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View source for Staffordshire oatcake - Wikipedia
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It is cooked on a griddle, "backstone" or "baxton". The oatcake is a local speciality in the [[North Staffordshire]] area of England. They are normally referred to as ''Staffordshire oatcakes'' by non-locals, because they are made in and around [[Staffordshire]] and [[Cheshire]]; locally they are simply called "oatcakes".<ref name=metro-2013>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=Chloe|title=How to make the ultimate Staffordshire oatcake|url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/10/22/how-to-make-the-ultimate-staffordshire-oatcake-4154960/|accessdate=25 April 2014|newspaper=Metro|date=22 October 2013 <!-- 6:00&nbsp;am --> }}</ref> ==History== [[File:Oatcake shop menu.jpg|thumb|Oatcake shop menu in [[Fenton, Staffordshire]] 2019]] It was once common throughout the [[Staffordshire Potteries|Potteries]] for oatcakes to be sold directly from the window of a house to customers on the street. The last producer in this style, the "Hole in the Wall" in [[Stoke-on-Trent]], closed for a time on 25 March 2012, but opened again a few years later, in 2019;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davies|first=Ruby|date=14 October 2019|title=The Hole in the Wall is back! – Stoke-on-Trent's newest oatcake shop is now open|url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/hole-wall-oatcakes-back-stoke-3408818|access-date=25 June 2021|website=StokeonTrentLive|language=en}}</ref> however, there are many small commercial premises who sell oatcakes, either ready to eat, with a filling, or in batches of half a dozen or a dozen for the customer to take home. Larger commercial enterprises exist that sell oatcakes to supermarkets and other large distribution chains.<ref name=theguardian2009>{{cite news|last=Wainwright|first=Martin|title=On the trail of the oatcake|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2009/jan/28/staffordshire-oatcake|accessdate=24 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 January 2009 <!-- 09.47 GMT --> }}</ref><ref name=bbc-2012>{{cite news|title=Last hole-in-the-wall oatcake shop in Stoke-on-Trent shuts|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-17504347|accessdate=25 April 2014|newspaper=BBC|date=25 March 2012}}</ref> [[File:Oatcake shop interior.jpg|thumb|Oatcake shop interior in [[Fenton, Staffordshire]] 2019]] Oatcakes can be a form of fast food. Catering outlets in the area usually offer oatcakes with fillings such as cheese, baked beans, tomato, [[bacon]], [[sausage]], and [[egg (food)|egg]]. They can also be eaten with sweet fillings such as [[golden syrup]], jam or banana, but this is less common and frowned upon by traditionalists. They are traditionally re-heated by steaming between two plates over a saucepan of water or nowadays by microwave, though some may prefer [[frying]] in butter or [[grilling]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cook|first1=Allen|title=Why Staffordshire oatcakes are being eaten in Arizona|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-stoke-staffordshire-39582338|accessdate=22 April 2017|work=BBC News|date=22 April 2017}}</ref> The Staffordshire oatcake is not to be confused with the [[Scottish oatcake]] (biscuit);<ref name=biscuit-1>{{cite web|last=Martin|first=James|title=Oatcakes recipes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/oatcake|work=BBC Food|publisher=BBC|accessdate=1 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=biscuit-2>{{cite book|last=Pippa Cuthbert, Lindsay Cameron Wilson|title=Cookies!|date=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn=9781845376819|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBv0R-Aqv80C&pg=PA68}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> although both are made from oatmeal, the two types of oatcakes are very different. The Staffordshire oatcake dates back to the 19th century where it was baked on a hotplate over an open fire.<ref name=p190-9781845697204>{{cite book|last=Cauvain & Young|title=More Baking Problems Solved|date=26 August 2009|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9781845697204|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrmkAgAAQBAJ&q=scottish+oatcake&pg=PA190}}</ref> ==Regional variants== ===Derbyshire oatcakes=== Derbyshire oatcakes are similar to Staffordshire oatcakes, but while following a similar recipe Derbyshire oatcakes contains a small amount of milk in the mixture. they are generally larger in diameter, thicker and when uncooked lighter in colour. For example, a recipe that would make four Derbyshire oatcakes might generally make twelve of the Staffordshire. There are some sources which have suggested that the thicker, puffier and milky oatcake of Derbyshire was a form of one-upmanship to make it appear that Derbyshire was more prosperous although there is scant literary support for any such reasoning. Despite this, there has been a long standing rivalry between who came up with the oatcake first. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/derby/features/2002/10/oatcakes.shtml |title=BBC Derby oatcake recipe |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |accessdate=6 February 2013}}</ref> ===Lancashire and Yorkshire oatcakes=== A '''Lancashire oatcake''' bears a passing resemblance to a Derbyshire oatcake, but is made without wheat flour or milk, and shaped as an approximate {{convert|11|x|6|in|cm|adj=on}} oval, smooth on one side and rough on the other, and traditionally cooked on a [[bakestone]]. It may be eaten moist, rolled up like a pancake with a filling, or dried hung over a rack until a crisp cracker. The dried version served with a beef and cowheel stew is known as "stew and hard".<ref name=LancsLife>James, Philippa, [http://lancashire.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/oatcakes-rediscovering-a-lancashire-tradition-29394 "Oatcakes – rediscovering a Lancashire tradition"], ''Lancashire Life'', 15 February 2011, retrieved 9 February 2013</ref> Once common throughout [[Lancashire]], it is now rarely found. The same cake is also cooked in [[West Yorkshire]] and [[Craven in the Domesday Book|Craven]], and is thus sometimes referred to as the [[Pennines|Pennine]] oatcake, although in Yorkshire the recipe often incorporated approximately 20% [[buttermilk]].<ref>[http://www.inkamera.ukgo.com/chrisyy/31ocb-0.htm 4 Oatcake (Haverbread) Recipes Using Batter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103181822/http://www.inkamera.ukgo.com/chrisyy/31ocb-0.htm |date=3 November 2013 }} Chris's Yorkshire Yummies. Accessdate October 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.davidkidd.net/Yorkshire_Oatcake_Recipe.html Yorkshire Oatcake Recipe] David Kidd, Accessdate October 2013</ref> In Lancashire and Yorkshire, oatcake was a staple of the diet up to around 1910<ref name=tradition>{{cite book| last=Hartley| author-link=Marie Hartley (author)| first=Marie| author2=[[Joan Ingilby]]| title=Life and Tradition in the Yorkshire Dales| publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd| place=London| year=1968| isbn=0498076687| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/vanishingfolkway00hart}}</ref> Up to the 18th century, oatcakes were often called "havercakes", from ''hafr'', the Old Germanic word for oats,<ref>[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095924737 Havercake] Oxford Reference, Oxford University Press, retrieved October 2013</ref> but that name only continued to be used in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] and [[Teesside]] for a different kind of oatcake that is thick with no yeast.<ref name=tradition/> The word is perpetuated in the nickname "The Havercake Lads" for the [[33rd Regiment of Foot]] and also in the term [[Haversack#Origins|haversack]]. ====Cooking equipment==== [[File:Yorkshire Woman making oat cakes.jpg|thumb|This Yorkshire cook is spreading the batter on the riddleboard by a circular horizontal movement. Behind her is the built-in [[Bakestone|bakstone]] and to its right hangs the bread flake.]] In [[Lancashire]] and the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]] the griddle was called a [[Bakestone|bakstone]]. Originally a bakstone was a portable flat oval flaggy sandstone approximately {{convert|1.5|in|cm|adj=on}} thick, set on an open fire. In the 19th century these were replaced with a cast-iron plate with a hooped handle, yet the name remained unchanged. In large houses they were built in next to the chimney, with a firebox under an iron plate that was approximately {{convert|3|ft|cm|adj=on}} by {{convert|1.5|ft|cm|adj=on}}, or in larger houses a pair of {{convert|2|ft|cm|adj=on}} square plates.<ref name=tradition/> In the 18th century the batter was mixed in a small wooden bucket which was not cleaned, so that the particles on the sides acted as a [[Fermentation|fermenting]] agent for the next baking. In the 19th century, the use of [[baker's yeast]] and [[porcelain]] containers or [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] [[bucket|pails]] became standard. The size of the [[Ladle (spoon)|ladle]] varied relative to the current cost of oatmeal; for many decades, oatcakes were by tradition one [[penny]] each,<ref name=costumes>{{cite book |last=Walker|first=George|title=The Costume of Yorkshire, illustrated by a series of forty engravings, being facsimiles of original drawings. With descriptions in English and French| year=1813}}</ref> or 18 for a [[shilling]]. Before ca. 1860, the method was called "thrown oatcakes" or "riddlebread". The baker sifted oatmeal onto the "riddleboard", poured on a ladleful of batter, and then, with a circular horizontal movement, spread and leveled the batter. It was then slid onto a piece of linen covering the "spittle" board, a board with a handle. The cake was thereby "thrown" (flipped) on to the bakstone and then the linen taken up.<ref name=tradition/> Baking racks were contrived by turning a chair on its side and covering the legs with a white cloth.<ref name=leeds>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/leedsmuseumsandgalleries/9240596274/ Leeds Museums and Galleries] The Costume of Yorkshire in 1814, by George Walker, plate 9: Woman making oat cakes. Accessdate October 2013</ref> Oatcakes made for drying were left until crisp on a fixture called the bread flake. Flake, pronounced "fleeak", is from the [[Old Norse]] {{Lang|non|fleki}} meaning a [[hurdle]].<ref>American Heritage Dictionary, Houghton Mifflin</ref> Flakes in [[Wharfedale]] had wooden [[laths]]; one at Ling House measured {{convert|10.5|ft|m|adj=on}} by {{convert|4.5|ft|m|adj=on}} with 23 cross bars. Those in upper [[Ribblesdale]] had strings, over two of which each cake was laid.<ref name=tradition/> In some areas the rack was called a bread creel.<ref name=costumes/> ==Oatcake Day== [[Stoke-on-Trent]] held an Oatcake Day event on Sunday, 8 August 2010.<ref name=bbcnews>{{cite news|title=Oatcake Day in Stoke-on-Trent gets celebrity backing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/stoke/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8844000/8844166.stm|accessdate=9 August 2013 | work=BBC News|date=22 July 2010}}</ref> This led to other associated events such as "Oatcake Camp".<ref name=sentinel080813>{{cite news|title=Why Oatcakes are the dish of the day|url=http://www.thisisstaffordshire.co.uk/Oatcakes-dish-day/story-19628598-detail/story.html|accessdate=9 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=theguardian-2013>{{cite news|last=Rodgers|first=Emma|title=Oatcake camp sows seeds of inspiration among public sector workers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/local-government-network/2013/sep/19/oatcake-camp-inspiration-public-sector-workers|accessdate=25 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 September 2013}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Food}} * [[Oatcake]] * [[Staffordshire Potteries]] * [[List of British breads]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Cookbook|Oatcake}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026215158/http://geocities.com/NapaValley/2333/ Staffordshire oatcakes information] {{Stoke-on-Trent}} {{Oats}} {{Pancakes}} {{British bread}} [[Category:Culture in Stoke-on-Trent]] [[Category:Pancakes]] [[Category:English cuisine]] [[Category:British breads]] [[Category:British snack foods]] [[Category:Oat-based dishes]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" 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