 200,000 were in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a>, 150,000 in <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a>, and 150,000 in <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-United_States._Department_of_Defense_1971_p.B4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States._Department_of_Defense_1971_p.B4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a>, the Viet Minh and <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">ICP</a> prolifically expanded their activities. They formed national salvation associations (cuu quoc hoi) that, in Quảng Ngãi province alone, enlisted 100,000 peasants by mid-1945. This was backed by the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth (Thanh Nien Tien Phong)</a> in Cochinchina, which expanded to 200,000 by early summer. In the northern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%E1%BA%AFc" title="Việt Bắc">Việt Bắc</a>, their armed forces seized control, after which they distributed lands to the poor, abolished the corvée, established <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">quốc ngữ</a> classes, local village militias, and declared universal suffrage and democratic freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their opposition to the Japanese, the Việt Minh received funding from the United States, the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmermund_2017_p._32_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmermund_2017_p._32-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a>'s takeover of nationalist organizations and Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>'s abdication to the Việt Minh, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> declared Vietnam's independence by proclaiming the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> on 2 September 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_2008_p._26_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_2008_p._26-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_VietMinh1"><a href="#endnote_VietMinh1">[A]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Indochina_War">First Indochina War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First Indochina War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">War in Vietnam (1945–46)</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg/220px-Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg/330px-Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg/440px-Ba_Dinh_Square_September_2nd%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2208" /></a><figcaption>Ho Chi Minh declaring independence at Ba Dinh Square on 2 September 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Within days, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Nationalist) Army arrived in Vietnam to supervise the repatriation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam therefore existed only in theory and effectively controlled no territory. A few months later, the Chinese, Vietnamese and French came to a three-way understanding. The French gave up certain rights in China, the Việt Minh agreed to the return of the French in exchange for promises of independence within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>, and the Chinese agreed to leave. Negotiations between the French and Việt Minh broke down quickly. What followed was nearly ten years of war against France. This was known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> or, to the Vietnamese; "the French War". </p><p>The Việt Minh, who were short on modern military knowledge, created a military school in <a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i_province" title="Quảng Ngãi province">Quảng Ngãi province</a> in June 1946. More than 400 Vietnamese were trained by Japanese defectors in this school. These soldiers were considered to be students of the Japanese. Later, some of them fought as generals against the United States in the Vietnam War or, to the Vietnamese; "the American War". Young insurgents of the Việt Minh also received training in the use of modern firearms by some foreign volunteers, such as <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kubiak" title="Stefan Kubiak">Stefan Kubiak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dantri_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dantri-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naszahistoria_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naszahistoria-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French General <a href="/wiki/Jean_%C3%89tienne_Valluy" title="Jean Étienne Valluy">Jean Étienne Valluy</a> quickly pushed the Việt Minh out of <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>. His French infantry with armored units went through Hanoi, fighting small battles against isolated Việt Minh groups. The French encircled the Việt Minh base, <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%E1%BA%AFc" title="Việt Bắc">Việt Bắc</a>, in 1947, but failed to defeat the Việt Minh forces, and had to retreat soon after. The campaign is now widely considered a Việt Minh victory over the well-equipped French force. </p><p>The Việt Minh continued fighting against the French until 1949, when the border of China and Vietnam was linked together as a result of the campaign called <i>Chiến dịch Biên giới</i> ("Borderland Campaign"). The newly communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> gave the Việt Minh both sheltered bases and heavy weapons with which to fight the French. With the additional weapons, the Việt Minh were able to take control over many rural areas of the country. Soon after that, they began to advance towards the French-occupied areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victory_and_dissolution">Victory and dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Victory and dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 March 1951, Viet Minh and National United League of Vietnam (<i>Hội Liên Việt</i>) merged to form the <b>Vietnamese United Front</b> (<i><b>Mặt trận Liên Việt</b></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, people continued to call the new front as Viet Minh. </p><p>Later the United Front changed into the current <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Fatherland_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam Fatherland Front">Vietnam Fatherland Front</a> (<i>Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam</i>) on 10 September 1955.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Điện Biên Phủ</a>, the French began negotiations to leave Vietnam. As a result of peace accords worked out at the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, Vietnam was divided into <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> at the <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th Parallel</a> as a temporary measure until unifying elections could take place in 1956. Transfer of civil administration of North Vietnam to the Viet Minh was given on 11 October 1954. Ho Chi Minh was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of North Vietnam">Prime Minister of North Vietnam</a>, which would be run as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, who was previously appointed Prime Minister of South Vietnam by Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bao Dại</a>, eventually assumed control of South Vietnam. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_(1946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_%281946%29.jpg/220px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_%281946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_%281946%29.jpg/330px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_%281946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_%281946%29.jpg/440px-%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_qu%C3%A2n_ta_t%E1%BB%AB_c%C3%A1c_c%E1%BB%ADa_%C3%B4_ti%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0o_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4_%281946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Viet Minh troops on parade in Hanoi</figcaption></figure> <p>The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Việt Minh delegate <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From his home in France, Vietnamese Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> appointed Ngô Đình Diệm as <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">Prime Minister of South Vietnam</a>. With United States support in rigging the referendum of 1955 using secret <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) funding,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diệm removed the Emperor and declared himself the <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>. </p><p>The United States believed Ho Chi Minh would win the nationwide election proposed at the Geneva Accords. In a secret memorandum, Director of CIA <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> acknowledged that "The evidence [shows] that a majority of the people of Vietnam supported the Viet Minh rebels."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diem refused to hold the elections by citing that the South had not signed and were not bound to the Geneva Accords and that it was impossible to hold free elections in the communist North.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vietnam wide elections never happened and Việt Minh cadres in South Vietnam launched an insurgency against the government. North Vietnam also occupied portions of Laos to assist in supplying the insurgents known as the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">National Liberation Front</a> (<i>Viet Cong</i>) in South Vietnam. The war gradually escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Second Indochina War</a>, more commonly known as the "Vietnam War" in the West and the "American War" in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_neighbouring_countries">Influences on neighbouring countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences on neighbouring countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khmer_Việt_Minh"><span id="Khmer_Vi.E1.BB.87t_Minh"></span>Khmer Việt Minh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Khmer Việt Minh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Issarak_Front" title="United Issarak Front">United Issarak Front</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Cambodian People's Party</a></div> <p>The Khmer Việt Minh were the 3,000 to 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Cambodian communist</a> cadres, left-wing members of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a> movement regrouped in the <a href="/wiki/United_Issarak_Front" title="United Issarak Front">United Issarak Front</a> after 1950, most of whom lived in exile in North Vietnam after the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">1954 Geneva Conference</a>. Khmer Issarak and United Issarak Front were under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Son_Ngoc_Minh" title="Son Ngoc Minh">Son Ngoc Minh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tou_Samouth" title="Tou Samouth">Tou Samouth</a>, Sieu Heng, etc. It was a derogatory term used by <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>, dismissing the Cambodian leftists who had been organizing pro-independence agitations in alliance with the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sihanouk's public criticism and mockery of the Khmer Issarak had the damaging effect of increasing the power of the hardline, anti-Vietnamese, but also anti-monarchist, members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a> (CPK), led by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kiernan227_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiernan227-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Khmer Issarak and United Issarak Front were instrumental in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Kampuchean_United_Front_for_National_Salvation" title="Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation">Cambodian Salvation Front</a> (FUNSK) in 1978. The FUNSK invaded Cambodia along with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">Vietnamese Army</a> and overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> Pol Pot state. Many of the Khmer Việt Minh had married Vietnamese women during their long exile in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laotian_Việt_Minh"><span id="Laotian_Vi.E1.BB.87t_Minh"></span>Laotian Việt Minh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Laotian Việt Minh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lao_Front_for_National_Development" title="Lao Front for National Development">Lao Front for National Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a> (<i>Free Laos</i>) was a political and military organization of Laotian communists, led by <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath" class="mw-redirect" title="Phetsarath">Phetsarath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Souphanouvong" title="Souphanouvong">Souphanouvong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Vongvichit" title="Phoumi Vongvichit">Phoumi Vongvichit</a>. Lao Issara received training and support from <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a>. Under French intervention, Lao Issara was split into non-communists and communists. Laotian non-communists under leadership of Pretsarath later established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> which was part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. </p><p>However Laotian communists rejected the French offer and fought side by side with Vietnamese communists during the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. In 1950, Lao Issara was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> (<i>Laos Nation</i>) under leadership of <a href="/wiki/Souphanouvong" title="Souphanouvong">Souphanouvong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoumi_Vongvichit" title="Phoumi Vongvichit">Phoumi Vongvichit</a>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">History of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="History of the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>A.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_VietMinh1"><sup>^</sup></span> While the Viet Minh was absorbed into "<a href="/wiki/Lien_Viet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lien Viet">Lien Viet</a>" at the end of World War II, which itself was absorbed in the "<a href="/wiki/Lao_Dong_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Dong Party">Lao Dong (Communist Party of Vietnam)</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many sources refer to the military movement of the Vietnamese Communist Party as the "Viet Minh" till the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> after the defeat of the French.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phạm Hồng Tung: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215001904/https://khoalichsu.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/tim-hiu-them-v-mt-trn-vit-minh/">Tìm hiểu thêm về Mặt trận Việt Minh.</a></i> <i>Tạp chí Nghiên cứu Lịch sử</i>, số 2 năm 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPV2011" class="citation web cs1">PV (17 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/mat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm">"Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang"</a>. <i>Dân trí</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071630/http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/mat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A2n+tr%C3%AD&rft.atitle=M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+T%E1%BB%95+qu%E1%BB%91c+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+Ch%E1%BA%B7ng+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+80+n%C4%83m+v%E1%BA%BB+vang&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.au=PV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fxa-hoi%2Fmat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThương_Huyền2021" class="citation web cs1">Thương Huyền (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dangcongsan.vn/xay-dung-dang/mat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html">"Mặt trận Việt Minh – biểu tượng của khối đại đoàn kết toàn dân tộc"</a>. <i>Báo Điện tử Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184115/https://dangcongsan.vn/xay-dung-dang/mat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n+t%E1%BB%AD+%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng+C%E1%BB%99ng+s%E1%BA%A3n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.atitle=M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Minh+%E2%80%93+bi%E1%BB%83u+t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+kh%E1%BB%91i+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+k%E1%BA%BFt+to%C3%A0n+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.au=Th%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+Huy%E1%BB%81n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdangcongsan.vn%2Fxay-dung-dang%2Fmat-tran-viet-minh-bieu-tuong-cua-khoi-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-580849.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen,_Sai_D." class="citation web cs1">Nguyen, Sai D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050512031344/http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/The%20National%20Flag%20of%20VN.pdf">"The National Flag of Viet Nam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vpac-usa.org. pp. <span class="nowrap">212–</span>213. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpac-usa.org/flag/The%20National%20Flag%20of%20VN.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+Flag+of+Viet+Nam.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=Vpac-usa.org&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Sai+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpac-usa.org%2Fflag%2FThe%2520National%2520Flag%2520of%2520VN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/viet-minh/#The_Viet_Minh_formed">"The Viet Minh"</a>. <i>Alpha History</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809183958/https://alphahistory.com/vietnamwar/viet-minh/#The_Viet_Minh_formed">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alpha+History&rft.atitle=The+Viet+Minh&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Fvietnamwar%2Fviet-minh%2F%23The_Viet_Minh_formed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2015" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Michael H. (26 June 2015). <i>The world transformed: 1945 to the present</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937102-0"><bdi>978-0-19-937102-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907585907">907585907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+transformed%3A+1945+to+the+present&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907585907&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937102-0&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vietnamnet.vn/en/how-the-viet-minh-front-led-the-vietnamese-revolution-to-success-738415.html">"How the Viet Minh Front led the Vietnamese revolution to success"</a>. <i>VietNamNet News</i>. 22 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808072945/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/how-the-viet-minh-front-led-the-vietnamese-revolution-to-success-738415.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VietNamNet+News&rft.atitle=How+the+Viet+Minh+Front+led+the+Vietnamese+revolution+to+success&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamnet.vn%2Fen%2Fhow-the-viet-minh-front-led-the-vietnamese-revolution-to-success-738415.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viet-Minh">"Viet Minh | History & Definition | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214220759/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viet-Minh">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Viet+Minh+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Definition+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FViet-Minh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daibieunhandan.vn/quoc-hoi-va-cu-tri/dong-chi-Sao-do-Nguyen-Luong-Bang--luon-vi-cai-chung-i289353/">"Đồng chí "Sao đỏ" Nguyễn Lương Bằng – luôn vì cái chung"</a>. <i>Báo Đại biểu Nhân dân</i>. 21 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726222556/https://daibieunhandan.vn/quoc-hoi-va-cu-tri/dong-chi-Sao-do-Nguyen-Luong-Bang--luon-vi-cai-chung-i289353/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+bi%E1%BB%83u+Nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng+ch%C3%AD+%22Sao+%C4%91%E1%BB%8F%22+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+B%E1%BA%B1ng+%E2%80%93+lu%C3%B4n+v%C3%AC+c%C3%A1i+chung&rft.date=2022-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaibieunhandan.vn%2Fquoc-hoi-va-cu-tri%2Fdong-chi-Sao-do-Nguyen-Luong-Bang--luon-vi-cai-chung-i289353%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhuy.bacninh.gov.vn/de-cuong-tuyen-truyen-hoang-quoc-viet-cuoc-doi-va-su-nghiep-a39i2162.html">"Đề cương tuyên truyền: Hoàng Quốc Việt – cuộc đời và sự nghiệp"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130011601/http://thanhuy.bacninh.gov.vn/de-cuong-tuyen-truyen-hoang-quoc-viet-cuoc-doi-va-su-nghiep-a39i2162.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BB%81+c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+tuy%C3%AAn+truy%E1%BB%81n%3A+Ho%C3%A0ng+Qu%E1%BB%91c+Vi%E1%BB%87t+%E2%80%93+cu%E1%BB%99c+%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di+v%C3%A0+s%E1%BB%B1+nghi%E1%BB%87p&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhuy.bacninh.gov.vn%2Fde-cuong-tuyen-truyen-hoang-quoc-viet-cuoc-doi-va-su-nghiep-a39i2162.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsử2023" class="citation web cs1">sử, Khoa Lịch (9 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://his.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/vi/news/nguyen-thu-ha/tim-hieu-ve-mat-tran-viet-minh-5759.html">"Tìm hiểu về mặt trận Việt Minh (PGS. TS. Phạm Hồng Tung)"</a>. <i>Khoa Lịch sử</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805000353/https://his.ussh.vnu.edu.vn/vi/news/nguyen-thu-ha/tim-hieu-ve-mat-tran-viet-minh-5759.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khoa+L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD&rft.atitle=T%C3%ACm+hi%E1%BB%83u+v%E1%BB%81+m%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Minh+%28PGS.+TS.+Ph%E1%BA%A1m+H%E1%BB%93ng+Tung%29&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft.aulast=s%E1%BB%AD&rft.aufirst=Khoa+L%E1%BB%8Bch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhis.ussh.vnu.edu.vn%2Fvi%2Fnews%2Fnguyen-thu-ha%2Ftim-hieu-ve-mat-tran-viet-minh-5759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2020" class="citation book cs1">Holcombe, Alec (9 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/oa_monograph/book/74917"><i>Mass Mobilization in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1960</i></a>. University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-8446-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-8446-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-8446-8</bdi></a> – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Mobilization+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Vietnam%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2020-08-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-8446-8&rft.aulast=Holcombe&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F5%2Foa_monograph%2Fbook%2F74917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aejjrsite.free.fr/goodmorning/gm191/gm191_TheSovereignStatesOfVietnam1945-55.pdf">"The Sovereign States of Vietnam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807170941/http://aejjrsite.free.fr/goodmorning/gm191/gm191_TheSovereignStatesOfVietnam1945-55.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sovereign+States+of+Vietnam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faejjrsite.free.fr%2Fgoodmorning%2Fgm191%2Fgm191_TheSovereignStatesOfVietnam1945-55.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuận2012" class="citation book cs1">Luận, Nguyễn Công (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzp2k"><i>Nationalist in the Viet Nam Wars: Memoirs of a Victim Turned Soldier</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35687-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35687-1"><bdi>978-0-253-35687-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzp2k">j.ctt16gzp2k</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807154525/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt16gzp2k">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalist+in+the+Viet+Nam+Wars%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Victim+Turned+Soldier&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt16gzp2k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35687-1&rft.aulast=Lu%E1%BA%ADn&rft.aufirst=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+C%C3%B4ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt16gzp2k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115730695">"Vietminh"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808080954/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803115730695">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Vietminh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803115730695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-tham-khao-cuoc-thi-trac-nghiem-tim-hieu-90-nam-lich-su-ve-vang-cua-dang-cong-san-viet-nam/tu-lieu-90-nam-lich-su-dang/thanh-lap-dang-dan-chu-viet-nam-536979.html">"Thành lập Đảng Dân chủ Việt Nam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" class="mw-redirect" title="Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam">Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng+C%E1%BB%99ng+s%E1%BA%A3n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.atitle=Th%C3%A0nh+l%E1%BA%ADp+%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng+D%C3%A2n+ch%E1%BB%A7+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdangcongsan.vn%2Ftu-lieu-tham-khao-cuoc-thi-trac-nghiem-tim-hieu-90-nam-lich-su-ve-vang-cua-dang-cong-san-viet-nam%2Ftu-lieu-90-nam-lich-su-dang%2Fthanh-lap-dang-dan-chu-viet-nam-536979.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baodanang.vn/channel/5399/201501/85-mua-xuan-cua-dang-3-2-1930-3-2-2015-85-nam-dang-cong-san-viet-nam-tiep-can-tu-doi-moi-phat-trien-xa-hoi-tiep-theo-2389841/">"85 MÙA XUÂN CỦA ĐẢNG (3-2-1930 – 3-2-2015):85 năm đảng cộng sản Việt Nam – tiếp cận từ đổi mới phát triển xã hội (Tiếp theo)"</a>. <i>Báo Đà Nẵng</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122221/https://baodanang.vn/channel/5399/201501/85-mua-xuan-cua-dang-3-2-1930-3-2-2015-85-nam-dang-cong-san-viet-nam-tiep-can-tu-doi-moi-phat-trien-xa-hoi-tiep-theo-2389841/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng&rft.atitle=85+M%C3%99A+XU%C3%82N+C%E1%BB%A6A+%C4%90%E1%BA%A2NG+%283-2-1930+%E2%80%93+3-2-2015%29%3A85+n%C4%83m+%C4%91%E1%BA%A3ng+c%E1%BB%99ng+s%E1%BA%A3n+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+%E2%80%93+ti%E1%BA%BFp+c%E1%BA%ADn+t%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91%E1%BB%95i+m%E1%BB%9Bi+ph%C3%A1t+tri%E1%BB%83n+x%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i+%28Ti%E1%BA%BFp+theo%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaodanang.vn%2Fchannel%2F5399%2F201501%2F85-mua-xuan-cua-dang-3-2-1930-3-2-2015-85-nam-dang-cong-san-viet-nam-tiep-can-tu-doi-moi-phat-trien-xa-hoi-tiep-theo-2389841%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhnien.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/thanh-nien-tien-phong-suc-manh-than-ky-trong-nhung-ngay-mua-thu-lich-su/">"THANH NIÊN TIỀN PHONG – SỨC MẠNH THẦN KỲ TRONG NHỮNG NGÀY MÙA THU LỊCH SỬ"</a>. <i>thanhnien.hochiminhcity.gov.vn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122219/https://thanhnien.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/thanh-nien-tien-phong-suc-manh-than-ky-trong-nhung-ngay-mua-thu-lich-su/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thanhnien.hochiminhcity.gov.vn&rft.atitle=THANH+NI%C3%8AN+TI%E1%BB%80N+PHONG+%E2%80%93+S%E1%BB%A8C+M%E1%BA%A0NH+TH%E1%BA%A6N+K%E1%BB%B2+TRONG+NH%E1%BB%AENG+NG%C3%80Y+M%C3%99A+THU+L%E1%BB%8ACH+S%E1%BB%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhnien.hochiminhcity.gov.vn%2Fthanh-nien-tien-phong-suc-manh-than-ky-trong-nhung-ngay-mua-thu-lich-su%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.vnu.edu.vn/bitstream/VNU_123/71010/1/314%282001-1%29%283%29.pdf">"Cuộc xung đột vũ trang giữa các giáo phái ở miền nam với chính quyền ngô đình diệm (1955-1956)"</a> [Armed conflict between religious sects in the South and the Ngô Đình Diệm government (1955–1956)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Vietnamese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122214/https://repository.vnu.edu.vn/bitstream/VNU_123/71010/1/314(2001-1)(3).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cu%E1%BB%99c+xung+%C4%91%E1%BB%99t+v%C5%A9+trang+gi%E1%BB%AFa+c%C3%A1c+gi%C3%A1o+ph%C3%A1i+%E1%BB%9F+mi%E1%BB%81n+nam+v%E1%BB%9Bi+ch%C3%ADnh+quy%E1%BB%81n+ng%C3%B4+%C4%91%C3%ACnh+di%E1%BB%87m+%281955-1956%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.vnu.edu.vn%2Fbitstream%2FVNU_123%2F71010%2F1%2F314%25282001-1%2529%25283%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhnien.vn/chu-van-tan-nguoi-anh-ca-cua-du-kich-viet-nam-1851022575.htm">"Chu Văn Tấn – người anh cả của du kích Việt Nam"</a>. <i>thanhnien.vn</i>. 23 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804120428/https://thanhnien.vn/chu-van-tan-nguoi-anh-ca-cua-du-kich-viet-nam-1851022575.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thanhnien.vn&rft.atitle=Chu+V%C4%83n+T%E1%BA%A5n+%E2%80%93+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+anh+c%E1%BA%A3+c%E1%BB%A7a+du+k%C3%ADch+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhnien.vn%2Fchu-van-tan-nguoi-anh-ca-cua-du-kich-viet-nam-1851022575.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cand.com.vn/Phong-su-tu-lieu/Bo-Xuan-Luat-tu-phuc-quoc-quan-den-Bo-truong---Nhan-si-yeu-nuoc-i184844/">"Bồ Xuân Luật, từ phục quốc quân đến Bộ trưởng – Nhân sĩ yêu nước"</a>. <i>Báo Công an Nhân dân điện tử</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122213/https://cand.com.vn/Phong-su-tu-lieu/Bo-Xuan-Luat-tu-phuc-quoc-quan-den-Bo-truong---Nhan-si-yeu-nuoc-i184844/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+C%C3%B4ng+an+Nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+t%E1%BB%AD&rft.atitle=B%E1%BB%93+Xu%C3%A2n+Lu%E1%BA%ADt%2C+t%E1%BB%AB+ph%E1%BB%A5c+qu%E1%BB%91c+qu%C3%A2n+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+B%E1%BB%99+tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng+%E2%80%93+Nh%C3%A2n+s%C4%A9+y%C3%AAu+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcand.com.vn%2FPhong-su-tu-lieu%2FBo-Xuan-Luat-tu-phuc-quoc-quan-den-Bo-truong---Nhan-si-yeu-nuoc-i184844%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thanhnien.vn/nho-nguon-hoi-ky-nhieu-tu-lieu-quy-ve-cach-mang-viet-nam-tai-hai-ngoai-185230414074936398.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Nhớ nguồn' – hồi ký nhiều tư liệu quý về cách mạng Việt Nam tại hải ngoại"</a>. <i>thanhnien.vn</i>. 14 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122219/https://thanhnien.vn/nho-nguon-hoi-ky-nhieu-tu-lieu-quy-ve-cach-mang-viet-nam-tai-hai-ngoai-185230414074936398.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thanhnien.vn&rft.atitle=%27Nh%E1%BB%9B+ngu%E1%BB%93n%27+%E2%80%93+h%E1%BB%93i+k%C3%BD+nhi%E1%BB%81u+t%C6%B0+li%E1%BB%87u+qu%C3%BD+v%E1%BB%81+c%C3%A1ch+m%E1%BA%A1ng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+t%E1%BA%A1i+h%E1%BA%A3i+ngo%E1%BA%A1i&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthanhnien.vn%2Fnho-nguon-hoi-ky-nhieu-tu-lieu-quy-ve-cach-mang-viet-nam-tai-hai-ngoai-185230414074936398.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cand.com.vn/Truyen-thong/Lap-chinh-phu-doan-ket---tap-hop-nhan-tai-chuan-bi-khang-chien-i325278/">"Lập chính phủ đoàn kết – tập hợp nhân tài chuẩn bị kháng chiến"</a>. <i>Báo Công an Nhân dân điện tử</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804122216/https://cand.com.vn/Truyen-thong/Lap-chinh-phu-doan-ket---tap-hop-nhan-tai-chuan-bi-khang-chien-i325278/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+C%C3%B4ng+an+Nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n+%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n+t%E1%BB%AD&rft.atitle=L%E1%BA%ADp+ch%C3%ADnh+ph%E1%BB%A7+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+k%E1%BA%BFt+%E2%80%93+t%E1%BA%ADp+h%E1%BB%A3p+nh%C3%A2n+t%C3%A0i+chu%E1%BA%A9n+b%E1%BB%8B+kh%C3%A1ng+chi%E1%BA%BFn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcand.com.vn%2FTruyen-thong%2FLap-chinh-phu-doan-ket---tap-hop-nhan-tai-chuan-bi-khang-chien-i325278%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nongnghiep.vn/them-mot-vai-tu-lieu-ve-nha-van-phan-khoi-d243245.html">"Thêm một vài tư liệu về nhà văn Phan Khôi"</a>. <i>nongnghiep.vn</i>. 15 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185839/https://nongnghiep.vn/them-mot-vai-tu-lieu-ve-nha-van-phan-khoi-d243245.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nongnghiep.vn&rft.atitle=Th%C3%AAm+m%E1%BB%99t+v%C3%A0i+t%C6%B0+li%E1%BB%87u+v%E1%BB%81+nh%C3%A0+v%C4%83n+Phan+Kh%C3%B4i&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnongnghiep.vn%2Fthem-mot-vai-tu-lieu-ve-nha-van-phan-khoi-d243245.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quansachmuathu.vn/truc-khe">"TRÚC KHÊ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804172814/https://quansachmuathu.vn/truc-khe">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR%C3%9AC+KH%C3%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquansachmuathu.vn%2Ftruc-khe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ngo-van-vietnam-1920-1945">"Việt Nam 1920–1945 | Southeast Asian Anarchist Library"</a>. <i>sea.theanarchistlibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184100/https://sea.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ngo-van-vietnam-1920-1945">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sea.theanarchistlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+1920%E2%80%931945+%26%23124%3B+Southeast+Asian+Anarchist+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsea.theanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fngo-van-vietnam-1920-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vanhoanghean.vn/chi-tiet-tin-tuc/9180">"Sự nghiệp khoa học của giáo sư Trương Tửu"</a>. <i>vanhoanghean.vn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vanhoanghean.vn&rft.atitle=S%E1%BB%B1+nghi%E1%BB%87p+khoa+h%E1%BB%8Dc+c%E1%BB%A7a+gi%C3%A1o+s%C6%B0+Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+T%E1%BB%ADu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvanhoanghean.vn%2Fchi-tiet-tin-tuc%2F9180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vusta.vn/ho-hoc-lam-voi-phong-trao-dong-du-p83425.html">"Hồ Học Lãm với phong trào Đông Du"</a>. <i>vusta.vn</i>. 7 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805002740/https://vusta.vn/ho-hoc-lam-voi-phong-trao-dong-du-p83425.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vusta.vn&rft.atitle=H%E1%BB%93+H%E1%BB%8Dc+L%C3%A3m+v%E1%BB%9Bi+phong+tr%C3%A0o+%C4%90%C3%B4ng+Du&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvusta.vn%2Fho-hoc-lam-voi-phong-trao-dong-du-p83425.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nxbctqg.org.vn/dong-gop-cua-phat-giao-trong-khang-chien-chong-thuc-dan-phap-1945-1954-.html">"Đóng góp của Phật giáo trong kháng chiến chống thực dân Pháp (1945–1954)"</a>. <i>hutoglobal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240804093157/http://nxbctqg.org.vn/dong-gop-cua-phat-giao-trong-khang-chien-chong-thuc-dan-phap-1945-1954-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hutoglobal&rft.atitle=%C4%90%C3%B3ng+g%C3%B3p+c%E1%BB%A7a+Ph%E1%BA%ADt+gi%C3%A1o+trong+kh%C3%A1ng+chi%E1%BA%BFn+ch%E1%BB%91ng+th%E1%BB%B1c+d%C3%A2n+Ph%C3%A1p+%281945%E2%80%931954%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnxbctqg.org.vn%2Fdong-gop-cua-phat-giao-trong-khang-chien-chong-thuc-dan-phap-1945-1954-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://giacngo.vn/post-13299.html">"Lễ Phật đản do Hội Phật giáo Cứu quốc Nam Bộ tổ chức năm 1949"</a>. <i>Giác Ngộ Online</i>. 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gi%C3%A1c+Ng%E1%BB%99+Online&rft.atitle=L%E1%BB%85+Ph%E1%BA%ADt+%C4%91%E1%BA%A3n+do+H%E1%BB%99i+Ph%E1%BA%ADt+gi%C3%A1o+C%E1%BB%A9u+qu%E1%BB%91c+Nam+B%E1%BB%99+t%E1%BB%95+ch%E1%BB%A9c+n%C4%83m+1949&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiacngo.vn%2Fpost-13299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/download/26592/22746">"Tính chất và đặc điểm của phật giáo việt nam trong kháng chiến chống pháp"</a> [The nature and characteristics of Vietnamese Buddhism in the resistance war against France] (in Vietnamese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805113908/https://www.vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/download/26592/22746">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%ADnh+ch%E1%BA%A5t+v%C3%A0+%C4%91%E1%BA%B7c+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83m+c%E1%BB%A7a+ph%E1%BA%ADt+gi%C3%A1o+vi%E1%BB%87t+nam+trong+kh%C3%A1ng+chi%E1%BA%BFn+ch%E1%BB%91ng+ph%C3%A1p&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2Frsr%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F26592%2F22746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vusta.vn/hoi-cao-dai-cuu-quoc-mot-net-son-trong-lich-su-dao-cao-dai-p69019.html">"Hội Cao Đài cứu quốc – Một nét son trong lịch sử đạo Cao Đài"</a>. <i>vusta.vn</i>. 30 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184010/https://vusta.vn/hoi-cao-dai-cuu-quoc-mot-net-son-trong-lich-su-dao-cao-dai-p69019.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vusta.vn&rft.atitle=H%E1%BB%99i+Cao+%C4%90%C3%A0i+c%E1%BB%A9u+qu%E1%BB%91c+%E2%80%93+M%E1%BB%99t+n%C3%A9t+son+trong+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o+Cao+%C4%90%C3%A0i&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvusta.vn%2Fhoi-cao-dai-cuu-quoc-mot-net-son-trong-lich-su-dao-cao-dai-p69019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://btgcp.gov.vn/gioi-thieu-cac-to-chuc-ton-giao-da-duoc-cong-nhan/Cao_Dai_Ban_Chinh_dao_Ben_Tre_voi_su_menh_thieng_lieng_trong_nen_Dai_dao_Tam_ky_pho_do-posteX9arAgRo1.html">"Cao Đài Ban Chỉnh đạo Bến Tre với sứ mệnh thiêng liêng trong nền Đại đạo Tam kỳ phổ độ – Giới thiệu các tổ chức tôn giáo đã được công nhận | Ban Tôn giáo Chính Phủ"</a>. <i>BTGCP</i>. 1 January 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805110308/https://btgcp.gov.vn/gioi-thieu-cac-to-chuc-ton-giao-da-duoc-cong-nhan/Cao_Dai_Ban_Chinh_dao_Ben_Tre_voi_su_menh_thieng_lieng_trong_nen_Dai_dao_Tam_ky_pho_do-posteX9arAgRo1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BTGCP&rft.atitle=Cao+%C4%90%C3%A0i+Ban+Ch%E1%BB%89nh+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o+B%E1%BA%BFn+Tre+v%E1%BB%9Bi+s%E1%BB%A9+m%E1%BB%87nh+thi%C3%AAng+li%C3%AAng+trong+n%E1%BB%81n+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o+Tam+k%E1%BB%B3+ph%E1%BB%95+%C4%91%E1%BB%99+%E2%80%93+Gi%E1%BB%9Bi+thi%E1%BB%87u+c%C3%A1c+t%E1%BB%95+ch%E1%BB%A9c+t%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o+%C4%91%C3%A3+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+c%C3%B4ng+nh%E1%BA%ADn+%26%23124%3B+Ban+T%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o+Ch%C3%ADnh+Ph%E1%BB%A7&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbtgcp.gov.vn%2Fgioi-thieu-cac-to-chuc-ton-giao-da-duoc-cong-nhan%2FCao_Dai_Ban_Chinh_dao_Ben_Tre_voi_su_menh_thieng_lieng_trong_nen_Dai_dao_Tam_ky_pho_do-posteX9arAgRo1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/view/7134/6660">"Quan điểm của Từ Đoàn Công giáo cứu quốc đến Liên đoàn Công giáo Nam Bộ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805101049/https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/rsr/article/view/7134/6660">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quan+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83m+c%E1%BB%A7a+T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%90o%C3%A0n+C%C3%B4ng+gi%C3%A1o+c%E1%BB%A9u+qu%E1%BB%91c+%C4%91%E1%BA%BFn+Li%C3%AAn+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+C%C3%B4ng+gi%C3%A1o+Nam+B%E1%BB%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2Frsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7134%2F6660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tapchimattran.vn/thuc-tien/qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-uy-ban-doan-ket-cong-giao-viet-nam-nhin-tu-phuong-dien-trach-nhiem-xa-hoi-cua-nguoi-cong-giao-17082.html">"Quá trình hình thành và phát triển của Ủy ban Đoàn kết Công giáo Việt Nam – Nhìn từ phương diện trách nhiệm xã hội của người Công giáo | Thực tiễn | Tạp chí mặt trận Online"</a>. <i>tapchimattran.vn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805101053/https://tapchimattran.vn/thuc-tien/qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-uy-ban-doan-ket-cong-giao-viet-nam-nhin-tu-phuong-dien-trach-nhiem-xa-hoi-cua-nguoi-cong-giao-17082.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tapchimattran.vn&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A1+tr%C3%ACnh+h%C3%ACnh+th%C3%A0nh+v%C3%A0+ph%C3%A1t+tri%E1%BB%83n+c%E1%BB%A7a+%E1%BB%A6y+ban+%C4%90o%C3%A0n+k%E1%BA%BFt+C%C3%B4ng+gi%C3%A1o+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+%E2%80%93+Nh%C3%ACn+t%E1%BB%AB+ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+di%E1%BB%87n+tr%C3%A1ch+nhi%E1%BB%87m+x%C3%A3+h%E1%BB%99i+c%E1%BB%A7a+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+C%C3%B4ng+gi%C3%A1o+%26%23124%3B+Th%E1%BB%B1c+ti%E1%BB%85n+%26%23124%3B+T%E1%BA%A1p+ch%C3%AD+m%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftapchimattran.vn%2Fthuc-tien%2Fqua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-uy-ban-doan-ket-cong-giao-viet-nam-nhin-tu-phuong-dien-trach-nhiem-xa-hoi-cua-nguoi-cong-giao-17082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://luanan.nlv.gov.vn/luanan?a=d&d=TTbFlGuvxlZa2002.1.5">"Đồng bào phật giáo Hoà Hảo An Giang trong cuộc kháng chiến chống Mỹ cứu nước (1954–1975) 2002 – LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ – Cơ sở dữ liệu toàn văn"</a>. <i>luanan.nlv.gov.vn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807174215/http://luanan.nlv.gov.vn/luanan?a=d&d=TTbFlGuvxlZa2002.1.5">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=luanan.nlv.gov.vn&rft.atitle=%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng+b%C3%A0o+ph%E1%BA%ADt+gi%C3%A1o+Ho%C3%A0+H%E1%BA%A3o+An+Giang+trong+cu%E1%BB%99c+kh%C3%A1ng+chi%E1%BA%BFn+ch%E1%BB%91ng+M%E1%BB%B9+c%E1%BB%A9u+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc+%281954%E2%80%931975%29+2002+%E2%80%93+LU%E1%BA%ACN+%C3%81N+TI%E1%BA%BEN+S%C4%A8+%E2%80%93+C%C6%A1+s%E1%BB%9F+d%E1%BB%AF+li%E1%BB%87u+to%C3%A0n+v%C4%83n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fluanan.nlv.gov.vn%2Fluanan%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DTTbFlGuvxlZa2002.1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vass.gov.vn/noidung/tintuc/Lists/DaoTaoSauDaiHoc/Attachments/617/Tai%20lieu%20tinh%20than%20yeu%20nuoc%20gan%20bo%20dong%20hanh%20cung%20dan%20toc%20cua%20cac%20ton%20giao%20Viet%20Nam.pdf">"Tinh thần yêu nước, gắn bó đồng hành cùng dân tộc của các tôn giáo ở Việt nam"</a> [Patriotic spirit, solidarity and solidarity with the nation of religions in Vietnam] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>vass.gov.vn</i> (in Vietnamese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vass.gov.vn&rft.atitle=Tinh+th%E1%BA%A7n+y%C3%AAu+n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc%2C+g%E1%BA%AFn+b%C3%B3+%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng+h%C3%A0nh+c%C3%B9ng+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c+c%E1%BB%A7a+c%C3%A1c+t%C3%B4n+gi%C3%A1o+%E1%BB%9F+Vi%E1%BB%87t+nam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvass.gov.vn%2Fnoidung%2Ftintuc%2FLists%2FDaoTaoSauDaiHoc%2FAttachments%2F617%2FTai%2520lieu%2520tinh%2520than%2520yeu%2520nuoc%2520gan%2520bo%2520dong%2520hanh%2520cung%2520dan%2520toc%2520cua%2520cac%2520ton%2520giao%2520Viet%2520Nam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vjol.info.vn/index.php/khxh/article/download/17364/15415/">"Hồ chí minh và đạo tin lành"</a> [Ho Chi Minh and Protestantism]. <i>vjol.info.vn</i> (in Vietnamese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vjol.info.vn&rft.atitle=H%E1%BB%93+ch%C3%AD+minh+v%C3%A0+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o+tin+l%C3%A0nh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvjol.info.vn%2Findex.php%2Fkhxh%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F17364%2F15415%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ubmttqvn.binhthuan.dcs.vn/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi-thi%E1%BB%87u/post/210959/lich-su-mat-tran-dan-toc-thong-nhat">"Uỷ ban Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam tỉnh Bình Thuận"</a>. <i>ubmttqvn.binhthuan.dcs.vn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240807131500/https://ubmttqvn.binhthuan.dcs.vn/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi-thi%E1%BB%87u/post/210959/lich-su-mat-tran-dan-toc-thong-nhat">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ubmttqvn.binhthuan.dcs.vn&rft.atitle=U%E1%BB%B7+ban+M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+T%E1%BB%95+qu%E1%BB%91c+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+t%E1%BB%89nh+B%C3%ACnh+Thu%E1%BA%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fubmttqvn.binhthuan.dcs.vn%2FGi%25E1%25BB%259Bi-thi%25E1%25BB%2587u%2Fpost%2F210959%2Flich-su-mat-tran-dan-toc-thong-nhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daibieunhandan.vn/dien-dan-quoc-hoi-va-cu-tri/nguyen-lam-nguoi-bi-thu-dau-tien-cua-doan-thanh-nien-cuu-quoc-i364821/">"Nguyễn Lam – Người Bí thư đầu tiên của Đoàn Thanh niên Cứu quốc"</a>. <i>Báo Đại biểu Nhân dân</i>. 31 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184012/https://daibieunhandan.vn/dien-dan-quoc-hoi-va-cu-tri/nguyen-lam-nguoi-bi-thu-dau-tien-cua-doan-thanh-nien-cuu-quoc-i364821/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B%C3%A1o+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+bi%E1%BB%83u+Nh%C3%A2n+d%C3%A2n&rft.atitle=Nguy%E1%BB%85n+Lam+%E2%80%93+Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+B%C3%AD+th%C6%B0+%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u+ti%C3%AAn+c%E1%BB%A7a+%C4%90o%C3%A0n+Thanh+ni%C3%AAn+C%E1%BB%A9u+qu%E1%BB%91c&rft.date=2024-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaibieunhandan.vn%2Fdien-dan-quoc-hoi-va-cu-tri%2Fnguyen-lam-nguoi-bi-thu-dau-tien-cua-doan-thanh-nien-cuu-quoc-i364821%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoilhpn.org.vn/tin-chi-tiet/-/chi-tiet/hoi-lhpn-viet-nam-cac-dau-moc-lich-su-32291-3301.html">"Hội LHPN Việt Nam: Các dấu mốc lịch sử – Cổng Thông Tin Hội Liên hiệp Phụ nữ Việt Nam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184024/https://hoilhpn.org.vn/tin-chi-tiet/-/chi-tiet/hoi-lhpn-viet-nam-cac-dau-moc-lich-su-32291-3301.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%E1%BB%99i+LHPN+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+C%C3%A1c+d%E1%BA%A5u+m%E1%BB%91c+l%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+%E2%80%93+C%E1%BB%95ng+Th%C3%B4ng+Tin+H%E1%BB%99i+Li%C3%AAn+hi%E1%BB%87p+Ph%E1%BB%A5+n%E1%BB%AF+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoilhpn.org.vn%2Ftin-chi-tiet%2F-%2Fchi-tiet%2Fhoi-lhpn-viet-nam-cac-dau-moc-lich-su-32291-3301.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhathieunhitphcm.com.vn/gioi-thieu/59-nha-truyen-thong-doi-tntp-ho-chi-minh/191-lich-su-doi-thieu-nien-tien-phong-ho-chi-minh">"Lịch sử Đội Thiếu niên tiền phong Hồ Chí Minh"</a>. <i>nhathieunhitphcm.com.vn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806011546/https://www.nhathieunhitphcm.com.vn/gioi-thieu/59-nha-truyen-thong-doi-tntp-ho-chi-minh/191-lich-su-doi-thieu-nien-tien-phong-ho-chi-minh">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhathieunhitphcm.com.vn&rft.atitle=L%E1%BB%8Bch+s%E1%BB%AD+%C4%90%E1%BB%99i+Thi%E1%BA%BFu+ni%C3%AAn+ti%E1%BB%81n+phong+H%E1%BB%93+Ch%C3%AD+Minh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhathieunhitphcm.com.vn%2Fgioi-thieu%2F59-nha-truyen-thong-doi-tntp-ho-chi-minh%2F191-lich-su-doi-thieu-nien-tien-phong-ho-chi-minh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congdoan.vn/gioi-thieu/lich-su-cdvn-489/tom-tat-qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-giai-cap-cong-nhan-va-to-chuc-cong-doan-viet-nam-(phan-2)-32025.tld">"Giới thiệu – Tổng liên đoàn lao động Việt Nam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001160929/http://www.congdoan.vn/gioi-thieu/lich-su-cdvn-489/tom-tat-qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-giai-cap-cong-nhan-va-to-chuc-cong-doan-viet-nam-(phan-2)-32025.tld">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gi%E1%BB%9Bi+thi%E1%BB%87u+%E2%80%93+T%E1%BB%95ng+li%C3%AAn+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+lao+%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congdoan.vn%2Fgioi-thieu%2Flich-su-cdvn-489%2Ftom-tat-qua-trinh-hinh-thanh-va-phat-trien-cua-giai-cap-cong-nhan-va-to-chuc-cong-doan-viet-nam-%28phan-2%29-32025.tld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/vietnam-war/armed-forces">"Armed Forces | Pritzker Military Museum & Library | Chicago"</a>. <i>pritzkermilitary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808082050/https://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/vietnam-war/armed-forces">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pritzkermilitary.org&rft.atitle=Armed+Forces+%26%23124%3B+Pritzker+Military+Museum+%26+Library+%26%23124%3B+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pritzkermilitary.org%2Fexplore%2Fvietnam-war%2Farmed-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police">"Stasi Aid and the Modernization of the Vietnamese Secret Police | Wilson Center"</a>. <i>wilsoncenter.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184423/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Stasi+Aid+and+the+Modernization+of+the+Vietnamese+Secret+Police+%26%23124%3B+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fpublication%2Fstasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanyok, Robert (1995). "Guerillas in the Mist: COMINT and the Formation and Evolution of the Viet Minh 1941–45". (p. 107)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i> (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 1, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States._Department_of_Defense_1971_p.B4-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_States._Department_of_Defense_1971_p.B4_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Department_of_Defense1971" class="citation book cs1">United States. Department of Defense (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHjOVH6k5BQC&pg=RA1-PA4"><i>United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: Study</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. B4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184553/https://books.google.com/books?id=MHjOVH6k5BQC&pg=RA1-PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States-Vietnam+Relations%2C+1945%E2%80%931967%3A+Study&rft.pages=B4&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1971&rft.au=United+States.+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHjOVH6k5BQC%26pg%3DRA1-PA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cima, R.J (1987). Vietnam: A Country Study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmermund_2017_p._32-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schmermund_2017_p._32_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmermund2017" class="citation book cs1">Schmermund, E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHhmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Minority Soldiers Fighting in the Vietnam War</i></a>. Fighting for Their Country: Minorities at War. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-2666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-2666-0"><bdi>978-1-5026-2666-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184518/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHhmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Soldiers+Fighting+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.series=Fighting+for+Their+Country%3A+Minorities+at+War&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5026-2666-0&rft.aulast=Schmermund&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHhmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_2008_p._26-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_2008_p._26_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2008" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Mark A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvZoAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Vietnam War: A Concise International History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971812-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971812-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971812-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809184624/https://books.google.com/books?id=vvZoAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+War%3A+A+Concise+International+History&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971812-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvZoAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dantri-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dantri_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoàng_Lam2014" class="citation web cs1">Hoàng Lam (29 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/chuyen-ve-nguoi-linh-le-duong-mang-ho-bac-ho-1399178601.htm">"Chuyện về người lính lê dương mang họ Bác Hồ"</a>. <i>dantri.com.vn</i>. Dân trí<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dantri.com.vn&rft.atitle=Chuy%E1%BB%87n+v%E1%BB%81+ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di+l%C3%ADnh+l%C3%AA+d%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+mang+h%E1%BB%8D+B%C3%A1c+H%E1%BB%93&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft.au=Ho%C3%A0ng+Lam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fxa-hoi%2Fchuyen-ve-nguoi-linh-le-duong-mang-ho-bac-ho-1399178601.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naszahistoria-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naszahistoria_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodak2017" class="citation web cs1">Rodak, Wojciech (24 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naszahistoria.pl/ho-chi-toan-jak-polski-dezerter-zostal-bohaterem-ludowego-wietnamu/ar/11916979">"Ho Chi Toan. Jak polski dezerter został bohaterem ludowego Wietnamu"</a>. <i>naszahistoria.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naszahistoria.pl&rft.atitle=Ho+Chi+Toan.+Jak+polski+dezerter+zosta%C5%82+bohaterem+ludowego+Wietnamu&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft.aulast=Rodak&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaszahistoria.pl%2Fho-chi-toan-jak-polski-dezerter-zostal-bohaterem-ludowego-wietnamu%2Far%2F11916979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn/DetailView/24800/2/Hoi-thao-khoa-hoc-%E2%80%9CMat-tran-Lien-Viet-voi-cach-mang-Viet-Nam---bai-hoc-ve-phat-huy-suc-manh-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-trong-giai-doan-hien-nay%E2%80%9D..html">"Hội thảo khoa học "Mặt trận Liên Việt với cách mạng Việt Nam – bài học về phát huy sức mạnh đại đoàn kết toàn dân tộc trong giai đoạn hiện nay"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240808072946/http://mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn/DetailView/24800/2/Hoi-thao-khoa-hoc-%E2%80%9CMat-tran-Lien-Viet-voi-cach-mang-Viet-Nam---bai-hoc-ve-phat-huy-suc-manh-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-trong-giai-doan-hien-nay%E2%80%9D..html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn&rft.atitle=H%E1%BB%99i+th%E1%BA%A3o+khoa+h%E1%BB%8Dc+%22M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+Li%C3%AAn+Vi%E1%BB%87t+v%E1%BB%9Bi+c%C3%A1ch+m%E1%BA%A1ng+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam+%E2%80%93+b%C3%A0i+h%E1%BB%8Dc+v%E1%BB%81+ph%C3%A1t+huy+s%E1%BB%A9c+m%E1%BA%A1nh+%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i+%C4%91o%C3%A0n+k%E1%BA%BFt+to%C3%A0n+d%C3%A2n+t%E1%BB%99c+trong+giai+%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1n+hi%E1%BB%87n+nay%22.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmttq.tuyenquang.gov.vn%2FDetailView%2F24800%2F2%2FHoi-thao-khoa-hoc-%25E2%2580%259CMat-tran-Lien-Viet-voi-cach-mang-Viet-Nam---bai-hoc-ve-phat-huy-suc-manh-dai-doan-ket-toan-dan-toc-trong-giai-doan-hien-nay%25E2%2580%259D..html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i> (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i> (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pentagon_Papers_1971_p._140_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a></i> (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins", (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keylor, William. <i>"The 20th Century World and Beyond: An International History Since 1900,"</i> p. 371, Oxford University Press: 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/05/vietnam_war/html/introduction.stm">"BBC News"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514003325/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/asia_pac/05/vietnam_war/html/introduction.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fasia_pac%2F05%2Fvietnam_war%2Fhtml%2Fintroduction.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cambodia/kh_appnb.html">"Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Cambodia / Appendix B"</a>. Lcweb2.loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306190527/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cambodia/kh_appnb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+%2F+Federal+Research+Division+%2F+Country+Studies+%2F+Area+Handbook+Series+%2F+Cambodia+%2F+Appendix+B&rft.pub=Lcweb2.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fcambodia%2Fkh_appnb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiernan227-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kiernan227_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Kiernan. <i>How Pol Pot came to power</i>, Yale University Press, 2004, p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Slocomb, <i>The People's Republic of Kampuchea, 1979–1989: The revolution after Pol Pot</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-9575-34-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-9575-34-5">978-974-9575-34-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viet-Minh">"Viet Min"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 11 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214220759/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viet-Minh">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Viet+Min&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FViet-Minh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTran_Ngoc_Hung1954" class="citation journal cs1">Tran Ngoc Hung (1954). "The Role of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party in the Evolution of the Viet-Minh: 1945 to 1951". <i>The Australian Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20633465">10.2307/20633465</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20633465">20633465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Indo-Chinese+Communist+Party+in+the+Evolution+of+the+Viet-Minh%3A+1945+to+1951&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20633465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20633465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Tran+Ngoc+Hung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViet+Minh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulieuvankien.dangcongsan.vn/van-kien-tu-lieu-ve-dang/hoi-nghi-bch-trung-uong/khoa-i/chuong-trinh-viet-minh-665">Chương trình Việt Minh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3096/19262/mat-tran-viet-minh-voi-cach-mang-viet-nam.html">Mặt trận Việt Minh với cách mạng Việt Nam</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vietnamese_independence_movements327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnamese_independence_movement" title="Template:Vietnamese independence movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnamese_independence_movement" title="Template talk:Vietnamese independence movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnamese_independence_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnamese independence movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vietnamese_independence_movements327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> independence movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saigon" title="Siege of Saigon">Siege of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Saigon" title="Citadel of Saigon">Capture of the Citadel of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A3i_S%E1%BA%ADy_uprising" title="Bãi Sậy uprising">Bãi Sậy uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Insurrection" title="Yên Thế Insurrection">Yên Thế Insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">1916 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_the_recruiter_Bazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of the recruiter Bazin">Bazin assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">1940 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Du" title="Đông Du">Đông Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Duy Tân Hội">Duy Tân Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprising Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_B%C3%A0nh" title="Phạm Bành">Phạm Bành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quang_B%C3%ADch" title="Nguyễn Quang Bích">Nguyễn Quang Bích</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Duy_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Võ Duy Dương">Võ Duy Dương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Trương Định">Trương Định</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_Hu%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Hữu Huân (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Hữu Huân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_X%C3%ADch_Long" title="Phan Xích Long">Phan Xích Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Xu%C3%A2n_%C3%94n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Xuân Ôn">Nguyễn Xuân Ôn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%91ng_Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Tống Duy Tân">Tống Duy Tân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Hoa_Th%C3%A1m" title="Hoàng Hoa Thám">Hoàng Hoa Thám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thi%E1%BB%87n_Thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Nguyễn Thiện Thuật">Nguyễn Thiện Thuật</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7m_B%C3%A1_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Cầm Bá Thước">Cầm Bá Thước</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_C%C3%B4ng_Tr%C3%A1ng" title="Đinh Công Tráng">Đinh Công Tráng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Trung_Tr%E1%BB%B1c" title="Nguyễn Trung Trực">Nguyễn Trung Trực</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Can" title="Lương Văn Can">Lương Văn Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Qu%C3%BD_C%C3%A1p" title="Trần Quý Cáp">Trần Quý Cáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_B%E1%BB%99i_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Phan Bội Châu">Phan Bội Châu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%90%E1%BB%83" title="Cường Để">Cường Để</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1ng" title="Huỳnh Thúc Kháng">Huỳnh Thúc Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%A9_H%E1%BB%93ng_Khanh" title="Vũ Hồng Khanh">Vũ Hồng Khanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_K%E1%BA%BF" title="Ngô Đức Kế">Ngô Đức Kế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BA%A7n_Hi%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nguyễn Thần Hiến">Nguyễn Thần Hiến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_Hi%E1%BB%81n" title="Nguyễn Thượng Hiền">Nguyễn Thượng Hiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A1i_H%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyễn Thái Học">Nguyễn Thái Học</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_An_Ninh" title="Nguyễn An Ninh">Nguyễn An Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Nguyễn Quyền">Nguyễn Quyền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Thành">Nguyễn Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1_Thu_Th%C3%A2u" title="Tạ Thu Thâu">Tạ Thu Thâu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Chu_Trinh" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Chu Trinh">Phan Chu Trinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Phan Văn Trường">Phan Văn Trường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Cao_V%C3%A2n" title="Trần Cao Vân">Trần Cao Vân</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Decoux" title="Jean Decoux">Jean Decoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_French_Indochina" title="List of governors-general of French Indochina">Governor-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorate of Annam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam">Administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">French protectorate of Tonkin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">French colony of Cochinchina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_colony_of_Cochinchina" title="List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina">Administrator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%E1%BA%A7n_B%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%99c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trần Bá Lộc (page does not exist)">Trần Bá Lộc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_H%E1%BB%A3p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Trọng Hợp (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Trọng Hợp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_C%C3%B4ng_T%E1%BA%A5n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huỳnh Công Tấn (page does not exist)">Huỳnh Công Tấn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyễn Thân (page does not exist)">Nguyễn Thân</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%AA_Hoan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lê Hoan (page does not exist)">Lê Hoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nobold"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_in_Vietnam_(1858%E2%80%931886)" title="Template:Wars in Vietnam (1858–1886)">Wars in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnamese_independence_movement" title="Template:Vietnamese independence movement">independence movement</a></li></ul> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Vietnam345" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vietnamese_political_parties" title="Template:Vietnamese political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vietnamese_political_parties" title="Template talk:Vietnamese political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnamese_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vietnamese political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Vietnam345" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Vietnam" title="List of political parties in Vietnam">Political parties in Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Fatherland_Front" title="Vietnamese Fatherland Front">Fatherland Front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Democratic Party of Vietnam">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Socialist Party of Vietnam">Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_8406" title="Bloc 8406">Bloc 8406</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Nationalist Party (Việt Quốc)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam" title="People's Action Party of Vietnam">People's Action Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Populist_Party" title="Vietnam Populist Party">Populist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_T%C3%A2n" title="Việt Tân">Reform Revolutionary Party (Việt Tân)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Indochina" title="Communist League of Indochina">Communist League of Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Annam" title="Communist Party of Annam">Communist Party of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indochina" title="Communist Party of Indochina">Communist Party of Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_National_Socialist_Party" title="Đại Việt National Socialist Party">Đại Việt National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiviet_Populist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Daiviet Populist Revolutionary Party">Đại Việt Populist Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Vietnamese Democratic Socialist Party">Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%E1%BA%B7t_tr%E1%BA%ADn_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mặt trận Quốc gia Liên hiệp (page does not exist)">Vietnam National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Vietnam)" title="International Communist League (Vietnam)">International Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_Vietnam" title="Trotskyism in Vietnam">Internationalist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Democratic_Front" title="National Social Democratic Front">National Social Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Greater_Vietnam" title="Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam">Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Revolutionary_Party" title="Tân Việt Revolutionary Party">New Vietnam Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_National_Front_(Vietnam)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union National Front (Vietnam) (page does not exist)">Union National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_(Vietnam)" title="People's Revolutionary Party (Vietnam)">People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalist_Labor_Revolutionary_Party" title="Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party">Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Young_Annam" title="Revolutionary Party of Young Annam">Revolutionary Party of Young Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of ruling political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" title="Politics of Vietnam">Politics of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organizations_and_armed_forces_in_Vietnam" title="Political organizations and armed forces in Vietnam">Political organizations and armed forces in Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190949#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata884" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190949#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata884" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190949#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129953446">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94023466">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Việt Nam Độc lập Đồng minh Hội"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008457634&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007398383405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&oldid=1273707688">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&oldid=1273707688</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viet_Minh" title="Category:Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1920s in French Indochina">1920s in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1920s in Vietnam">1920s in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1925_establishments_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1925 establishments in French Indochina">1925 establishments in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1925_establishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1925 establishments in Vietnam">1925 establishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_disestablishments_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1930 disestablishments in French Indochina">1930 disestablishments in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_disestablishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1930 disestablishments in Vietnam">1930 disestablishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1940s in French Indochina">1940s in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1940s in Vietnam">1940s in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_establishments_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1941 establishments in French Indochina">1941 establishments in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_establishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1941 establishments in Vietnam">1941 establishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_establishments_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1944 establishments in French Indochina">1944 establishments in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_establishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1944 establishments in Vietnam">1944 establishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_disestablishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1950s disestablishments in Vietnam">1950s disestablishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_French_Indochina" title="Category:1950s in French Indochina">1950s in French Indochina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_disestablishments_in_Vietnam" title="Category:1988 disestablishments in Vietnam">1988 disestablishments in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_World_War_II_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Aftermath of World War II in Vietnam">Aftermath of World War II in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Communism in Vietnam">Communism in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_parties_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Communist parties in Vietnam">Communist parties in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_parties_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Defunct political parties in Vietnam">Defunct political parties in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_political_party_alliances_in_Asia" title="Category:Defunct political party alliances in Asia">Defunct political party alliances in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guerrilla_organizations" title="Category:Guerrilla organizations">Guerrilla organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Category:History of the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Category:Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_liberation_armies" title="Category:National liberation armies">National liberation armies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_liberation_movements" title="Category:National liberation movements">National liberation movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizations_established_in_1941" title="Category:Organizations established in 1941">Organizations established in 1941</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1930" title="Category:Political parties disestablished in 1930">Political parties disestablished in 1930</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1988" title="Category:Political parties disestablished in 1988">Political parties disestablished in 1988</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1925" title="Category:Political parties established in 1925">Political parties established in 1925</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1944" title="Category:Political parties established in 1944">Political parties established in 1944</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_party_alliances_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Political party alliances in Vietnam">Political party alliances in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Popular_fronts_of_communist_states" title="Category:Popular fronts of communist states">Popular fronts of communist states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rebellions_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Rebellions in Vietnam">Rebellions in Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_independence_movement" title="Category:Vietnamese independence movement">Vietnamese independence movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_resistance_movements" title="Category:World War II resistance movements">World War II resistance movements</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Vietnamese-language_sources_(vi)" title="Category:CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)">CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2020">Articles needing additional references from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Vietnamese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Vietnamese IPA">Pages with Vietnamese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2025</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 February 2025, at 16:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viet Minh</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>55 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-g7l55","wgBackendResponseTime":130,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.321","walltime":"1.587","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9310,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":369003,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8254,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":245788,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1273.585 1 -total"," 33.20% 422.866 1 Template:Reflist"," 25.31% 322.361 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 24.17% 307.873 1 Template:Infobox"," 23.18% 295.162 45 Template:Cite_web"," 9.86% 125.536 5 Template:Lang"," 9.53% 121.404 1 Template:Small"," 7.20% 91.759 24 Template:Ill"," 6.54% 83.313 4 Template:Military_navigation"," 6.26% 79.782 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.742","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20610245,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-nrhqc","timestamp":"20250216202018","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Viet Minh","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viet_Minh","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190949","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190949","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-06T04:36:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T16:50:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b9\/Flag_of_North_Vietnam_%281945%E2%80%931955%29.svg","headline":"Vietnamese independence movement active from 1941 to 1951"}</script> </body> </html>