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colleagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Root-Bernstein_and_colleagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_Burke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_Burke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peter Burke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_Burke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bharath_Sriraman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bharath_Sriraman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bharath Sriraman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bharath_Sriraman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Michael_Araki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Michael_Araki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Michael Araki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Michael_Araki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaufman,_Beghetto_and_colleagues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaufman,_Beghetto_and_colleagues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Kaufman, Beghetto and colleagues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaufman,_Beghetto_and_colleagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waqas_Ahmed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waqas_Ahmed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Waqas Ahmed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waqas_Ahmed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polymath</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veelweter" title="Veelweter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veelweter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="موسوعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسوعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_insan" title="Universal insan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Universal insan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%AE%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86" title="چوخ‌بیلن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چوخ‌بیلن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6" title="বহুবিদ্যাবিশারদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুবিদ্যাবিশারদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phok-sek-ka" title="Phok-sek-ka – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phok-sek-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Універсальны чалавек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Універсальны чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Унівэрсальны чалавек – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Унівэрсальны чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5" title="पॉलीमैथ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पॉलीमैथ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Енциклопедист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimat" title="Polimat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polimat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_universalis" title="Homo universalis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homo universalis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhistor" title="Polyhistor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyhistor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhistor" title="Polyhistor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polyhistor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalgelehrter" title="Universalgelehrter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universalgelehrter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BChistor" title="Polühistor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polühistor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_Universalis" title="Homo Universalis – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Homo Universalis" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimat%C3%ADa" title="Polimatía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polimatía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multfakulo" title="Multfakulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Multfakulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimatia" title="Polimatia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polimatia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="همه‌چیزدان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همه‌چیزدان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathie" title="Polymathie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polymathie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileola%C3%AD" title="Ileolaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ileolaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADmata" title="Polímata – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polímata" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%8B%9D%EA%B0%80" title="박식가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박식가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="बहुज्ञ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुज्ञ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polihistor" title="Polihistor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polihistor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimatio" title="Polimatio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polimatio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimatik" title="Polimatik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polimatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomo_universale" title="Uomo universale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uomo universale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="איש אשכולות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איש אשכולות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Әмбебап адам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әмбебап адам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polim%C4%81ts" title="Polimāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polimāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslininkas_universalas" title="Mokslininkas universalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslininkas universalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polihisztor" title="Polihisztor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polihisztor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="बहुआयामी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बहुआयामी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polymath" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomo_universale" title="Uomo universale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uomo universale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="博学者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="博学者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalgeni" title="Universalgeni – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universalgeni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhistor" title="Polyhistor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polyhistor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BC_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="گڼ پوهيال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گڼ پوهيال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polihistor" title="Polihistor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polihistor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADmata" title="Polímata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polímata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polihistor" title="Polihistor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polihistor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Универсальный человек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Универсальный человек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimat" title="Polimat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polimat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_man" title="Renaissance man – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Renaissance man" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%BF" title="پولي ميٿ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولي ميٿ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhist%C3%B3ria" title="Polyhistória – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polyhistória" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polihistor" title="Polihistor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Polihistor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Полихистор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полихистор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimat" title="Polimat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polimat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleisnero" title="Yleisnero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleisnero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalgeni" title="Universalgeni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universalgeni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polimata" title="Polimata – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polimata" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ผู้รู้รอบด้าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผู้รู้รอบด้าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hez%C3%A2rfen" title="Hezârfen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hezârfen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Universal man" redirects here. For the sculpture by Canadian artist Gerald Gladstone, see <a href="/wiki/Universal_Man" title="Universal Man">Universal Man</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Polyhistor" redirects here. For the Roman author and book also known as Polyhistor, see <a href="/wiki/Solinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Solinus">Solinus</a>. For the ancient Greek scholar, see <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor" title="Alexander Polyhistor">Alexander Polyhistor</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Polymath_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Polymath (disambiguation)">Polymath (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/225px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/338px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg/450px-Benjamin_Franklin_1767.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Portrait of Benjamin Franklin">Portrait of Benjamin Franklin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Martin_(artist)" title="David Martin (artist)">David Martin</a>, 1767. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> is one of the foremost polymaths in history. Franklin was a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer and political philosopher. He further attained a legacy as one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>polymath</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">πολυμαθής</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">polymathēs</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'having learned much'; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">homo universalis</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'universal human')<sup id="cite_ref-Aus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>polyhistor</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">πολυΐστωρ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">polyīstor</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'well-learned')<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. </p><p>Embodying a basic tenet of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> that humans are limitless in their capacity for development, the concept led to the notion that people should embrace all knowledge and develop their capacities as fully as possible. This is expressed in the term <b>Renaissance man</b>, often applied to the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_giftedness" title="Intellectual giftedness">gifted</a> people of that age who sought to develop their abilities in all areas of accomplishment: intellectual, artistic, social, physical, and spiritual. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Western Europe, the first work to use the term <b>polymathy</b> in its title (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Polymathia tractatio: integri operis de studiis veterum</i></span>) was published in 1603 by <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Wowern" title="Johann von Wowern">Johann von Wowern</a>, a Hamburg philosopher.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Wowern defined polymathy as "knowledge of various matters, drawn from all kinds of studies ... ranging freely through all the fields of the disciplines, as far as the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> mind, with unwearied industry, is able to pursue them".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Wowern lists erudition, literature, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philomathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomathy">philomathy</a>, and polyhistory as synonyms. </p><p>The earliest recorded use of the term in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> is from 1624, in the second edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Melancholy" title="The Anatomy of Melancholy">The Anatomy of Melancholy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Robert Burton</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the form <i>polymathist</i> is slightly older, first appearing in the <i>Diatribae upon the first part of the late History of Tithes</i> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Montagu" title="Richard Montagu">Richard Montagu</a> in 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-oed2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use in English of the similar term <i>polyhistor</i> dates from the late 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-oed3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_man">Renaissance man</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renaissance man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Renaissance man" redirects here. For use as a title of cultural works, see <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Man_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Renaissance Man (disambiguation)">Renaissance Man</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg/220px-Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg/330px-Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg/440px-Christopher_Wren_by_Godfrey_Kneller_1711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Sir_Christopher_Wren" title="Portrait of Sir Christopher Wren">Portrait of Sir Christopher Wren</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a>, 1711. Best known as an <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> was also an astronomer, mathematician and physicist</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Renaissance man" was first recorded in written English in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_-_Renaissance_man_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_-_Renaissance_man-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to refer to great thinkers living before, during, or after the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination".<sup id="cite_ref-HG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many notable polymaths<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived during the Renaissance period, a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through to the 17th century that began in Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and later spread to the rest of Europe. These polymaths had a rounded approach to education that reflected the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Humanism">humanists</a> of the time. A <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a> of that era was expected to speak several languages, play a <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instrument</a>, write <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and so on; thus fulfilling the Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">ideal</a>. </p><p>The idea of a universal education was essential to achieving polymath ability, hence the word <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> was used to describe a seat of learning. However, the original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">universitas</i></span> refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>, etc".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, universities did not specialize in specific areas, but rather trained students in a broad array of science, philosophy, and theology. This universal education gave them a grounding from which they could continue into apprenticeship toward becoming a <a href="/wiki/Master_(form_of_address)" title="Master (form of address)">master</a> of a specific field. </p><p>When someone is called a "Renaissance man" today, it is meant that rather than simply having broad interests or superficial knowledge in several fields, the individual possesses a more profound knowledge and a proficiency, or even an expertise, in at least some of those fields.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dictionaries use the term "Renaissance man" to describe someone with many interests or talents,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others give a meaning restricted to the Renaissance and more closely related to Renaissance ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_academia">In academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Root-Bernstein_and_colleagues">Robert Root-Bernstein and colleagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Robert Root-Bernstein and colleagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Root-Bernstein" title="Robert Root-Bernstein">Robert Root-Bernstein</a> is considered the principal responsible for rekindling interest in polymathy in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works emphasize the contrast between the polymath and two other types: the specialist and the dilettante. The specialist demonstrates depth but lacks breadth of knowledge. The dilettante demonstrates superficial breadth but tends to acquire skills merely "for their own sake without regard to understanding the broader applications or implications and without integrating it".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 857">: 857 </span></sup> Conversely, the polymath is a person with a level of expertise that is able to "put a significant amount of time and effort into their avocations and find ways to use their multiple interests to inform their vocations".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 857">: 857 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key point in the work of Root-Bernstein and colleagues is the argument in favor of the universality of the creative process. That is, although creative products, such as a painting, a mathematical model or a poem, can be domain-specific, at the level of the creative process, the mental tools that lead to the generation of creative ideas are the same, be it in the arts or science.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mental tools are sometimes called intuitive tools of thinking. It is therefore not surprising that many of the most innovative scientists have serious hobbies or interests in artistic activities, and that some of the most innovative artists have an interest or hobbies in the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Root-Bernstein and colleagues' research is an important counterpoint to the claim by some psychologists that creativity is a domain-specific phenomenon. Through their research, Root-Bernstein and colleagues conclude that there are certain comprehensive thinking skills and tools that cross the barrier of different domains and can foster creative thinking: "[creativity researchers] who discuss integrating ideas from diverse fields as the basis of creative giftedness ask not 'who is creative?' but 'what is the basis of creative thinking?' From the polymathy perspective, giftedness is the ability to combine disparate (or even apparently contradictory) ideas, sets of problems, skills, talents, and knowledge in novel and useful ways. Polymathy is therefore the main source of any individual's creative potential".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 857">: 857 </span></sup> In "Life Stages of Creativity", Robert and Michèle Root-Bernstein suggest six typologies of creative life stages. These typologies are based on real creative production records first published by Root-Bernstein, Bernstein, and Garnier (1993). </p> <ul><li>Type 1 represents people who specialize in developing one major talent early in life (e.g., prodigies) and successfully exploit that talent exclusively for the rest of their lives.</li> <li>Type 2 individuals explore a range of different creative activities (e.g., through worldplay or a variety of hobbies) and then settle on exploiting one of these for the rest of their lives.</li> <li>Type 3 people are polymathic from the outset and manage to juggle multiple careers simultaneously so that their creativity pattern is constantly varied.</li> <li>Type 4 creators are recognized early for one major talent (e.g., math or music) but go on to explore additional creative outlets, diversifying their productivity with age.</li> <li>Type 5 creators devote themselves serially to one creative field after another.</li> <li>Type 6 people develop diversified creative skills early and then, like Type 5 individuals, explore these serially, one at a time.</li></ul> <p>Finally, his studies suggest that understanding polymathy and learning from polymathic exemplars can help structure a new model of education that better promotes creativity and innovation: "we must focus education on principles, methods, and skills that will serve them [students] in learning and creating across many disciplines, multiple careers, and succeeding life stages".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161">: 161 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peter_Burke">Peter Burke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peter Burke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Peter Burke</a>, Professor Emeritus of Cultural History and Fellow of Emmanuel College at Cambridge, discussed the theme of polymathy in some of his works. He has presented a comprehensive historical overview of the ascension and decline of the polymath as, what he calls, an "intellectual species".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He observes that in ancient and medieval times, scholars did not have to specialize. However, from the 17th century on, the rapid rise of new knowledge in the Western world—both from the systematic investigation of the natural world and from the flow of information coming from other parts of the world—was making it increasingly difficult for individual scholars to master as many disciplines as before. Thus, an intellectual retreat of the polymath species occurred: "from knowledge in every [academic] field to knowledge in several fields, and from making original contributions in many fields to a more passive consumption of what has been contributed by others".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p><p>Given this change in the intellectual climate, it has since then been more common to find "passive polymaths", who consume knowledge in various domains but make their reputation in one single discipline, than "proper polymaths", who—through a feat of "intellectual heroism"—manage to make serious contributions to several disciplines. However, Burke warns that in the age of specialization, polymathic people are more necessary than ever, both for synthesis—to paint the big picture—and for analysis. He says: "It takes a polymath to 'mind the gap' and draw attention to the knowledges that may otherwise disappear into the spaces between disciplines, as they are currently defined and organized".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 183">: 183 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bharath_Sriraman">Bharath Sriraman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bharath Sriraman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bharath_Sriraman" title="Bharath Sriraman">Bharath Sriraman</a>, of the University of Montana, also investigated the role of polymathy in education. He poses that an ideal education should nurture talent in the classroom and enable individuals to pursue multiple fields of research and appreciate both the aesthetic and structural/scientific connections between mathematics, arts and the sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Sriraman published a paper reporting a 3-year study with 120 pre-service mathematics teachers and derived several implications for mathematics pre-service education as well as interdisciplinary education.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He utilized a hermeneutic-phenomenological approach to recreate the emotions, voices and struggles of students as they tried to unravel <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a> presented in its linguistic form. They found that those more engaged in solving the paradox also displayed more polymathic thinking traits. He concludes by suggesting that fostering polymathy in the classroom may help students change beliefs, discover structures and open new avenues for interdisciplinary pedagogy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Michael_Araki">Michael Araki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Michael Araki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Michael Araki is a professor at the UNSW Business School at the University of New South Wales, Australia. He sought to formalize in a general model how the development of polymathy takes place. His Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP) is presented in a 2018 article with two main objectives: </p> <ol><li>organize the elements involved in the process of polymathy development into a structure of relationships that is wed to the approach of polymathy as a life project, and;</li> <li>provide an articulation with other well-developed constructs, theories, and models, especially from the fields of giftedness and education.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The model, which was designed to reflect a structural model, has five major components: </p> <ol><li>polymathic antecedents</li> <li>polymathic mediators</li> <li>polymathic achievements</li> <li>intrapersonal moderators</li> <li>environmental moderators<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg/550px-Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg/825px-Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg/1100px-Developmental_Model_of_Polymathy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The Developmental Model of Polymathy (DMP)</figcaption></figure> <p>Regarding the definition of the term polymathy, the researcher, through an analysis of the extant literature, concluded that although there are a multitude of perspectives on polymathy, most of them ascertain that polymathy entails three core elements: breadth, depth and integration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breadth refers to comprehensiveness, extension and diversity of knowledge. It is contrasted with the idea of narrowness, specialization, and the restriction of one's expertise to a limited domain. The possession of comprehensive knowledge at very disparate areas is a hallmark of the greatest polymaths.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depth refers to the vertical accumulation of knowledge and the degree of elaboration or sophistication of one's sets of one's conceptual network. Like Robert Root-Bernstein, Araki uses the concept of dilettancy as a contrast to the idea of profound learning that polymathy entails.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Integration, although not explicit in most definitions of polymathy, is also a core component of polymathy according to the author. Integration involves the capacity of connecting, articulating, concatenating or synthesizing different conceptual networks, which in non-polymathic persons might be segregated. In addition, integration can happen at the personality level, when the person is able to integrate their diverse activities in a synergic whole, which can also mean a psychic (motivational, emotional and cognitive) integration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the author also suggests that, via a psychoeconomic approach, polymathy can be seen as a "life project". That is, depending on a person's temperament, endowments, personality, social situation and opportunities (or lack thereof), the project of a polymathic self-formation may present itself to the person as more or less alluring and more or less feasible to be pursued.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaufman,_Beghetto_and_colleagues"><span id="Kaufman.2C_Beghetto_and_colleagues"></span>Kaufman, Beghetto and colleagues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kaufman, Beghetto and colleagues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_C._Kaufman" title="James C. Kaufman">James C. Kaufman</a>, from the Neag School of Education at the University of Connecticut, and Ronald A. Beghetto, from the same university, investigated the possibility that everyone could have the potential for polymathy as well as the issue of the domain-generality or domain-specificity of creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on their earlier four-c model of creativity, Beghetto and Kaufman<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a typology of polymathy, ranging from the ubiquitous mini-c polymathy to the eminent but rare Big-C polymathy, as well as a model with some requirements for a person (polymath or not) to be able to reach the highest levels of creative accomplishment. They account for three general requirements—intelligence, motivation to be creative, and an environment that allows creative expression—that are needed for any attempt at creativity to succeed. Then, depending on the domain of choice, more specific abilities will be required. The more that one's abilities and interests match the requirements of a domain, the better. While some will develop their specific skills and motivations for specific domains, polymathic people will display intrinsic motivation (and the ability) to pursue a variety of subject matters across different domains.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the interplay of polymathy and education, they suggest that rather than asking whether every student has multicreative potential, educators might more actively nurture the multicreative potential of their students. As an example, the authors cite that teachers should encourage students to make connections across disciplines, use different forms of media to express their reasoning/understanding (e.g., drawings, movies, and other forms of visual media).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waqas_Ahmed">Waqas Ahmed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waqas Ahmed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2018 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Polymath" title="The Polymath">The Polymath</a></i>, British author Waqas Ahmed defines polymaths as those who have made significant contributions to at least three different fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than seeing polymaths as exceptionally gifted, he argues that every human being has the potential to become one: that people naturally have multiple interests and talents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contrasts this polymathic nature against what he calls "the cult of specialisation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, education systems stifle this nature by forcing learners to specialise in narrow topics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book argues that specialisation encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Production_line" title="Production line">production lines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> is counter-productive both to the individual and wider society. It suggests that the complex problems of the 21st century need the versatility, creativity, and broad perspectives characteristic of polymaths.<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For individuals, Ahmed says, specialisation is dehumanising and stifles their full range of expression whereas polymathy "is a powerful means to social and intellectual emancipation" which enables a more fulfilling life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of social progress, he argues that answers to specific problems often come from combining knowledge and skills from multiple areas, and that many important problems are multi-dimensional in nature and cannot be fully understood through one specialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than interpreting polymathy as a mix of occupations or of intellectual interests, Ahmed urges a breaking of the "thinker"/"doer" dichotomy and the art/science dichotomy. He argues that an orientation towards action and towards thinking support each other, and that human beings flourish by pursuing a diversity of experiences as well as a diversity of knowledge. He observes that successful people in many fields have cited hobbies and other "peripheral" activities as supplying skills or insights that helped them succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018160,_164,_176_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018160,_164,_176-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmed examines evidence suggesting that developing multiple talents and perspectives is helpful for success in a highly specialised field. He cites a study of Nobel Prize-winning scientists which found them 25 times more likely to sing, dance, or act than average scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that children scored higher in <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a> tests after having drum lessons, and he uses such research to argue that diversity of domains can enhance a person's general intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018146_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018146-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmed cites many historical claims for the advantages of polymathy. Some of these are about general intellectual abilities that polymaths apply across multiple domains. For example, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote that full understanding of a topic requires, in addition to subject knowledge, a general critical thinking ability that can assess how that knowledge was arrived at.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018148_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018148-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another advantage of a polymathic mindset is in the application of multiple approaches to understanding a single issue. Ahmed cites biologist <a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>'s view that reality is approached not by a single academic discipline but via a <a href="/wiki/Consilience_(book)" title="Consilience (book)">consilience</a> between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One argument for studying multiple approaches is that it leads to <a href="/wiki/Open-mindedness" title="Open-mindedness">open-mindedness</a>. Within any one perspective, a question may seem to have a straightforward, settled answer. Someone aware of different, contrasting answers will be more open-minded and aware of the limitations of their own knowledge. The importance of recognising these limitations is a theme that Ahmed finds in many thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicolas of Cusa</a>. He calls it "the essential mark of the polymath."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further argument for multiple approaches is that a polymath does not see diverse approaches as diverse, because they see connections where other people see differences. For example <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">da Vinci</a> advanced multiple fields by applying mathematical principles to each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018173-174_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018173-174-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from <i>Renaissance man</i>, similar terms in use are <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">homo universalis</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>) and <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uomo_universale" class="extiw" title="it:Uomo universale">uomo universale</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>), which translate to 'universal man'.<sup id="cite_ref-Aus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The related term <i>generalist</i>—contrasted with a <i>specialist</i>—is used to describe a person with a general approach to knowledge. </p><p>The term <i>universal genius</i> or <i>versatile genius</i> is also used, with <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> as the prime example again. The term is used especially for people who made lasting contributions in at least one of the fields in which they were actively involved and when they took a universality of approach. </p><p>When a person is described as having <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_knowledge" title="Encyclopedic knowledge">encyclopedic knowledge</a>, they exhibit a vast scope of knowledge. However, this designation may be anachronistic in the case of persons such as <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, whose reputation for having encyclopedic knowledge predates the existence of any <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedic object</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">Amateur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Competent man">Competent man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_of_all_trades,_master_of_none" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack of all trades, master of none">Jack of all trades, master of none</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipotentiality" title="Multipotentiality">Multipotentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opsimath" title="Opsimath">Opsimath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomath" title="Philomath">Philomath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyglotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglotism">Polyglotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph_(author)" title="Polygraph (author)">Polygraph (author)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a> – a muse of knowledge in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though numerous figures in history could be considered to be polymaths, they are not listed here, as they are not only too numerous to list, but also as the definition of any one figure as a polymath is disputable, due to the term's loosely-defined nature, there being no given set of characteristics outside of a person having a wide range of learning across a number of different disciplines; many also did not identify as polymaths, the term having only come into existence in the early 17th century.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/the-quest-for-renaissance-man/news-story/cda1cda9d478b9e428b1e990efe64b95?sv=d81122bf03913e839a82860813e6c4e">"Ask The Philosopher: Tim Soutphommasane – The quest for renaissance man"</a>. <i>The Australian</i>. 10 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The art of innovation: Polymaths and universality of the creative process. In <i>The international handbook on innovation</i> (pp. 267–278).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Root-Bernstein, R., Allen, L., Beach, L., Bhadula, R., Fast, J., Hosey, C., ... & Podufaly, A. (2008). Arts foster scientific success: Avocations of nobel, national academy, royal society, and sigma xi members. <i>Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology</i>, <i>1</i>(2), 51–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2011). <i>Life stages of creativity</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Root‐Bernstein, R. S., Bernstein, M., & Gamier, H. (1993). Identification of scientists making long‐term, high‐impact contributions, with notes on their methods of working. <i>Creativity Research Journal</i>, <i>6</i>(4), 329–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Root-Bernstein, R. S., Bernstein, M., & Garnier, H. (1995). Correlations between avocations, scientific style, work habits, and professional impact of scientists. <i>Creativity Research Journal</i>, <i>8</i>(2), 115–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Root-Bernstein, R., & Root-Bernstein, M. (2017). People, passions, problems: The role of creative exemplars in teaching for creativity. In <i>Creative contradictions in education</i> (pp. 143–164). Springer, Cham.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, P. (2012). <i>A social history of knowledge II: From the encyclopaedia to Wikipedia</i> (Vol. 2). Polity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, P. (2010). The polymath: A cultural and social history of an intellectual species. <i>Explorations in cultural history: Essays for Peter McCaffery</i>, 67–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2020" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Peter (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tL5DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Polymath: A Cultural History from Leonardo da Vinci to Susan Sontag</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300252088" title="Special:BookSources/9780300252088"><bdi>9780300252088</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913075530/https://books.google.com/books?id=3tL5DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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On bringing interdisciplinary ideas to gifted education. In <i>International handbook on giftedness</i> (pp. 1235–1256). Springer, Dordrecht.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Araki, M. E. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324715756_Polymathy_A_New_Outlook_Journal_of_Genius_and_Eminence_2018">Polymathy: A new outlook</a>. <i>Journal of Genius and Eminence</i>, <i>3</i>(1), 66–82. Retrieved from: <a href="/wiki/Researchgate.net" class="mw-redirect" title="Researchgate.net">Researchgate.net</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Araki, M. E. (2015). <i>Polymathic leadership: Theoretical foundation and construct development.</i> (Master's thesis), Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Retrieved from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313099026_Polymathic_Leadership_Theoretical_Foundation_and_Construct_Development">researchgate.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141152/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313099026_Polymathic_Leadership_Theoretical_Foundation_and_Construct_Development">Archived</a> 29 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Araki, M. E., & Pires, P. (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3313137">< Modern Literature on Polymathy: A Brief Review</a></i> (January 10, 2019). Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3313137">https://ssrn.com/abstract=3313137</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., Baer, J., & Ivcevic, Z. (2010). Creativity polymathy: What Benjamin Franklin can teach your kindergartener. <i>Learning and Individual Differences</i>, <i>20</i>(4), 380–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, J. C., Beghetto, R. A., & Baer, J. (2010). Finding young Paul Robeson: Exploring the question of creative polymathy. <i>Innovations in educational psychology</i>, 141–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman, J. C., & Beghetto, R. A. (2009). Beyond big and little: The four c model of creativity. <i>Review of general psychology</i>, <i>13</i>(1), 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beghetto, R. A., & Kaufman, J. C. (2009). Do we all have multicreative potential?. <i>ZDM</i>, <i>41</i>(1–2), 39–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0a-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0a_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Andrew (11 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361930995X">"In pursuit of polymathy"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>393</b> (10184): 1926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2930995-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30995-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149445248">149445248</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307221045/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361930995X">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=In+pursuit+of+polymathy&rft.volume=393&rft.issue=10184&rft.pages=1926&rft.date=2019-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2930995-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149445248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS014067361930995X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed201885_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018282-283_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 282-283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018160,_164,_176-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018160,_164,_176_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, pp. 160, 164, 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2019" class="citation news cs1">Hill, Andrew (11 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8">"The hidden benefits of hiring Jacks and Jills of all trades"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=The+hidden+benefits+of+hiring+Jacks+and+Jills+of+all+trades&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe7487264-2ac0-11e9-88a4-c32129756dd8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018146-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018146_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018148-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018148_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018134-136_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 134-136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018173-174-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2018173-174_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhmed2018">Ahmed 2018</a>, p. 173-174.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polymath&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">Carr, Edward</a> (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1843magazine.com/content/edward-carr/last-days-polymath">"Last Days of the Polymath"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Life_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent Life (magazine)">Intelligent Life</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Group" title="The Economist Group">The Economist Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220210456/https://www.1843magazine.com/content/edward-carr/last-days-polymath">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligent+Life&rft.atitle=Last+Days+of+the+Polymath&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1843magazine.com%2Fcontent%2Fedward-carr%2Flast-days-polymath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Edmonds_(philosopher)" title="David Edmonds (philosopher)">Edmonds, David</a> (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40865986">Does the world need polymaths?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624230321/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40865986">Archived</a> 24 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC.</li> <li>Frost, Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111210817/http://www.martinfrost.ws/htmlfiles/Polymath.html">"Polymath: A Renaissance Man"</a>.</li> <li>Grafton, A, "The World of the Polyhistors: Humanism and Encyclopedism", Central European History, 18: 31–47. (1985).</li> <li>Jaumann, Herbert, "Was ist ein Polyhistor? Gehversuche auf einem verlassenen Terrain", Studia Leibnitiana, 22: 76–89. (1990) .</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsenMartin2016" class="citation book cs1">Mikkelsen, Kenneth; Martin, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://richardmartinwriter.com/the-neo-generalist/"><i>The Neo-Generalist: Where You Go is Who You Are</i></a>. London: LID Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910649558" title="Special:BookSources/9781910649558"><bdi>9781910649558</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neo-Generalist%3A+Where+You+Go+is+Who+You+Are&rft.place=London&rft.pub=LID+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781910649558&rft.aulast=Mikkelsen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Martin%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frichardmartinwriter.com%2Fthe-neo-generalist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mirchandani, Vinnie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC">"The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407101215/https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, John Wiley & Sons. (2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSher2007" class="citation book cs1">Sher, Barbara (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/refusetochoose00barb"><i>Refuse to Choose!: A Revolutionary Program for Doing Everything that You Love</i></a></span>. [Emmaus, Pa.]: Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594866265" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594866265"><bdi>978-1594866265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refuse+to+Choose%21%3A+A+Revolutionary+Program+for+Doing+Everything+that+You+Love&rft.place=%5BEmmaus%2C+Pa.%5D&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1594866265&rft.aulast=Sher&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frefusetochoose00barb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Twigger, Robert, "Anyone can be a Polymath" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/we-live-in-a-one-track-world-but-anyone-can-become-a-polymath">We live in a one-track world, but anyone can become a polymath</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610103354/https://aeon.co/essays/we-live-in-a-one-track-world-but-anyone-can-become-a-polymath">Archived</a> 10 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Aeon Essays</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2018" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Waqas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polymath:+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility-p-9781119508489"><i>The Polymath: Unlocking the Power of Human Versatility</i></a>. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119508489" title="Special:BookSources/9781119508489"><bdi>9781119508489</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417033240/https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Polymath:+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility-p-9781119508489">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polymath%3A+Unlocking+the+Power+of+Human+Versatility&rft.place=West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781119508489&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Waqas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fen-us%2FThe%2BPolymath%3A%2BUnlocking%2Bthe%2BPower%2Bof%2BHuman%2BVersatility-p-9781119508489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Waquet, F, (ed.) "Mapping the World of Learning: The 'Polyhistor' of Daniel Georg Morhof" (2000) ISBN 978-3447043991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiens2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wiens, Kyle (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2012/05/in-defense-of-polymaths/">"In defense of polymaths"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417033220/https://hbr.org/2012/05/in-defense-of-polymaths/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+polymaths&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Wiens&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2012%2F05%2Fin-defense-of-polymaths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolymath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, Vincent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polymath-info.com/index.html">Polymath-Info Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417033231/http://polymath-info.com/index.html">Archived</a> 17 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polymath&oldid=1259508137">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polymath&oldid=1259508137</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Giftedness" title="Category:Giftedness">Giftedness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance" title="Category:Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2018">Use dmy dates from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 15:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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